Suchergebnisse

ÖZET: Hayvancılık, Çad'ın gelişmekte olan bir ülke olarak önemli bir ekonomik bileşenidir. Petrol sektöründen sonra genel olarak ülkenin GSYİH'sini paylaşmaktadır. Önemine rağmen, bu sektör bir takım kısıtlamalarla karşı karşıya. Bu kısıtlamaları araştırmak için, bu çalışma hayvancılık politikasını etkileyen faktörler araştırıldı. Çad'daki hayvancılık sektöründeki iyileşmenin, Hükümet tarafından halihazırda ele alınan politika kısıtlamalarından etkilendiği varsayılmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın belirli bir araştırma amacı Çad'da hayvancılık politikasının uygulamadaki zayıf yönlerini ve güçlü yönlerini analiz etmektir; hayvancılık politikası uygulamasını incelemenin yanı sıra. Bu araştırmada kullanılan yöntem hem niteliksel hem de nicelikseldir ve birincil ve ikincil olmak üzere iki veri kaynağına dayanır. Hayvancılık politikasının uygulanmasına ilişkin temel veriler, hayvancılık politikasının uygulanmasını etkileyen parametreleri belirlemek için hayvancılık ve paydaşlık bakanlığında çalışan kamu görevlilerine yönelik anketler kullanılarak bir anket kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Anket sonuçları, hem nicel hem de nitel analiz yöntemleri kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Çalışma, nicel betimsel analizin sonucuna dayandı. İstatistikler, Sosyal Bilimler için İstatistik Paketi (SPSS) programı ile yürütülen analiz sonrası demografik özelliklerin ve çalışma faktörlerinin bir özetini ve açıklamasını verir. Açık uçlu soruların sonucu nitel analizde tartışılmış ve cevaplayıcılardan her birinin en önemli üçünü seçmelerini istemek için ek sorular eklenmiştir. nitel analiz. Analizlerin sonuçları, araştırmanın nitel kısmından gelen yanıtlar, ilgili çalışmaların sonuçları ve araştırma bulgularına genel bir bakış açısı sağlamak için Çad Hayvancılık Dairesi'nden gelen hayvancılık istatistik verileriyle daha da doğrulanmıştır. Ortalama ve frekans dağılımı gibi tanımlayıcı istatistikler de kullanılmıştır. Bu araştırmanın ana bulguları, hayvancılık geliştirme politikasının dört faktörden etkilendiğini göstermiştir: hayvancılık verimlilik sistemleri; ekonomik çevre; kamu yönetimi ve yönetişim; ve insan kaynakları geliştirme politikasının yönetimi. Çalışmanın sonuçları, hayvancılık üretim sistemindeki faktörler arasında, hayvancılık politikasına etkileri bakımından, geniş üreme sistemleri bulunduğunu; hayvan sağlığı sorunları; ve veteriner eczanesi. Ekonomik ortamda, faktörler mezbaha modernizasyonunun eksikliğidir; hayvan pazarı sistemlerinin modernizasyonunun eksikliği; hayvan ticareti pazarlama sistemlerinin eksikliği; ve önceliklendirme hayvancılık bütçesi eksikliği. Kamu yönetiminde ve yönetişimde tanımlanan faktörler, önceliklendirme yapan hayvancılık politikasının eksikliğidir; uygunsuz proje yönetimi; stratejik yönetim kapasitesi eksikliği; ve kapasite geliştirme yönetiminin eksikliği. İnsan kaynaklarının geliştirilmesi ve politikasının yönetiminde, etkileyici faktörler, esas sistem ilkelerinin uygulanmasının eksikliğidir; yöneticilerin değerlendirilmemesi; ve eğitim ve uzatma eksikliği. Öneriler, proje yönetimini geliştirmek için politika oluşturma ve uygulamada yer alan kurumlar arasındaki işbirliğini güçlendirmek amacıyla dört faktör etrafında sunulmuştur; Hayvancılık politikasını, ekonomik perspektifi içeren kapsamlı bir yaklaşım gerektiren karmaşık bir sorun olarak ele almak; Gelişen bir sistem olarak hayvancılık politikası vizyonunu modernize etmek. Bu tavsiyeler, hayvancılık politikasının daha fazla uygulanmasını ilgilendirmekte ve merkezi hükümetin ülke genelinde izlenmesi mümkün olan hayvancılık politikasındaki stratejisine atıfta bulunmaktadır. Ancak, bu önerilerin hepsi çok önemlidir, ancak bazıları kısa, orta ve uzun vadede yapılmalıdır. İÇİNDEKİLER Sayfa numarası. TABLO LİSTESİ X ŞEKİL LİSTESİ XI KISALTMA LİSTESİ XII 1. ÇALIŞMA ARKA PLANI 1 1.1 Giriş 1 1.2 Araştırma Sorunu Beyanı 4 1.3 Çalışmanın Amacı 6 1.4 Araştırma Amaçı 7 1.5 Araştırma Soruları 7 1.6 Araştırma Hipotezi 8 1.7 Araştırma Tasarımı ve Metodolojisi 8 1.8 Çalışmanın Önemi 9 1.9 Tez Bölümlerinin Anahatları 9 2. LITERATÜR TARAMASI, POLİTİKA UYGULAMASI VE KAVRAMSAL ÇERÇEVE 11 2.1 Giriş 11 2.2 Politika Tanımları 12 2.3 POLİTİKA UYGULAMASI 14 2.3.1 Açıklayıcı Modeller 16 2.3.2 Açıklayıcı Modellerin Uygulanması 16 2.3.3 Reçeteli Modeller 17 2.3.3.1 Reçete Modellerinin Uygulanması 18 2.3.4 Rasyonel Yaklaşım 22 2.3.5 Politik yaklaşım 24 2.3.6 Uygulama teorisi: Sistem Modeli 25 2.3.7 AŞAĞIDAN YUKARIYA VE YUKARIDAN AŞAĞIYA YAKLAŞIMLAR 27 2.3.7.1 Yukarıdan Aşağıya Yaklaşım 28 2.3.7.2 Aşağıdan Yukarıya Yaklaşım 28 2.3.7.3 Aşağıdan Yukarıya ve Yukarıdan Aşağıya Yaklaşımların Sentezi 29 2.3.8 BAŞARILI VE BAŞARISIZ UYGULAMA NEDİR? 34 2.4 KAVRAMSAL ÇERÇEVE: HAYVANCILIK UYGULAMASININ POLİTİKASI 36 2.4.1 POLİTİKA UYGULAMASINDAN ETKİLEYEN FAKTÖRLER 36 2.5 HAYVANCILIK POLİTİKASININ UYGULAMASINI ETKİLEYEN FAKTÖRLER 42 2.5.1 Hayvancılık Verimlilik Sistemleri 42 2.5.1.1 Geniş Kapsamlı Islah Sistemi 42 2.5.1.2 Hayvan Sağlığı Sorunları 43 2.5.1.3 Veteriner Eczacılığı 43 2.5.2 Ekonomik Çevre 44 2.5.2.1 Hayvancılık Pazarlama Sistemleri 44 2.5.2.2 Hayvancılık Pazar Sistemleri 44 2.5.2.3 Olumlu Tedbir Eksikliği 45 2.5.3 Kamu Yönetimi ve Yönetişim 45 2.5.3.1 Politika Yönetimi 45 2.5.3.2 Kamu Yönetimi 47 2.5.4 İnsan Kaynakları Geliştirme Yönetimi 48 2.5.4.1 Eğitim ve yazışmalı 49 2.5.4.2 Araştırma Hizmetleri 49 2.5.5 Hayvancılık Gelişme Planlarının Uygulanması 50 2.5.6 Stratejik Planlama için Devlet Koordinasyonu 52 2.5.7 Uygulayıcıların Politikaya Yönelik Tutumları 54 2.5.8 Hayvancılık Planlama ve Bilgi Hizmetleri Livestock 56 2.5.8.1 Hayvancılık Teknolojisinin Sağlanması 57 2.6 KAVRAMSAL ÇERÇEVE 57 2.6.1 KAVRAMSAL ÇERÇEVE ELEMANLARI 58 2.6.1.1 Politika İçeriği 58 2.6.1.2 Uygulama İçeriği 59 2.6.1.3 Uygulayıcıların Politikaya Taahhüdü 60 2.6.1.4 Politika Uygulama Kapasitesi 61 2.6.1.5 Uygulama İçin Müşterilere ve Koalisyonlara Destek 62 2.6.2 Kavramsal Çerçeve 65 2.7 ÖZET VE SONUÇ 66 3. ÇAD'IN SOSYO EKONOMİK ORTAMINA GENEL BAKIŞ VE LIVESTOCK POLİTİKA SİSTEMİ 68 3.1 Giriş 68 3.2 Ülke Profili 68 3.2.1 Kolonizasyon ve Bağımsız 69 3.2.2 Yönetim Seviyesi 70 3.2.3 Devlet ve Ssiyasi Durum 71 3.2.4 Doğal Kısıtlamalar 71 3.3.1 Sosyo-demografik ve Ekonomik Özellikle 72 3.3.2 Sosyoekonomik Kısıtlamalara Genel Bakış 73 3.3.3 Siyasi Kısıtlamalar 77 3.3.4 Çad'da Hayvancılık Sektörü Arka Planı 79 3.5 PASTORAL KALKINMA BAKANLIĞI ORGANİZASYONU ÇAD VE HAYVAN ÜRETİMİ 81 3.5.1 Hayvancılıkta Kurumsal Politika Çerçevesi 82 3.5.2. Hayvancılık Kurumsal Bağlantıları ve Ortaklığı 83 3.5.3 Hayvancılık Kuruluş Kuruluşları 83 3.5.4 Özel Sektör Kuruluşları 84 3.5.5 Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları 85 3.6 ENDÜSTRİYELLEŞME VE ÜRÜNÜN SINIRLARI İŞLEME 85 3.6.1 Mezbahaneler ve Kesim Alanları 86 3.6.2 İşlenmiş Ürün Faaliyetleri 86 3.6.3 Süt İşleme Üniteleri 88 3.6.4 Dönüşüm Birimleri 88 3.6.5 İşlenmiş Ürün Çeşitleri 88 3.7 ÖZET VE SONUÇ 89 4. METODOLOJİ METHODOLOGY 90 4.1 Giriş 90 4.2 Çalışmanın amacı 90 4.3 ARAŞTIRMA TASARIMI VE ANALİTİK MODELİ 91 4.3.1 Araştırma Tasarımı ve Metodoloji 91 4.4 Nüfus 94 4.5 Örnek 94 4.6 Anket Aracı 95 4.7 Veri Toplama 96 4.7.1 Pilot Testi 96 4.7.2 Gerçek Anket/Veri Toplama 97 4.8 Analiz 97 4.9 ÖZET VE SONUÇ 98 5. ÇALIŞMA VERİLERİNİN TOPLANMASI ANALİZİ 99 5.1 Giriş 99 5.2 Numunenin Demografik Profili 99 5.3 Çalışma Faktörleri 100 5.3.1 Hayvancılık Verimlilik Sistemi Faktörleri 101 5.3.2 Ekonomik Çevre Faktörleri 102 5.3.3 Kamu Yönetimi ve Yönetişim 103 5.3.4 İnsan Kaynakları Geliştirme ve Politika Yönetimi 104 5.3.5 En Önemli Güçlü Noktalar ve Zayıf Noktalar 106 5.3.5.1 Hayvancılık Gelişme Planlarının Uygulanmasının Güçlü ve Zayıf Noktaları 106 5.3.5.2 Hayvancılık Stratejik Planlaması için Devlet Koordinasyonunda Güçlü Noktalar ve Zayıf Noktalar 107 5.3.5.3 Uygulayıcıların Hayvancılık Politikasına Karşı Tutumlarında Güçlü Noktalar ve Zayıf Noktalar 108 5.4 ÖZET VE SONUÇ 109 6. BULGULARIN TARTIŞMASI, ÇALIŞMA ÖZETİ, SONUÇ VE ÖNERİLER 110 6.1 Giriş 110 6.2 Bulguların Özeti 110 6.2.1 Hayvancılık Verimlilik Sistemi Faktörü 110 6.2.2 Ekonomik Çevre Faktörü 111 6.2.3 Kamu Yönetimi ve Yönetişim Faktörü 111 6.2.4 İnsan Kaynakları Geliştirme ve Politika Faktörü Yönetimi 111 6.2.5 En Önemli Güçlü Noktalar ve Zayıf Noktalar 112 6.3 Bulguların Tartışılması 114 6.3.1 Hayvancılık verimlilik sistemi faktörleri ile ilişkileri ve geliştirilmiş uygulama hizmetlerinin üç bileşeni 114 6.3.2 Ekonomik çevre faktörleri ile geliştirilmiş uygulama hizmetlerinin üç bileşeni arasındaki ilişki 115 6.3.3 Kamu yönetimi ve yönetişim ve gelişmiş uygulama hizmetlerinin üç bileşeni arasındaki ilişki 118 6.3.4 İnsan kaynakları geliştirme politikasının yönetimi ile iyileştirilmiş uygulama hizmetlerinin üç bileşeni arasındaki ilişki 120 6.3.5 Araştırma Sorusuna Cevap 122 6.4 Öğütleme 143 6.5 Sonuç 161 Kaynakça 162 Ekler 173 Anket 190 --- ABSTRACT: Livestock is an important economic component of Chad as a developing country. It shares in overall country's GDP after the oil sector. In spite of its importance, this sector is facing a number of constraints. In order to explore those constraints, this study was investigated the factors that impact the livestock policy. It is hypothesized that the improvement of the livestock sector in Chad is affected by the