Suchergebnisse

"The Spirit of an Activist chronicles the life and distinguished career of Isaiah DeQuincey Newman (1911-1985), a Protestant pastor, civil rights leader, and South Carolina statesman. Known as a tenacious advocate for racial equality, Newman was also renowned for his diplomatic skills when working with opponents and his advocacy of nonviolent protest over confrontation. His leadership and dedication to peaceful change played an important role in the dismantling of segregation in South Carolina. The thirteen narratives in this volume by such diverse contributors as Richard W. Riley, William Saunders, Esther Nell Witherspoon, and Donald L. Fowler attest to Newman's impact on South Carolina. Editor Sadye L.M. Logan orchestrates these many contributions into an informative, moving, and sometimes passionate collage of Newman's challenges, triumphs, and small and significant everyday acts of courage. Through this collection Logan takes the reader on an extraordinary journey from Newman's childhood in Darlington County, South Carolina, to his death at the age of seventy-four. Along that journey Newman led the state's African Americans to join the Democratic Party and was a delegate to several Democratic Presidential Conventions. In 1983 he became the first African American South Carolinian elected to the State Senate in nearly a century. The Spirit of an Activist is essentially biographical, but it uses a diverse chorus of voices to capture Newman's rich and varied contributions in transforming South Carolina's rigid and unjust social systems. His quiet dignity and appeals to reason won him the confidence, and ultimately the support, of key white political and economic leaders. In effect Newman served both as chief strategist for the protest movement and as chief negotiator at the conference table, becoming the "unofficial liaison" between South Carolina's African American citizens and the state's white power structure. In the years that followed formal desegregation, Newman remained active in politics and became a trusted confidant of state leaders, many of whom are featured in this volume. The Spirit of an Activist includes a foreword by attorney and civil rights activist Vernon E. Jordan, Jr., and a prologue by South Carolina congressman James E. Clyburn, both personal friends of Newman who worked with him during the civil rights struggle. Contributors: Gloria Blackwell (Rackley), Tanya S. Brice, Millicent E. Brown, Wallace Brown, Sr., James E. Clyburn, G. Robert Cook, Carrie Crawford Washington, Donald L. Fowler, Karen Ross Grant, Vernon E. Jordan, Jr., Sadye L.M. Logan, Robert E. McNair, Josephine A. McRant, Jerome Noble, Matthew J. Perry, Jr., Harrison Reardon, Richard W. Riley, Wim Roefs, Alex Sanders, William "Bill" Saunders, Hiram Spain, Jr., James S. Thomas, Isaac "Ike" W. Williams, Esther Nell Knuckles Glymph Witherspoon"--

"The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is the nation's oldest civil rights organization, having dedicated itself to the fight for racial equality since 1909. While the group helped achieve substantial victories in the courtroom, the struggle for civil rights extended beyond gaining political support. It also required changing social attitudes. The NAACP thus worked to alter existing prejudices through the production of art that countered racist depictions of African Americans, focusing its efforts not only on changing the attitudes of the white middle class but also on encouraging racial pride and a sense of identity in the Black community. Art for Equality explores an important and little-studied side of the NAACP's activism in the cultural realm. In openly supporting African American artists, writers, and musicians in their creative endeavors, the organization aimed to change the way the public viewed the Black community. By overcoming stereotypes and the belief of the majority that African Americans were physically, intellectually, and morally inferior to whites, the NAACP believed it could begin to defeat racism. Illuminating important protests, from the fight against the 1915 film The Birth of a Nation to the production of anti-lynching art during the Harlem Renaissance, this insightful volume examines the successes and failures of the NAACP's cultural campaign from 1910 to the 1960s. Exploring the roles of gender and class in shaping the association's patronage of the arts, Art for Equality offers an in-depth analysis of the social and cultural climate during a time of radical change in America"--Provided by publisher

The Poor People's Campaign of 1968 has long been overshadowed by the assassination of its architect, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., and the political turmoil of that year. In a major reinterpretation of civil rights and Chicano movement history, Gordon K. Mantler demonstrates how King's unfinished crusade became the era's most high-profile attempt at multiracial collaboration and sheds light on the interdependent relationship between racial identity and political coalition among African Americans and Mexican Americans. Mantler argues that while the fight against poverty held great potential for black-brown cooperation, such efforts also exposed the complex dynamics between the nation's two largest minority groups

"American Bandstand, one of the most popular television shows ever, broadcast from Philadelphia in the late fifties, a time when that city had become a battleground for civil rights. Counter to host Dick Clark's claims that he integrated American Bandstand, this book reveals how the first national television program directed at teens discriminated against black youth during its early years and how black teens and civil rights advocates protested this discrimination. Matthew F. Delmont brings together major themes in American history-civil rights, rock and roll, television, and the emergence of a youth culture-as he tells how white families around American Bandstand's studio mobilized to maintain all-white neighborhoods and how local school officials reinforced segregation long after Brown vs. Board of Education. The Nicest Kids in Town powerfully illustrates how national issues and history have their roots in local situations, and how nostalgic representations of the past, like the musical film Hairspray, based on the American Bandstand era, can work as impediments to progress in the present."--

Since its early days of mass production in the 1850s, the sewing machine has been intricately connected with the global development of capitalism. Andrew Gordon traces the machine's remarkable journey into and throughout Japan, where it not only transformed manners of dress, but also helped change patterns of daily life, class structure, and the role of women. As he explores the selling, buying, and use of the sewing machine in the early to mid-twentieth century, Gordon finds that its history is a lens through which we can examine the modern transformation of daily life in Japan. Both as a tool of production and as an object of consumer desire, the sewing machine is entwined with the emergence and ascendance of the middle class, of the female consumer, and of the professional home manager as defining elements of Japanese modernity

