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Various environmental factors influence the outbreak and spread of epidemic or pandemics which, in turn, can damage our environment. COVID-19 has been declared as a global health emergency - a pandemic on 13 March 2020 due to spread of corona virus. It's rapid onset, spatial expansion and complex consequences made it a once-in-a-century global disaster. It is affecting 213 countries and territories around the world as on 15 September 2020. Signs of growing inequality because of covid-19 can be detected from cities to countryside. Major ecological impacts will be of three types: 1) a)Temporary improvement in air and water pollution due to lock down implemented to minimize the transmission of the infection, that led to cessation of all economic and production activities and vehicular movements. b) Temporary ergonomic challenges due to work from home (WFH) culture working long hours at home with no proper furniture's. c) Impact of long hours of screen-time leading to fatigue, redness, dryness in the eyes, headache, and behavioural issues, 2) Long term negative ecological impacts a) arising out of millions of masks, face shields, personal protective equipment (PPEs), surgical gloves needing disposal as they are generating massive amount of medical wastes coupled with poor Medical waste management capacities due to limited investments for the last few decades by the municipal authorities. b) increased demand on water and soap for frequent hand washing or side effects of sanitizers to be used. All these will lead to worsening of physical environmental situation such as shoreline pollution or increased smoke due to the unhygienic disposal of sanitary consumables and dead bodies. 3) Mental health has been emerging as one of the most important concerns since the beginning of the pandemic. This article presents an early overview of the observed and potential impacts of the COVID-19 on the environment. I argue that the effects of COVID-19 are determined mainly by anthropogenic factors. Most Public Health Professionals opine that the impact of mitigating actions taken will continue to have on the future of ecology and the objective of Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. Materials & methodology: For this paper the National, State and City wise Covid-19 cumulative infection and death cases data were taken up to 15th September 2020 from the daily bulletins of the MOH&FW, GOI and the National Health Mission websites of State Governments {(https://www.mohfw.gov.in/) & https://covid19.karnataka.gov.in)} and www.health.economictimes, www.timesofIndia.com. Some of the reviews and reports in print media of various institutions working both on the Covid 19 and Ecology. Study setting & sampling: The review covers major states and cities setting. Being the secondary data review available data was used with no sampling.

The diet of two populations of dingoes, from adjacent areas different in topography and altitude, from
1969 to 1974, were similar. The remains of native mammals were found in over 90% of the scats, and
Wallabia bicolor was the most important single prey species in both areas. The high frequency of large
native species in this and other studies of dingoes' diet suggested that dingoes may be essentially
predators of the larger native species. The mammalian composition of the diet varied significantly
between May-October and November-April; this reflected a change in the hunting strategy ofthe dingo,
as an outcome of behavioural necessity rather than a change in the relative abundances of prey species.
Concurrent with an increase in the dingo population, the composition of the diet changed between 1972
and 1974, with an increased concentration on larger prey species in the later years; this also indicated a
change in hunting strategy. Large prey species provide potentially more biomass per unit kill; and this
change in hunting strategy may be a behavioural mechanism for buffering dingo populations against
either increases in their own population or decreases in those of their prey.

Radiotelemetric monitoring of 18 free-ranging frillneck lizards in Kakadu National Park, combined with
dissection of museum specimens, provided extensive data on the natural history and general ecology of
this large and spectacular lizard. Activity patterns and reproductive cycles are highly seasonal, with
lizards inactive during the drier (and cooler) months of the year. Frillnecks are primarily arboreal
and are relatively unselective with regard to the species of tree used except that one common species,
Eucalyptus confertyora, is avoided. Telemetered lizards usually clung to branches high in the canopy.
During the mating season (November-December), males had larger activity ranges than did females
(means of 2.5 vs 0.7 ha) and made longer daily movements (means of 69 vs 23 m). Frillneck lizards
bask briefly in the morning, but body temperatures follow ambient temperatures for most of the
day. Thermal heterogeneity in the lizards' habitat is low, so opportunities for behavioural regulation
(especially reduction) of body temperature are limited. Body temperatures are highly correlated with
air temperatures and are often close to 40�C.
Female frillnecks are considerably smaller than males, and they produce 4-13 eggs during the wet
season. Chlamydosaurus are apparently unique among reptiles in using bipedal locomotion during
routine foraging. These lizards are 'sit and wait' predators, descending from arboreal vantage points to
seize lepidopteran larvae or massed swarms of hymenopteran or isopteran alates. Many different types
of insects are eaten, but vertebrate prey items are rarely taken.

