Suchergebnisse

The mining industry is the primary source of the state's revenue. The legal instrument governing the mining industry in Indonesia is Law No. 4 of 2009 on Mineral and Coal. Unfortunately, the existence of the mining industry in various regions in Indonesia, especially open-pit coal mining industries, raises multiple problems, one of which related to the aspect of environmental law. The issues which arise in forms of pollution and ecological damage. These problems still occur in several open-pit coal mining areas such as in Bengkulu and South Kalimantan. Environmental law is expected to be a tool to protect the environment from various negative impacts of business activities and from citizens who lack awareness towards the environment, in order to guarantee the sustainability of environmental functions. One of the steps that need to be done is enforcing environmental law effectively. Enforcement can be done in forms of preventive and repressive, which means through administrative, criminal and civil procedures. Thus, the existence of the mining industry is expected to continue to support sustainable development in Indonesia. This research is normative legal research through the method of legislative approach, conceptual approach and analytical approach. The object of the normative legal analysis is in the form of qualitative legal materials, namely primary legal material (legislation) and secondary legal material (library materials). The specification of this study is inferential research, which doesn't merely describe facts but draws general conclusions that can be the basis of deduction to determine steps to deal with legal problems and define the position of the issues in the national legal system as well. Regarding the research data, both secondary and primary data, a qualitative juridical analysis was carried out using the method of legal interpretation, especially grammatical interpretation, historical interpretation, and systematic interpretation and analogy and constructivism, the results of which were written descriptively.

If the modern city is a monument to anything, it is a monument to man's inefficiency. Our cities are plagued by problems of congestion, waste, and pollution that deplete natural resources, damage the environment and reduce the quality of life of citizens. The irony is, as this fascinating new study shows, that it doesn't have to be like this. Building the ecological city describes the problems we face and puts forward solutions to the question - how can we build cities that provide an acceptable standard of living for their inhabitants without depleting the ecosystems and bio-geochemical cycles on which they depend? The book suggests and examines the concept of urban metabolism in which the city is characterized as a set of interlinked systems of physical flows linking air, land and water. A series of chapters looks at the production and management of waste, energy use and air emissions, water supply and management, urban land use and air quality issues. Within the broader context of climate change, the book then considers a range of practical strategies for restoring the health of urban ecosystems from the restoration of 'brownfield' land to productive use through to improving air quality and making better use of water resources Building the ecological city is a major contribution to better urban management and planning for both citizens and the environment and is an invaluable sourcebook for urban and national planners, architects and environmental agencies. Authoritative review of the environmental impact of modern citiesSeeks to identify a viable model for urban living in relation to all the resources - land, air and water, upon which cities depend but currently tend to deplete or destroyEssential reading for urban planners, architects, local and national government officers, environmental agencies worldwide and students of ecology and environmental sciences

Many landscapes are the result of interactions between ecological processes, economic activities, and the administrative and political organisation of society. Therefore, as a consequence of human transformations over time, some landscapes may contain residual damaged habitats hosting testimony of past biodiversity that can be called "biodiversity heritage relicts". From this perspective, the aim of the paper is to describe an applicative approach to habitat restoration in social-ecological landscapes. The approach entails the restoration of vegetation using GIS analysis integrated with field activities and a phytosociological method. The methodology includes expert and stakeholder involvement in order to increase the resilience of the measures over time, thereby consolidating landscape value. The approach was applied in the municipality of Campi Salentina, Province of Lecce, Italy, and the result was the restoration of an important riparian habitat classified under Directive 92/43/EEC as "Salix alba and Populus alba galleries" (code 92A0), which had not previously been recorded in the Province of Lecce. In this case, the project re-established a natural habitat that represented a "biodiversity heritage relict" in the landscape. The paper shows that direct knowledge of the landscape and the ability to identify "biodiversity heritage relicts", in combination with a phytosociological approach, can enhance the effectiveness of ecological restoration projects. Moreover, social and institutional integration in projects helps ensure the management of the measures over time.

The sprawling communities surrounding cities pose a paradox for wildlife. Suburban habitat, with parks, greenways, and planned open spaces, provide attractive habitat with abundant resources for some wildlife species. Yet the landscape is dominated by human activities and disturbances. Species with little tolerance for human disturbance and habitat changes have difficulty maintaining their populations in suburban environments. Yet more adaptable species flourish in suburban areas where there are less predators, increased food resources, and abundant habitat for cover and raising young. The resulting overabundant wildlife populations pose increasing problems for biologists, wildlife damage practitioners, and the public. Management of urban and suburban wildlife requires not only sound ecological studies, but also an understanding of public attitudes and interests. Human value systems, including politics, economics, health and safety, and cultural differences, are central to the management and control of wildlife species in urban/suburban areas. Even among the best studied and managed species, we need better information on the relationship between human attitudes, management strategies, habitat conditions, and sustainable wildlife populations. This paper places the issues of wildlife damage management within the larger context of suburban wildlife conservation and management. Wildlife control is part of a bigger picture of overabundant wildlife populations, habitat conditions, and human dimensions. I discuss a conceptual model for suburban wildlife management that includes inputs from both ecological and sociological data and outputs measured by changing wildlife populations. The model is illustrated with data from the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Massachusetts.

