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Illegal logging is a significant problem of major international community concern because it has a devastating impact on some of the world's most valuable remaining forests and contributes to tropical deforestation and forest degradation. Furthermore, it threatens biodiversity and undermines sustainable forest management, having a negative impact on poverty reduction, sustainable and inclusive economic growth and development. The article presents instruments adopted by the EU in order to combat illegal timber logging. The author describes their material scope and legal character, dividing them into two groups: internal and international legally binding instruments and soft law instruments, in order to answer the question about their legal character and position in the EU legal order and in national orders of the Member States.

In recent years there has been a tendency to view the seemingly irremediable spread of "illegal" logging in Indonesia in isolation, or as a result of disassociated and premeditated criminal acts. This paper proposes a different view of the problem by discussing the changing dynamics of the "illegal" logging sector in the two districts of Berau, East Kalimantan and Kotawaringin Timur, Central Kalimantan. It suggests that "illegal" logging is not a simple case of criminality, but a complex economic and political system involving multiple stakeholders. Furthermore, "illegal" logging is not a stationary condition that can be effectively dealt with through coercive or repressive measures alone. Rather, it should be viewed as a dynamic and changing system deeply engrained in the realities of rural life in Indonesia. Regional autonomy has also created a supportive environment for the "illegal" logging trade and allowed it to gain resilience.

In recent years there has been a tendency to view the seemingly irremediable spread of "illegal" logging in Indonesia in isolation, or as a result of disassociated and premeditated criminal acts. This paper proposes a different view of the problem by discussing the changing dynamics of the "illegal" logging sector in the two districts of Berau, East Kalimantan and Kotawaringin Timur, Central Kalimantan. It suggests that "illegal" logging is not a simple case of criminality, but a complex economic and political system involving multiple stakeholders. Furthermore, "illegal" logging is not a stationary condition that can be effectively dealt with through coercive or repressive measures alone. Rather, it should be viewed as a dynamic and changing system deeply engrained in the realities of rural life in Indonesia. Regional autonomy has also created a supportive environment for the "illegal" logging trade and allowed it to gain resilience.

Tabalong Regency with an area of 3.946 km2, has a forest area of 2,087 km2; featuring lively activity going on illegal logging. The impact of environmental losses arising from the practice of illegal logging currently has been very well perceived by the people who live inside and outside of the Tabalong Regency. A variety of protective measures and safeguards the forest against illegal logging practices have been implemented, but not yet a lot of fruition. This is because the efforts that have been made less touched on the main problems of illegal logging practices, so I need to know the primary cause factor of occurrence of illegal logging practices in order to be compiled a concrete action and policy formulation that is strategic in preventing illegal logging practices. This study aims to explore the main factors that led to the practice of illegal logging in Tabalong Regency, as well as how prevention strategies. This research uses qualitative research methods with approach case studies, using interview techniques, observation and study of the literature. The results showed that the main factor is the cause of rampant illegal logging practices in Tabalong Regency is not effectively monitoring and control the administering of wood in preventing the occurrence of illegal logging practices. This is the cause of the occurrence a mode of "bleaching" against the wood results in illegal logging. Strategy of prevention of illegal logging in Tabalong Regency will need to be directed at efforts to increase the effectiveness of oversight and control over the administering of wood in preventing the occurrence of illegal logging practices through the powers given to the provincial government as well as the County Government, including efforts to: (a) monitoring and control the administering forest products derived from forest rights and (b) monitoring and control the administering forest products on the timber industry.

Illegal logging is a global concern, associated with severe negative environmental, social and economic impacts, such as deforestation, degradation of biodiversity and loss of government revenues. Despite recent international efforts to combat illegal logging activities, the problem remains widespread. While the academic literature on the subject is extensive, little systematic research has been devoted to analysing the causes of illegal logging. Here, this knowledge gap is addressed with a cross-national assessment of factors hypothesized to impact illegal logging. The logistic regression analysis conducted in this study corroborates some widely held beliefs, but also provides some new insights on the factors that are important for whether illegal logging is likely to be a problem. It is shown that, besides physical-geographic characteristics, a number of factors relating to the level and speed of a country's economic-institutional development are associated with illegal logging. These include gross domestic product per capita, economic growth, voice and accountability, rule of law and control of corruption. The findings also have implications for existing policies to tackle illegal logging activities.