policy constraints, already being addressed by the Government. A specified research objective of this study is to analyse the weaknesses and the strengths of livestock policy implementation in Chad; as well as to examine livestock policy implementation. The method used in this research both qualitative and quantitative and is based on two sources of data, primary and secondary. The primary data on the implementation of livestock policy were collected by using a survey through the questionnaires addressed to the public officers working at the Ministry of livestock and stakeholders to identify the parameters influencing the implementation of livestock policy. The survey results were analysed by using both quantitative and qualitative methods of analyses. The study relied on the result of the quantitative descriptive analysis. The statistics give a summary and description of the demographic aspects and the study factors after analysis run with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) programme. The result of open-ended questions was discussed in qualitative analysis and additional questions were added to ask the respondents to select the most significant top three in each part of the three statement-questions each has five strong points and five weak points also were discussed in qualitative analysis. The results of the analyses were further substantiated by the responses from the qualitative part of the survey, by the results of related studies, and by livestock statistical data from the Department of the livestock of Chad to provide a general perspective on the research findings. Descriptive statistics such as mean and frequency distribution were also utilized. The main findings of this research showed that livestock development policy is influenced by four factors: livestock productivity systems; economic environment; public administration and Governance; and management of human resources development policy. The results of the study revealed that among the livestock production system factors in terms of their impact on livestock policy, there are extensive breeding systems; animal health issues; and veterinary pharmacy. In the economic environment, factors are lack of modernization of slaughterhouse; lack of modernization of livestock market systems; lack of livestock trade marketing systems; and lack of livestock budget prioritizing. In public administration and governance identified factors are lack of livestock policy prioritizing; inappropriate project management; lack of strategic management capacity; and lack of administration of the capacity building. And in management of human resources development and policy, the influencing factors are lack of application of the merit system principles; lack of evaluation of administrators; and lack of training and extension. The recommendations are presented around four factors, to improve project management strengthen the collaboration among the agencies involved in policy making and implementation; to address livestock policy as a complex problem which needs a comprehensive approach embracing economic perspective; to modernize vision of livestock policy as an evolving system. These recommendations concern the further implementation of livestock policy and refer to the strategy of the central government in livestock policy that could be pursued across the country. However, all of these recommendations are so important but some of them to be done in short, medium and long term. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. LIST OF TABLES X LIST OF FIGURES XI LIST OF ABBREVIATION XII 1. STUDY BACKGROUND 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Statement of Research Problem 4 1.3 Purpose of the Study 6 1.4 Research Objective 7 1.5 Research Questions 7 1.6 Research Hypothesis 8 1.7 Research Design and Methodology 8 1.8 Significance of the Study 9 1.9 Outline of Thesis Chapters 9 2. LITERATURE REVIEW, POLICY IMPLEMENTATION AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Policy Definitions 12 2.3 POLICY IMPLEMENTATION 14 2.3.1 Descriptive Models 16 2.3.2 Implication of Descriptive Models 16 2.3.3 Prescriptive Models 17 2.3.3.1 Implication of Prescriptive Models 18 2.3.4 Rational Approach 22 2.3.5 Political approach 24 2.3.6 Implementation theory: System Model 25 2.3.7 TOP-DOWN AND BOTTOM-UP APPROACHES 27 2.3.7.1 Top Down Approach 28 2.3.7.2 Bottom Up Approach 28 2.3.7.3 Synthesis of Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches 29 2.3.8 WHAT IS SUCCESSFUL AND FAILED IMPLEMENTATION? 34 2.4 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK: POLICY IMPLEMENTATION OF LIVESTOCK POLICY 36 2.4.1 FACTORS THAT AFFECT POLICY IMPLEMENTATION 36 2.5 FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE IMPLEMENTATION OF LIVESTOCK POLICY 42 2.5.1 Livestock Productivity Systems 42 2.5.1.1 Extensive Breedıng System 42 2.5.1.2 Animal Health Issues 43 2.5.1.3 Veterinary Pharmacy 43 2.5.2 Economic Environment 44 2.5.2.1 Livestock Marketing Systems 44 2.5.2.2 Livestock Market Systems 44 2.5.2.3 Lack of Positive Measures 45 2.5.3 Public Administration and Governance 45 2.5.3.1 Policy Administration 45 2.5.3.2 Public Governance 47 2.5.4 Management of Human Resources Development 48 2.5.4.1 Training and Extension 49 2.5.4.2 Research Services 49 2.5.5 Implementation of Livestock Development Plans 50 2.5.6 Government Coordination for Strategic Planning 52 2.5.7 Attitudes of Implementers Towards the Policy 54 2.5.8 Livestock Planning and Information Services 56 2.5.8.1 Provision of Livestock Technology 57 2.6 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 57 2.6.1 ELEMENTS OF CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 58 2.6.1.1 Policy Content 58 2.6.1.2 Context of Implementation 59 2.6.1.3 Commitment of Implementers to the Policy 60 2.6.1.4 Capacity to Implement Policy 61 2.6.1.5 Support of Clients and Coalitions for Implementation 62 2.6.2 Conceptual Framework 65 2.7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 66 3. OVERVIEW OF SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT OF CHAD AND LIVESTOCK POLICY SYSTEM 68 3.1 Introduction 68 3.2 Country Profile 68 3.2.1 Colonization and Independent 69 3.2.2 Administration level 70 3.2.3 Government and political situation 71 3.2.4 Natural Constraints 71 3.3.1 Socio-demographic and Economic Characteristics 72 3.3.2 Overview of Socioeconomic Constraints 73 3.3.3 Political Constraints 77 3.3.4 Livestock Sector Background in Chad 79 3.5 ORGANISATION OF MINISTRY OF PASTORAL DEVELOPMENT AND ANIMAL PRODUCTION OF CHAD 81 3.5.1 Institutional Policy Framework of Livestock 82 3.5.2. Livestock Institutional Linkages and Partnership 83 3.5.3 Livestock Associative Institutions 83 3.5.4 Private Sector Institutions 84 3.5.5 Non-Governmental Organisations 85 3.6 CONSTRAINTS OF INDUSTRIALISATION AND PRODUCT PROCESSING 85 3.6.1 Slaughterhouses and Slaughter Areas 86 3.6.2 Processed Product Activities 86 3.6.3 Milk Processing Units 88 3.6.4 Transformation Units 88 3.6.5 Processed Product Varieties 88 3.7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 89 4. METHODOLOGY 90 4.1 Introduction 90 4.2 Purpose of the study 90 4.3 RESEARCH DESIGN AND ANALYTICAL MODEL 91 4.3.1 Research Design and Methodology 91 4.4 Population 94 4.5 Sample 94 4.6 Survey Instrument 95 4.7 Data Collection 96 4.7.1 Pilot Test 96 4.7.2 Actual Survey/Data Collection 97 4.8 Analysis 97 4.9 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 98 5. ANALYSIS OF THE DATA COLLECTION OF THE STUDY 99 5.1 Introduction 99 5.2 The Demographic Profile of Sample 99 5.3 Study Factors 100 5.3.1 Livestock Productivity System Factors 101 5.3.2 Economic Environment Factors 102 5.3.3 Public Administration and Governance 103 5.3.4 Management of Human Resources Development and Policy 104 5.3.5 The Most Significant Strong Points and Weak Points 106 5.3.5.1 Strong and weak points of Implementation of Livestock Development Plans 106 5.3.5.2 Strong Points and Weak point in Government Coordination for Livestock Strategic Planning 107 5.3.5.3 Strong Points and Weak point in Attitudes of implementers toward the Livestock policy 108 5.4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 109 6. DISCUSSION OF THE FINDINGS, SUMMARY OF THE STUDY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 110 6.1 Introduction 110 6.2 Summary of Findings 110 6.2.1 Livestock Productivity System Factor 110 6.2.2 Economic Environment Factor 111 6.2.3 Public Administration and Governance Factor 111 6.2.4 Management of Human Resources Development and Policy Factor 111 6.2.5 The Most Significant Strong Points and Weak Points 112 6.3 Discussion of Findings 114 6.3.1 Relationship between livestock productivity system factors and the three components of improved implementation services 114 6.3.2 Relationship between economic environment factors and the three components of improved implementation services 115 6.3.3 Relationship between public administration and governance and the three components of improved implementation services 118 6.3.4 Relationship between management of human resources development policy and the three components of improved implementation services 120 6.3.5 Answer to Research Question 122 6.4 Recommendation 143 6.5 Conclusion 161 Bibliography 162 Appendices 173 Questionnaires 190

