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Frontmatter -- CONTENTS -- Acknowledgments -- INTRODUCTION -- 1 OUTDOOR WEATHER: -- 2 INDOOR WEATHER : -- 3 TO THE GREENHOUSE: -- 4 SPACESHIP EARTH: -- 5 CLOUD CONTROL: TEAR GAS, CYBERNETICS, AND NETWORKED SURVEILLANCE -- CONCLUSION: EXPLICATING THE BACKGROUNDS -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index

Foreword. Acknowledgements. Towards reliable global bottom-up estimates of temporal and spatial patterns of emissions of trace gases and aerosols from land-use related and natural sources (A.F. Bouwman et al.). Methods for stable gas flux determination in aquatic and terrestrial systems (R.L. Lapitan et al.). Some recent developments in trace gas flux measurement techniques (O.T. Denmead et al.). Working group report: How can fluxes of trace gases be validated between different scales? (W.A.H. Asman et al.). Experimental designs appropriate for flux determination in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems (D. Fowler). Towards the use of remote sensing and other data to delineate functional types in terrestrial and aquatic systems (J.E. Estes, T.R. Loveland). Working group report: How can we best define functional types and integrate state variables and properties in time and space? (S. Seitzinger et al.). Modelling carbon dioxide in the ocean: A review (D. Archer). Simulation models of terrestrial trace gas fluxes at soil microsites to global scales (D.S. Schimel, N.S. Panikov). The application of compensation point concepts in scaling of fluxes (R. Conrad, F.J. Dentener). Working group report: Relations between scale, model approach and model parameters (J.J. Middelburg et al.). Validation of model results on different scales (M.A. Sofiev). Role of isotopes and tracers in scaling trace gas fluxes (S.E. Trumbore). Inverse modelling approaches to infer surface trace gas fluxes from observed atmospheric mixing ratios (M. Heimann, T. Kaminski). Working group report: How should the uncertainties in the results of scaling be investigated and decreased? (R.G. Derwent et al.). Current and future passive remote sensing techniques used to determine atmospheric constituents (J.P. Burrows). Participants and contributing authors. Index

Test and evaluation of laser warning devices is important due to the increased use of laser devices in aerial applications. In this thesis, an atmospheric aberrating system is deve1oped to enable in-1ab testing of laser warning devices. This system employs laser 1ight at 632.8nm from a He1ium-Neon source and a spatial light modulator (SLM) to cause phase changes using a birefringent liquid crystaJ material. Before the system can be used, the SLM phase response must be quantified to ensure proper manipulation of index of refrnction. Additionally, diffraction from the SLM and rea1-world system scaling are addressed. Once completed, the atmospheric simulator is demonstmted and verified. Control of the SLM is achieved by 1oading 256 1evel bitmaps which dictate the desired index of refraction changes (called phase screens). Phase screens are created using a Fourier series technique applied to an atmospheric model in the form of a power spectrum. Five laser propagation scenarios are created, each with a set of screens describing turbulence for a particular case. Outgoing radiation from the SLM is then measured using a CCD targetboard for intensity and a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor for phase. Comparing system output phase statistics to atmospheric theory reveals a moderate correlation in a11 turbu1ence cases indicating desired performance. Intensity statistics are compared to the log normal distribution governed by the weak fluctuation regime. An error analysis reveals that strong turbu1ence data matches theory but that weak turbulence data is inconclusive due to measurement precision issues. As an additional check on performance, a wave optics computer simu1ation is created ana1ogous to the 1ab-bench design. Phase and intensity data affirm lab-bench results so that the aberrating SLM system can be operated confidently.

The review contains the most significant results of the work of Russian scientists in the field of atmospheric ozone research performed in 2019–2022. It considers observations of tropospheric ozone, its distribution and variability in the territory of the Russian Federation, the relationship with atmospheric parameters, modeling of education processes and the impact on public health. The state of stratospheric ozone over the region, modeling of processes in the ozonosphere, developed methods and instruments were also analyzed. The review is part of Russia's national report on meteorology and atmospheric sciences, which was prepared for the International Association for Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences (IAMAS). The report was reviewed and approved at the XXVIII General Assembly of the International Geodetic and Geophysical Union (IUGG).