The Illegal logging regulated in some positive rules, in the meanwhile act number 41/1995, act number 5/1985, The government regulation number 28/1985 and The Penal Regulation. In the those regulations not always can be solve the case of illegal loging. Traditional People with their custom law have a role to defand natural resource. Some example case were prove about that. They have local wisdom to defand riches that from their forefather. They realize that the forest give them a lot of contribution for their live resoluteness.The damage of forest that caused illegal logging will be suffered them. The traditional people have the custom law and sanction themselves that will be exictence by them for a long life natural resources. So, the pluralism with combination of the positive law and custom law is needed to solve the illegal logging.Key word : Illegal logging, custom law,pluralisme

This paper has two goals - to motivate policy makers in developed and emerging economies to pay more attention to illegal logging, fishing, and wildlife trade, and to provide a road map to address the root causes of the illegal activities. Illegal wildlife trade directly causes declines in species population, resulting in the deterioration of ecosystem functions. Illegal activities involve trade of species threatened with extinction, including many keystone species. It also covers a range of mammals, such as pangolins (considered the world's most trafficked mammal), and wood products such as rosewood, and marine mammals such as the vaquita found in the Sea of Cortez in Mexico. For all practical purposes, combating illegal logging, fishing, and wildlife trade is a governance issue that first and foremost requires high-level political commitment at the national and international levels. The financial action task force (FATF) recommendations (FATF 2012-19) provide a framework for a risk-based, peer-reviewed system of mutual evaluations for compliance with global standards on money laundering and terrorist financing. The national risk assessment tools can be expanded to also address illegal logging, fishing, and wildlife trade and other natural resources crimes.

In recent years there has been a tendency to view the seemingly irremediable spread of "illegal" logging in Indonesia in isolation, or as a result of disassociated and premediated criminal acts. This paper proposes a different view of the problem by discussing the changing dynamics of the "illegal" logging sector in the two districts of Berau, East Kalimantan and Kotawaringin Timur, Central Kalimantan. It suggests that illegal logging is not a simple case of criminality, but a complex economic and political system involving multiple stakeholders. Furthermore, "illegal" logging is not a stationary condition that can be effectively dealt with through coersive or repressive measures alone. Rather, it should be viewed as a dynamic and changing system deeply engrained in the realities of rural life in Indonesia. Regional autonomy has also created a supportive environment for the "illegal" logging trade and allowed it to gain resilience.

The Indonesian government issued Presidential Decree No. 11 of 2020 concerning Public Health Emergencies as a serious warning of the threat of Covid-19. The delivery of dishonest information from a patient suspected of being infected with Covid-19 is an action to prevent the response to an outbreak that threatens the lives of people around him, including transmission to health workers who care for him. This study was formulated to figure out the legal sanctions for Covid 19 patients who were dishonest about their health conditions, and to find out the efforts made by the government in providing protection to health workers in handling Covid-19 patients. The research method used in the implementation of this research is normative legal research with an approach to the concept of legislation and the opinions of experts regarding to the law. The results showed that the application of strict sanctions to obstruction of the epidemic prevention measures could result in criminal penalties based on Law No. 4 of 1984 concerning Outbreaks of Infectious Diseases. As for the efforts made by the government to provide protection to health workers from the threat of Covid-19, it is given both preventively and repressively. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that patients who are not honest about their health conditions who have been infected with Covid-19 can be given a criminal penalty because this action is assumed as the way to prevent the government in overcoming the epidemic of infectious diseases that are currently hitting the community, then the government has also provided protection for health workers who treat patients infected with Covid-19 in a preventive and repressive manner.

Costa Rica is known for its environmental accomplishments. However, a high amount of illegal logging has continued to occur across the country, threatening to make wooded areas less viable for harboring biodiversity and supplying lumber. This article examines how corruption among forestry regulators is one important factor that leads them to allow people to log illicitly. Focusing on Limón Province, especially its Amistad-Caribe Conservation Area, this study examines regulators' corrupt behaviors, how the latter contribute to specific forms of illegal logging, and why regulators act in this manner. Data was collected though in-depth and anonymous interviews with experts from a variety of stakeholder groups. This most detailed look yet at corruption in Costa Rica's forestry sector provides new understandings. Most importantly, it indicates that a serious failure to satisfy regulators' material needs, including salary, equipment, funds and staff, is the key issue causing them to fall into corruption. Costa Rica will have difficulty in better meeting regulators' requirements since it has limited money for these purposes, and other developing countries are likely to face the same problem. As such, they will need to search for less expensive ways to assist regulators, such as having nongovernmental actors act as regulatory staff.