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In this paper, a hedonic regression model of house prices in Los Angeles County is tested with use of 1970 and 1980 data on dwelling characteristics, neighborhood variables, and measures of accessibility to the central business district and subcenter nodes. Many of the coefficient estimates on the dwelling traits and neighborhood variables are robust, and where coefficients change there are obvious explanations. The most dramatic finding is that the distance to the CBD, with a weak but statistically significant influence in 1970, had no influence by 1980, and its declining role was paralleled by a rise in the spatial pull of several of the subcenters in the region. The tests reveal how the polycentricity of the Los Angeles region evolved during the 1970s.

"The relationship between the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the WTO Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) is characterized by a persistent potential for disruptions in implementation, such as 'biopiracy' conflicts, because of the agreements' incompatible provisions on property rights over genetic resources. The lack of consolidation is often explained by attempts to strategically exploit interplay between the two institutions. Countries of the North and the South are said to push for provisions under their preferred agreement in order to circumvent obligations under the other. We develop an alternative explanation based on a conception of international negotiators acting as agents of particular interest groups rather than as representatives of the state as a whole. Using a Two-level Games model of independent negotiations for agreements on functionally interdependent issues, we analyze the incentives for negotiators to delay or prevent consolidation for strategic reasons. The analysis shows that, under certain conditions, persistent disruption may be due to a strategic dilemma that prevents negotiators from taking initiatives for consolidation." (author's abstract)

PurposeThis paper identifies the importance of key factors influencing the quality of CBD office buildings. An office building quality index (BQI) is constructed and its relationship with net rent assessed.Design/methodology/approachThe importance of 30 property‐specific CBD office building attributes on the quality of CBD office buildings is assessed using a survey of property industry respondents. The analytical hierarchy process procedure is used to determine weights for each of these attributes to construct an office BQI.FindingsFindings indicate that functionality (31.0 per cent), services (22.6 per cent), access and circulation (16.4 per cent), presentation (13.1 per cent), management (11.5 per cent) and amenities (5.4 per cent) are the order of importance in assessing office building quality. There was found to be a strong functional relationship between office building quality and net rent.Practical implicationsA better understanding of the factors influencing CBD office building quality is determined, with a more effective and practical office BQI developed for benchmarking purposes in property portfolios.Originality/valueImportance of CBD office building attributes is determined and a new CBD office BQI is developed for practical implementation in the property industry.

Sidoarjo Regency is one of the main economic growth in the East Java which has CentralBussiness District (CBD) spreading over the region includes the Buduran District, Candi District andSidoarjo City District. As the main hub of Sidoarjo regional growth, Sidoarjo City has implemented theconcept of environment-friendly transportation of Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) to connect the economic spots.BRT has operating since 2015 on a certain bus routes through 14 stops with 15 Buses. Previous studyshows the road level of service that connects between urban economic spot in Sidoarjo have an averagevalue of the degree of saturation (DS) > 1, causing traffic jams, low speed and volume exceeds capacity.The level of transportation services has affect the accessibility of the traffic lane between the CBD withBRT passing through Jl. Raya Candi, Jl. Sunandar, Jl. Pahlawan, bypassing the CBD in the Buduran area.Therefore, it is important to investigate the suitability of the route of BRT lane towards the development ofeach CBD and its connectivity. This study aims to identify the problems of operational performance ofBRT, which has been implemented based on the bus routes by the city government. This empirical studyused both qualitative and quantitative method with data collection through surveys on bus and interviewswith bus passenger. This study used the comparative analysis of the empirical data with the standard ofDirjen. of Land and Transportation No. 687 Yr 2002. The research finding shows that the public interest inusing BRT is low, which load factor only 43%, compared to a load factor based on the standard of Dirjen ofLand Transportation by 70%. Moreover, only 58% of BRT facility is in compliance with the minimumstandards of the Ministerial Regulation No. 27 Yr. 2015 on the BRT. Therefore, it needs to determine anew policy with regard to the route of BRT lane Trans Sidoarjo in accordance with the development ofinter-CBD in the Sidoarjo City.Keywords: Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), bus route, CBD, Sidoarjo city, transportation

This paper address the limitations in dominant interpretations of CBD work and workspaces to account for complex processes of reconfiguration currently being experienced in the form of office work, the positioning of office workers and the material and discursive processes shaping CBD workspaces. Drawing on a case study of Sydney, Australia, it examines the impact of economic financialisation on the constitution of office work, highlighting a movement towards practices of association, interaction and shared work space. Then, through an exploration of the design discourses driving the creation of new configurations of office space, an investigation is presented of the connections between new forms of office work and new subjectivities of office workers. Finally, it is argued that interconnections between new forms of work, workspaces and workplace subjectivities are transforming the process of producing CBD office spaces in complex ways that blur the boundaries between so-called public and private realms in a process termed communalisation.