Following approval from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Japan has begun to release into the Pacific Ocean treated radioactive water from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant on 24 August. The power plant was the site of the nuclear disaster that occurred on 11 March 2011 as a consequence of the Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. Water has been continuously pumped into the nuclear power plant to cool down the reactors' fuel rods since the disaster. However, current treatment methods are unable to eliminate tritium, a radioactive isotope of hydrogen, resulting in the storage of tons of contaminated water in thousands of tanks on site. The current plans consequently entail the release of more than a million tons of tritium-contaminated water. The Japanese authorities, the IAEA and a majority of scientists concur that the concentration of tritium in the stored water falls within the safety limits.[1] Nevertheless, the release of water containing tritium from the site has encountered opposition from environmental activists and ordinary citizens within and outside Japan. It has also faced criticism from a minority of scientists who argue that the consequences of the release remain unpredictable.
This cross-border measure has highlighted, and somehow even exacerbated, political tensions in the Asia-Pacific. Indeed, it has occurred within a regional political order that remains in flux, featuring rampant competition between the US and China, Japan's own ongoing overhaul of national defence and a consequential tilt in the foreign policy of South Korea after the 2022 elections in favour of Washington and Tokyo. Furthermore, the media clamour surrounding the water release has also extended beyond the region, fuelling the public debate on nuclear energy in several Western countries, including Italy.China's "moral superiority"
After the announcement of the release operations, the Chinese government banned the import of all seafood from Japan. The authorities in Beijing cited risks of radioactive contamination of "food safety", and condemned Tokyo for the "extremely selfish and irresponsible act in disregard of the global public interest".[2] To be sure, critics pointed out that the Fuqing nuclear power plant in the Fujian province in Southeast China releases water containing higher levels of tritium than that released from Fukushima. This was swiftly countered by the Chinese Foreign Ministry Spokesperson, who stated that operations in Fuqing and Fukushima "are different in nature, come from different sources and require different levels of sophistication to handle", further adding that Japan had "turned itself into a saboteur of the ecological system and polluter of the ocean".[3] Predictably, the vocal protests from Chinese authorities and state media have been accompanied by a chorus of anti-Japanese and nationalist voices on Sinophone social media networks.
The use of harsh language and the adoption of import bans evoke memories, albeit to a lesser degree, of the previous nadir of Sino-Japanese relations in the first half of the 2010s, following Tokyo's nationalisation of the disputed Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands. Broader dynamics of domestic and international politics explain the intensity of the Chinese response at this turn. On the one hand, it is possible to see a "rally 'round the flag" dynamic aiming to foster social cohesion by inciting nationalism against Japan at a time when China faces economic headwinds, if not the end of its "economic miracle" altogether.[4] On the other hand, Tokyo's decision to release Fukushima's treated water provides Beijing with an opportunity to vocally signal dissatisfaction with the current course in regional politics of the administration led by Prime Minister Kishida Fumio, thus asserting a position of moral superiority by depicting Japan as a rogue disruptor of the international order.Watering down Japan–South Korea relations?
In 2022, the Japanese administration led by Kishida, continuing the policies of the late Abe Shinzo, kickstarted the "most substantive overhaul of Japan's defence capabilities since the 1980s".[5] This transformation, addressing Chinese, North Korean and Russian perceived challenges to the regional status quo, seeks to increase defence spending to NATO level, acquire counterstrike missile capabilities and overcome the civil-military divide in defence matters. This year, Tokyo found a sympathetic partner in the conservative administration of South Korean President Yoon Suk-yeol. Tokyo achieved a diplomatic breakthrough in a bilateral relation plagued by history and identity issues with Yoon's own visit to Japan. Moreover, shortly before the announcement of the treated water release, Kishida and Yoon joined US President Joe Biden in a historical trilateral meeting at Camp David, hinting at a potential shift from the traditional "hub and spoke" system of US alliances in the Asia-Pacific to a new network featuring increasing coordination among partners[6] – a development that, in turn, inevitably raises the spectre of an "Asian NATO", one of Beijing's bêtes noires.
Seoul's new course in relations with Tokyo, however, is arguably the byproduct of the country's institutional framework, which provides wide latitude in foreign policy-making to the presidency. Attitudes toward Japan remain one of the key sources of polarisation in South Korean politics, and the new foreign policy course has exposed Yoon to fierce criticism at home. Even though the administration has stated that it "neither supports nor endorses the release" of tritium-containing water from Fukushima, protests against both Yoon and Japan immediately erupted.[7] Multiple rallies organised by civic groups and supported by parliamentarians of the opposition Democratic Party of Korea have taken place in recent weeks, and a sharp downturn in the consumption of seafood has affected local businesses since the first water release, further increasing pressure on the presidential administration. In short, the decision to release water from Fukushima has highlighted the extreme fragility of the current alignment between the two countries.The debate beyond the Asia-Pacific
The politics of the Fukushima water discharge, however, has not been limited to the chancelleries of the Asia-Pacific. Traditional and new media, as well as public opinions, have participated in the debate, not only fanning the flames of nationalist politics, but also providing inputs that state actors must consider. In Europe, indeed, the recent Fukushima events have been a matter mainly concerning public opinions and domestic debates about civilian nuclear energy. Italy – which was the largest European country without nuclear power plants prior to the recent phase-out in Germany – is a case in point. Legacy media in the country, which still dominate the national landscape,[8] have generally covered the issue from a narrow perspective. They have relayed Chinese official statements and criticism of Japan at face value, and emphasised the concerns of activists, scientists and ordinary people opposing the water release. This approach, however, is not per se driven by an anti-Japanese or pro-Chinese bias. Rather, it is primarily the result of a mixture of sensationalism and scepticism regarding nuclear energy matters, borne out of a wide popular opposition to the civilian use of nuclear power, as proved by the result of the referenda held in 1987 and 2011.
This orientation, however, seems to have recently undergone a significant shift as a result of the current cost-of-life crisis and the country's efforts to diversify energy imports after the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[9] Italian media appeared to have lagged behind a shifting political landscape that now features an emerging polarisation on the issue: while right-wing parties in the governing coalition (in particular Deputy Prime Minister Matteo Salvini's Lega) publicly endorse nuclear power, opposition parties such as the Five Star Movement and the Democratic Party are opposed to it. In Italy and beyond, this emerging polarisation on civilian nuclear energy may push future reporting on Fukushima or other nuclear-related issues along distinct partisan lines, highlighting the politicisation of the debate on the matter in Europe as well.Aurelio Insisa is Senior Asia Fellow at the Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI).[1] Navin Singh Khadka, "The Science Behind the Fukushima Waste Water Release", in BBC News, 26 August 2023, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-66610977.[2] China's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Foreign Ministry Spokesperson's Statement on the Japanese Government's Start of Releasing Fukushima Nuclear-Contaminated Water into the Ocean, 24 August 2023, https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2535_665405/202308/t20230824_11131325.html.[3] Amy Hawkins and Justin McCurry, "Fukushima: China Accused of Hypocrisy over Its Own Release of Wastewater from Nuclear Plants", in The Guardian, 25 August 2023, https://www.theguardian.com/p/zm6qe. See: China's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Wang Wenbin's Regular Press Conference on August 23, 2023, https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/202308/t20230823_11130960.html; and Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Wang Wenbin's Regular Press Conference on August 24, 2023, https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/202308/t20230824_11132299.html.[4] Adam S. Posen, "The End of China's Economic Miracle", in Foreign Affairs, Vol. 102, No. 5 (September/October 2023), p. 120-132, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/node/1130557.[5] Corey Wallace and Giulio Pugliese, "Japan 2022: Putin and Abe Shocks Thwart Kishida's Enjoyment of Three Golden Years Despite Major Defence Overhaul", in Asia Maior, Vol. 33/2022 (2023), p. 79-129 at p. 96, https://www.asiamaior.org/?p=1708.[6] Christopher B. Johnstone and Jeffrey W. Hornung, "Separate U.S. Alliances in East Asia Are Obsolete", in Foreign Policy, 11 September 2023, https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/09/11/japan-south-korea-us-alliance-china-security-east-asia-defense-geopolitics-biden-kishida-suk-yeol.[7] Steven Borowiec, "Yoon Dines on Seafood as Fukushima Discharge Divides South Korea", in Nikkei Asia, 30 August 2023, https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Yoon-dines-on-seafood-as-Fukushima-discharge-divides-South-Korea.[8] Alessio Cornia, "Italy", in 2023 Digital News Report, 14 June 2023, https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/node/5885.[9] IZI, Nucleare, ritorno al futuro. Il sondaggio che rileva le posizioni degli elettori, 18 October 2022, https://www.izi.it/?p=3091.