Quantitative systems modelling in support of climate policy has tended to focus more on the supply side in assessing interactions among technology, economy, environment, policy and society. By contrast, the demand side is usually underrepresented, often emphasising technological options for energy efficiency improvements. In this perspective, we argue that scientific support to climate action is not only about exploring capacity of "what", in terms of policy and outcome, but also about assessing feasibility and desirability, in terms of "when", "where" and especially for "whom". Without the necessary behavioural and societal transformations, the world faces an inadequate response to the climate crisis challenge. This could result from poor uptake of low-carbon technologies, continued high-carbon intensive lifestyles, or economy-wide rebound effects. For this reason, we propose a framing for a holistic and transdisciplinary perspective on the role of human choices and behaviours in influencing the low-carbon transition, starting from the desires of individuals and communities, and analysing how these interact with the energy and economic landscape, leading to systemic change at the macro-level. In making a case for a political ecology agenda, we expand our scope, from comprehending the role of societal acceptance and uptake of end-use technologies, to co-developing knowledge with citizens from non-mainstream and marginalised communities, and to defining the modelling requirements to assess the decarbonisation potential of shifting lifestyle patterns in climate change and action.

Quantitative systems modelling in support of climate policy has tended to focus more on the supply side in assessing interactions among technology, economy, environment, policy and society. By contrast, the demand side is usually underrepresented, often emphasising technological options for energy efficiency improvements. In this perspective, we argue that scientific support to climate action is not only about exploring capacity of "what", in terms of policy and outcome, but also about assessing feasibility and desirability, in terms of "when", "where" and especially for "whom". Without the necessary behavioural and societal transformations, the world faces an inadequate response to the climate crisis challenge. This could result from poor uptake of low-carbon technologies, continued high-carbon intensive lifestyles, or economy-wide rebound effects. For this reason, we propose a framing for a holistic and transdisciplinary perspective on the role of human choices and behaviours in influencing the low-carbon transition, starting from the desires of individuals and communities, and analysing how these interact with the energy and economic landscape, leading to systemic change at the macro-level. In making a case for a political ecology agenda, we expand our scope, from comprehending the role of societal acceptance and uptake of end-use technologies, to co-developing knowledge with citizens from non-mainstream and marginalised communities, and to defining the modelling requirements to assess the decarbonisation potential of shifting lifestyle patterns in climate change and action.

Quantitative systems modelling in support of climate policy has tended to focus more on the supply side in assessing interactions among technology, economy, environment, policy and society. By contrast, the demand side is usually underrepresented, often emphasising technological options for energy efficiency improvements. In this perspective, we argue that scientific support to climate action is not only about exploring capacity of "what", in terms of policy and outcome, but also about assessing feasibility and desirability, in terms of "when", "where" and especially for "whom". Without the necessary behavioural and societal transformations, the world faces an inadequate response to the climate crisis challenge. This could result from poor uptake of low-carbon technologies, continued high-carbon intensive lifestyles, or economy-wide rebound effects. For this reason, we propose a framing for a holistic and transdisciplinary perspective on the role of human choices and behaviours in influencing the low-carbon transition, starting from the desires of individuals and communities, and analysing how these interact with the energy and economic landscape, leading to systemic change at the macro-level. In making a case for a political ecology agenda, we expand our scope, from comprehending the role of societal acceptance and uptake of end-use technologies, to co-developing knowledge with citizens from non-mainstream and marginalised communities, and to defining the modelling requirements to assess the decarbonisation potential of shifting lifestyle patterns in climate change and action. ; ISSN:2214-6296