This study examines the sensitivity of surface-layer windflow over gently rolling terrain to different stability conditions, both with and without the effects of vegetation used to modify terrain heights and determine surface roughness. The numerical model used produces simulations of surface-layer windflow by using Gauss's Principle of Least Constraints to allow an initially uniform windfield to adjust to topography and buoyancy forces while conserving mass. The model experiments used simulated meteorological data (at only one observation point) and detailed terrain and vagetation data (on a 51-by-51 grid with 100 m spacing) for an area covering 5 by 5 km over the Fort Polk Military Reservation in Louisiana. Results show that the model simulates topographically induced flows such as cold air drainage and upslope flow, despite the simple physics employed. We also show that the presence to tall vegetation over the area (mainly coniferous and deciduous trees) alters the flow patterns under various stability conditions. These effects are shown to be caused primarily by changes in the area of chemical transport and diffusion, because they mean that even gently rolling terrain influences the surface windflow, and that tall vegetation has a considerable influence as well. ; "Atmospheric Sciences Division Project 6670." ; "25 October 1985." ; Distributed to depository libraries in microfiche. ; Cover title. ; Includes bibliographical references (pages 45-47). ; Scientific interim. ; This study examines the sensitivity of surface-layer windflow over gently rolling terrain to different stability conditions, both with and without the effects of vegetation used to modify terrain heights and determine surface roughness. The numerical model used produces simulations of surface-layer windflow by using Gauss's Principle of Least Constraints to allow an initially uniform windfield to adjust to topography and buoyancy forces while conserving mass. The model experiments used simulated meteorological data (at only one observation point) and detailed terrain and vagetation data (on a 51-by-51 grid with 100 m spacing) for an area covering 5 by 5 km over the Fort Polk Military Reservation in Louisiana. Results show that the model simulates topographically induced flows such as cold air drainage and upslope flow, despite the simple physics employed. We also show that the presence to tall vegetation over the area (mainly coniferous and deciduous trees) alters the flow patterns under various stability conditions. These effects are shown to be caused primarily by changes in the area of chemical transport and diffusion, because they mean that even gently rolling terrain influences the surface windflow, and that tall vegetation has a considerable influence as well. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- About the Editors -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Background -- 1.2 Summary of the Chapters -- 1.3 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2: Transport Mechanisms, Potential Sources, and Radiative Impacts of Black Carbon Aerosols on the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau Glaciers -- 2.1 Background -- 2.2 Spatial Distribution of BC Mass Concentrations in the Himalayas-TP Atmosphere -- 2.3 Spatial Distribution of BC Aerosol in the Himalayas-TP Cryosphere -- 2.4 Climatic Impacts of BC Particle in the Atmosphere and Cryosphere -- 2.5 Seasonal Characteristics of BC in the Himalayas and TP -- 2.6 Potential Source Regions and Transport Mechanisms of BC -- 2.7 Atmospheric Pollution and Cryospheric Change (APCC) Research Framework -- 2.8 Summary and Future Direction -- References -- Chapter 3: Impact of Urban and Semi-urban Aerosols on the Cloud Microphysical Properties and Precipitation -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Aerosol-Cloud Interaction -- 3.3 Aerosol-Cloud-Radiation Interaction -- 3.4 Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation Interaction -- 3.5 Summary and Way Forward -- References -- Chapter 4: Aerosol Characteristics and Its Impact on Regional Climate Over Northern India -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Aerosol Characteristics -- 4.2.1 Physical Characteristics -- 4.2.2 Optical Characteristics -- 4.2.3 Morphological and Chemical Characteristics -- 4.3 Spaceborne Observations -- 4.4 Aerosol Emission Sources -- 4.5 Aerosol Impacts on Regional Climate -- 4.6 Summary and Future Prospects -- References -- Chapter 5: Impacts of Air Pollution on Himalayan Region -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Topography and Economic Significance of the Himalaya -- 5.3 Status of Air Pollution in the Himalayan Region -- 5.3.1 Air Pollutant Level in the Himalayan Region -- 5.3.1.1 Particulate Matter.