Humans generally interact, communicate, and form social structures using natural language. Due to the high dimensionality of language, much of the wealth of information from these interactions has been barred from the economic profession. However, recent technological advancements lead to increasing use of text as an underlying datasource in economic and financial applications. This trend has been further accelerated by Nobel laureate Robert J. Shiller's presidential address to the American Economic Association "Narrative Economics", in which he argues for more elaboration on narratives - stories that affect individual decisions and collective actions - by the economic scientific community. Addressing this gap in the literature, research has been published utilizing textual information to quantify latent variables such as uncertainty, forecasting macroeconomic variables in real time, and asset price predictions. In conjunction with the rise of natural language processing applications, there has been a shift in perspective on monetary policy with regards to central bank transparency and communication. Transitioning from the presumption that monetary policy is limited to interest rate actions, communication has advanced to become a key tool in the central banker's toolbox. Ever since, words are used to anchor expectations and self-enforce the central banks' desired equilibrium path. As a result, research on monetary policy has been relentless in the pursuit of adopting novel techniques as well as incorporating new unstructured data sources such as news-articles, press conference statements, and speeches. This string of literature is regularly complemented by an extension of the traditional empirical toolbox, borrowing novel techniques from the field of machine learning. The here presented cumulative dissertation consists of four essays that touch on all these fields, namely text as data, monetary policy, and machine learning. My primary focus is on the European Central Bank (ECB), but the methodology and ideas can be extended to other central banks as well. Throughout this thesis, textual information is incorporated from different data sources, analyzed using different techniques in order to approximate different latent variables. As a result, text is employed as a dependent variable at times and as an independent variable at other times. Specifically, the first essay leverages the relative frequency of terms used in ECB press statements as anecdotal evidence for the diversity of the central banks' communication with regard to their topics, whereas the second essay counts positive and negative terms in speeches to approximate the latent variable of central bank loss. The third essay examines the impact of linguistic complexity on financial market participants by conducting a readability test on the ECB's introduction statements, and the final essay dives into computational linguistics to develop a novel central bank-specific language model for better quantifying monetary policy communication. The following is a brief summary of the four essays included in this thesis. My first essay analyzes rule-based monetary policy in the euro area before and after the financial crisis. Jonas Gross and I argue that the environment in which policymakers operate is far more complex than traditional model-based analysis of policy rules permits. We complement this view with evidence from ECB press conferences, demonstrating that the central bank discusses a wide range of topics beyond the traditional Taylor-rule variables. Since each variable has the potential to be relevant in understanding the central bank's reaction function, we combine a literature review with natural language processing to identify a set of potential determinants. The traditional approach of selecting a single interest rate response function is then contrasted by applying a Bayesian model averaging approach to these determinants. We account for model uncertainty by including a large number of determinants and estimating a total of 33.000 different model combinations. Our results suggest that in contrast to the ongoing criticism, the ECB primarily reacts to inflation in its interest rate decision. In fact, our analysis finds that inflation is a significant variable in almost all of the examined model combinations. Furthermore, we find that the ECB reacts to changes in economic activity determinants such as unemployment and production as well. These economic activity indicators were a priority for the ECB prior to the financial crisis but have since declined in relevance, suggesting that inflation is the sole driver of monetary policy decisions in the post-crisis period. Finally, we assess our findings with textual evidence from the ECB press conferences, where, in accordance with the previous results, we find the same shift. My second essay focuses on the ECB's objective itself, quantifying the central bank's satisfaction with current economic conditions through textual analysis. By maximizing an implied objective function, the ECB is assumed to pursue inflation targeting with a subordinate focus on supporting the general economic policy of the European Union. I compute the central bank's sentiment using the ECB's public communication by counting the number of positive and negative words in speeches, allowing me to quantify the objective. Assuming a typical functional form for the objective allows me to estimate the optimal levels with respect to inflation and economic activity, i.e. the bliss points in which the central banks communication is the most positive. Using a dictionary approach to estimate the sentiment index yields several interesting results. The most surprising is, unquestionable, a concave inflation objective with an implied inflation target beyond the banks' mandate and best described as 'above, but close to 2%'. Deviations from this bliss point appear to lower the satisfaction, and hence the optimistic language in speeches. With respect to the subordinate objective, I find a convex objective towards output growth and a linear objective towards the unemployment rate. Furthermore, my results suggest that deviations from the primary objective, the inflation rate, appear to have no greater effect on the speeches' language than deviations from either of the subordinate objectives. In fact, in contrast to inflation, both output and unemployment are consistently significant variables. Finally, contrary to findings in the United States, financial market conditions have no significant influence on the ECB's sentiment. In the third essay, Bernd Hayo, Kai Henseler, Marc Steffen Rapp, and I investigate the impact of central bank communication on financial markets. We are particularly interested in the communication's complexity and how it affects financial market trading. To examine this relationship empirically, we employ high-frequency data from European stock index futures during the introductory statement of the ECB's press conferences. A readability test on the introductory statement during the press conference determines the statements' linguistic complexity. In conjunction with the central banks' unique communication design, we are able to separate the effect of verbal complexity on trading during the introductory statements and the subsequent Q&A session. Our sample contains announcements of novel UMPM, enabling us to investigate whether the content of the introductory statements interacts with the reaction of traders to its linguistic complexity. We find that the Q&A sessions are - in terms of linguistic complexity - less complex and thus more comprehensible. When UMPM are announced, contemporaneous trading volumes are negatively correlated with complexity, resulting in a temporal shift of trading towards the less complex Q&A session. This shift is first indication that financial markets respond to linguistic complexity in a context-specific manner. This line of reasoning is strengthened further by the observation that events containing UMPM are less similar in terms of wording to previous statements. As a result, we believe that financial market traders are underreacting to novel complex information in introductory statements regarding UMPM. The subsequent discussion and clarification of the cognitively costly content during the Q&A session mitigates this effect, shifting trading from the introductory statement phase to the Q&A phase of the ECB's press conference. The final essay concerns the quantification of central bank communication, i.e. it explores how text in monetary policy can be effectively summarised and analysed. Martin Baumgärtner and I propose a novel language model, build on machine learning, as a tool to quantify central bankers qualitative information. The necessity and feasibility of measuring central bank communication in this manner stems from two major developments in the fields of monetary policy and machine learning over the last two decades. On the one hand, central bankers' communication, as well as its analysis, has increased substantially. This progress necessitates some form of quantification of the qualitative components, a research topic dominated by dictionary approaches. On the other hand, advances at the intersection of linguistics and computer science enabled the use of machine learning to train language models capable of adequately capturing the languages multidimensionality and context-dependence. The resulting models are regularly open source. However, the technical jargon of central bankers renders them generally unsuitable for use in the field. This essay aims to apply computational linguistics research to monetary policy by developing a language model exclusively trained on central bank communication. To accomplish this, we gather a large and diverse text corpus, which we use to compare a number of state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms. Choosing the most promising, we develop a central bank specific language model. Several applications are presented to showcase the broad applicability of our language model. First, we propose a novel technique for comparing central banks, affirming that similarity is driven by mutual objectives. Next, we construct a time-series index that reflects the ECB's willingness to act as a lender of last resort. The index suggests that communication similar to Mario Draghi's 'whatever it takes' speech can calm financial markets during times of high uncertainty. The third application emphasizes the presence of prejudices even in central bankers' technical language. We demonstrate how social patterns, such as occupational gender distribution, are reflected in their communication. The final application is a forecasting exercise that suggests that speeches may be more accurate predictors than previous research suggests.

The article contains the analysis conducted by the author on topicality of upbringing moral culture in future engineering leaders. Special attention is paid to national scientists' views on the role of morality and that of its upbringing at a technical university. It is noted in the article that an important characteristic of a future engineering leader's professional culture is the mutual connection and mutual determination between a person's value orientation with their moral-and-ethical paradigm and professional ethics typical for their circle of communication. It is noted that the mentioned norms and principles facilitate a person's authority and priorities consolidation not only as those of a leader, but also as a site of humaneness of interpersonal relations. The authoress stresses that moral upbringing of future engineering leaders at technical universities plays a significant role in their training because it is connected with development of an individual's personality traits and forming a person's attitude to others (the team, its leader), and first of all to his/her potential colleagues and subordinates.It is highlighted in the article that within the sphere of moral education of future engineering leaders, the main priorities are the following: consciousness formation, accumulation of moral experience in moral behavior skills; moral education as knowledge in the matters of moral, ethics, policy; upbringing of the feeling of personal responsibility for one's actions, behavior, and possible outcomes of one's professional activity; development and fixation of moral self-improvement mechanisms and of behavior's self-regulation.There is highlighted the connection of V. Sukhomlynskiy's ideas with leadership potential development in students and lecturers at a technical higher education establishment.The authoress highlights the following traits of a lecturer-leader: their aspiration and need in communicating with students, displaying friendliness, high communicative traits; being a decent person, having clear moral-and-ethical views and principles and following them adamantly; being able to understand those whom they train and educate; being a creative and independent person; conducting an active research and consulting activity; being tolerant and restrained, firm and persistent, being able to control themselves, their emotions and psychic state in general; being able to forecast possible pedagogic situations, to evaluate outcomes of their deeds and actions in a systematic way, of their influencing students – these teachers' traits facilitate spirituality formation in students, future engineering leaders.There have been viewed such main methods and technologies of leadership potential development in students and lecturers at Leadership Center at the Department of pedagogy and social systems management after Academician I. A. Zaziun at NTU "KhPI" as delivering information and problem-solving lectures, discussion seminars, press-conference seminars, organizing thematic science conferences, training sessions, delivering extracurricular consultations for students.It is proved in the article that in modern conditions not enough attention is paid to personality formation in engineering leaders-to-be at technical universities, while this should be an obligatory condition of their professional growth; in the process of students' vocational training, it is necessary to introduce V. Sukhomlynskiy's ideas; particularly expedient is the application of active teaching methods with a distinct moral educating directedness, intensifying individual work with students, enhancing their activity in political, community, and cultural life.The authoress thinks it necessary to restore training courses in psychology studies for all students of a technical university alongside the introduction to the training process the methods and technologies developed by lecturers of the Leadership Center and the Center of Modern Pedagogic, Psychological, and Management Technologies at the Department of pedagogy and social systems management after Academician I .A. Zaziun at NTU "KhPI" on the basis of V. Sukhomlynskiy's pedagogy. ; В статье проведен анализ актуальности воспитания нравственной культуры у будущих инженеров-лидеров. Особое внимание уделено взглядам отечественных ученых роли нравственности и ее воспитанию в условиях технического университета. В статье отмечено, что важной характеристикой профессиональной культуры будущего инженера-лидера является взаимосвязь и взаимообусловленность с личностной ценностной ориентацией и морально-этической парадигмой человека, с профессиональной этикой, характерной для круга его общения. Отмечено, что указанные нормы и принципы способствуют утверждению авторитета и приоритета личности не только как лидера, но и как ячейки гуманности межличностных отношений. Автор подчеркивает, что нравственное воспитание будущих инженеров-лидеров в технических вузах играет определяющую роль в их подготовке, так как оно связано с развитием личностных качеств человека и формированием его отношения к другим людям (команды лидера), в первую очередь к своим потенциальным коллегам и подчиненным. В статье подчеркивается, что в сфере нравственного воспитания будущих инженеров-лидеров основными задачами являются: формирование сознания, накопление опыта навыков нравственного поведения; моральное образование как осведомленность в вопросах морали, этики, политики, воспитание чувства личной ответственности за свои поступки, свое поведение и возможные результаты своей профессиональной деятельности; развитие и закрепление действенных механизмов нравственного самовоспитания и саморегуляции поведения.Освещена связь педагогических идей В.Сухомлинского с развитием лидерского потенциала у студентов и преподавателей высшего технического учебного заведения.В статье подчеркнуто личностные качества преподавателя-лидера такие, как: его стремление к общению со студентами, проявление общительности, высокие коммуникабельные качества; быть глубоко порядочным человеком, иметь четкие морально-этические взгляды и убеждения, и твердо придерживаться их, уметь понимать тех, кого он учит и воспитывает; быть человеком творческим и самостоятельным, вести активную исследовательскую и консультационную деятельность; быть терпимым и сдержанным, твердым и настойчивым, уметь управлять собой, своими эмоциями и психическим состоянием вообще; уметь прогнозировать возможные педагогические ситуации, системно оценивать последствия своих действий и поступков, своего влияния на студентов, что способствует формированию духовности у студентов - будущих инженеров-лидеров. Рассмотрены основные методы и технологии развития лидерского потенциала у студентов и преподавателей в Центре лидерства кафедры педагогики и психологии управления социальными системами им. академика И. А. Зязюна НТУ «ХПИ» такие, как проведение информационных и проблемных лекций, семинаров-диспутов, семинаров-пресс-конференций, организацию тематических научных конференций, проведение тренингов, внеаудиторного проведения индивидуальных консультаций со студентами.В статье доказано, что в современных условиях недостаточное внимание уделяется формированию личности будущих инженеров-лидеров в технических университетах, тогда как она должна быть обязательным условием их профессионального роста; в процессе профессиональной подготовки студентов необходимо внедрять педагогические идеи В. Сухомлинского, а именно, целесообразным является применение активных методов обучения с четкой воспитательной направленностью, усилением индивидуальной работы со студентами, активизацией их деятельности в политической, общественной и культурной жизни. Автор считает необходимым восстановление учебных курсов изучения психологии для всех студентов технического университета, а также внедрение в учебный процесс современных методов и технологий, разработанных преподавателями Центра Лидерства и Центра современных педагогических, психологических и управленческих технологий кафедры педагогики и психологии управления социальными системами им. академика И. А. Зязюна НТУ «ХПИ» на основе педагогики В. Сухомлинского. ; В статті проведений аналіз актуальності виховання моральної культури у майбутніх інженерів-лідерів. Особлива увага приділена поглядам вітчизняних науковців щодо ролі моральності та її вихованню в умовах технічного університету. В статті відзначено, що важливою характеристикою професійної культури майбутнього інженера-лідера є взаємозв'язок та взаємообумовленість з особистою ціннісною орієнтацією та морально-етичною парадигмою людини, з професійною етикою, характерною для кола його спілкування. Відзначено, що вказані норми та принципи сприяють утвердженню авторитету та пріоритету особистості не тільки як лідера, але і як осередку гуманності міжособистісних відношень. Авторка підкреслює, що моральне виховання майбутніх інженерів-лідерів в технічних вузах відіграє визначальну роль у їх підготовці, тому що воно пов'язане з розвитком особистісних якостей людини та формуванням її відношення до інших людей (команди лідера), в першу чергу до своїх потенційних колег і підлеглих.В статті підкреслено, що у сфері морального виховання майбутніх інженерів-лідерів основними завданнями є: формування свідомості, нагромадження досвіду навичок морального поводження; моральна освіта як обізнаність в питаннях моралі, етики, політики; виховання почуття особистої відповідальності за свої вчинки, своє поводження та можливі результати своєї професійної діяльності; розвиток і закріплення дієвих механізмів морального самовиховання та саморегуляції поводження.Висвітлений зв'язок педагогічних ідей В.Сухомлинського з розвитком лідерського потенціалу у студентів та викладачів вищого технічного навчального закладу.В статті підкреслено особистісні якості викладача-лідера такі, як: його прагнення мати потребу у спілкуванні зі студентами, виявляти товариськість, високі комунікабельні якості; бути глибоко порядною людиною, мати чіткі морально-етичні погляди і переконання і твердо дотримуватись їх; уміти розуміти тих, кого він навчає і виховує; бути людиною творчою і самостійною, вести активну дослідницьку і консультативну діяльність; бути терпимим і стриманим, твердим і наполегливим, уміти управляти собою, своїми емоціями і психічним станом взагалі; уміти прогнозувати можливі педагогічні ситуації, системно оцінювати наслідки своїх дій і вчинків, свого впливу на студентів, що сприяють формуванню духовності у студентів – майбутніх інженерів-лідерів.Розглянуто основні методи та технології розвитку лідерського потенціалу у студентів та викладачів в Центрі лідерства кафедри педагогіки і психології управління соціальними системами ім. академіка І. А. Зязюна НТУ «ХПІ» такі, як проведення інформаційних і проблемних лекцій, семінарів-диспутів, семінарів-прес-конференцій, організацію тематичних наукових конференцій,проведення тренінгів, позааудиторне проведення індивідуальних консультацій студентів.В статті доведено, що в сучасних умовах недостатня увага приділяється формуванню особистості майбутніх інженерів-лідерів в технічних університетах, тоді як вона має бути обов'язковою умовою їх професійного зростання; в процесі професійної підготовки студентів необхідно впроваджувати педагогічні ідеї В. Сухомлинського, а саме, доцільним є застосування активних методів навчання з чіткою виховною спрямованістю, посиленням індивідуальної роботи зі студентами, активізацією їх діяльності в політичному, громадському та культурному житті .Авторка вважає необхідним відновлення навчальних курсів вивчення психології для всіх студентів технічного університету, а також впровадження в навчальний процес сучасних методів та технологій, розроблених викладачами Центру Лідерства та Центру сучасних педагогічних, психологічних та управлінських технологій кафедри педагогіки і психології управління соціальними системами ім. академіка І. А. Зязюна НТУ «ХПІ» на основі педагогіки В. Сухомлинського.