InBlack Corona, Steven Gregory examines political culture and activism in an African-American neighborhood in New York City. Using historical and ethnographic research, he challenges the view that black urban communities are "socially disorganized." Gregory demonstrates instead how working-class and middle-class African Americans construct and negotiate complex and deeply historical political identities and institutions through struggles over the built environment and neighborhood quality of life. With its emphasis on the lived experiences of African Americans, Black Coronaprovides a fresh and innovative contribution to the study of the dynamic interplay of race, class, and space in contemporary urban communities. It questions the accuracy of the widely used trope of the dysfunctional "black ghetto," which, the author asserts, has often been deployed to depoliticize issues of racial and economic inequality in the United States. By contrast, Gregory argues that the urban experience of African Americans is more diverse than is generally acknowledged and that it is only by attending to the history and politics of black identity and community life that we can come to appreciate this complexity. This is the first modern ethnography to focus on black working-class and middle-class life and politics. Unlike books that enumerate the ways in which black communities have been rendered powerless by urban political processes and by changing urban economies, Black Coronademonstrates the range of ways in which African Americans continue to organize and struggle for social justice and community empowerment. Although it discusses the experiences of one community, its implications resonate far more widely

1. Approaches to U.S. immigration history. Immigration portrayed as an experience of uprootedness / Oscar Handlin ; Immigration portrayed as an experience of transplantation / John Bodnar ; The invention of ethnicity in the United States / Kathleen Neils Conzen ... [et al.] ; Immigrant women: nowhere at home? / Donna Gabaccia ; Race, nation, and culture in recent immigration studies / George J. Sanchez ; More "trans-," less "national" / Matthew Frye Jacobson -- 2. Settlers, servants, and slaves in early America. European claims to America, circa 1650 ; Alonso Ortiz, a tanner in Mexico City, misses his wife in Spain, 1574 ; Don Antonio de Otermin, governor of New Mexico, on the Pueblo revolt, 1680 ; Marie of the Incarnation finds clarity in Canada, 1652 ; Elizabeth Sprigs, a servant, writes to her father in London, 1756 ; William Byrd II, a land speculator, promotes immigration to Virginia, 1736 ; Thomas Philip, a slave trader, describes the middle passage, 1693 ; Job recalls being taken to slavery in America, 1731 ; Religion and contested spaces in colonial North America / Tracy Neal Leavelle ; Adaptation and survival in the New World / Alison Games -- 3. Citizenship and migration before the Civil War. Citizenship in the Articles of Confederation, 1781 ; Citizenship and migration in the United States Constitution, 1787 ; Naturalization Act of 1790 ; An Act Concerning Aliens, 1798 ; New York's Poor Law, 1788 ; Moore v. People upholds fugitive slavery acts, 1852 ; The open borders myth / Gerald L. Neuman ; Citizenship in nineteenth-century America / William J. Novak -- 4. European migration and national expansion in the early nineteenth century. Ana Maria Schano advises her family in Germany on emigration, 1850-1883 ; Irish describe effects of the potato famine, 1846-1847 ; Irish immigration and work depicted in song, 1850s ; Emigrant runners work NY harbor, 1855 ; Samuel F.B. Morse enumerates the dangers of the Roman Catholic immigrant, 1835 ; Portrayals of immigrants in political cartoons, 1850s ; The global Irish / Kevin Kenny ; German Catholic immigrants who make their own America / Kathleen Neils Conzen -- 5. The Southwest borderlands. Stephen Austin calls for Texas independence, 1836 ; John O'Sullivan declares "boundless future" is America's "manifest destiny" ; U.S. territorial expansion to 1850 ; Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo sets rights of Mexicans in ceded territory, 1848 ; Congress reports Indian incursions in the border area, 1850 ; The ballad of Gregario Cortez, 1901 ; Negotiating captivity in the New Mexico borderlands / James F. Brooks ; Anglos establish control in Texas / David Montejano -- 6. National citizenship and federal regulation of immigration. U.S. Constitution, Amendment 14, Sec. 1 ; Naturalization Act of 1870, Sec. 7 ; Supreme Court recognizes Congress's plenary power over immigration, 1889 ; U.S. v. Wong Kim Ark rules birthright citizenship applies to all born in United States, 1898 ; Immigration Act of 1917 lists excludable classes ; Chinese poetry from Angel Island, 1910s ; Immigration station at Ellis Island, New York, c. 1904 ; Immigration station at Angel Island, San Francisco, c. 1915 ; The great wall against China / Aristide R. Zolberg ; Divided citizenships / Linda Bosniak -- 7. Immigration during the era of industrialization and urbanization. Mary Antin describes life in Polozk and Boston, 1890 ; Jacob Riis describes the impoverished tenements of New York City, 1890 ; George Washington Plunkitt justifies the urban political machine, 1905 ; Chinatown, U.S.A., 1874-1919 ; John Martin, an American worker, does not understand the foreigners in the 1919 steel strike ; Jane Addams on the settlement as a factor in the labor movement, 1895 ; Work and community in the jungle / James R. Barrett ; Chinatown: a contested urban space / Mary Ting Yi Lui -- 8. Colonialism and migration. Senator Albert J. Beveridge supports an American empire, 1898 ; Joseph Henry Crooker says America should not have colonies, 1900 ; Downes v. Bidwell rules Puerto Rico belongs to but not part of United States, 1901 ; Louis Delaplaine, a consular official, says Puerto Ricans are ungrateful, 1921 ; A citizen recommends Puerto Rican labor for Panama Canal, 1904 ; Filipino asparagus workers petition for standard of American wages, 1928 ; A Chinese labor contract in Hawaii, 1870 ; The noncitizen national and the law of American empire / Christina Duffy Burnett ; Japanese and Haoles in Hawaii / Evelyn Nakano Glenn -- 9. Immigrant incorporation, edentity, and nativism in the early twentieth century. The Asiatic Exclusion League argues that Asians cannot be assimilated, 1911 ; Fu Chi Hao reprimands Americans for anti-Chinese attitudes, 1907 ; Madison Grant on the "passing of a great race," 1915 ; Randolph Bourne promotes cultural pluralism, 1916 ; Becoming American and becoming white / James R. Barrett and David Roediger ; The evolution of racial nativism / John Higham -- 10. The turn to restriction. Immigration Act of 1924 establishes immigration quotas ; Thind v. United States rules Asians cannot become citizens, 1923 ; Mary Kidder Rad writes that patrolling the border is a "man sized job" ; Congressman John Box objects toMexican immigrants, 1928 ; League of United Latin-American Citizens form civil rights organization, 1929 ; The invention of national origins / Mae M. Ngai ; The shifting politics of Mexican nationalism and ethnicity -- 11. Patterns of inclusiion and exclusion, 1920s to 1940s. Dominic Del Turco remembers union organizing, 1934 ; Dept. of Labor reports on consumer spending patterns of Mexican families, 1934 ; Recalling the Mexican repatriation in the 1930s ; Callifornia Attorney General Earl Warren questions Japanese Americans' loyalty, 1941 ; Poet Mitsuye Yamada ponders the question of loyalty, 1942 ; Mine Okubo illustrates her family's internment, 1942 ; Sailors and Mexican youth clash in Los Angeles, 1943 ; Louis Adamic: war is opportunity for pluralism and unity, 1940 ; President Franklin Roossevelt urges repeal of Chinese Exclusion Laws, 1943 ; Chicago workers encounter mass culture / Lizabeth Cohen ; The history of "milotary necessity" in the Japanese American internment / Alice Yang Murray -- 12. Immigration reform and ethnic politics in the era of civil rights and the Cold War. Sociologist Will Herberg describes the "triple melting pot" ; Anthropologist Oscar Lewis theorizes the culture of poverty, 1966 ; :iri Tholmas thinks about racism, 1969 ; Cesar Chavez declares "Viva la cause!" 