Intro -- Contents -- Contributors -- Foreword A personal history of the development of animal contest theory and its role in the 1970s -- Before 1970 -- The behavioural ecology revolution -- Assessment strategy and RHP -- The birth of the ESS -- ESS and asymmetric contests -- The immediate aftermath -- And beyond -- References -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Abbreviations -- 1 Introduction to animal contests -- 1.1 Animal contests in nature -- 1.2 Defining animal contests -- 1.3 Animal contests and behavioural ecology -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 Dyadic contests: modelling fights between two individuals -- 2.1 Summary -- 2.2 Introduction -- 2.3 Notation -- 2.4 A categorisation of models -- 2.5 The beginning: ESS and the conundrum of limited war -- 2.5.1 Hawks and Doves -- 2.5.2 War of attrition -- 2.5.2.1 Value of fights: why populations evolve to fight at all -- 2.5.2.2 Persistence to the point of absurdity -- 2.6 Asymmetries: when opposites are not alike -- 2.6.1 Uncorrelated and correlated asymmetries -- 2.6.1.1 Why value asymmetries require more careful thought than RHP asymmetries -- 2.6.1.2 RHP and V asymmetries may covary -- 2.6.2 What to do if RHP or V varies depending on the information available -- 2.6.2.1 The Napoleon complex -- 2.6.2.2 Explicit modelling of future options -- 2.6.3 True open-box models -- 2.6.3.1 Sequential assessment game -- 2.6.3.2 Fatal fights -- 2.6.4 Signalling -- 2.6.4.1 Cumulative assessment game -- 2.6.4.2 Honesty, bluff and badges of status -- 2.6.4.3 Threat displays: some of them can be dishonest -- 2.6.4.4 Are threat signals handicaps? -- 2.6.5 Are uncorrelated asymmetries important? -- 2.6.5.1 Bourgeois and its paradoxical mirror image -- 2.6.5.2 The desperado effect -- 2.6.5.3 Towards population-level feedback -- 2.6.5.4 What has eco-evolutionary feedback shown? -- 2.7 Social structure.

What are the benefits that animals gain from living in a social group? This question has been the primary focus of the author's ecological interest. After many years of original and innovative research on the African buffalo, particularly at Lake Manyara in northern Tanzania, Herbert Prins has now summarized the results of much of this widely-respected work in this fascinating book. While advantages in reduction of the risks of predation or in increased efficiency of foraging on certain types of resources are now widely recognized, until now there has been less attention paid to the idea of the animals themselves as `information centres' and the extent to which the individual may be able to make use of information gathered by conspecifics, adjusting its own behaviour in response. Such a case-study has wide implications for research on social structure and organization in other species, and these are explored within the book. However, it is not a book aimed simply at the academic researcher, zoologist and behavioural ecologist; since it is written in a readable and accessible style, the book will also be enjoyed by wildlife enthusiasts, interested naturalists, wildlife biologists and wildlife managers

Farm women are suffering from a lot of health related problems along with some socio-economic constraints where farming has been listed as one of the ten most stressful occupations in the world. In turn, they are at risk for the development of stress and other mental health difficulties such as anxiety, depression or even suicide. This is an important co-morbidity of physical problems and if left untreated they may invite other health issues. This will affect the financial aspect also. And as the farm women are home maker along with their farm work, they have to face the challenge both in home and workplace. The problem is mainly due to different issues in the working place like long working hours, financial uncertainty and family disturbances. A study on this topic, was carried out at Boinchigram village under Pandua Block in Hooghly district as they are also suffering the same, with objectives to generate classified information on occupational hazards of farm women, to estimate the level of psychological stress in terms of a score of socio-economic and ecological factors, to estimate the level of interactive relation between level of psychological stress and score of socio-economic and ecological factors and to generate micro level policy implication based on the empirical study In order to collect the reliable experimental data, the selected parameters were taken, like: Age, number of children, B.M.I., Main health problems, Psycho-social hazards, family income per annum, family expenditure per annum, working hours per day, daily calorie consumption etc. Majority of the population under study are poor, undernourished farm women. It has seen that, when the number of children in a family increased, it is difficult to their mother to attain the farm work and caring of their children at the same time because they spent maximum hour in the field. So, both the children and mother suffer from psycho-social hazards. And the calorie consumption level per day has some indirect effect because calorie is the last word to speak out. But income plays the most important role in stabilizing their mental condition. So, a better understanding of potential women-work environment interactions related to psycho-social hazards and mental health of the farm women is seriously needed to save the future workforce of agriculture.

