Suchergebnisse

In Turkey, Agricultural Insurance Foundation was established in 1995. Agricultural insurance pool (TARSIM) formed with the contributions of private agencies and organizations which have run activity in the fields of insurance and agriculture and the government support began its activities in 2006. The livestock (cattle) insurance, which is a part of agricultural insurance, has been practiced in the country since 1960. The aim of this study was to investigate the role and the functioning of livestock (cattle) insurance in Turkey between 2007 and 2015. According to the research findings, the share of the cattle insurance in the total number of agricultural insurance policies is 1.94% in 2015. This result showed that its necessity of increases of the livestock (cattle) insurance in agricultural sector considering farmers' financial position and the size of their farms.

The 1930s was a period of profound crisis for Irish dry cattle farmers. Understandably, many blamed the then Fianna Fáil government, which instigated a trade dispute with Britain and harboured a deep aversion to the cattle trade. In this context, many viewed the government's decision to reduce the cattle herd in 1934 as part of a grand plan to upend largescale cattle farming. As this article demonstrates, the situation was far more complex. The government certainly sought to reform Irish agriculture but was unwilling to preside over the complete collapse of the cattle trade. The Irish government's intransigence played a part, but the worst years of the crisis also owed much to British protectionism. Yet, notwithstanding the conditions, farmers stubbornly stuck to cattle.

Beni-Amer cattle owners in the western part of the Horn of Africa are not only masters in cattle breeding, they are also knowledge sovereign, in terms of owning productive genes of cattle and the cognitive knowledge base crucial to sustainable development. The strong bonds between the Beni-Amer, their animals, and their environment constitute the basis of their ways of knowing, and much of their knowledge system is built on experience and embedded in their cultural practices.

In this book, the first to study Beni-Amer practices, Zeremariam Fre argues for the importance of their knowledge, challenging the preconceptions that regard it as untrustworthy when compared to scientific knowledge from more developed regions. Empirical evidence suggests that there is much one could learn from the other, since elements of pastoralist technology, such as those related to animal production and husbandry, make a direct contribution to our knowledge of livestock production. It is this potential for hybridisation, as well as the resilience of the herders, at the core of the indigenous knowledge system.

Although bovine auricular pavilion has been considered to have large surface vessels, descriptions of its vascularization are scarce. Notwithstanding this region has been used as an alternative route of administration of drugs. With help of an Anatomical specimen, arteriography and dissection have revealed a vast vascular network in the auricle. In this sense, once considered, this knowledge is capable of minimizing prospective complications from the unsuitable use of this region for therapeutic and anesthetic procedures. This study aimed to standardize and describe the arteriography of bovine auricular pavilion in order to acquire a greater knowledge about the local vasculature. Five steers, about one-year-old and weighing about 200 kg, were used, among which three Holstein x Gir crossbred and two Gir purebred. None had lesions in the ear. Of these, two animals were submitted to the standardization of procedures for arteriographies; two others underwent the examination itself. Another bovine, from necroscopy, was subjected to dissection of the ear. The arteriographic images and anatomic dissection pictures were compared to describe anatomical relationships. Arteriography enabled the visualization of lateral, lateral intermediate, intermediate, medial intermediate auricular branches, as well as the medial auricular branch. Conversely, the dissection of the superficial cervicoauricular muscle, between the auricular pavilion and the cornual process base, indicated a poor subcutaneous vascularization of this region, contrasting the rich vascularization near the auricular pavilion. The auricular pavilion arteriography identified a complex vascular network, which in terms of a practical application precludes the administration of slow-absorption drugs in this area. Nevertheless, the dissection images showed the poor subcutaneous vascularization of superficial cervicoauricular muscle surrounding area, making this site more favorable for the administration of long-acting substances.

This is a study of the formation and collapse of the Yugul Cattle Company (YCC) an Aboriginal-owned pastoral company set up at Ngukurr in south-eastern Arhhem Land. The involvement of remote Aborigines in a non-traditional enterprise has been little studied with the result that this important area of Aboriginal activity has been neglected in many current explanations and descriptions of the Aborigines' society and their position in Australia. The scope of this work is strongly influenced by the belief that what happens on settlements can only be adequately explained by reference to Aboriginal European relations in Australia as a whole, and especially to the role of governments which have played such a major part in determining the lives of Aborigines living in remote settlements. I have shown that the formation, establishment and collapse of the YCC were all heavily influenced by factors external to Ngukurr.

The carbon footprint of beef cattle is presented for Canada, The United States, The European Union, Australia and Brazil. The values ranged between 8 and 22 kg CO2e per kg of live weight (LW) depending on the type of farming system, the location, the year, the type of management practices, the allocation, as well as the boundaries of the study. Substantial reductions have been observed for most of these countries in the last thirty years. For instance, in Canada the mean carbon footprint of beef cattle at the exit gate of the farm decreased from 18.2 kg CO2e per kg LW in 1981 to 9.5 kg CO2e per kg LW in 2006 mainly because of improved genetics, better diets, and more sustainable land management practices. Cattle production results in products other than meat, such as hides, offal and products for rendering plants; hence the environmental burden must be distributed between these useful products. In order to do this, the cattle carbon footprint needs to be reported in kg of CO2e per kg of product. For example, in Canada in 2006, on a mass basis, the carbon footprint of cattle by-products at the exit gate of the slaughterhouse was 12.9 kg CO2e per kg of product. Based on an economic allocation, the carbon footprints of meat (primal cuts), hide, offal and fat, bones and other products for rendering were 19.6, 12.3, 7 and 2 kg CO2e per kg of product, respectively.