1965 ; Historian Oscar Handlin criticizes national-origin quotas, 1952 ; President Lyndon Johnson signs Immigration Act of 1965 ; The liberal brief for immigration reform / Mae M. Ngai ; Representing the Puerto Rican problem / Lorrin Thomas -- 13. Immigrants in the post-industrial age. President Reagan signs Immigration Reform and Control Act, 1986 ; Ruben Martinez describes the fight against Proposition 187, 1995 ; Asian immigrants transplant religious institutions, 1994 ; Proof of the melting pot is in the eating, 1991 ; Perla Rabor Rigor compares life as a nurse in the Philippines and America, 1987 ; Santiago Maldonado details the lives of undocumented immigrants in Texas, 1994 ; George Gmelch compares life in New York and Barbados, 1971-1976 ; A Chicano conference advocates the creation of Aztlan, 1969 ; Janitors strike for justice, 1990 ; Transnational ties / Nancy Foner ; Ethnic advocacy for immigration reform / Carolyn Wong -- 14. Refugees and asylees. Refugee Act of 1980 ; Congressman Jerry Patterson details needs of refugees in California, 1981 ; A Cuban flees to the United States, 1979 ; Xang Mao Xiong recalls his family's flight from Laos, 1975 ; United States interdicts Haitian refugees at sea, 1991 ; Refugee youth play soccer in Georgia, 2007 ; A sociologist assesses DNA testing for African refugees, 2010 ; Refugees enter America through the side door / Aristide R. Zolberg ; "They are proud people": refugees from Cuba / Carl J. Bon Tempo -- 15. Immigration challenges in the twenty-first century. An overview of race and Hispanic origin makeup of the U.S. population, 2000 ; A statistical portrait of unauthorized immigrants, 2009 ; Remittance and housing woes for immigrants during economic recession, 2008 ; Mohammed Bilal-Mirza, a Pakistani-American taxi driver, recounts September 11, 2001, and its aftermath ; American-Arab Anti-discrimination Committee condemns terrorism, 2001 ; Feisal Abul Rauf, an imam, proposes a multi-faith center in New York, 2010 ; Immigrants march for immigration reform, 2006 ; Minutemen call for border security first, only, and now, 2006 ; Joseph Carens makes the case for amnesty, 2009 ; Arizona passes state law against illegal immigration, 2010 ; The work culture of Latina domestic workers / Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo ; The citizen and the terrorist / Leti Volpp.

Punaisen sävyt: Sosialismin poliittisen kielen evoluutio 1800-luvulta vuoden 1918 sisällissotaan Väitöskirja tutkii suomalaista sosialismia poliittisena kielenä 1800-luvulta vuoden 1918 sisällissotaan saakka. Sosialistisia liikkeitä syntyi kaikkialle Eurooppaan tänä aikajaksona, mutta Suomen suuriruhtinaskunnan sosialistinen puolue kohosi maailman suurimmaksi. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on tutkia tämän voimakkaan poliittisen kielen sisäistä rikkautta. Tutkimuskysymykset keskittyvät sosialismin ideologiseen evoluutioon kolmella eri tasolla: (1) kuinka sosialismi muuttuu pitkällä aikavälillä, (2) mikä yhdistää ja erottaa työväenliikkeen johdon ja kentän sosialismia ja (3) miten sosialismi kytkeytyy muihin moderneihin poliittisiin kieliin Suomessa? Kysymyksiin vastataan lähi- ja etälukemalla sekä painettuja että käsinkirjoitettuja työväenlehtiä eri puolelta Suomea. Valinnoilla halusin laajentaa aatehistorian lähteitä laadullisesti huippuajattelijoista ruohonjuuritason toimijoihin ja määrällisesti niin suuriin aineistoihin, että niitä on mahdotonta ottaa haltuun historiantutkimuksen perinteisillä menetelmillä. Työssä esitellään yksinkertaisia laskennallisia menetelmiä korpuslingvistiikasta (suhteelliset sanafrekvenssit aikaa myöten, kollokaatiot ja avainsanat), jotka rikastuttavat laadullista analyysia. Painettujen lehtien analyysi paljasti, että sosialismin perustarina pysyi samanlaisena, vaikka käsitteellinen profiili muuttui huomattavasti ajan mittaan. Sosialismin pysyvä tarina jakoi ihmiset kahteen kollektiivisingulaarin talouden pohjalta ("köyhälistö" ja "porvaristo"), maksimoi kurjuuden tapahtumaympäristössä ja selitti päähenkilöiden ja ympäristön välisen suhteen yksiulotteisen kausaliteetin avulla: "järjestelmä" aiheutti kaikki negatiiviset tapahtumat. Sosialismin kieli ei kuitenkaan ollut omalakinen kokonaisuus vaan muuttui myös vuorovaikutuksessa yhteiskunnan kanssa. Työväenlehdistön alkuvaiheessa 1890-luvun puolivälissä liberalismin kaanonista lainatut käsitteet ohjasivat poliittista ajattelua ("tasa-arvoisuus", "äänioikeus", "kansalainen"), kun taas 1900-luvun vaihteessa huomio suuntautui konservatiivisen kielen haltuunottoon ("uskonto", "isänmaa"), sillä voimakkaimmat hyökkäykset sosialismia vastaan hyödynsivät kristillisiä ja nationalistisia käsitteitä. Vuoden 1905 suurlakko teki sosialismin poliittisesta kielestä käsitteellisesti itsenäisemmän suhteessa sen kilpailijoihin. Vallankumousaika 1917–1918 ei tuonut uusia käsitteitä sosialismin kieleen vaan lähinnä voimisti sen äärimmäisiä piirteitä. Aggressio vastustajia kohtaan oli ollut lehdistössä näkyvää viimeistään suurlakosta alkaen, pettymys uudistettuun mutta toimimattomaan parlamentaariseen demokratiaan yleistyi jo eduskunnan ensi vuosina ja ajatus siitä, että nimenomaan keinottelu oli pääsyy köyhälistön kurjuuteen, vakiintui ensimmäisen maailmansodan aikana. Sosialismin diakroninen muutos oli helpompi hahmottaa painetussa sanassa kuin käsinkirjoitetuissa lehdissä. Työväenliikkeen huipun sisäiset kiistat eivät herättäneet suuria aatteellisia intohimoja politiikan ruohonjuuritasolla. Työläiset loivat omilla kirjoituksillaan sosialismin kielen, joka sopi paikallisiin olosuhteisiin. Kyse ei ollut kuitenkaan siitä, että työväenliikkeen kenttä ja johto olisivat muodostaneet kaksi erilaista ja toisistaan irrallista ideologista maailmaa, kuten on joskus esitetty aiemmassa tutkimuksessa. Jako tunteellisen kentän ja valistuneen johdon välillä näyttää epäuskottavalta käsinkirjoitettujen lehtien perusteella, sillä vaikka niissä ilmenevä poliittinen viha voi vaikuttaa pinnalta katsoen "autenttiselta", tarkempi analyysi paljasti, että työläiset käsitteellistivät vihaansa kopioimalla viestejä suoraan painetusta sanasta. Vertailussa ideologisiin kilpailijoihinsa sosialismi, mukaan lukien sen kenttätason variantit, sijoittuu Suomen modernien poliittisten kielten