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AbstractWhen choosing among alternatives, group members may have various preferences regarding the properties of a solution being sought. Since the properties partially do and partially do not meet their collective wishes, the alternatives are in fact better or worse representatives of the collective will. This idea is implemented in the so-called Third Vote election method aimed at enhancing policy representation, and we show how to use it for collective multi-criteria decision making. To be specific, we consider an example of a committee charged with naming a campus library when neither plurality vote nor Condorcet method nor Borda count gives a unique solution. The committee members have differing opinions, such as whether the library should reflect the national affiliation, be named after a great man, relate to sciences, and so forth. Balancing opinion on these issues, the proposed library names are evaluated and the optimal compromise is found.

Democratic societies have been increasingly confronted with extreme, knife-edge election outcomes that affect everybody's lives and contribute to social instability. Even if political compromises based on social conventions as equity or economic arguments as efficiency are available, polarized societies might fail to select them. We demonstrate that part of the problem might be purely technical and, hence, potentially solvable. We study different voting methods in three experiments (total N = 5, 820), including small, medium-sized, and large electorates, and find that currently-used methods (Plurality Voting and Rank-Order systems) can lead voters to overwhelmingly support egoistic options. In contrast, alternative, more nuanced methods (Approval Voting and Borda Count) reduce the support for egoistic options and favor equity and efficiency, avoiding extreme outcomes. Those methods differ in whether they favor equity or efficiency when the latter benefits a majority. Our evidence suggests that targeted changes in the electoral system could favor socially-desirable compromises and increase social stability.

AbstractThe paper considers Mackie's defence of 'populist' democracy against the critique offered by Riker and the Rochester School. Riker has two arguments against populism: first that Arrow's theorem shows there is no such thing as the general will, second, that once we have chosen a social decision mechanism the results may not represent the true wishes of the population since people may vote strategically. Mackie argues Arrow's theorem is misleading since the independence condition is not itself substantively rational, and that manipulation never actually occurs. The paper shows that independence is needed for interpretation and prediction, and whilst Arrow's strong condition may not be 'substantively rational', examples show that no single decision mechanism, even Mackie's favoured Borda count is obviously superior. It then argues that every election can, in Arrow's terms, be considered as manipulated – though there is nothing substantively wrong in that. The paper ends by pointing out that in the absence of complete information market outcomes are also similarly manipulated.

Um Lösungen für Entscheidungen zu finden, die von großer Bedeutung sind und viele Personen betreffen, werden Wahlen abgehalten. Insbesondere bei politischen Wahlen ist die Einschätzung der Alternativen und der WählerInnen selbst von großer Bedeutung. Deswegen werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit die Inkonsistenzen zwischen diesen Einschätzungen behandelt. Hierfür wurden zwei Forschungsfragen definiert: Unterscheidet sich die Abweichung der politischen Orientierung (gewählte und präferierte Partei) von der Selbsteinschätzung hinsichtlich Geschlechts, Alter, Bildungsstand, gewählter Partei oder politischer Orientierung?Welche Auswirkungen hat eine Reduktion ausschließlich auf die politische Orientierung auf den Wahlausgang unter Verwendung verschiedener Wahlmethoden?Um die Forschungsfragen zu beantworten wurden 938 Datensätze durch die Umfrage "Unkonventionelle Forschung: Wahl Auswahl Entscheidung" verwendet, welche bei der Landtagswahl 2019 in Graz durchgeführt wurde. Diese Daten wurden anschließend mithilfe von Matlab ausgewertet. Konkret wurde in der ersten Forschungsfrage untersucht, ob Tendenzen bezüglich der Höhe der Rechts-, Links-, und der Gesamtabweichung unter Berücksichtigung der gewählten sowie der präferierten Partei, zu erkennen sind. ^Die zweite Forschungsfrage zielt darauf ab, die Ergebnisse verschiedener Wahlmethoden (Copelands Methode, Pluralitätswahl, Borda-Methode, Zustimmungswahl, Bewertungswahl) der adaptierten Daten mit den Ergebnissen der ursprünglichen Daten zu vergleichen. Die Forschungsergebnisse zeigen, dass die Linksabweichung größtenteils höher als die Rechtsabweichung ist. Außerdem ist die Gesamtabweichung der tatsächlich gewählten Partei in vielen Fällen größer als jene der präferierten Partei. Copelands Methode verzeichnet keine Abänderung, wohingegen die Pluralitätswahl sowie die Zustimmungswahl ab dem zweiten Rang eine Veränderung aufweisen. Bei der Borda-Methode und auch der Bewertungswahl verändert sich sogar der Wahlgewinner. ; If there is an important decision-making process that concerns many people, elections may help to find a solution. Especially in political elections, the right-, left assessment of the parties as well as of the voter itself are of utmost importance. Therefore, deviations of these assessments and the correction of inconsistencies are being covered in this thesis. For this purpose, two research questions were formulated: Is there a deviation between the political orientation (elected and preferred party) and the political self-assessment concerning sex, age, education level, elected party or political orientation? What are the effects of reducing all voter preferences to only political orientation on the election results of different voting methods? In order to address the research questions 938 data sets from the survey "Unkonventionelle Forschung: Wahl Auswahl Entscheidung", which was conducted during the state election 2019 in Graz at nine different poll stations, were used. This data was then analyzed and adapted by Matlab. For the first research question the main focus was on the height of the right and left deviation as well as the total deviation concerning the elected and the preferred party. The aim of the second research question was to compare the results of different voting methods (Copeland method, plurality voting, Borda count, approval voting, range voting) of the original data and the adapted thus consistent data. The results suggest that the left deviation is higher than the right deviation for most cases. Furthermore, the total deviation of the elected party is bigger than that of the preferred party for quite a lot of characteristics. The result of the Copeland method did not show any changes at all, whereas the results of plurality voting as well as approval voting did change starting from the second rank. For the results of the Borda count and range voting there were even shifts for the election winner. ; Stefanie Gimpl, Bsc. ; Zusammenfassungen in Deutsch und Englisch ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der Verfasserin ; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Masterarbeit, 2021 ; (VLID)5980271

