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"This article tracks the creation and maintenance of markets for emission rights and the role that law-creation plays within this process. From a recent example of a market creation -the European Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS)-, insights will be gained about the intrinsic and fundamental connections between market creation and bureaucratization. This process unfolds in a paradoxical way: The free-market hypothesis is, in fact, creating a demand for regulation, administration, and control. Law creation that is informed by the free-market hy-pothesis (the Law and Economics School in general, the EU Directive as a specific case), separates the "inside of the market" from the "outside of the market". This, firstly, causes a need for extra-administration at the "outside of the market" in order to resolve the uncertainty that emanates from the self-imposed requirement of leaving "the market itself" unregulated. And it, secondly, exposes the "rational actor" to an open and uncertain situation, which then leads to private regulative and administrative attempts at the "inside of the market". (author's abstract)

This study proposes a multidimensional emissions profile (MEP) framework, aiming to analyze how a broad social force systematically and heterogeneously affects four emission components of nations: (1) emissions generated by domestic-oriented supply chain activities, (2) emissions embodied in imports, (3) emissions embodied in exports, and (4) direct emissions of end-user activities. I implement a multiregional input-output approach to operationalize these emission components. Using the MEP framework and dynamic fixed-effects models with the seemingly unrelated regression estimator, I find these four emission components are heterogeneously related to national affluence in high-income nations. As these nations become even wealthier, affluence is gradually decoupled from emissions generated by domestic-oriented supply chain activities and direct end-user emissions, yet it remains strongly coupled with the other two emission components in distinct ways. The findings demonstrate the MEP framework's utility and contribute a multidimensional perspective to the debate on the economic development–climate change relationship.

Abstract In the last 30 years, diesel engines have made rapid progress to increased efficiency, environmental protection and comfort for both light- and heavy-duty applications. The technical developments include all issues from fuel to combustion process to exhaust gas aftertreatment. This paper provides a comprehensive summary of the available literature regarding technical developments and their impact on the reduction of pollutant emission. This includes emission legislation, fuel quality, diesel engine- and exhaust gas aftertreatment technologies, as well as particulate composition, with a focus on the mass-related particulate emission of on-road vehicle applications. Diesel engine technologies representative of real-world on-road applications will be highlighted. Internal engine modifications now make it possible to minimize particulate and nitrogen oxide emissions with nearly no reduction in power. Among these modifications are cooled exhaust gas recirculation, optimized injections systems, adapted charging systems and optimized combustion processes with high turbulence. With introduction and optimization of exhaust gas aftertreatment systems, such as the diesel oxidation catalyst and the diesel particulate trap, as well as NOx-reduction systems, pollutant emissions have been significantly decreased. Today, sulfur poisoning of diesel oxidation catalysts is no longer considered a problem due to the low-sulfur fuel used in Europe. In the future, there will be an increased use of bio-fuels, which generally have a positive impact on the particulate emissions and do not increase the particle number emissions. Since the introduction of the EU emissions legislation, all emission limits have been reduced by over 90%. Further steps can be expected in the future. Retrospectively, the particulate emissions of modern diesel engines with respect to quality and quantity cannot be compared with those of older engines. Internal engine modifications lead to a clear reduction of the particulate emissions without a negative impact on the particulate-size distribution towards smaller particles. The residual particles can be trapped in a diesel particulate trap independent of their size or the engine operating mode. The usage of a wall-flow diesel particulate filter leads to an extreme reduction of the emitted particulate mass and number, approaching 100%. A reduced particulate mass emission is always connected to a reduced particle number emission.

Intro -- GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS: DRIVERS OF INTENSITY AND COUNTRY VARIANCES -- GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS: DRIVERS OF INTENSITY AND COUNTRY VARIANCES -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION DRIVERS: POPULATION, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH, AND ENERGY USE -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION VARIABLES -- SECTORAL BREAKDOWN OF GHG EMISSIONS -- Energy Use as a CO2 Intensity Driver -- Carbon Intensity of Electricity Generation -- Carbon Intensity of Travel -- Effects of Land Use on Intensity -- Cumulative Emissions -- INTERACTIONS OF THE VARIABLES -- CHANGES IN INTENSITY TO MEET CLIMATE STABILIZATION GOALS -- U.S. Greenhouse Gas Intensity: Trends and Targ -- Global Greenhouse Gas Intensity -- CONCLUSION -- End Notes -- Chapter 2 CLIMATE CHANGE: THE QUALITY, COMPARABILITY, AND REVIEW OF EMISSIONS INVENTORIES VARY BETWEEN DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING NATIONS -- WHY GAO DID THIS STUD -- WHAT GAO RECOMMEN -- WHAT GAO FOUND -- ABBREVIATIONS -- BACKGROUND -- INVENTORIES FROM SEVEN ANNEX I NATIONS WERE OF HIGHER COMPARABILITY AND QUALITY THAN THOSE FROM SEVEN NON-ANNEX I NATIONS BECAUSE OF SEVERAL BARRIERS -- Recent Reviews Found That Selected Annex I Nations' Inventories Were Comparable and of High Quality, but Some Estimates Have Substantial Uncertainty -- Inventories from Selected Non-Annex I Nations Met Guidelines but Were of Lower Quality and Generally Not Comparable -- Experts Identified Several Barriers to Improving the Comparability and Quality of Inventories -- THE INVENTORY REVIEW PROCESS FOR ANNEX I NATIONS HAS SEVERAL STRENGTHS AND SOME LIMITATIONS, AND NO COMPARABLE PROCESS EXISTS FOR NON-ANNEX I NATIONS -- The Process for Reviewing Inventories from Annex I Nations Has Several Strengths -- The Process for Reviewing Inventories from Annex I Nations Has Some Limitations

This report reviews vehicle emissions standards in Europe, Japan and the United States, providing the reader with valuable comparisons. It also examines incentives for sulphur free fuels - which can contribute to reducing both conventional air emissions and carbon dioxide. It describes emissions control technologies and the impact of emissions on health and the environment and assesses the adequacy of emissions limits for new passenger cars and heavy duty diesel engines.