A brief overview of the work of Russian scientists in the field of atmospheric chemistry in 20190–2022 is presented, including work on the chemistry of the troposphere, the chemistry of the ozone layer, work on the study of heterophase processes, as well as work on the chemical aspects of climate and its change. The review was prepared in the Commission on Atmospheric Chemistry of the Section of Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences of the National Geophysical Committee.

Foreword -- Preface -- List of Abbreviations and Definitions -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Arizona is the lightning photography capital of the U.S. -- 3 When, where, and how much lightning occurs in Arizona -- 4 Human impacts, damages, and benefits from lightning in Arizona -- 5 How lightning detection netweorks were developed -- Studies of lightning in Arizona -- Index. .

I. Review of Basic Concepts and Systems of Units -- 1.1. Systems -- 1.2. Properties -- 1.3. Composition and State of a System -- 1.4. Equilibrium -- 1.5. Temperature. Temperature Scales -- 1.6. Systems of Units -- 1.7. Work of Expansion -- 1.8. Modifications and Processes. Reversibility -- 1.9. State Variables and State Functions. Equation of State -- 1.10. Equation of State for Gases -- 1.11. Mixture of Ideal Gases -- 1.12. Atmospheric Air Composition -- Problems -- II. The First Principle of Thermodynamics -- 2.1. Internal Energy -- 2.2. Heat -- 2.3. The First Principle. Enthalpy -- 2.4. Expressions of Q. Heat Capacities -- 2.5. Calculation of Internal Energy and Enthalpy -- 2.6. Latent Heats of Pure Substances. Kirchhoff's Equation -- 2.7. Adiabatic Processes in Ideal Gases. Potential Temperature -- 2.8. Polytropic Processes -- Problems -- III. The Second Principle of Thermodynamics -- 3.1. The Entropy -- 3.2. Thermodynamic Scale of Absolute Temperature -- 3.3. Formulations of the Second Principle -- 3.4. Lord Kelvin's and Clausius' Statements of the Second Principle -- 3.5. Joint Mathematical Expressions of the First and Second Principles. Thermodynamic Potentials -- 3.6. Equilibrium Conditions and the Sense of Natural Processes -- 3.7. Calculation of Entropy -- 3.8. Thermodynamic Equations of State. Calculation of Internal Energy and Enthalpy -- 3.9. Thermodynamic Functions of Ideal Gases -- 3.10. Entropy of Mixing for Ideal Gases -- 3.11. Difference Between Heat Capacities at Constant Pressure and at Constant Volume -- Problems -- IV. Water-Air Systems -- 4.1. Heterogeneous Systems -- 4.2. Fundamental Equations for Open Systems -- 4.3. Equations for the Heterogeneous System. Internal Equilibrium -- 4.4. Summary of Basic Formulas for Heterogeneous Systems -- 4.5. Number of Independent Variables -- 4.6. Phase-Transition Equilibria for Water -- 4.7. Thermodynamic Surface for Water Substance -- 4.8. Clausius-Clapeyron Equation -- 4.9. Water Vapor and Moist Air -- 4.10. Humidity Variables -- 4.11. Heat Capacities of Moist Air -- 4.12. Moist Air Adiabats -- 4.13. Enthalpy, Internal Energy and Entropy of Moist Air and of a Cloud -- Problems -- V. Aerological Diagrams -- 5.1. Purpose of Aerological Diagrams and Selection of Coordinates -- 5.2. Clapeyron Diagram -- 5.3. Tephigram -- 5.4. Curves for Saturated Adiabatic Expansion. Relative Orientation of Fundamental Lines -- 5.5. Emagram or Neuhoff Diagram -- 5.6. Refsdal Diagram -- 5.7. Pseudoadiabatic or Stüve Diagram -- 5.8. Area Equivalence -- 5.9. Summary of Diagrams -- 5.10. Determination of Mixing Ratio from the Relative Humidity -- 5.11. Area Computation and Energy Integrals -- Problems -- VI. Thermodynamic Processes in the Atmosphere -- 6.1. Isobaric Cooling. Dew and Frost Points -- 6.2. Condensation in the Atmosphere by Isobaric Cooling -- 6.3. Adiabatic Isobaric (Isenthalpic) Processes. Equivalent and Wet-Bulb Temperatures -- 6.4. Adiabatic Isobaric Mixing (Horizontal Mixing) Without Condensation -- 6.5. Adiabatic Isobaric Mixing with Condensation -- 6.6. Adiabatic Expansion in the Atmosphere -- 6.7. Saturation of Air by Adiabatic Ascent -- 6.8. Reversible Saturated Adiabatic Process -- 6.9. Pseudoadiabatic Process -- 6.10. Effect of Freezing in a Cloud -- 6.11. Vertical Mixing -- 6.12. Pseudo- or Adiabatic Equivalent and Wet-Bulb Temperatures -- 6.13. Summary of Temperature and Humidity Parameters. Conservative Properties -- Problems -- VII. Atmospheric Statics -- 7.1. The Geopotential Field -- 7.2. The Hydrostatic Equation -- 7.3. Equipotential and Isobaric Surfaces. Dynamic and Geopotential Height -- 7.4. Thermal Gradients -- 7.5. Constant-Lapse-Rate Atmospheres -- 7.6. Atmosphere of Homogeneous Density -- 7.7. Dry-Adiabatic Atmosphere -- 7.8. Isothermal Atmosphere -- 7.9. Standard Atmosphere -- 7.10. Altimeter -- 7.11. Integration of the Hydrostatic Equation -- Problems -- VIII. Vertical Stability -- 8.1. The Parcel Method -- 8.2. Stability Criteria -- 8.3. Lapse Rates for Dry, Moist and Saturated Adiabatic Ascents -- 8.4. The Lapse Rates of the Parcel and of the Environment -- 8.5. Stability Criteria for Adiabatic Processes -- 8.6. Conditional Instability -- 8.7. Oscillations in a Stable Layer -- 8.8. The Layer Method for Analyzing Stability -- 8.9. Entrainment -- 8.10. Potential or Convective Instability -- 8.11. Processes Producing Stability Changes for Dry Air -- 8.12. Stability Parameters of Saturated and Unsaturated Air, and Their Time Changes -- 8.13. Radiative Processes and Their Thermodynamic Consequences -- 8.14. Maximum Rate of Precipitation -- 8.15. Internal and Potential Energy of the Atmosphere -- 8.16. Internal and Potential Energy of a Layer with Constant Lapse Rate -- 8.17. Margules' Calculations on Overturning Air Masses -- 8.18. Transformations of a Layer with Constant Lapse Rate -- 8.19. The Available Potential Energy -- Problems -- Appendix I -- Answers to Problems.