Mangrove ecosystems are known as forests that are able to live adapt to extreme coastal environments such as changing salinity (2-22 ‰ to reach 38 ‰), but the existence of mangrove ecosystems is vulnerable to environmental changes, such as wind, erosion and abrasion. Changes in the environment are caused by ecological pressure that comes from nature and humans. Forms of ecological pressure originating from humans are generally associated with the use of mangroves such as land conversion for settlements, fishponds, and tourism. The development of mangrove forests in Kabupaten Manokwari requires the attention of the government and the community, because the lack of public awareness and coordination between agencies will greatly influence the preservation of mangrove forests, especially the damage to ecosystems in mangrove forest areas.

1. Factors Shaping and Shaped by the Environment: 1990–2010 -- 2. Protecting the Environment: A Research Strategy for the 1990s—An Indicator of Change in EPA -- 3. Using Environmental Indicators for Policy and Regulatory Decisions -- 4. Ecological Indicators of Marine Condition (abstract only) -- 5. Ecological Forecasting: 'What For?' -- 6. Indicators of the Causes of Ecological Impacts or 'What's Causing the Global Environmental Crisis?' -- 7. Earth Day Plus 20: Rediscovering Ecology -- 8. Global Indicators: What the People Expect -- 9. Evolution of Indicators of Ecosystem Health -- 10. Indicators in Regional Ecological Monitoring and Risk Assessment -- 11. Indicator Selection: A Key Element in Monitoring System Design -- 12. Thermodynamics and Measures of Ecological Integrity -- 13. Indicators of Ecosystem Integrity -- 14. Ecological Indicators and Ecological Modelling -- 15. Choosing Ecological Indicators: Effect of Taxonomic Aggression on Sensitivity to Stress and Natural Variability -- 16. Biomarkers of Environmental Exposure and Multivariate Approaches for Assessment and Monitoring -- 17. The Application of In-situ Bioassays as Ecological Indicators for Assessing River Quality -- 18. Ecological Monitoring of Fish Assemblages in Tennessee River Reservoirs -- 19. Contribution of Fish Community Metrics to the Index of Biotic Integrity in Two Ozark Rivers -- 20. Lake and Stream Indicators for the US EPAs Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program -- 21. Ecological Indicators of Temperate Forest Ecosystem Condition -- 22. The Visual Damage Survey: A Study to Evaluate the Eastern Forest Condition -- 23. Identification and Use of Plant Species as Ecological Indicators of Air Pollution Stress in National Park Units -- 24. Biological Diversity Assessment in Glacier National Park, Montana: I. Sampling Design -- 25. Toxic Effects Monitoring in Baltic Sea Coastal Areas -- 26. National Status and Trends Program: Chemical and Biological Monitoring of U.S. Coastal Waters -- 27. Benthic Communities as Indicators of Ecosystem Condition (abstract only) -- 28. Evaluation of Bioindicators of Contaminant Exposure and Effects in Coastal Ecosystems -- 29. Monitoring Nitrogen and Indicators of Nitrogen Loading to Support Management Action in Buzzards Bay -- 30. Ecological Indicators for Ecological Engineering in Wetlands -- 31. Coupling Wetlands Structure and Function: Developing a Condition Index for Wetlands Monitoring -- 32. Choices in Monitoring Wetlands -- 33. Indicators of Flooding Derived From Aerial Photography in Northern Prairie Wetlands -- 34. Indicators of Environmental Stress in Wetland Plants -- 35. Indicators of the Ecological Status of Agroecosystems -- 36. The Soil Conservation Services New Water Quality Indicators Guide (a summary) -- 37. The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) as an Ecological Indicator for Agricultural and Forest Systems -- 38. Testing a Biological System for Indicating Ozone in Minnesota -- 39. Site-Specific and Regional Monitoring with Honey Bees: Case Study Comparisons -- 40. The Vulnerability of Agricultural Systems to Ecological and Climate Change in Sub-Saharan Africa (a summary) -- 41. Ecological Indicator Strategy for Monitoring Arid Ecosystems -- 42. Ecological Indicators in a Desert/Grassland Transition -- 43. Monitoring the Condition of Australian Arid Lands: Linked Plant-Soil Indicators -- 44. Cryptogamic Crusts as Potential Indicators of Disturbance in Semi-Arid Landscapes -- 45. Spatial Modeling and Landscape Characterization of an African Pastoral Ecosystem: A Prototype Model and its Potential Use for Monitoring Drought.

Abstract
There is a long-standing debate over whether new roads unavoidably lead to environmental damage, especially forest loss, but causal identification has been elusive. Using multiple causal identification strategies, we study the construction of new rural roads to over 100,000 villages and the upgrading of 10,000 kilometers of national highways in India. The new rural roads had precisely zero effect on local deforestation. In contrast, the highway upgrades caused substantial forest loss, which appears to be driven by increased timber demand along the transportation corridors. In terms of forests, last mile connectivity had a negligible environmental cost, while expansion of major corridors had important environmental impacts.