puuhun. Sosialismin tarjoamat kausaaliset selitykset voidaan lukea konservatiivisen kristillisyyden vastakohtana, sillä ne pyrkivät laajentamaan ihmisjärjellä ymmärrettävää maailmaa jumalaisen mysteerin kustannuksella. Sosialismin kieltä voidaan ajatella myös 1800-luvun nationalistisen projektin jatkeena siinä mielessä, että fennomaanit olivat opettaneet rahvasta kuvittelemaan suomalaisia kansalaisia ja vieraita sortajia paikallisyhteisöjen ulkopuolella. Pitkällä aikavälillä politiikan alkeiden opetus kostautui, sillä sosialistit pystyivät hyödyntämään fennomaanista käsitejärjestelmää pienin muutoksin: esimerkiksi muuttamalla kansallisen tietoisuuden luokkatietoisuudeksi, kielellisen sorron taloudelliseksi sorroksi ja suomenkielisen kansan enemmistön työtätekevän kansan enemmistöksi. Aikakäsitykseltään sosialismi muistutti liberalismia horjumattomassa uskossaan edistykseen, mutta sosialistinen temporaliteetti erosi kilpailijastaan määrittelemällä odotetun ja havaitun maailman välisen suhteen uusiksi: mitä suuremmat odotukset tulevaisuuteen kohdistettiin, sitä kriittisemmiksi havainnot "nykyisestä järjestelmästä" muodostuivat. Sosialismin kielen voimakas kausaliteetti, spatiaalisen mielikuvituksen laajentaminen ja temporaliteetin kiihdyttäminen tekevätkin siitä kenties kaikkein "moderneimman" poliittisen kielen Suomen suuriruhtinaskunnassa ennen sisällissotaa. Tutkimus on osoittanut, että modernien poliittisten kielten laajuuden ja syvyyden ymmärtäminen vaatii lähilukemisen rinnalle myös makroskooppisia menetelmiä, jotka ohjaavat tutkijan katseen ainutlaatuisesta yleiseen ja poikkeuksellisesta toistuvaan. ; The thesis studies the political language of Finnish socialism from the nineteenth century until the Civil War of 1918. Socialist movements sprang up throughout Europe during this phase, but the largest socialist party emerged in the Grand Duchy of Finland. The research objective is to understand the ideological complexity of the most powerful political language of its era. The main research questions focus on the evolutionary characteristics of socialism: (1) how does it change over time (2) what are the ideological similarities and differences between the top and the bottom of the labour movement and (3) how does socialism relate to other political languages of Finnish modernity? The questions are answered by reading handwritten and printed newspapers manually and computationally. The selected sources extend the scope of the history of ideas qualitatively from the elite thinkers to the common people and quantitatively to datasets so vast that they elude mere human cognition. Methodologically, the thesis introduces simple computational tools from corpus linguistics (word frequencies over time, collocations and keyness analysis) to a field traditionally dominated by qualitative approaches. The analysis of digitized labour newspapers showed that the macro-narrative of socialism remained relatively stable, whereas its conceptual profile changed considerably over time. The socialist narrative divided the population into two collective singulars based on economics, maximized the misery in the narrative setting and explained the relation between the characters and the setting with one-dimensional causality: it was the "system" that dictated the flow of events. The political language of socialism was not autonomous but evolved in accordance with its complex societal environment. The first phase in the mid-1890s was dominated by many conceptual loans from European liberalism, whereas the turn of the twentieth century shifted the focus towards the conservative canon. The General Strike of 1905 made the political language of socialism more independent in relation to its competitors. Nothing fundamentally new was invented during the revolutionary era of 1917–1918, which highlighted the extreme features of Finnish socialism such as aggression towards political opponents present since the General Strike, disappointment with the reformed but dysfunctional parliament and the idea of profiteering as the primary cause of the proletarian misery publicized during the First World War. Based on the handwritten newspapers, diachronic evolution was not as clear at the grassroots of the labour movement, and ideological disputes that were considered important at the top of the labour movement had little relevance. The working people contributing to the papers constructed a political language of socialism suitable for their local environment. Nevertheless, careful close readings indicated that the stark contrast between enlightened socialism at the top and emotional socialism at the bottom of the labour movement is a product of scholarly imagination: many grassroots conceptualizations of political hatred that may appear superficially "authentic" were actually copied from the printed word. Comparing the political language of socialism to its ideological rivals brought to light that Finnish socialism, including its rank-and-file adaptation, formed one branch in the great tree of modern political languages. Its obsessive causality can be read as the opposite of conservative Christianity, for it sought to extend the realm of the known at the expense of the divine mystery. Its spatial expansion of proletarian imagination can be seen as a continuation of the nationalist project from the nineteenth century, for the Fennoman nationalists had taught the common people to imagine fellow citizens and oppressors outside the local community. From the conceptual perspective, the nationalist introduction to politics backfired in the long term; the conceptual system of Fennoman nationalism could be mobilized in the service of socialism with slight modifications, e.g. changing national awareness to class consciousness, linguistic oppression to economic oppression and the majority of the Finnish-speaking people to the majority of the working people. Socialism resembled liberalism in its unquestioning faith in progress, but the socialist temporality redefined the relation between the expected and the observed: the higher the expectations of the future were loaded, the more critical the observations on the nature of the contemporary reality became. Its excessive causality, spatiality and temporality perhaps make socialism the most "modern" variant of Finnish modernity. Shades of Red has shown that in order to tame the breadth and depth inherent in any modern political language, macroscopic approaches that shift the scholarly focus from the isolated to the general and from the extraordinary to the repeated are needed.