A brief overview of the work of Russian scientists in the field of atmospheric chemistry in 20152018, including work on the chemistry of the troposphere, the chemistry of the ozone layer and on the role of chemistry in climate change is presented. Review has been prepared in the Commission on atmospheric chemistry of the meteorology and atmospheric sciences section of the national Geophysics Committee. The report was presented and approved at the XXVII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) 1.

Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Overview -- Introduction -- Wildfires and Human Health-An Overview -- Where Are We Now? -- The Changing Fire Regime -- Modeling Smoke Plumes -- Predicting Smoke -- Combustion Chemistry -- Chemistry during Smoke Transport -- Health Effects of Wildfire Smoke -- Current Communication across Health and Atmospheric Science Fields -- Some Session Themes -- Where Do We Want to Be? -- Protecting Public Health at the Local Level -- Examples of Research Needs to Improve Understanding of Smoke Health Effects -- Smoke Mitigation and Management Needs -- Respiratory Viral Infections and Wildfire Smoke -- Some Session Themes -- How Do We Get There? -- Managing California's Forests for the Future -- Obtaining the Information Needed for the Coming Years -- Improving Information Exchange for the Future -- Final Thoughts -- References -- Appendix A: Statement of Task -- Appendix B: Planning Committee Biographical Sketches -- Appendix C: Workshop Agenda.