The article contains the analysis conducted by the author on topicality of upbringing moral culture in future engineering leaders. Special attention is paid to national scientists' views on the role of morality and that of its upbringing at a technical university. It is noted in the article that an important characteristic of a future engineering leader's professional culture is the mutual connection and mutual determination between a person's value orientation with their moral-and-ethical paradigm and professional ethics typical for their circle of communication. It is noted that the mentioned norms and principles facilitate a person's authority and priorities consolidation not only as those of a leader, but also as a site of humaneness of interpersonal relations. The authoress stresses that moral upbringing of future engineering leaders at technical universities plays a significant role in their training because it is connected with development of an individual's personality traits and forming a person's attitude to others (the team, its leader), and first of all to his/her potential colleagues and subordinates.It is highlighted in the article that within the sphere of moral education of future engineering leaders, the main priorities are the following: consciousness formation, accumulation of moral experience in moral behavior skills; moral education as knowledge in the matters of moral, ethics, policy; upbringing of the feeling of personal responsibility for one's actions, behavior, and possible outcomes of one's professional activity; development and fixation of moral self-improvement mechanisms and of behavior's self-regulation.There is highlighted the connection of V. Sukhomlynskiy's ideas with leadership potential development in students and lecturers at a technical higher education establishment.The authoress highlights the following traits of a lecturer-leader: their aspiration and need in communicating with students, displaying friendliness, high communicative traits; being a decent person, having clear moral-and-ethical views and principles and following them adamantly; being able to understand those whom they train and educate; being a creative and independent person; conducting an active research and consulting activity; being tolerant and restrained, firm and persistent, being able to control themselves, their emotions and psychic state in general; being able to forecast possible pedagogic situations, to evaluate outcomes of their deeds and actions in a systematic way, of their influencing students – these teachers' traits facilitate spirituality formation in students, future engineering leaders.There have been viewed such main methods and technologies of leadership potential development in students and lecturers at Leadership Center at the Department of pedagogy and social systems management after Academician I. A. Zaziun at NTU "KhPI" as delivering information and problem-solving lectures, discussion seminars, press-conference seminars, organizing thematic science conferences, training sessions, delivering extracurricular consultations for students.It is proved in the article that in modern conditions not enough attention is paid to personality formation in engineering leaders-to-be at technical universities, while this should be an obligatory condition of their professional growth; in the process of students' vocational training, it is necessary to introduce V. Sukhomlynskiy's ideas; particularly expedient is the application of active teaching methods with a distinct moral educating directedness, intensifying individual work with students, enhancing their activity in political, community, and cultural life.The authoress thinks it necessary to restore training courses in psychology studies for all students of a technical university alongside the introduction to the training process the methods and technologies developed by lecturers of the Leadership Center and the Center of Modern Pedagogic, Psychological, and Management Technologies at the Department of pedagogy and social systems management after Academician I .A. Zaziun at NTU "KhPI" on the basis of V. Sukhomlynskiy's pedagogy. ; В статье проведен анализ актуальности воспитания нравственной культуры у будущих инженеров-лидеров. Особое внимание уделено взглядам отечественных ученых роли нравственности и ее воспитанию в условиях технического университета. В статье отмечено, что важной характеристикой профессиональной культуры будущего инженера-лидера является взаимосвязь и взаимообусловленность с личностной ценностной ориентацией и морально-этической парадигмой человека, с профессиональной этикой, характерной для круга его общения. Отмечено, что указанные нормы и принципы способствуют утверждению авторитета и приоритета личности не только как лидера, но и как ячейки гуманности межличностных отношений. Автор подчеркивает, что нравственное воспитание будущих инженеров-лидеров в технических вузах играет определяющую роль в их подготовке, так как оно связано с развитием личностных качеств человека и формированием его отношения к другим людям (команды лидера), в первую очередь к своим потенциальным коллегам и подчиненным. В статье подчеркивается, что в сфере нравственного воспитания будущих инженеров-лидеров основными задачами являются: формирование сознания, накопление опыта навыков нравственного поведения; моральное образование как осведомленность в вопросах морали, этики, политики, воспитание чувства личной ответственности за свои поступки, свое поведение и возможные результаты своей профессиональной деятельности; развитие и закрепление действенных механизмов нравственного самовоспитания и саморегуляции поведения.Освещена связь педагогических идей В.Сухомлинского с развитием лидерского потенциала у студентов и преподавателей высшего технического учебного заведения.В статье подчеркнуто личностные качества преподавателя-лидера такие, как: его стремление к общению со студентами, проявление общительности, высокие коммуникабельные качества; быть глубоко порядочным человеком, иметь четкие морально-этические взгляды и убеждения, и твердо придерживаться их, уметь понимать тех, кого он учит и воспитывает; быть человеком творческим и самостоятельным, вести активную исследовательскую и консультационную деятельность; быть терпимым и сдержанным, твердым и настойчивым, уметь управлять собой, своими эмоциями и психическим состоянием вообще; уметь прогнозировать возможные педагогические ситуации, системно оценивать последствия своих действий и поступков, своего влияния на студентов, что способствует формированию духовности у студентов - будущих инженеров-лидеров. Рассмотрены основные методы и технологии развития лидерского потенциала у студентов и преподавателей в Центре лидерства кафедры педагогики и психологии управления социальными системами им. академика И. А. Зязюна НТУ «ХПИ» такие, как проведение информационных и проблемных лекций, семинаров-диспутов, семинаров-пресс-конференций, организацию тематических научных конференций, проведение тренингов, внеаудиторного проведения индивидуальных консультаций со студентами.В статье доказано, что в современных условиях недостаточное внимание уделяется формированию личности будущих инженеров-лидеров в технических университетах, тогда как она должна быть обязательным условием их профессионального роста; в процессе профессиональной подготовки студентов необходимо внедрять педагогические идеи В. Сухомлинского, а именно, целесообразным является применение активных методов обучения с четкой воспитательной направленностью, усилением индивидуальной работы со студентами, активизацией их деятельности в политической, общественной и культурной жизни. Автор считает необходимым восстановление учебных курсов изучения психологии для всех студентов технического университета, а также внедрение в учебный процесс современных методов и технологий, разработанных преподавателями Центра Лидерства и Центра современных педагогических, психологических и управленческих технологий кафедры педагогики и психологии управления социальными системами им. академика И. А. Зязюна НТУ «ХПИ» на основе педагогики В. Сухомлинского. ; В статті проведений аналіз актуальності виховання моральної культури у майбутніх інженерів-лідерів. Особлива увага приділена поглядам вітчизняних науковців щодо ролі моральності та її вихованню в умовах технічного університету. В статті відзначено, що важливою характеристикою професійної культури майбутнього інженера-лідера є взаємозв'язок та взаємообумовленість з особистою ціннісною орієнтацією та морально-етичною парадигмою людини, з професійною етикою, характерною для кола його спілкування. Відзначено, що вказані норми та принципи сприяють утвердженню авторитету та пріоритету особистості не тільки як лідера, але і як осередку гуманності міжособистісних відношень. Авторка підкреслює, що моральне виховання майбутніх інженерів-лідерів в технічних вузах відіграє визначальну роль у їх підготовці, тому що воно пов'язане з розвитком особистісних якостей людини та формуванням її відношення до інших людей (команди лідера), в першу чергу до своїх потенційних колег і підлеглих.В статті підкреслено, що у сфері морального виховання майбутніх інженерів-лідерів основними завданнями є: формування свідомості, нагромадження досвіду навичок морального поводження; моральна освіта як обізнаність в питаннях моралі, етики, політики; виховання почуття особистої відповідальності за свої вчинки, своє поводження та можливі результати своєї професійної діяльності; розвиток і закріплення дієвих механізмів морального самовиховання та саморегуляції поводження.Висвітлений зв'язок педагогічних ідей В.Сухомлинського з розвитком лідерського потенціалу у студентів та викладачів вищого технічного навчального закладу.В статті підкреслено особистісні якості викладача-лідера такі, як: його прагнення мати потребу у спілкуванні зі студентами, виявляти товариськість, високі комунікабельні якості; бути глибоко порядною людиною, мати чіткі морально-етичні погляди і переконання і твердо дотримуватись їх; уміти розуміти тих, кого він навчає і виховує; бути людиною творчою і самостійною, вести активну дослідницьку і консультативну діяльність; бути терпимим і стриманим, твердим і наполегливим, уміти управляти собою, своїми емоціями і психічним станом взагалі; уміти прогнозувати можливі педагогічні ситуації, системно оцінювати наслідки своїх дій і вчинків, свого впливу на студентів, що сприяють формуванню духовності у студентів – майбутніх інженерів-лідерів.Розглянуто основні методи та технології розвитку лідерського потенціалу у студентів та викладачів в Центрі лідерства кафедри педагогіки і психології управління соціальними системами ім. академіка І. А. Зязюна НТУ «ХПІ» такі, як проведення інформаційних і проблемних лекцій, семінарів-диспутів, семінарів-прес-конференцій, організацію тематичних наукових конференцій,проведення тренінгів, позааудиторне проведення індивідуальних консультацій студентів.В статті доведено, що в сучасних умовах недостатня увага приділяється формуванню особистості майбутніх інженерів-лідерів в технічних університетах, тоді як вона має бути обов'язковою умовою їх професійного зростання; в процесі професійної підготовки студентів необхідно впроваджувати педагогічні ідеї В. Сухомлинського, а саме, доцільним є застосування активних методів навчання з чіткою виховною спрямованістю, посиленням індивідуальної роботи зі студентами, активізацією їх діяльності в політичному, громадському та культурному житті .Авторка вважає необхідним відновлення навчальних курсів вивчення психології для всіх студентів технічного університету, а також впровадження в навчальний процес сучасних методів та технологій, розроблених викладачами Центру Лідерства та Центру сучасних педагогічних, психологічних та управлінських технологій кафедри педагогіки і психології управління соціальними системами ім. академіка І. А. Зязюна НТУ «ХПІ» на основі педагогіки В. Сухомлинського.