WOS:000488071200027 ; A search for long-lived particles decaying to displaced, nonprompt jets and missing transverse momentum is presented. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 137 fb(-1) of proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV collected by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC in 2016-2018. Candidate signal events containing nonprompt jets are identified using the timing capabilities of the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter. The results of the search are consistent with the background prediction and are interpreted using a gauge-mediated supersymmetry breaking reference model with a gluino next-to-lightest supersymmetric particle. In this model, gluino masses up to 2100, 2500, and 1900 GeV are excluded at 95% confidence level for proper decay lengths of 0.3, 1, and 100 m, respectively. These are the best limits to date for such massive gluinos with proper decay lengths greater than similar to 0.5 m. (C) 2019 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V. ; FWF (Austria)Austrian Science Fund (FWF); FNRS (Belgium)Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; FWO (Belgium)FWO; CNPq (Brazil)National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); CAPES (Brazil)CAPES; FAPERJ (Brazil)Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ); FAPERGS (Brazil)Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS); FAPESP (Brazil)Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP); MES (Bulgaria); MOST (China)Ministry of Science and Technology, China; NSFC (China)National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia)Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias; CSF (Croatia); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER, ERC IUT, PUT; ERDF (Estonia)European Union (EU); Academy of FinlandAcademy of Finland; MEC; CEAFrench Atomic Energy Commission; CNRS/IN2P3 (France)Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); BMBFFederal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF); DFGGerman Research Foundation (DFG); HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece)Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT; NKFIA (Hungary); DAEDepartment of Atomic Energy (DAE); SFI (Ireland)Science Foundation Ireland; INFN (Italy)Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN); NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); MOEMinistry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MHESR); UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV; CONACYTConsejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT); UASLP-FAI (Mexico); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE; FCT (Portugal)Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology; JINR (Dubna); RFBRRussian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI; FEDER (Spain)European Union (EU); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); NSTDA; TUBITAKTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK); TAEKMinistry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey; NASU; DOEUnited States Department of Energy (DOE); NSFNational Science Foundation (NSF); Marie-Curie programEuropean Union (EU); European Research CouncilEuropean Research Council (ERC); Horizon 2020 Grant [675440, 752730, 765710]; Leventis Foundation; A.P. Sloan FoundationAlfred P. Sloan Foundation; Alexander von Humboldt FoundationAlexander von Humboldt Foundation; Belgian Federal Science Policy OfficeBelgian Federal Science Policy Office; Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium)Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium)Institute for the Promotion of Innovation by Science and Technology in Flanders (IWT); FWO (Belgium) under the "Excellence of Science - EOSFWO [30820817]; Beijing Municipal Science AMP; Technology CommissionBeijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission [Z181100004218003]; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech RepublicMinistry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech Republic; Janos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of SciencesHungarian Academy of Sciences [123842, 123959, 124845, 124850, 125105, 128713, 128786, 129058]; Council of Science and Industrial Research, IndiaCouncil of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) - India; HOMING PLUS program of the Foundation for Polish Science; European Union, Regional Development FundEuropean Union (EU) [Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, 2015/19/B/ST2/02861]; Sonata-bis [2012/07/E/ST2/01406]; National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; Ministry of Science and Education [3.2989.2017]; Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu [MDM-2015-0509]; Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; Thalis and Aristeia programs; EU-ESFEuropean Union (EU); Greek NSRFGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University; Welch FoundationThe Welch Foundation [C-1845]; Weston Havens Foundation (USA); Science and Technology Facilities CouncilScience & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) [ST/N000242/1] Funding Source: researchfish ; We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS institutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centers and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC and the CMS detector provided by the following funding agencies: BMBWF and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, FAPERGS, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MOST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER, ERC IUT, PUT and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); NKFIA (Hungary); DAE and Department of Science and Technology (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MOS (Montenegro); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON, ROSATOM, RAS, RFBR, and NRC KI (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI, CPAN, PCTI, and FEDER (Spain); MoSTR(Sri Lanka); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR, and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU and SFFR (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (USA).r Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie program and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, contract Nos. 675440, 752730, and 765710 (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the A.P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the F.R.S.-FNRS and FWO (Belgium) under the "Excellence of Science - EOS" - be.h project n. 30820817; the Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission, No. Z181100004218003; the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Lendulet ("Momentum") Program and the Janos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the New National Excellence Program UNKP, the NKFIA research grants 123842, 123959, 124845, 124850, 125105, 128713, 128786, and 129058 (Hungary); the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS program of the Foundation for Polish Science, cofinanced from European Union, Regional Development Fund, the Mobility Plus program of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the National Science Center (Poland), contracts Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, and 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406; the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; the Ministry of Science and Education, grant no. 3.2989.; 2017 (Russia); the Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu, grant MDM-2015-0509 and the Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; the Thalis and Aristeia programs cofinanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; the Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University and the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); the Welch Foundation, contract C-1845; and the Weston Havens Foundation (USA).