AbstractCollective action is essential for addressing the grand challenges of our time. However, for such action to be successful, decision-making processes must be perceived as legitimate. In this study, we investigate the legitimacy of different voting methods. Using a pre-registered human subject experiment, 120 participants cast their votes using four voting methods: majority voting, combined approval voting, range voting, and the modified Borda count. These methods represent a range of preference elicitation designs, from low to high complexity and flexibility. Furthermore, we developed a legitimacy scale upon which the participants rate the voting methods. The experiment was conducted in a non-political setting (voting on color preferences) and a political context (voting on COVID-19-related questions). Our findings suggest that the perceived legitimacy of a voting method is context-dependent. Specifically, preferential voting methods are seen as more legitimate than majority voting in a political decision-making situation, but only for individuals with well-defined preferences. Furthermore, preferential voting methods are more legitimate than majority voting in a highly polarized situation.

International audience ; A voting rule that permits some voters to favor a candidate by providing only the initial segment of their sincere rankings is said to be vulnerable to the truncation paradox. In this paper, we consider four models for counting truncated ballots, optimistic, pessimistic (the most common), averaged, and round-down. Under the impartial anonymous culture assumption, the choice of model generally has a real impact on truncation-paradox vulnerability, but there are exceptions. When the election is decided by a one-shot scoring rule, the optimistic model is invulnerable to the truncation paradox, but all other models are vulnerable. We identify new voting rules immune to the truncation paradox, such as the Modified Borda Count. To obtain a more complete picture of the impact of processing model, we assess the likelihood of the truncation paradox in three-candidate elections with large electorates, focusing not only on oneshot scoring rules but also scoring rules with one-by-one or below-average elimination. Our assessment confirms that the processing model for truncated ballots may really matter.

International audience ; A voting rule that permits some voters to favor a candidate by providing only the initial segment of their sincere rankings is said to be vulnerable to the truncation paradox. In this paper, we consider four models for counting truncated ballots, optimistic, pessimistic (the most common), averaged, and round-down. Under the impartial anonymous culture assumption, the choice of model generally has a real impact on truncation-paradox vulnerability, but there are exceptions. When the election is decided by a one-shot scoring rule, the optimistic model is invulnerable to the truncation paradox, but all other models are vulnerable. We identify new voting rules immune to the truncation paradox, such as the Modified Borda Count. To obtain a more complete picture of the impact of processing model, we assess the likelihood of the truncation paradox in three-candidate elections with large electorates, focusing not only on oneshot scoring rules but also scoring rules with one-by-one or below-average elimination. Our assessment confirms that the processing model for truncated ballots may really matter.

The planning of protected rural areas is usually defined by institutional decision-makers without considering the preferences of the local communities that live on the land, which frequently leads to conflicts in landmanagement. This paper proposes a votingmethod based on the Borda count to rank themanagement goals of a protected rural area. Themethodwas applied in a Spanish-Portuguese reserve called Iberian Plateauwith the aimof collecting the preferences of institutional decision-makers (government and scientists) and rural landowners (farmers and businesspersons). Regarding the conservation and development objectives, the results show differences in spatial planning when only the preferences of institutional decision-makers are taken into consideration, as opposed to when the preferences of landowners are included within the analysis. ; The authors would like to express their deepest gratitude to the institutional and non-institutional stakeholders from the Parque Natural de Montesinho, Parque Natural de Lago de Sanabria and surroundings, Parque Natural do Douro International and Parque Natural Arribes del Duero for their availability and patience to participate in this study, in particular the Mayor of Puebla de Sanabria for his involvement e help. We hope this work is useful for all of them. The authors would also like to than ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Models of Political Economy will introduce students to the basic methodology of political economics. It covers all core theories as well as new developments including: decision theory game theory mechanism design games of asymmetric information. Hannu Nurmi's text will prove to be invaluable to all students who wish to understand this increasingly technical field.