Il presente lavoro è volto ad analizzare un particolare aspetto della disciplina della responsabilità civile del medico: si tratta dell'utilizzo di documenti medico-scientifici, variamente denominati practice parameters, practice patterns, written policies, protocols, standards, e riassumibili nella locuzione clinical practice guidelines o linee-guida per la pratica clinica, che viene fatto dai rule makers, siano essi legislatori o giudici, per individuare il criterio di giudizio della condotta tenuta dal medico. Nel primo capitolo, dopo aver brevemente accennato alle necessarie nozioni di epistemologia della medicina, al contenuto delle guidelines e alla metodologia con cui esse vengono prodotte, si dà conto di alcune interazioni tra scienza e diritto verificatesi – con riferimento ai documenti medico-scientifici in esame – nell'ordinamento dell'Unione Europea, del Consiglio d'Europa e poi in quello italiano. Lo studio della responsabilità medica, nonché quello dell'utilizzo delle guidelines, induce poi ad attingere alle risorse della comparazione giuridica. In particolare, si è imposta la scelta dell'ordinamento degli Stati Uniti d'America, in quanto proprio dalla dottrina americana è stata formulata per la prima volta alla fine degli anni '80 l'ipotesi di utilizzare le linee-guida nei processi per medical malpractice. Nel secondo capitolo si offre perciò una ricostruzione dettagliata del sistema delle fonti e del ruolo delle giurisdizioni statali e federali nella produzione e applicazione del diritto americano, con particolare attenzione alla responsabilità civile del medico. Inoltre, per quanto attiene alla struttura della medical malpractice, si rileva che il criterio di giudizio prevalentemente utilizzato è quello della medical custom, che è ritenuta un fatto, il quale deve essere pertanto oggetto di prova dinnanzi alla giuria. Da ciò discende che nei processi relativi alla responsabilità civile del medico assumono particolare rilievo le conoscenze tecniche in materia di medical custom, però negli Stati Uniti una consulenza tecnica d'ufficio non viene praticamente mai disposta dal giudice: poiché l'onere della prova del breach of duty grava sull'attore, si osserva che l'expert witness di parte in materia di negligenza del medico diviene un requisito astrattamente necessario di procedibilità della domanda del paziente. È dunque in un'ottica essenzialmente probatoria, e cioè nell'interazione e – a volte – nella contrapposizione con quanto affermato dalla expert testimony, che la giurisprudenza e la dottrina americane concepiscono l'uso processuale delle linee-guida per la pratica clinica. Si prosegue perciò con l'analisi delle regole della Law of Evidence, con particolare attenzione al vaglio sulla expert witness testimony imposto dal c.d. Daubert test, e alle disposizioni in materia di ammissibilità dei documenti nel trial. Nel terzo capitolo, si dimostra che l'uso delle linee-guida nei processi americani per medical malpractice è un fatto assai più frequente di quello che la dottrina americana ritiene, e che le regole appena descritte in materia di Evidence costituiscono tuttora i riferimenti normativi più significativi per il giudizio di ammissibilità e rilevanza di tali documenti, più che i pochi statutes speciali in materia di linee-guida e responsabilità medica, che sembrano essere invece il modello a cui ha fatto riferimento il legislatore italiano per l'adozione del decreto Balduzzi. Nel quarto capitolo si ritorna al diritto italiano, e si ricostruisce la parabola che ha portato, nel nostro ordinamento, la responsabilità civile dall'illecito aquiliano alla responsabilità per inadempimento dell'obbligazione da contatto sociale. Si mettono inoltre in rilievo le distorsioni operate dalla giurisprudenza, che ha voluto caratterizzare la disciplina di questa responsabilità in senso oggettivo assoluto. Nel quinto capitolo, si rileva che in questo humus – assai diverso da quello della Law of Torts – viene trapiantata dall'art. 3, co. 1 d.l. 13 settembre 2012, n. 158 conv. con modif. in l. 8 novembre 2012, n. 189 l'idea di escludere la responsabilità del medico in caso di rispetto delle linee-guida, che trae ispirazione da alcuni statutes americani, i quali però – come si è detto – non rappresentano "il" modello più autorevole e diffuso in materia negli Stati Uniti. Viene poi effettuato un inquadramento delle guidelines assai differente rispetto a quanto accade oltreoceano: infatti, se l'obbligazione del medico ha ad oggetto una prestazione a regola d'arte, sinonimo di perizia, tali documenti si devono collocare a livello del criterio di qualificazione giuridica della condotta, non a quello dell'accertamento del fatto, e dunque non sono affatto prove, a differenza di quanto ritengono generalmente i giuristi americani. Si sostiene, in seguito, che in forza del principio iura novit curia e dell'esplicito richiamo di cui all'art. 3, co. 1 decreto Balduzzi, il giudice è tenuto a conoscere e a fare uso delle linee-guida per la pratica clinica nell'accertamento della responsabilità civile del medico, nella misura in cui esse siano applicabili al caso di specie e scientificamente valide. Proprio per quanto attiene al vaglio giudiziale di tali documenti, e specialmente a quello relativo alla loro validità scientifica, si propone poi all'interprete italiano di cogliere i frutti dell'esperienza americana, guardando con particolare attenzione al Daubert test. Ma nella circolazione del modello che qui si propone, si è coscienti che l'originale subisce alcune importanti modificazioni, di cui si dà conto. Infine, si definiscono i limiti entro i quali la Cassazione può sindacare l'utilizzo delle linee-guida da parte dei giudici di merito. ; PHD DISSERTATION - ABSTRACT - THE ASCERTAINMENT OF MEDICAL MALPRACTICE THROUGH CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES AND OTHER SCIENTIFIC DOCUMENTS. This PhD dissertation aims to analyze a specific aspect of Medical Malpractice Law: the use of scientific documents – known as practice parameters, practice patterns, written policies, protocols, standards or clinical practice guidelines – by rule makers (legislators and Courts) in order to identify the standard of care for health care practitioners. In the first chapter, after a short introduction on fundamental notions of medical epistemology, guidelines' content and their production, some interactions between Science and Law are described, picking the European Union Law, Council of Europe Law and finally Italian Law. Research on guidelines and Medical Malpractice calls for taking the advantage of Comparative Legal Studies. In particular, the legal system of the United States of America has been chosen. This because American scholars have first proposed in the '80s to use guidelines in Medical Malpractice trials. The second chapter offers thus a detailed picture of the sources of the law, including the role of state and federal Courts in making American Law. Focusing then on Medical Malpractice, it has to be said that the majority of the States adopted medical custom as the standard of care, which is a matter of fact, to be proven in front of the jury. According to this, in Medical Malpractice trials expert witness testimony about medical custom became very relevant, but no Court in the U.S. appoints experts. This, and the fact that the plaintiff retains the burden of proof of the breach of duty, makes partisan expert testimony mandatory for the claim of the patient to be heard by the jury. Therefore, Courts and scholars in the United States put guidelines in the Evidence Law frame, looking at how they interact – or sometimes clash – with expert testimonies. So, the chapter ends with an analysis of the Law of Evidence, with a focus on the so called "Daubert test" on expert witnesses, and one on the admissibility of documents. The third chapter demonstrates that the use of clinical practice guidelines in Medical Malpractice trials is way more frequent than American scholars think. Furthermore, it shows that the above-mentioned rules of Evidence are still the most relevant source of the law governing admissibility and relevance of these documents. Evidence Law indeed is far more relevant than the small number of state and federal statutes on Medical Malpractice that mention guidelines as a judicial tool for assessing liability. But these statutes seem to have inspired the Italian legislator seems adopting the so called "decreto Balduzzi" (see art. 3, comma 1 d.l. n. 158 of 2012 – l. n. 189 of 2012). The fourth chapter goes back to the Italian legal system, describing the path that brought Medical Malpractice from Tort Law to Contract Law through the so called "contatto sociale" doctrine. Furthermore, the case law caused some distortions of the rules that are now similar to strict liability. The fifth chapter describes a legal transplant from American Tort Law to the very different Italian legal environment: the idea of giving a defense to doctors who complied with clinical practice guidelines. Anyhow, some American state statutes, not the prevailing traditional Evidence Law pattern, have influenced the Italian legislator. Moreover, the conceptual framing of clinical practice guidelines under Italian Law is very different from the original. In Italy, Medical Malpractice is a branch of Contract Law, according to which the clinician is bound to perform treatments with the due technical expertise ("perizia"). Scientific documents can help Courts to define doctor's behavior as coping with technical expertise, which is a matter of law. Guidelines cannot prove any fact. Therefore, they are not related to Evidence Law. The core of this PhD dissertation is that Italian Courts have to take judicial notice of clinical practice guidelines in Medical Malpractice trials. This comes out of the "iura novit curia" principle ("The Court must know the law" principle) and art. 3, co. 1 of decreto Balduzzi, which explicitly talks about clinical practice guidelines and iatrogenic injuries. The above-mentioned scientific documents have also to pass muster under a test of applicability to the case and scientific validity. This dissertation suggests taking the advantage of the American experience, in particular of the so called "Daubert doctrine". However, even this would be a legal transplant, in which the original model would be surely modified, as this work shows. Finally, the fifth chapter describes how Cassazione Court could reverse lower Courts' decisions that apply clinical practice guidelines in Medical Malpractice cases.