The Wildlife Society (TWS) recognizes wildlife-human interactions as both a challenge and an opportunity whereby we can serve the wildlife profession and human society. TWS first officially supported wildlife damage management professionals in 1959 when it created the TWS Committee on Economic Losses Caused by Vertebrates. In 1994, this committee ultimately became the TWS Wildlife Damage Management Working Group (WDMWG), whose goal is to better understand and manage the biological, ecological, social, political, legal, and economic aspects of wildlife-human interactions. The WDMWG has sponsored numerous symposia, workshops, publications, etc., all of which are designed to serve TWS, wildlife damage management professionals, and the public. In addition, several recent TWS publications have been designed to serve wildlife damage management professionals. TWS also has sponsored or co-sponsored technical sessions at meetings and international conferences to help disseminate the most current information on wildlife damage management. Furthermore, TWS' Certified Wildlife Biologist Program can help the wildlife damage management professional achieve public trust and confidence in their scientific and technical training, as well as legal recognition in courts of law. Wildlife professionals are increasingly challenged by wildlife-human conflicts, which often are the focus of attention from the news media. Wildlife professionals should endeavor to minimize the negative and enhance the positive values of wildlife, even for those species that have become locally overabundant and are sometimes regarded as pests. TWS will continue to support wildlife damage management professionals in their efforts to objectively manage wildlife species for the benefit of society and the wildlife resource.

A probabilistic risk assessment was conducted to evaluate the likelihood and ecological significance of potential toxic effects of diazinon in the Sacramento – San Joaquin system. Diazinon, an organophosphorus insecticide, is used in the Sacramento – San Joaquin River Basin as a dormant spray on almonds and other tree crops, as well as for other agricultural and urban applications. Diazinon and other pesticides have been detected in the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers and their tributaries. Diazinon exposure was characterized based on monitoring programs conducted in 1991 – 94. Diazinon effects were characterized using laboratory toxicity data for 63 species, supplemented by results from field mesocosm and microcosm studies. The assessment addressed the possibility that reductions in invertebrate populations could lead to impacts on species of fish that feed on those invertebrates. The risk assessment concluded that fish in these rivers are not at risk from the direct effects of diazinon in the water. Invertebrates are at greater risk, especially in agriculturally dominated streams and drainage channels during January and February. Cladocerans—including Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia, two common bioassay species—are especially sensitive to diazinon and other organophosphates and are likely to be subject to acute toxic effects in some locations at some times. Any ecological damage that may occur, however, is brief and limited to cladocerans. None of the fish species of concern depend on cladocerans as critical components of their diet. Invertebrates that are not affected by observed concentrations of diazinon (copepods, mysids, amphipods, rotifers, and insects) are preferred foods for fish in the Sacramento – San Joaquin system.

The modernization paradigm pursued by China has tended to privilege industry over agriculture, urban over rural, and the middle class over the subaltern, with the country's growth statistics and policy emphases accordingly geared to such a paradigm. This has resulted in almost mindless degradation of nature. The key question China faces is thus not one of more progress or more growth, but of the multiple tasks of reversing the dire damage already done to its ecology, society, and culture.

Анализируется проблема экологического ущерба и проводится укрупненная оценка нанесенного экологического ущерба от антропогенного воздействия (в течение 2006 г.) по методике определения предотвращенного экологического ущерба. Рассматривается существующий механизм расчета платы за негативное воздействие на окружающую среду. Выполнено сравнение платы за негативное воздействие на окружающую среду с нанесенным экологическим ущербомThe considerable excess over the sizes of a payment for negative influence and investments into nature protection actions by means of estimation inflict ecological damage is shown. The regard must be paid to the unresolved problem questions of scientific, legislative, methodical, standard and information study of the ecological damage from anthropogenous influence estimation.

This paper attempts to identify major natural hazards and disaster incidents damage and losses in Nepal. Using participatory and geographical diversity approach and for collecting information, multi- criteria decision making methods and analytical hierarchic process to identify the hazard prone area with type and intensity and location - specific innovative practices and their legitimization for integrating local knowledge and skills into mainstream development policy, science and technology through educational assessment to incorporate local knowledge as live science for disaster management, climate change adaptation and sustainable livelihood improvement. Findings of the study reveal that their variety of natural hazards, such as landslides, flood/inundation, droughts, soil erosion, earthquakes, thunderstorm/lightening and fire are exacerbated by environmental degradation processes. There are location specific local practices for resource conservation, utilization and disaster management for the well- being of communities before, during and after disasters. Such practices passed on from one generation to the next without being integrated into mainstream development strategies, disaster policy and science. Knowledge of ecology and local skills and materials for hazard prevention and mitigation have the important role to mitigate the hazards and ensure the sustainability for community life style. Moreover, this study proposed an action- oriented model i.e. political- ecological framework of the environmental resource conservation, disaster management and climate change adaptation practices in mostly vulnerable locations of Nepal. Moreover, measures are suggested to enhance the community capacity for managing their livelihood resources and are hindrance to policy making and scientific advancement at the community level with proper integration of local knowledge with science and mainstream development policy.