Suchergebnisse

Intro -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Chapter 1: Reimagining Conceptions of Technological and Societal Progress -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Why Philosophy and Engineering? -- 1.2.1 Structure of the Book -- 1.3 Section 1: Technological Progress -- 1.3.1 Part I: Reimagining How Engineering Relates to the Sciences -- 1.3.2 Part II: Re-imagining Engineering Epistemology and Reasoning -- 1.4 Section 2: Social Progress -- 1.4.1 Part III: Reimagining Values and Culture in Engineering and Engineered Systems -- 1.4.2 Part IV: Reimagining Social Progress Through Engineers' Ethical Principles -- 1.5 Section 3: The Connection Between Engineering and Social Progress -- 1.5.1 Part V: Re-imagining How Engineering Relates to Complex Sociotechnical Systems -- 1.5.2 Part VI: Reimagining Social Progress in Democracy, and the Need to Align Engineering to Social Values -- 1.6 Part VII: A Provocation - Reimagining the Limits of Philosophy and Knowledge Through Generic Design -- 1.7 On Progress for the Philosophy of Engineering -- References -- Part I: Technological Progress: Reimagining How Engineering Relates to the Sciences -- Chapter 2: Engineering Design Principles in Natural and Artificial Systems: Generative Entrenchment and Modularity -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Generative Entrenchment -- 2.2.1 Generative Entrenchment and Engineered Technological Systems -- 2.2.2 Entrenchment Can Drive Asymmetry and, thus, Diversity -- 2.2.3 Entrenchment and Bauplans: General Frameworks for Adaptive Radiations -- 2.3 Top-Down Modularity: The Emergence of Order from the Big Ball of Mud -- 2.3.1 How Modularity in Engineering Can Become Entrenched -- 2.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Technological Progress in the Life Sciences -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 A History of Genetic Intervention -- 3.3 What's a Technological Revolution Anyway?.

The TFM should provide a review of the evaluation of two SMEs' experiences doing business in Egypt. The experiences of the two SMEs will demonstrate the business opportunities and obstacles that engineering and technology-based SMEs face in emerging economies. The two chosen SMEs are different in terms of sector and nationality to provide a good perspective. The first SME is an Egyptian company working in the renewable energy that has a success story collaborating in Egyptian governmental project with Spanish, Chinese and Saudi partners. The second SME is a Canadian company working in the construction sector that is entering the Egyptian market to provide a new construction technology solution using wood and clay as a construction material instead of steel reinforced concrete. Both companies not only share the size or the status of start-up growing to medium but also share the first mover advantage as they both introducing new technologies to the Egyptian market. The TFM will attempt to identify, evaluate and analyse the opportunities and barriers both companies face doing business in Egypt either with public or private sector. The TFM shall provide a review of the evaluation of the two cases through conducting interviews with the companies CEOs, the executive teams, and the clients. At least one specific project for each of the two SMEs will be analysed and reviewed as a case study. The objective is to share the analysis of both companies experiences so future engineering and technology companies, either from the same country or from abroad, interested in working in emerging economies in general or in Egypt specifically can better manage their risks. ; A process to collect and analyze the data about each SME and the chosen project shall be standardized for both. A questionnaire shall be developed and answered by both CEOs through a series of interviews conducted by the TFM author. After collecting the operational / technical, financial data and historical data of both the SMEs and each of their chosen projects, a comparison will be made between the two SMEs to identify any possible patterns of opportunities and barriers. The conclusion of the TFM will be suggesting guidelines for internationalization and growth strategies for engineering and technology-based SMEs considering entering an emerging economy in general or the Egyptian market specifically.

Engineering and Technology Education is a means to sustain and accelerate the overall development in a country and it has a direct effect on individuals' productivity and earnings as well. But the problem is there is gender disparity in distribution especially in developing countries among educational branches. In Ethiopia, despite significant improvements in the last couple of years, women are still under-represented in engineering and technology. Since the share of Ethiopian women in science and technology programs in higher education has been low, the governments apply a policy to stream 70% of all university entrants to be in the science and technology track indirectly to increase their entry into these fields. Even if this types of policy is applying, their participation in engineering and technology education and employment is very low proportion. The main purpose of this study is an attempt to assess trends and share of women in the field of engineering and technology regarding to their share of enrollment, employment and professional positions from the period 2000 -12 based on available secondary data collected from different sources. The collected quantitative data were analyzed by using descriptive data analysis techniques. Result from the data shows that there is low share of women in engineering and technology enrollment, employment and professional position status as compared to male in the country. Even if the share of enrollment of women in higher education is on improved status, their share of enrollment in engineering and technology filed is quite low that on average below 30 percent per year. In addition, this grate disparity and low participation of women in engineering and technology invites further investigation regarding to what is the reason behind.