The study aimed to analyze the current and expected level of the ethics and morality in high school education. A Quantitative Survey Research Design was applied by the study. The required data needed to be specific and relevant, therefore, the stratified random sampling technique was used to collect data from a population of all stakeholders of education in the Punjab: teachers, parents, students, administrators, policy makers and curriculum developers. The data was collected from 500 participants who used Thurstone scale to show their priorities by scaling the 77 items of the 7 questions regarding their importance and these collected priorities were further analyzed by using Borda Count Method "to explore the degree of intensity of the prioritized items". According to the result of the study, the current status of the concepts of ethics and morality taught at the secondary level is not up to the required standards and lack planning. Therefore, to develop moral attitude, the religious and spiritual values need to be inculcated through moral stories and disciplinary rules using lecture, group discussion and story-telling methods to ensure overall personality development with social adjustability. It is recommended by the researchers to revise the existing curriculum to make it practical and operational for the optimum effectiveness.

The metasearch problem is to optimally merge the ranked lists output by an arbitrary number of search systems into one ranked list. In this work: (1) We show that metasearch improves upon not just the raw performance of the input search engines, but also upon the consistency of the input search engines from query to query. (2) We experimentally prove that simply weighting input systems by their average performance can dramatically improve fusion results. (3) We show that score normalization is an important component of a metasearch engine, and that dependence upon statistical outliers appears to be the problem with the standard technique. (4) We propose a Bayesian model for metasearch that outperforms the best input system on average and has performance competetive with standard techniques. (5) We introduce the use of Social Choice Theory to the metasearch problem, modeling metasearch as a democratic election. We adapt a positional voting algorithm, the Borda Count, to create a metasearch algorithm, acheiving reasonable performance. (6) We propose a metasearch model adapted from a majoritarian voting procedure, the Condorcet algorithm. The resulting algorithm is the best performing algorithm in a number of situations. (7) We propose three upper bounds for the problem, each bounding a different class of algorithms. We present experimental results for each algorithm using two types of experiments on each of four data sets.

PurposePerformance-based contracting (PBC) links pricing with performance objectives in service business relationships. Although interest in PBC has surged recently, there is still great uncertainty about the risks, opportunities and challenges. This paper aims to provide a deeper understanding of the contextual factors of PBC and how providers assess them.Design/methodology/approachThis paper includes conducting a multiple-case study evaluation and analyzes data from 21 cases. Risks, opportunities and contextual factors are identified through interviews, and the case data are analyzed with several methods, including Borda count and cross-tabulation.FindingsThe results show that the most important factors of PBC are clear responsibilities, clear performance indicators, transparent measurement, cooperative culture and a precise utilization profile of core assets. Surprisingly, incentives are of minor perceived relevance. The analysis supports the differentiation of PBC into two subcategories: lean (low integrated) and customized (high integrated) PBC.Research limitations/implicationsWhile many studies stress the uniqueness of PBC in accordance with the "one-size-does-not-fit-all" mantra, this research differentiates the standardized PBC from a customized one. The findings face the limitations of case study research and qualitative data analysis in general.Practical implicationsPractitioners are provided with guidance to develop either a customized or a standardized PBC.Originality/valuePreviously, broader empirical insights have still been rare; thus, this paper contributes to the PBC literature, as it provides data from multiple cross-industry cases. The findings (e.g. the minor relevance of incentives) stand in contrast to parts of the academic literature and contribute also to the wider service management field.

Exports are of vital importance because they not only generate income for the exporting country, they also boost the economy, improve the working conditions of the inhabitants in the productive areas and, consequently, their quality of life and opportunities for progress. The United States is a consumer country of blueberries, however, its period of minimum production occurs in the seasons of autumn and winter, generating a local market shortage and given the inverse seasonal behavior of Peru, as our country enters the stations of spring and summer, with periods of maximum production of blueberry, an opportunity arises to meet that demand. The objective is to analyze the opportunities generated for blueberry exports due to the existence of contrary seasons between Peru and the United States. The study was descriptive of longitudinal type, not experimental. The population was conformed by the importers companies of blueberries the United States, the variable was analyzed import. The results show the existence of seasonal indices in the importation of blueberries from the United States of Peru in two periods, first from the month of January to the month of April (they are lower and on average less than 100%) and after the month from August to December (higher rates and on average greater than 100%). In conclusion, there are opportunities for blueberries due to seasonal imports from the United States, generated by counter-season conditions with Peru.

This book addresses a significant area of applied social-choice theory--the evaluation of voting procedures designed to select a single winner from a field of three or more candidates. Such procedures can differ strikingly in the election outcomes they produce, the opportunities for manipulation that they create, and the nature of the candidates--centrist or extremist--whom they advantage. The author uses computer simulations based on models of voting behavior and reconstructions of historical elections to assess the likelihood that each multicandidate voting system meets political objectives. Alternative procedures abound: the single-vote plurality method, ubiquitous in the United States, Canada, and Britain; runoff, used in certain primaries; the Borda count, based on rank scores submitted by each voter; approval voting, which permits each voter to support several candidates equally; and the Hare system of successive eliminations, to name a few. This work concludes that single-vote plurality is most often at odds with the majoritarian principle of Condorcet. Those methods most likely to choose the Condorcet candidate under sincere voting are generally the most vulnerable to manipulation. Approval voting and the Hare and runoff methods emerge from the analyses as the most reliable. Originally published in 1988. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.