Es deber puntualizar que la actividad básica de la ciencia, es la investigación; por ende, lo que ocupa a los profesionales del Derecho, es explorarla utilizando sus cánones particulares, para de esta manera generar un sistema jurídico óptimo, convergiendo como excelente instrumento al alcance de los operadores jurisdiccionales y promotor concurrente de la seguridad jurídica; es así como encontrándonos inmersos en tales parámetros, impulsó el gestar esta tesis, pues resulta evidente el presentarse como serio problema en el derecho procesal penal, el existir no sólo bondades, sino también sustanciales deficiencias prácticas en el Procedimiento Penal de Faltas regulado por la ley Nº 27939, en contrastación a la práctica procesal acaecida aplicando el procedimiento abrogado que contenía el Código de Procedimientos Penales, debido a factores de índole normativo, operacional así como relativo a algunas garantías específicas del debido proceso, siendo menester mejorar su regulación, toda vez que la anterior generó inoperancia de la función jurisdiccional, lo cual el Código Procesal Penal no ha superado significativamente. La experiencia extraordinaria vivenciada, a resultas de desarrollar este trabajo de investigación, trasunta a diagnosticar o exponer una visión integral del problema, así como de su hipótesis; respetando el esquema, pautas y elementos intervinientes en el proceso de investigación jurídico-social, orientado a lograr interés en los lectores sobre el tema, y por supuesto suscitar en terceros, el propósito de realizar otros trabajos que aludan a las Faltas. De esta manera, "El Proceso Penal de Faltas", obra estructurado, utilizando para ello como material de estudio, a una población constituida por los procesos penales de faltas tramitados en el Distrito Judicial La Libertad, imputados y agraviados en dichos procesos así como abogados litigantes en materia penal del citado distrito judicial; convergiendo por tanto estos, como conjunto de unidades, teniendo a su mérito como muestra de lo primero aludido a todos los expedientes sobre Faltas tramitados en los Juzgados de Paz Letrado de Trujillo ( 2°, 6° y 8° Juzgados de Paz Letrado), La Esperanza, Pacasmayo, Chepén, Otuzco y Huamachuco, seleccionándose el bienio Diciembre 1999 – Diciembre 2001 y Diciembre del 2003 a Diciembre del 2005, mediante muestreo probabilístico estratificado, al igual que para las partes del proceso antes referido, y simple al azar para el último en comento; información en comento que juntamente con la bibliografía diversa y legislación seleccionada y utilizada tanto nacional como extranjera, han confluido como elementos comparativos y de ilustración de importante relevancia, a cuyos datos instrumentales se arribara empleando como métodos, la concordancia y discordancia, el inductivo – deductivo, el análisis – síntesis, y el Analógico. Deviene en satisfactorio señalar que a resultas del presente trabajo de investigación, se logró corroborar tanto las bondades como deficiencias significativas del actual Procedimiento Penal de Faltas (Ley Nº27939) en comparación al abrogado, sin obviar el aludir al Código Procesal Penal vigente en varios distritos judiciales de la República, respecto al tema en cuestión, determinando la contrastación de las variables independientes y dependientes que constituyen la esencia del problema, es más se pudo contrastar la hipótesis de investigación con la medición de muestras, inferir conclusiones y proponer mecanismos de optimización procedimental, teniendo en cuenta el encontrarnos inmersos en un Estado Constitucional de Derecho, para finalmente arribar en la corroboración de la hipótesis planteada, con importante reflejo en la justicia de Paz Letrada del Perú, pues mantiene en riesgo el incidirse en la inoperancia de la función jurisdiccional. Quepa acotar que el proceso de faltas persigue intereses públicos; característica determinada por el principio de necesidad del proceso penal (artículo 139 – inciso 10º de la Constitución), sin obviar estar sujeta a prescripciones constitucionales como son, la defensa de la persona humana y su dignidad, presunción de inocencia, juez imparcial, prohibición de compeler a declarar o reconocer culpabilidad contra si mismo, derecho de defensa, igualdad procesal, respeto a la libertad de conciencia y de religión, instancia plural, etc., viabilizándose de esta forma arribar en actos decisorios del juez, con orientación hacia la verdad material y respeto al debido proceso, dirigido a obtener una sentencia justa, haciendo pasible de sanción al auténtico responsable o absolver al verdadero inocente o a quien no se le hubiere probado su responsabilidad; traduciéndose de esta manera en un adecuado sistema penal a este nivel,manteniendo en vigencia el respeto por los derechos humanos que cumple una función negativa concerniente a los límites de la intervención penal, en faltas. Es menester pues, tener presente que esta tesis no busca lograr la sofisticación de un procedimiento haciéndolo menos breve y litigioso, sino un proceso que respete derechos fundamentales y procure la paz así como prevenga la proclividad delictiva, asumiendo la Sociedad y el Estado un rol activo. ; -- It is duty to point out that the basic activity of science, is research; thus, it occupies the right professionals, is explore it using their particular canons, to thus generate an optimal legal system, converging as an excellent instrument to the scope of the jurisdictional operators and concurrent promoter of legal certainty; This is the case as finding us immersed in such parameters, pushed to take shape this thesis, as clearly presented as a serious problem in the criminal procedure law, exist not only benefits but also substantial shortcomings practices in the criminal offences procedure regulated by law No. 27939, contrasting to the procedural practice which occurred using the abrogated procedure containing the Code of Criminal Procedures to factors normative, operational as well as on some specific guarantees of due process, being needed to improve its regulation, given that the previous generated ineffectiveness of the judicial function, which the Code of Criminal Procedure has not exceeded significantly. The extraordinary experience felt, to develop this research work as a result, breathes to diagnose or outline a comprehensive vision of the problem, as well as his hypothesis; respecting the scheme, patterns and elements involved in the process of jurídico-social research, aimed at achieving interest in readers on the subject, and of course raise in third, the purpose of other works that allude to the Faults. In this way, "The Process Criminal of Faults", building structured, using as material for study, a population made up of criminal proceedings of processed in La Libertad Judicial District, accused and aggrieved faults in such processes as well as lawyers litigants in criminal matters of the aforementioned judicial district; converging both these as a set of units, taking to his merit as a sample of the first referred to all the files on fouls kept in Courts of Peace Counsel of Trujillo (2 °, 6 ° and 8 ° courts of peace counsel), La Esperanza, Pacasmayo, Chepén, Otuzco and Huamachuco, selecting the biennium December 1999 - December 2001 and December 2003 to December 2005, by probabilistic sampling stratified, as well as for the parts of the previously referred, and simple process to chance for the ultimate in commented; information on commented that along with the diverse bibliography and selected and used both domestic and foreign legislation have come together as a comparative elements and illustration of major relevance, to whose instrumental data counter using methods, the concordance and discordance, inductive - deductive, analysis - synthesis, and the analog. It becomes satisfying to note that as a result of this research work, managed to substantiate both the benefits as significant deficiencies of the current procedure criminal of misdemeanours (Law No. 27939) compared to the abrogated without bypass refer to the code of criminal procedure existing in several judicial districts of the Republic, on the subject in question, determining the contrasting of the independent and dependent variables that constitute the essence of the problem, moreover could contrast the hypothesis of research with the measurement of samples, infer conclusions and propose procedural optimization mechanisms, taking into account find us immersed in a constitutional state of law, to finally arrive in corroboration of the posed hypothesis, with important reflection on peace Peru legal justice, because it keeps risk influencing the ineffectiveness of the judicial function. Fit delimit the misconduct process pursues public interest; characteristic determined by the principle of necessity of criminal proceedings (article 139 - subsection 10th of the Constitution), without obviating be subject to constitutional requirements are, the defence of the human person and his dignity, presumption of innocence, impartial judge, prohibition of compel to testify or admit guilt against if, right of defence, procedural equality, respect for freedom of conscience and religion, plural instance, etc., responding thus arrive in decision-making acts by the judge, with emphasis on the material truth and respect for due process, to obtain a fair sentence, making punishable sanction the real responsible or absolve the real innocent or whom not you has tested its responsibility; translating this way in an adequate criminal system at this level, while maintaining effective respect for human rights that plays a negative role concerning the limits of the criminal intervention in fouls. It is necessary, therefore, bear in mind that this thesis does not seek to achieve the sophistication of a procedure making it less brief and litigious, but a process that respects fundamental rights and seek peace as well as prevent criminal proclivity, assuming the society and the State an active role. ; Tesis

