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To assess the effectiveness of climate change communications, it is important to examine their long-term impacts on individuals' attitudes and behavior. This article offers an example study and a discussion of the challenges of conducting long-term investigations of behavioral change related to climate change communications (a vital and underresearched area). The research reported is a longitudinal panel study of the impacts on UK viewers of the climate change movie The Age of Stupid. The heightened levels of concern, motivation to act, and sense of agency about action that were initially generated by the movie did not measurably persist over the long term. The results also show that behavioral intentions do not necessarily translate into action. Data analysis raised issues concerning the reliability of participants' causal attributions of their behavior. This and other methodological challenges are discussed, and some ways of avoiding or lessening problems are suggested.

The main focus of this research is the lack of implementation outreach communication in community behavior in the Covid-19 pandemic. Extension communication as an approach is an effort to increase motivation, awareness, and empowerment of the quality of human resources (people-centered development). The purpose of this study is to examine the approach and development of extension communication in accelerating community behavior in breaking the Covid-19 chain. This research method was a qualitative research approach to analyze in-depth the content of information sources regarding outreach activities and community behavior in Covid-19 transmission. Primary data collected were obtained through observation and in-depth interviews that involved 106 informants in 90 villages at 18 districts/cities of South Sulawesi. Meanwhile, secondary data was obtained by tracing documents at the Covid-19 service post in South Sulawesi Province. The results show that people's behavior is the discipline in maintaining cleanliness and health during the Covid-19 pandemic, but they are still worried and anxious and have less interaction pandemic. Education and government motivation through outreach communication to the community to change behavior is well obeyed by the community.

Public Communication and Behavior, Volume I is devoted to the study of communicatory behavior that has a public or social character. The book discusses an evaluation of the models used to evaluate television series; a synthesis of 1043 effects of television on social behavior; and TV news, priming, and public evaluations of the president. The text also describes the myth of massive media impact: savagings and salvaging, and a technique for assessing the impact of mass media violence on real-world aggressive behavior. Psychologists, sociologists, educators, journalists, and people involved in t

Public Communication and Behavior, Volume 2, is devoted to the study of communicatory behavior that has a public or social character. More concretely, it encompasses research and theory designated as """"within a range of disciplines and fields-advertising, child development, education, journalism, political science, sociology, and wherever else such scholarly activity occurs including, of course, social psychology"""". The book opens with a chapter on television exposure as a potential cause of aggression. This is followed by separate chapters on barriers to information flow and the manner in

Patterns of exposure to Soviet media of communications were empirically determined and their relation to occupation, place of residence, age, sex, education and career aspiration explored. The data, obtained in 1950-51 from approximately 2,700 interviews with Soviet displaced persons, pertains to 1940. A modification of certain steps in latent structure analysis led to four empirical clusters of media in terms of the subpop's exposed to them: (1) Mass Official: newspapers and magazines, books, and Soviet radio; (2) Aesthetic Official: movies and theatre; (3) Personalized Official: lectures, agitation meetings, and other official sources; (4) Covert: discussion with friends, rumor and foreign radio. `Virtually without exception, the more highly educated, those of higher occupational status, and those who live in the city are more highly exposed to all media and to all types of media. Sex and age differences are, in general, surprisingly small.' Career aspiration and association with Party members were considered as a measure of involvement in the Soviet system, which was shown on this basis to be highly interrelated with exposure to communications media. A technical postscript by Rossi is appended. A. Simmel.

Setting up public administration which operates effectively and taking over responsibilities, both crucial on the point of view of the democracy indicators, requires great effort from all social stake holders in setting up and maintaining a public service organization. This notion implies the setting in function of the instruments and procedures that prevent undesirable behavior and provide encouragement of good behavior among operators of those services. While doing this, communication as a main component of the public service, calls for structure and control. Ethics or standards of behavior in the public sector are important political and public issues for every country, which is always held as a fundamental prerequisite for "good behavior" (good governance). The Code of ethics by which are expressed the values and standards in the civil service is one of the ethical elements of infrastructure. It enhances the function of orientation (giving instructions for action and behavior), and aims: respect for the law, respect for individuals, personal and professional integrity and efficiency in managing public resources, reinforcing the role and importance that the communication strategies and tools have. Professional association helps to develop judgment and of the necessary skills to enable white collar workers to apply communication strategy and tools and ethical principles in real circumstances. Objective progress can help create an environment where the white collar workers are willing to face and resolve communication problems and ethical disputes, they can even develop essential skills for effective communication and ethical analysis. The mechanisms of awareness about mission and processes of the public service, orientation and internal consulting in the civil service should be available to help white collar workers to apply basic communication and ethical standards in the workplace. Improvements in the legal framework is necessary for the proper functioning of public service, namely: to gain and maintain public confidence.

Over the past two decades many papers have been published on the impact of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) on travel behavior, but the literature focusing on the impact of ICT on accessibility is relatively scarce. In this paper we give an overview of the impact of ICT on four components of accessibility as distinguished by Geurs and van Wee (2004): (1) the land-use component, (2) the transportation component, (3) the temporal component, and (4) the individual component. Conclusions are that first much more literature exists on the potential impacts of ICT on travel behavior than on its impact on accessibility. Second, we argue that ICT potentially has an impact on all four components of the concept of accessibility. Literature exists on the direct impacts but fails to incorporate impacts due to the interactions between the accessibility components. Third, there seems to be a major challenge in developing accessibility measures and indicators that include ICT, including those that measure the utility of accessibility. Fourth, in the area of ICT's impact on travel behavior, many research gaps exist. Examples are the impact of ICT on overall activity and trip patterns, the impact of ICT on activities and trips at the household and social-network level, ICT as a means of avoiding congestion or mitigating its effects, and the role of the phenomenon of self-selection in the context of ICT use. Finally, a major challenge is to develop models for activities, including ICT-impacts, which combine high levels of behavioral realism with (econometric) tractability.

Communication measures can raise protective behavior regarding climate change, natural hazards, and other health risks. For being effective in such communication, we designed a five-steps methodology and applied it to health-protective behavior during heat extremes in Austria. The five steps are as follows: (1) target group selection, a multicriteria assessment (MCA) to identify the most important target group(s)—this led to the identification of mobile health care nurses as our primary target group; (2) target group analysis by interviews to identify drivers of and barriers to protective behavior—for the mobile health care nurses, the drivers were their climate change perceptions, control beliefs, perceptions of role models, and extent of thinking about heat and health, and the barriers were fatalism and work stress; (3) development of target group specific communication formats addressing the identified drivers and barriers—for the nurses, we designed a workshop format, animated videos, and two print formats; (4) pretest of formats in focus groups—these revealed our formats were effective in increasing heat risk awareness, competence, and protective behavior among the nurses; (5) improvement of formats based on pretest results—for example, we modified the workshop format to become a venue for mutual learning. These five steps can be applied to other projects where awareness, competence, or behavior shall be increased by means of communication.