PurposeThis paper seeks to address a key issue, yet a neglected area of local policy and research i.e. the "gender gap" in the labour market in the scientific‐based SMEs in the UK. The paper seeks to compare and contrast the employment and management structure, as well as participation in research and development (R&D) between female and male. It further aims to explore the educational background and the personal and professional barriers that prevent women from progression in scientific management and R&D related occupations.Design/methodology/approachThe empirical investigation is based on a sample of 45 female employees working in science, engineering and technology (SET)‐related positions and 48 SET‐related companies. Data were collected through the empirical survey of SMEs and semi structured "face‐to‐face" interviews with female employees.FindingsThe study concluded that there was no evidence of specific SET‐related barriers preventing career progression amongst women. The major barriers to progression were related to work‐life balance issues such as dependent children as well as non‐gender‐related issues such as insufficient resources for training, lack of opportunities for career advancement and lack of encouragement from management, which are more likely to be SME‐related issues.Practical implicationsThe paper suggests that current programmes and initiatives to encourage people to enter SET occupations may eventually increase participation in that workforce but will not necessarily increase numbers of women in managerial and highly technical positions because of the continuing conflict over work‐life balance decisions such as having a family, or because of management and SME‐related issues such as insufficient resources.Originality/valueThe findings are based on original and unique databases, assembled over the past two years, funded by the ESRC Science in Society Programme and the Higher Education European Social Fund National. The "gender gap" in the labour market in scientific‐based SMEs in the UK, combing data of companies and employees, has not, empirically, been investigated before.

Purpose- Motive and cause of this study is pursuing to examine the determinants of dividend payout ratios of KSE listed companies in Pakistan. Design- This study used the data of ten sectors of cement industry and these companies are listed in Karachi stock exchange, and data is drives by 2003-2012, enlarge the current research on dividend payout policy. Panel regression model used to estimate the results. Corporate profitability has always been considered as a leading independent variable of dividend payout ratio. Findings- There are multitudinal factors other than corporate profitability that influence dividend decisions of the firm like taxes, cash flow and debt to equity, sales growth. This research analyzes that profitability, tax, and cash flow have a significant relation with dividend payout ratio. And debt to equity and sales growth has insignificant relationship with dividend payout ratio. Research Limitations- This research failed to collect the data of different sectors listed on KSE except Cement industry. And collect the data of only one sector (cement). There are other determinants exist that have a huge effect on payout ratio, than these which are included in the research.

"One of the main differences between science and engineering is that engineering is not just about better understanding the world but also about changing it. Many engineers believe that such change improves, or at least should improve, the world. In this sense engineering is an inherently morally motivated activity. Changing the world for the better is, however, no easy task and also not one that can be achieved on the basis of engineering knowledge alone. It also requires, among other things, ethical reflection and knowledge. This book aims at contributing to such reflection and knowledge, not just in a theoretical sense but also more practically. This book takes an innovative approach to engineering ethics in several respects. It provides a rather unique approach to ethical decision-making: the ethical cycle. This approach is illustrated by an abundance of cases studies and examples, not only from the US but also from Europe and the rest of the world. The book is also innovative in paying more attention than most traditional introductions in engineering ethics to such topics as ethics in engineering design, the organizational context of engineering, the distribution of responsibility, sustainability, and new technologies such as nanotechnology. There is an increasing attention to ethics in the engineering curricula. Engineers are supposed not only to carry out their work competently and skillfully but also to be aware of the broader ethical and social implications of engineering and to be able to reflect on these. According to the Engineering Criteria 2000 of the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) in the US, engineering graduates must have "an understanding of professional and ethical responsibility" and "the broad education necessary to understand the impact of engineering solutions in a global and societal context" (Herkert 1999). This book provides an undergraduate introduction to ethics in engineering and technology. It helps students to acquire the competences mentioned in the ABET criteria or comparable criteria formulated in other countries. More specifically, this book helps students to acquire the following moral competencies:"--

We analysed the process of construction and connection to the electrical grid of four Spanish nuclear power plants with different financial and technological foreign partners: those of Zorita (PWR by Westinghouse), Garoña (BWR by General Electric) and Vandellós I (GCR by EDF) (belonging to the first generation of atomic plants and producing electricity from 1969–72) and that of Trillo I (PWR by KWU, connected in 1988). These four examples allow us to observe how the learning curve of nuclear engineering and the acquisition of skills by Spanish companies evolved. Progressively the domestic industry achieved higher levels of participation, fostered by the Ministry of Industry and Energy. When the atomic plants under construction were paralysed by the nuclear moratorium of 1984, and several other projects were abandoned by the utilities along the way, Spain had developed an industrial sector around the fabrication of service components and engineering for nuclear power plants to compete internationally. ; The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support of the Spanish Government through research grants HAR2014-53825-R and HAR2017-86086-R. Additionally, Rubio-Varas and De la Torre received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014–2018 under grant agreement N°662268.