DUCROT, MOBILI E ARTI DECORATIVE Attiva fin dagli anni Settanta del XIX secolo fino al 1970, estendendosi gradualmente da Palermo alle maggiori città d'Italia e poi a diverse aree del Mediterraneo, la fabbrica assume la denominazione Ducrot, Mobili e Arti Decorative, Società Anonima per Azioni a partire dal 1907, quando viene registrata alla Borsa di Milano, con capitale sociale di L. 1.500.000 sede e officine a Palermo in via Paolo Gili, nella contrada dell'Olivuzza. Dal 1939, in seguito al rilevamento dell'impresa ad opera di un gruppo finanziario genovese, muta il nome in Società Anonima Ducrot. Mobili, Sede Genova – Officine Palermo, con uffici anche in piazza Piccapietra n. 83 a Genova. Fra il 1902 e il 1907, prima della trasformazione in società, l'impresa opera con la denominazione Ducrot, Successore di Carlo Golia & C. e di Solei Hebert & C., Palermo, essendone diventato proprietario unico Vittorio Ducrot, figliastro di Carlo Golia, fondatore della omonima ditta, originariamente di rappresentanza dei prodotti (stoffe per l'arredamento) della Solei Hebert & C. di Torino. Già negli anni Settanta del XIX secolo la ditta, con lussuoso negozio in corso Vittorio Emanuele a Palermo, integrava l'attività di emporio di stampo britannico per l'arredo alto borghese, con quella di atelier per tappezzerie e, poi, per la costruzione di mobili (inizialmente da giardino) e per la realizzazione di decorazioni di interni. È Vittorio Ducrot, prima come direttore poi come comproprietario (dal 1900 fino alla morte di Carlo Golia avvenuta nel 1901), a innescare l'accelerazione industriale grazie anche al reperimento di nuovi capitali di giovani benestanti palermitani, che sottraggono la ditta al fallimento (sfiorato nel 1895) e alla parziale dipendenza commerciale dalla Solei Hebert. Oltre a mettere a punto prototipi, poi derivati in serie economiche di alta qualità tecnico-formale, e a ideare arredi completi autonomamente, interpreti del principio della Gesamtkunstwerk, coordinando l'opera di scultori (Antonio Ugo, Gaetano Geraci), di pittori (Ettore de Maria Bergler, Giuseppe Di Giovanni, Michele Cortegiani, Rocco Lentini, Giuseppe Enea e Salvatore Gregorietti), di qualificate imprese artigiane o industriali nel campo delle arti applicate (la Ceramica Florio, il maestro ferraio Salvatore Martorella, la fabbrica di lampadari e apparecchi di illuminazione Carraffa, tutti di Palermo o straniere come la viennese fabbrica di tappeti Haas), Ernesto Basile, in accordo con Vittorio Ducrot, mette in atto uno dei rari esperimenti riusciti in ambito internazionale, di parziale "riorganizzazione del visibile" atto a connotare, propagandisticamente, in maniera unitaria l'immagine colta di una impresa produttiva. Di questa ricercata ufficialità modernista la manifestazione più eclatante, oltre alla progettazione delle carte intestate, dei locali di vendita dei marchi, delle nuove officine (progetto poi non realizzato), è costituita dalla partecipazione della ditta Ducrot, sempre in coppia con Ernesto Basile, ad alcune delle più importanti mostre ed esposizioni di arti decorative e industriali organizzate in Italia nel primo decennio di questo secolo. In alcuni consistenti settori, i più rappresentativi, la ditta consegue un'inappuntabile peculiarità figurale siciliana (tanto come espressioni di cultura "alta" quanto come rivalutazione e risemantizzazione di tradizioni tecnico-artistiche popolari) sostenuta dalla collaborazione di Ernesto Basile e della sua cerchia di artisti e da qualificati disegnatori di mobili (non di rado allievi di Basile) fra i quali primeggiano Michele Sberna e Ludovico Li Vigni. Conforme alla messa a punto di logiche serie di mobili aderenti ad una estetica della riproducibilità industriale, e tuttavia strutturati in insiemi dalle espressività (localizzate o complessiva) di matrice fisio-psicologica, il programma di riorganizzazione dell'impresa, attuato da Vittorio Ducrot, comprendeva anche la documentazione sistematica dell'attività produttiva, la rigida divisione del lavoro (anche all'interno delle due categorie creativa ed esecutiva), la realizzazione di nuovi e dettagliati cataloghi di vendita, l'espansione del mercato con moderni criteri persuasivi (fondati sul concetto di irrinunciabilità inoculato nei potenziali acquirenti dalle stesse comunicative e riconoscibili qualità tecnico-formali dei prodotti e da un'abile azione propagandistica). In quest'ottica rientra, oltre all'impegnativa partecipazione alle manifestazioni espositive, la proliferazione sul territorio nazionale di eleganti succursali di vendita, in gran parte arredate da Basile: a Catania, in via Stesicoro, nel 1904; a Milano, in via T. Grassi, nel 1907; a Roma, in via del Tritone, nel 1910 (poi trasferita in via Condotti); a Napoli, in via G. Filangeri, nel 1917. Fra gli arredi particolari realizzati prima della guerra del 1915-1918 ricordiamo, inoltre, quelli del 1906 per il Palazzo d'Estate dell'Ambasciata Italiana a Therapia (Istanbul) nell'Impero Ottomano e quelli per gli uffici della FIAT a Milano del 1911. Dal 1912 al 1930 Giuseppe Capitò, sia pure in maniera discontinua, collabora con la Società come Direttore Artistico. Durante il Primo Conflitto Mondiale gli impianti vengono adattati alla costruzione di biplani idrovolanti caccia-bombardieri per i governi italiano, francese e inglese; viene realizzato, pertanto, un distaccamento delle officine sull'arenile della città balneare di Mondello. Dal 1919 inizia la produzione di arredi navali; dopo la realizzazione dei mobili e delle decorazioni per il Regio Yacht Savoia i principali committenti saranno la Navigazione Generale Italiana e la Società Italiana di Servizi Marittimi. Per queste società di navigazione (soprattutto per la prima creata dai Florio), dal 1919 al 1932 gli stabilimenti di via P. Gili (poi coadiuvati nelle sole fasi di montaggio, nei Cantieri di Genova, da una ditta subalterna dell'ingegnere Tiziano De Bonis) arredano la turbonave Esperia (1919-20), i transatlantici Giulio Cesare (1920-21), Duilio (1922-23), Roma (1925-26) e Augustus (1926), la turbonave Ausonia (1926-28), i transatlantici Città di Napoli (1927-28) e Rex (1930-32). Dal 1923 al 1930 nella Sezione Navale dell'Ufficio Tecnico operano Giuseppe Spatrisano e altri giovani architetti e artisti palermitani, fra cui Vittorio Corona. Fra le tante collaborazioni per gli arredi navali figura quella di Galileo Chini. A