Es deber puntualizar que la actividad básica de la ciencia, es la investigación; por ende, lo que ocupa a los profesionales del Derecho, es explorarla utilizando sus cánones particulares, para de esta manera generar un sistema jurídico óptimo, convergiendo como excelente instrumento al alcance de los operadores jurisdiccionales y promotor concurrente de la seguridad jurídica; es así como encontrándonos inmersos en tales parámetros, impulsó el gestar esta tesis, pues resulta evidente el presentarse como serio problema en el derecho procesal penal, el existir no sólo bondades, sino también sustanciales deficiencias prácticas en el Procedimiento Penal de Faltas regulado por la ley Nº 27939, en contrastación a la práctica procesal acaecida aplicando el procedimiento abrogado que contenía el Código de Procedimientos Penales, debido a factores de índole normativo, operacional así como relativo a algunas garantías específicas del debido proceso, siendo menester mejorar su regulación, toda vez que la anterior generó inoperancia de la función jurisdiccional, lo cual el Código Procesal Penal no ha superado significativamente. La experiencia extraordinaria vivenciada, a resultas de desarrollar este trabajo de investigación, trasunta a diagnosticar o exponer una visión integral del problema, así como de su hipótesis; respetando el esquema, pautas y elementos intervinientes en el proceso de investigación jurídico-social, orientado a lograr interés en los lectores sobre el tema, y por supuesto suscitar en terceros, el propósito de realizar otros trabajos que aludan a las Faltas. De esta manera, "El Proceso Penal de Faltas", obra estructurado, utilizando para ello como material de estudio, a una población constituida por los procesos penales de faltas tramitados en el Distrito Judicial La Libertad, imputados y agraviados en dichos procesos así como abogados litigantes en materia penal del citado distrito judicial; convergiendo por tanto estos, como conjunto de unidades, teniendo a su mérito como muestra de lo primero aludido a todos los expedientes sobre Faltas tramitados en los Juzgados de Paz Letrado de Trujillo ( 2°, 6° y 8° Juzgados de Paz Letrado), La Esperanza, Pacasmayo, Chepén, Otuzco y Huamachuco, seleccionándose el bienio Diciembre 1999 – Diciembre 2001 y Diciembre del 2003 a Diciembre del 2005, mediante muestreo probabilístico estratificado, al igual que para las partes del proceso antes referido, y simple al azar para el último en comento; información en comento que juntamente con la bibliografía diversa y legislación seleccionada y utilizada tanto nacional como extranjera, han confluido como elementos comparativos y de ilustración de importante relevancia, a cuyos datos instrumentales se arribara empleando como métodos, la concordancia y discordancia, el inductivo – deductivo, el análisis – síntesis, y el Analógico. Deviene en satisfactorio señalar que a resultas del presente trabajo de investigación, se logró corroborar tanto las bondades como deficiencias significativas del actual Procedimiento Penal de Faltas (Ley Nº27939) en comparación al abrogado, sin obviar el aludir al Código Procesal Penal vigente en varios distritos judiciales de la República, respecto al tema en cuestión, determinando la contrastación de las variables independientes y dependientes que constituyen la esencia del problema, es más se pudo contrastar la hipótesis de investigación con la medición de muestras, inferir conclusiones y proponer mecanismos de optimización procedimental, teniendo en cuenta el encontrarnos inmersos en un Estado Constitucional de Derecho, para finalmente arribar en la corroboración de la hipótesis planteada, con importante reflejo en la justicia de Paz Letrada del Perú, pues mantiene en riesgo el incidirse en la inoperancia de la función jurisdiccional. Quepa acotar que el proceso de faltas persigue intereses públicos; característica determinada por el principio de necesidad del proceso penal (artículo 139 – inciso 10º de la Constitución), sin obviar estar sujeta a prescripciones constitucionales como son, la defensa de la persona humana y su dignidad, presunción de inocencia, juez imparcial, prohibición de compeler a declarar o reconocer culpabilidad contra si mismo, derecho de defensa, igualdad procesal, respeto a la libertad de conciencia y de religión, instancia plural, etc., viabilizándose de esta forma arribar en actos decisorios del juez, con orientación hacia la verdad material y respeto al debido proceso, dirigido a obtener una sentencia justa, haciendo pasible de sanción al auténtico responsable o absolver al verdadero inocente o a quien no se le hubiere probado su responsabilidad; traduciéndose de esta manera en un adecuado sistema penal a este nivel,manteniendo en vigencia el respeto por los derechos humanos que cumple una función negativa concerniente a los límites de la intervención penal, en faltas. Es menester pues, tener presente que esta tesis no busca lograr la sofisticación de un procedimiento haciéndolo menos breve y litigioso, sino un proceso que respete derechos fundamentales y procure la paz así como prevenga la proclividad delictiva, asumiendo la Sociedad y el Estado un rol activo. ; -- It is duty to point out that the basic activity of science, is research; thus, it occupies the right professionals, is explore it using their particular canons, to thus generate an optimal legal system, converging as an excellent instrument to the scope of the jurisdictional operators and concurrent promoter of legal certainty; This is the case as finding us immersed in such parameters, pushed to take shape this thesis, as clearly presented as a serious problem in the criminal procedure law, exist not only benefits but also substantial shortcomings practices in the criminal offences procedure regulated by law No. 27939, contrasting to the procedural practice which occurred using the abrogated procedure containing the Code of Criminal Procedures to factors normative, operational as well as on some specific guarantees of due process, being needed to improve its regulation, given that the previous generated ineffectiveness of the judicial function, which the Code of Criminal Procedure has not exceeded significantly. The extraordinary experience felt, to develop this research work as a result, breathes to diagnose or outline a comprehensive vision of the problem, as well as his hypothesis; respecting the scheme, patterns and elements involved in the process of jurídico-social research, aimed at achieving interest in readers on the subject, and of course raise in third, the purpose of other works that allude to the Faults. In this way, "The Process Criminal of Faults", building structured, using as material for study, a population made up of criminal proceedings of processed in La Libertad Judicial District, accused and aggrieved faults in such processes as well as lawyers litigants in criminal matters of the aforementioned judicial district; converging both these as a set of units, taking to his merit as a sample of the first referred to all the files on fouls kept in Courts of Peace Counsel of Trujillo (2 °, 6 ° and 8 ° courts of peace counsel), La Esperanza, Pacasmayo, Chepén, Otuzco and Huamachuco, selecting the biennium December 1999 - December 2001 and December 2003 to December 2005, by probabilistic sampling stratified, as well as for the parts of the previously referred, and simple process to chance for the ultimate in commented; information on commented that along with the diverse bibliography and selected and used both domestic and foreign legislation have come together as a comparative elements and illustration of major relevance, to whose instrumental data counter using methods, the concordance and discordance, inductive - deductive, analysis - synthesis, and the analog. It becomes satisfying to note that as a result of this research work, managed to substantiate both the benefits as significant deficiencies of the current procedure criminal of misdemeanours (Law No. 27939) compared to the abrogated without bypass refer to the code of criminal procedure existing in several judicial districts of the Republic, on the subject in question, determining the contrasting of the independent and dependent variables that constitute the essence of the problem, moreover could contrast the hypothesis of research with the measurement of samples, infer conclusions and propose procedural optimization mechanisms, taking into account find us immersed in a constitutional state of law, to finally arrive in corroboration of the posed hypothesis, with important reflection on peace Peru legal justice, because it keeps risk influencing the ineffectiveness of the judicial function. Fit delimit the misconduct process pursues public interest; characteristic determined by the principle of necessity of criminal proceedings (article 139 - subsection 10th of the Constitution), without obviating be subject to constitutional requirements are, the defence of the human person and his dignity, presumption of innocence, impartial judge, prohibition of compel to testify or admit guilt against if, right of defence, procedural equality, respect for freedom of conscience and religion, plural instance, etc., responding thus arrive in decision-making acts by the judge, with emphasis on the material truth and respect for due process, to obtain a fair sentence, making punishable sanction the real responsible or absolve the real innocent or whom not you has tested its responsibility; translating this way in an adequate criminal system at this level, while maintaining effective respect for human rights that plays a negative role concerning the limits of the criminal intervention in fouls. It is necessary, therefore, bear in mind that this thesis does not seek to achieve the sophistication of a procedure making it less brief and litigious, but a process that respects fundamental rights and seek peace as well as prevent criminal proclivity, assuming the society and the State an active role. ; Tesis

Perspectives from worldwide experts on how major cities across the globe are responding to the major environmental threats of our time, including global climate change Over half of the world's population now lives in cities, and this share is expected to increase in the coming decades. With growing urbanization, cities and their residents face substantial environmental challenges such as higher temperatures, droughts, wildfires, and increased flooding. In response to these pressing challenges, some cities have begun to develop local environmental regulations that supplement national and environmental laws. In so doing, cities have stepped into a role that has been historically dominated by higher levels of government.Global Sustainable Cities takes stock of the policies that have been implemented by cities around the world in recent years in several key areas: water, air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and climate adaptation. It examines the advantages—and potential drawbacks—of allowing cities to assume a significant role in environmental regulation, given the legal and political constraints in which cities operate.The contributors present a series of case studies of the actions that seven leading cities—Abu Dhabi, Beijing, Berlin, Delhi, London, New York, and Shanghai—are taking to improve their environments and adapt to climate change. The first volume of its kind, Global Sustainable Cities is a critical comparative assessment of the actions that major cities in the global North and South are taking to advance sustainability

Timetable and abstracts of an integrated panel series on the subject of "Capital as Power", to be held at the Rethinking Marxism Conference, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, September 19-22. The series comprises 10 presentations and a roundtable, grouped into six panels.

A call for papers for the "Capital as Power" section of the Eighth Rethinking Marxism Conference, UMASS Amherst, September 19-22, 2013. Internal deadline for abstract submission: May 15, 2013

Timetable and abstracts of an integrated panel series on the subject of "Capital as Power", to be held at the 36th Annual Conference of the Eastern Economic Association, Philadelphia, February 26-28, 2010. The series comprises 14 presentations, grouped into 7 panels.

A call for papers for the "Capital as Power" section of the Rethinking Marxism Conference (New Marxian Times), UMASS Amherst, November 5-8, 2009. Internal deadline for abstract submission: JUNE 30, 2009.

The document comprises a series of proposed panels on the subject of "Capital as Power", submitted for approval to the Rethinking Marxism Conference (New Marxian Times), to be held at UMASS Amherst, November 5-8, 2009. The proposal comprises 23 presentations, grouped into 9 panels: an introductory session, 7 topic panels of 3 papers each and a closing roundtable.

Timetable and abstracts of an integrated panel series on the subject of "Capital as Power", to be held at the Rethinking Marxism Conference (New Marxian Times), UMASS Amherst, November 5-8, 2009. The series comprises 23 presentations, grouped into 9 panels: an introductory session, 7 topic panels of 3 papers each and a closing roundtable.