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The boss & his Ur machine, though products of many factors, were virtually unthinkable without their immigrant clienteles. These gave the machine its essential mass base. The machine operated, in effect, as virtually the only agency facilitating the pol'al & econ integration of the immigrants into the US community. This was done by soliciting their votes with the familiar array of machine 'services,' bringing their representatives into the org, offering a career ladder to some individuals, & giving general recognition to them as a group. Then the immigration flow virtually stopped during the 1920's. This, plus various Ur reforms, the development of gov-sponsored welfare services, etc, ended the era of the boss. 2 kinds of 'immigration' have gone on since the 1920's. The Negro has come in increasing numbers from the Ru South to northern Ur centers, & the Puerto Rican has sought wider opportunity in NYC. Though the presentday Ur party has far less motive & ability to deal with these newcomers in the former manner, evidence suggests that they are finding their way into the party org's &, hence, are to some extent being represented by them. AA.

The boss and his urban machine, though products of many factors, were virtually unthinkable without their immi grant clienteles. These gave the machine its essential mass base. And the machine operated, in effect, as virtually the only agency facilitating the political—and economic—integration of the immigrants into the American community. This was done by soliciting—or "buying"—their votes with the familiar array of machine "services," bringing their representatives into the organization, offering a career ladder to some individuals, and giving general recognition to them as a group. Then the im migration flow virtually stopped during the 1920's. This, plus various urban reforms, the development of government- sponsored welfare services, and the like ended the era of the boss. Actually, two kinds of "immigration" have gone on since the twenties. The Negro has come in increasing numbers from the rural South to northern urban centers, and the Puerto Rican has sought wider opportunity in New York City. Though the present-day urban party has far less motive and ability to deal with these newcomers in the former manner, evidence suggests that they are finding their way into the party organizations and, hence, are to some extent being represented by them.

Cover -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Contents -- Illustrations -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- 1. The Mandinka -- Origin and Migration -- The Kaabu Empire -- Nyancho and Koringstates -- Mandinka Kingdoms -- The Fall of Kaabu -- The Battle of Kansala -- Consequences of the War -- The Soninke-Marabout Wars -- 2. The Wolof -- Origin and Migration -- The Jolof Empire -- Development of the Jolof Empire -- Legend of Njanjan Njie -- Wolof Kingdoms -- Effects of the Marabout Wars -- End of Wolof Independence -- 3. The Serer -- The Migration of the Serer and Foundng of Serer States -- The French, Soninke-Marabout Wars and the End of Serer Independence -- 4. The Fula -- Origin and Migration -- Futa Toro: An Early Fula State -- End of Fula Rule in Futa Toro -- Fula Migration to the Rest of the Senegambia Region -- End of Fula Independence -- 5. The Tukulor -- Origin and Migration -- Tukulor States -- 6. The Serahule -- Origin -- Serahule States -- End of Serahule Independence -- 7. The Jola -- Origin and Migration -- End of Jola Independence -- Bibliography -- Glossary -- Index -- Back cover.