cavallo fra gli anni Venti e gli anni Trenta la Ducrot realizza innumerevoli arredi, spesso déco, per navi di privati (del 1931 è l'incarico per la nave dello Scià di Persia), per panfili, per sontuose residenze patrizie. Nel 1930 Carlo Ducrot, figlio di Vittorio, assume la carica di Direttore Tecnico e imprime la definitiva svolta "moderna" all'impresa paterna. Nel 1932 entrano in produzione i mobili in tubolare metallico, ma appena due anni dopo la Società accusa forti difficoltà economiche causate anche dalla caduta delle grandi commesse navali (fra questi ricordiamo gli arredi per le cabine e gli ambienti comuni degli ufficiali nelle unità della Regia Marina Militare). Nel 1936 l'estensione degli stabilimenti si riduce a soli 8.500 mq.; i rimanenti due terzi del complesso vengono riformati per l'istallazione della Società Anonima Aeronautica Sicula creata in seguito alla fusione con la fabbrica Caproni: Vittorio Ducrot ne è Vice Presidente. La fabbrica di mobili nel 1939 cade nelle mani del gruppo finanziario capeggiato da Tiziano De Bonis; Vittorio Ducrot conserva la carica di Presidente della nuova Società (sarebbe morto tre anni dopo). Dopo le forniture per il Consolato Alleato (1943-45), l'attività del mobilificio ritorna al mercato libero e alle grandi commesse, perpetuando, nei venticinque anni di attività del secondo dopoguerra, la proverbiale fama di imperabilità tecnica e onestà costruttiva dei suoi prodotti, ma perdendo inesorabilmente il ruolo di propositrice di forme nuove e originali. La Società continua ad avvalersi di qualificati progettisti palermitani e non (fra questi ricordiamo V. Monaco, A. Luccichenti, M. Marchi, M. Collura, M. De Simone) e della collaborazione di artisti di primo piano (fra cui Giuseppe Capogrossi e Edgardo Mannucci), ma non persegue una originale politica culturale, limitandosi a registrare, con garbato gusto reinterpretativo, gli esiti dei nuovi orientamenti della cultura della progettazione industriale.

In our lives we will have to make hundreds upon thousands of choices. The effects of these choices will follow us with varying intervals; some effects may be brief while others may literally last a lifetime. In these moments that we are forced to chose, it ultimately comes down to two options, what we should do, and what we want to do. Essentially, it is a choice between the head and the heart. Playwrights depend on these moments of choice, for it is the basis of almost all plays. At some point, the protagonist must make a choice, even if the choice is not to choose. In the early part of the 20th Century, a religious philosopher by the name of Aleister Crowley helped to define these choices, or as he referred to them, Wills. In essence, he stated that everyone has a True Will and a conscious will, and the path that you will ultimately follow is contingent on the choices you make in your life. Following your True Will, the path of 'the heart' will lead you to a sense of Nirvana, while following your conscious will, the path of 'the head' leads to a life unfulfilled. While some called him demonic (he occasionally referred to himself as 'The Beast With Two Backs) others saw him as a sage – someone to esoterically explain the chaotic and industrial world of the early 1900's. Aleister Crowley seemed to be one of those few men that you either loved, or hated, or hated to love. At the dawn of the 20th Century, he was an English philosopher and religious guru that made a call to arms to the general populous to start living a better life. His theories will be explained fully in Chapter One, but ultimately he wanted everyone to achieve their True Will and leave their conscious wills by the wayside. He felt that this process could be achieved through what he referred to as his 'theorems' on magick. It is unknown exactly how the idea came to him to add the 'k' to the original magic; however speculation reveals he might have taken from the original Greek word magikE. Contrary to the modern definition of magic (the art of producing illusions by sleight of hand), Crowley felt that his magick was significantly more complex. Pulling on philosophies from the Egyptians and the Celts along with basic Buddhist principles, he defined his magick within his twenty-eight 'theorems'. Ultimately, he philosophized that magick was a way to enlighten a person, or, for the purposes of this thesis a character's True Will4 and to avoid following their conscious will. In layman's terms, Crowley saw it as an argument between the head (conscious will) and the heart (True Will). While the main focus of this thesis is on the tension and outcome of the decision of a character to follow their True Will or their conscious will, it is impossible to talk about these two concepts without discussing, at least in part, magick. Crowley saw magick as the practice and process to achieve True Will. This study, therefore, involves both homonyms, magic and magick. By applying this process as defined by Crowley in his self-named theorems to plays and musicals that have been defined as strictly 'magic,' I am looking for not only the exact moment in which the main protagonists in each play define and execute their decision to follow their True or conscious Wills, but also to critically examine their journey to that fatal decision. I describe it as such because I feel that a characters fate may truly depend on the choice that they make. These philosophies are not new to the philosophical world. Other theorists such as Schopenhauer and Nietzsche and their relation to Crowley's theories will be discussed later; however I felt that because Crowley is the one who his responsible for rejuvenating the word 'magick' from the Greeks in the 20th Century, I should be able to use his theories as a modern lens to examine A Midsummer Nights Dream, Marisol, and Wicked. I plan to take plays that cross both genre and era and consider not only (1) what can be illuminated using this 'Crowlean lens', but I also to highlight (2) any universal truths, by which I mean any ideological or philosophical ideas that appear in all three plays, that can be found in works as diverse as the ones that I have chosen. While their connection to True Will may be tangential in nature, if there are things in common in these plays that are brought to light using Crowley's lens, then I feel it is worth noting. By examining these two factors I will be able to see if