The lack of capital for investment and limited access for small beef cattle farming to obtain credit from financial institution have contributed to the occurrence of share-beef cattle in rural areas. Through share-beef cattle pattern, the farmers (tenant) can rent livestock from other parties (individual nor government) within a share-beef cattle contract agreement. The purposes of this study were to determine the technical efficiency and the factors which influence the inefficiency from 108 small beef cattlebreeding, which consists of 59 farming operated by owner and 49 operated by tenant. The unit samples were selected by snowball sampling method and analysed by Stochastic Frontier Production. Our study showed that the average technical efficiency of beef cattle breeding operated by owner was at 0.73, otherwise operated by tenant was at 0.790. The inefficiency of beef cattle breeding operated by owner has negatively corresponded to the number of cows, the farmer age, the age of cow and the application of artificial insemination (IA), but positively corresponded to allocation of family labour and level of farmer education. The inefficiency of beef cattle breeding operated by a tenant has negatively corresponded to the application of artificial insemination (AI). Specific conclusion of the study was the technical efficiency level of small beef cattle breeding was not only affected by the ownership of beef cattle but also by the pattern of share-beef cattle. The share-beef cattle based on share income(50:50) may improve the value of technical efficiency compared to share-beef cattle based on share in-kind (share-beef cattle revolving cow or share-beef cattle revolving calf).

A chapter report issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "Concerns have been raised that the economic models used by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the U.S. International Trade Commission do not account for all the factors that affect cattle prices and producer incomes. GAO reviewed USDA's livestock model to determine whether it incorporates imports, market concentration, marketing agreements, and forward contracts. In reviewing best modeling practices, GAO's expert panel concluded that domestic cattle demand and supply were the fundamental forces driving cattle prices and producer incomes. The panel identified issues necessary to develop a comprehensive modeling system that predicts cattle prices and producer incomes. The panel recommended the collection of better data to quantify several important factors omitted from the model. The panel also wanted to see a more complete characterization of the supply and demand relationships connecting the cattle producer to the final consumer. The panel's emphasis on a more complete characterization of the cattle and beef industry underscores the idea that the demand for cattle is ultimately driven by consumer demand for beef and other demand and supply forces linking cattle producers to feedlots, meatpackers, and retailers."

Bibliography: pages 220-228. ; This study focusses on the 1950 Witzieshoek rebellion from a gender perspective. It examines the context within which the rebellion occurred, spanning a period from 1930 to 1950 and looks at the impact of the rebellion on the state. The years leading up to the Witzieshoek rebellion were characterized by crisis as the government struggled to maintain authority over the African masses in general and African women in particular. Witzieshoek residents had to contend with growing deterioration of resources, migration and the implementation of a betterment programme. These had a differential impact on men and women in the reserve, leading to a loss of power in male authority structures and increasing autonomy for women. This fed into and moulded the development of a culture of resistance in the community which exploded in 1950 when the majority of the inhabitants revolted against the Native Affairs Department and the Trust. The Witzieshoek rebellion was a desperate bid to return to older and more familiar ways of organization which had been based on the productive and reproductive capacity of women. The men and women who rebelled were denouncing the organization of the community on Trust and Departmental terms. The response of the state to the rebellion was to appoint a Commission of Enquiry. The Commission, operating at a time when 'native' policy was being fiercely debated, was unable to offer the kind of solutions that Nationalist Party policy would eventually demand. Both the rebellion and the Commission of Enquiry failed to bring about any meaningful change to the conditions in Witzieshoek.

Beef production is widespread all over the world but the legislation regarding welfare area of beef cattle is not specifically addressed and fully implemented. Beef cattle welfare assurance affects not only animals but is also a question of ethics and products quality. Today, it is possible to determine welfare quality state in feedlots through relevant methodology such is Welfare Quality®Assessment Protocol applied to fattening cattle. It enables implementation of improvement strategy regarding identified risks and causes of poor welfare. Different literature sources, based on welfare risk assessment, indicate major welfare problems in cattle kept for beef production. According to them, respiratory diseases are usually linked to overstocking, inadequate ventilation, mixing of animals and failure of early diagnosis and treatment. In addition, digestive disorders are associated with intensive concentrate feeding, lack of physically effective fiber in the diet whilst behavioral disorders comes as a consequence of inadequate floor space, and commingling in the feedlot. Particular welfare problems are related to the implementation of animal husbandry methods mutilation, which expose animals to pain and suffering. This paper gives a review of most important beef cattle welfare topics including recommendations for its assurance and improvement.

African trypanosomiasis is a disease complex, prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa, influencing both public health and agricultural development. The disease is also becoming increasingly prevalent beyond its traditionally defined realm. Studies have shown that migration increases the risk of cattle being infected with trypanosomes and that Trypanosoma brucei populations in cattle (and other domestic animals) could serve as reservoirs for the human infection. This study involves an investigation into the prevalence of Trypanosomiasis among cattle herds kept extensively but do not seasonallymigrate. It was conducted in Guguwa- Rigasa, Igabi local government area of Kaduna State, North-West Nigeria.A total of 157 cattle, sheep, goats and dogs were sampled from three herds.Parasitological examination was carried out using the Standard Trypanosome Detection Method. Trypanosome species were identified based on their motility using the Buffy coat method and morphological features from Giemsa stained films. A total of 25 (15.92%) animals were found to be positive withTrypanosoma congolense and T. brucei. It can be concluded that animal trypanosomiasis is prevalent in the area. However, further and more sensitive studies need to be carried out to bring more clarity on the parasite species, vectors and overall epidemiology of the disease.