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The present study examines the extent to which neighborhood and social psychological influences predict childhood violence among 867 African‐American youth. The results showed that neighborhood affluence was the only neighborhood‐level variable to exert a significant influence on childhood violence. Furthermore, childhood violence was significantly related to social psychological influences, such as adopting a street code, associating with violent peers, parental use of violence, and quality parenting. Overall, the findings suggested that simply living in a violent neighborhood does not produce violent children, but that family, peer, and individual characteristics play a large role in predicting violence in childhood.

Drei wichtige CHarakteristika kennzeichnen den Stand des Unternehmertums in Afrika: Kapitalmangel, geringe Managementqualitäten und ein unsicheres wirtschaftliches Umfeld. Auf der Basis einer Befragung von 87 erfolgreichen Industriebetrieben in Ghana werden 13 sozio-kulturelle, organisatorische und personelle Variablen der jeweiligen einheimischen Unternehmensführung im Hinblick darauf untersucht, welche Faktoren hauptsächlich für den festgestellten Erfolg verantwortlich waren. Abschließend folgt eine kurze vergleichende Diskussion ähnlicher Analyseergebnisse in anderen afrikanischen Staaten. (DÜI-Hlb)

Utilizing data from seven four-year public institutions in the United States, this study employed chi-square test for independence and a Mann-Whitney U test to examine the relationships between participation in high-impact practices (HIPs)and academic outcomes of undergraduate African American college students. Findings suggest the number of HIPs undergraduate African American students were involved in was associated with academic achievement. Furthermore, associations between HIPs and academic achievement differed based on class standing (i.e., first-year/second-year and junior/senior) and gender. The article closes with implications for practice and future research.

American Africans in Ghana: Black Expatriates and the Civil Rights Era.

African Americans comprise more than three of every 10 residents of Hampton Roads. Only recently, however, has this population translated into a large number of elected representatives in the Virginia General Assembly. This year, there are eight elected African American legislators in Richmond who claim Hampton Roads as their home. We explore their power and influence, noting that many do not yet possess the seniority to wield extensive influence. All eight legislators are Democrats and serve in a statehouse dominated by Republicans.

An estimated 1,018,700 or 3.7 percent of African-American adults consider themselves lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender (LGBT) and 34 percent of African-American same-sex couples are raising children. Currently, the estimated 84,000 African-American individuals in same-sex couples tend to live in areas where there are higher proportions of African-Americans. For example, a quarter of African-American same-sex couples live in Georgia, New York, North Carolina, and Maryland. The report finds overall higher unemployment rates (15 percent v. 12 percent) and lower proportions with a college degree (23 percent v. 26 percent) among LGBT African-Americans, when compared to their non-LGBT counterparts. However, these disadvantages are not present among African-Americans in same-sex couples. Twenty-five percent of African-Americans in same-sex couples have completed a college degree, compared to 22 percent of African-Americans in different-sex couples. In addition, 71 percent of African-Americans in same-sex couples are employed compared to 68 percent of their counterparts in different-sex couples. LGBT African-Americans are also less likely than their non-LGBT counterparts to have health insurance. African-American same-sex couples raising children, report household median incomes $15,000 lower than comparable African-American different-sex couples ($47,300 vs. $63,020). Female African-American same-sex couples, which comprise 58 percent of all African-American same-sex couples, earn over $20,000 less than male African-American same-sex couples. LGBT African-American females and African-American females in same-sex couples are three times more likely to report military service than their non-LGBT counterparts.

The following paper focuses on the issue of the business/economic influence of American Black churches congregations: As a part of this thesis research, an extensive literature search has been carried out in the area of the Black Spiritual movement and its developments. The emphasis of my thesis study is measuring, analyzing and understanding the evolution of American Black church congregations and the important business role they perform in the community. The practical effects of these early institutions, that can be seen in the people it produced. Out of these church congregations came those who would most certainly go to any Black Hall of Fame honoring those who were pioneers in the black liberation struggle for social change and entrepreneurship. There are many undefined roles which derived form black churches as a business. Namely, most black people learned to pool their resources and build many visible churches. it was seeing their money, as meager as it was, built structures and maintain them that gave them pride, assurance and responsibility. It was the edifices that served as centers for black political activities. The black person who found himself denied space or a place in the civil arena of power, was somewhat consoled by virtue of the fact that he could via tor power and position in the church environment. Literature search reveals that the black church is a business m which structure is promoted and citizenship skills are developed. Through extensive research I'm approaching the sociological outlook of viewing the Black Church as a business, where community members are inspired. The study will involve viewing the history of American Black Churches and the spiritual movement which becomes a useful competitive weapon. This weapon, when used effectively demonstrates how important the Black Church is to the community and the enduring and viable social/business roles performed within this institution.

Between the end of the nineteenth century and the outbreak of World War 2, Africans displaced by colonial rule created an African-American myth - a myth which aggrandized the life and attainments of African Americans despite full knowledge of the discrimination to which they were subjected. The myth provided Africans in all parts of the continent with much needed succour and underpinned various religious, educational, political and social models based on the experience of African Americans whereby Africans sought to better their own lives