critics have accurately defined these plays. My goal is to add the 'Crowlean lens' to the already existing approaches to critically examining a theatrical piece. This lens, as defined before, is simply taking Crowley's concepts of True Will and conscious will and their link to the progression of magick within a character to illuminate the characters choices leading up to their breaking point in which they must ask themselves "Do I chose what I should do, or what I want to do?" The three plays I chose were done for specific reasons. The basic criterion was to choose on a basis of (1) chronology, (2) genre, (3) and magical reference5. I took three plays that entertained the religious, philosophical, and fantastical nature of what I felt best applied to Crowley's theories. Keeping in mind that Crowley interpreted his magick as a philosophy, a religion, and a way of life to ultimately achieving True Will, I felt it pertinent to explore these aspects of each play as well. In the musical Wicked, the philosophical nature of the piece asks the question 'Are people born wicked? Or do they have wickedness thrust upon them?' This question can be answered through a variety of subjects. By exploring these issues within the context of its main character, Elphaba, (pronounced EL-fa-ba), and a variety of themes throughout this musical (including behavior, appearance, deception, honesty, courage and labeling) we find that True Will and conscious will in the land of Oz are flowering. Defining our True Will, according to Crowley, takes constant affirmations and diligent calculations of our feelings and utilizing those to aid in making the right choice for that specific moment6. In this fashion, Marisol marries the idea of what the author calls 'magical realism' in a post-apocalyptic New York City with a fervent religiosity all while underscoring the political nature of the 1980s indigent cleanup initiated by then mayor Ed Koch. Through the character of Marisol Perez, we find that not only is the choice between True Will and conscious confusing, but it can be potentially lethal. Within the structure of this play is also where Crowley's spiritual views on True Will and conscious will become highlighted. The Lovers (Helena, Demetrius, Hermia, and Lysander) in Shakespeare's fantastical A Midsummer Night's Dream is the perfect backdrop to explore Crowley's more eccentric philosophies on magick and how these philosophies relate to True and conscious will. In essence, I plan to not only explore the choices that these four individuals make due to acts of both types of magic(k), but their ultimate consequences as well. It also must be noted that during the process of this thesis, the one overarching theme throughout all three plays dealt with Crowley's theory of self-preservation. I feel that this is innately tied into the idea of True Will. By achieving True Will, we are inherently attempting to make the best choices for ourselves. This inherently keeps alive the innate human instinct of survival. At the end of this thesis, I hope to defend that Crowley's concepts of True Will and conscious will, when applied in tandem with Crowley's concepts of magick, can be a valid lens to examine theatrical works, old and new alike. ; 2008-12-01 ; M.A. ; Arts and Humanities, Department of Theatre ; Masters ; This record was generated from author submitted information.

"In 1965, the Hart-Celler Act abolished the national origins quotas of the 1920s that had severely limited immigration to American from everywhere but Western Europe. The result was mass immigration from Latin America, Asia, the Caribbean, and Southeast Asia. The wave of immigration and the restrictionism it produced led to a bitter political struggle over immigrants' rights that continues to this day. This book is a history of the post-1965 political battles between advocates of expansive admissions policies, rights, and benefits for immigrants and their anti-immigration, or restrictionist, opponents. Coleman argues that as immigration rendered what had once been seen as hard boundaries of the physical nation-state into something more porous, the rights of immigrations became crucial to immigration control. Restrictionists sought to limit immigrants' access to the American welfare state by arguing that they were a burden to the state and taking jobs from working- and middle-class Americans. However, the legacies of the civil rights movement, a growing commitment to deregulation, unusual political alliances, and institutional structures provided significant barriers to anti-immigration efforts. By the end of Reagan's presidency, restrictionists efforts to reverse the flow of immigration rights failed at the national level. In the 1990s, however, with national policy-making gridlocked, restrictionists focused their efforts on the state level. States acquired new powers in driving immigration policy and curtailed the expanded notion of alienage rights that had been forged over the previous decades. Coleman provides a new way of understanding the political history of immigration, looking not at borders and admissions policy but at the broad, internal battles over domestic policy that resulted from immigration. The author draws on a wealth of new sources from the Carter, Reagan, and Clinton administrations as well as from immigration and civil rights organizations. This book reveals that the current wave of anti-immigration sentiment seen in the electoral success of Donald Trump is not a recent phenomenon but has deep roots in the post-1965 immigration battles"--Provided by publisher

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Illustrations -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction The Rape of Rufus? Sexual Violence against Enslaved Men -- Chapter 1: "Remarkably Muscular and Well Made" or "Covered with Ulcers" Enslaved Black Men's Bodies -- Chapter 2: "No Man Can Be Prevented from Visiting His Wife" Manly Autonomy and Intimacy -- Chapter 3: "Just Like Raising Stock and Mating It" Coerced Reproduction -- Chapter 4: "Frequently Heard Her Threaten to Sell Him" Relations between White Women and Enslaved Black Men -- Chapter 5: "Till I Had Mastered Every Part" Valets, Vulnerability, and Same- Gender Relations under Slavery -- Conclusion Rethinking Rufus -- Appendix: Full Text of WPA Interview with Rose Williams -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index.