Cover -- Frontmatter -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINISM AND CAUSAL CORRELATION -- Environmentalism -- some inadequacies of environmentalism -- a question of scale -- the culture-area concept -- types of environmental correlation -- natural and humanly modified environments -- behavioural and environmental factualism -- correlation and causation -- POSSIBILISM AND LIMITING FACTORS -- Possibilism -- human interference and the modification of pristine ecosystems -- particularism, functionalism and the neglect of ecology -- correlative studies in the possibilist tradition -- limiting factors -- swidden cultivation and settlement -- carrying capacity -- environmental limits on the selection of cultivation sites -- key variables and prime movers -- conclusion -- CULTURAL ECOLOGY AND THE EXPLANATORY IMPERATIVE -- Julian Steward -- 'hunter-gatherer' societies and the patrilocal band -- monographic cultural ecology -- cultural materialism and vulgar Marxism -- the critique of cultural ecology -- HUMAN ECOLOGY AND THE BIOLOGICAL MODEL -- Biological and human ecology -- the idea of ecosystem -- defining the boundaries of the ecosystem -- micro-environments -- ecological niche and symbiosis -- generalized and specialized ecosystems -- objections and limitations to biological concepts -- conclusion -- THE FLOW OF ENERGY AND MATERIALS -- Introduction -- the character of human energy relations -- material cycles and nutrient flow -- ethnography and human energetics -- the flow of energy in a Maring population -- describing energy and nutrient flow -- energy yield, consumption and dietary studies -- energy expenditure -- problems and technical difficulties in the collection of ecological data -- energy, materials and adaptation -- the argument for hard data -- ECOSYSTEMS AND SUBSISTENCE PATTERNS I.

The article addresses the relevance of the work of Gregory Bateson for psychotherapy today. Despite being quite eclipsed by other mental health paradigms, the author's ecological epistemology still seems to be topical for a proper framing of complex features such as psychological well‐being. Indeed, many approaches to psychotherapy, not only systemic‐relational approaches, affirm the crucial importance of context and the centrality of relationships in defining psychosocial functioning and making psychotherapies actually effective. This article recalls the most relevant contributions of Gregory Bateson for the understanding of communication and the functioning of the mind, from the original formulation of the double bind theory to the parallels between thought and biological processes. In this light, Bateson's view of mind and learning still appears to be a valuable framework for thinking about some of the more relevant aspects of psychotherapy, not least the issue of research and the social context in which psychotherapy itself takes place. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The environmental sector is an interesting realm in Chinese politics to observe factors such as the contributions of new media activism in bottom-up communication and decision-making processes, especially during the 40 years of reform and opening up. Top-down efforts to curb environmental issues are primarily to address increasing pubic discomfort due to pollution and related problems. However, environmental movements are increasingly visible in China despite their application of stability maintenance mechanisms such as Environmental Police. It is therefore noteworthy to deeply analyse the factors that contribute to the increasing scale of movements in the country. This study examines the role of new media activism (occurring due to the public's interactions through WeChat, Weibo, QQ, etc.) in shaping the trajectory of environmental movements in China. How are these avenues supporting alternative communication channels outside the mainstream policy making apparatus? Is the government willing to incorporate the interests developed in these channels to policymaking realms? How these behavioural changes are influencing the state–society relations in contemporary China in the context of increasing environmental concerns. The study employs agency-structure framework to analyse the interactions between new media activism and the single party ruling political structure with the support fieldwork data from China. The study examines policy documents, official declarations of the communist party, public attitude towards new media activism, and so on, in order to present a comprehensive understanding on the politics of ecology in the PRC.

AbstractContemporary problems are often complicated by values intruding into the arena of material systems. But there have always been values in biology and social science because they are required to assess how biosocial structures have models embodying purpose as an issue separate from the models of the scientists. Values are addressed seriously in economic discourses, and other discussions will benefit from paying attention to how the dismal science does that. Economic notions of profit have values embedded in them in a way that generally does not occur in ecology and the other natural sciences. Here we generalize profit as gain in settings beyond strict economics in a way that encourages placing values properly in biological and historical social systems. Complications of elaborate control quickly enter the scene at this point and in this paper we invoke hierarchy theory to keep levels of analysis straight. Hierarchy theory often invokes dualities and a mix of process and structure that is fluid under changes in level of analysis. Beyond this, the things the hierarchy represents changes over time, so we must extend discourse of level of analysis to include how time forces the use of new levels of analysis as hierarchies change over time. Notions of gain and profit are recursive as the system uses resources and must change strategies to deal with scarcity. This in turn forces increases in efficiency in yet a new round of change. The transition from abundant resources used carelessly to scarce resources used efficiently changes controls in biosocial systems. Such changes over time amount to hierarchical restructuring, which in turn requires of the observer meticulous application of new levels of analysis as the system is redefined. The system bounded at a new hierarchical level encounters dualities embedded in the hierarchical concept of the holon. The holon offers a precision of definition of the new system as it exists as an autonomous whole while still being part of some larger system. We introduce these shifts and dualities using examples from nuclear energy, colonial insects and changes in complex societies such as the Roman Empire and the EU. In the end both ideas of profit and hierarchy theory are clarified in a two‐way exchange that moves forward our understanding of biosocial systems. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.