Suchergebnisse

Urban change in Indonesia has been faced to an increasing pattern in which the urbanization process has also been taken place in a regional scale. In this process, small and medium cities have also been facing the densification process of urban growth and facing the process of concentration of urban activities. However, not all of small and medium cities in Indonesia can be considered prepared to face the process of urbanization as well as densification and the concentration of urban activities; because not all of them are municipal cities that are prepared for managing the development and urbanization process. Most of them are non municipal towns, which are located in the territory of kabupaten, a non urban region in Indonesia. This research focuses on the process of urbanization of kabupaten in Indonesia, which has formed and developed small and medium cities as the place where most of the urban growth in the kabupaten took place. The objective of the study is to contribute, in this context, to the understanding of the mechanisms of urban development of small and medium cities in developing countries, with reference to the situation in the kabupaten in Indonesia. The research analyses the urbanization process in the kabupaten, and the policy responses of local government to meet the demands of the urbanization process in the region, in responding the pressures of urbanization of their region. The study focuses on two main contexts. The first context is the urbanization process in the kabupaten, especially those in the Java Island, the densest populated island in the archipelago. The region is also the first region to know the regional dimension of urbanization since the 1980s, which resulted in the increase of the urban population in the kabupaten. In addition, this analysis also relates to the comprehension to the key problems arising in the urbanization process of the kabupaten, in the perspective of sustainable development. The second context is the analysis of urban development policies adopted by the local authority and the weaknesses of the government of the kabupaten in dealing with their urbanization process. From the comparative element resulting from the analysis of these institutions to urban development in the kabupaten, the research will confront the local perception on urban development, the policies adopted to deal with the problems, and the weaknesses in urban development policies at the local level. By doing so, the research puts into perspective the conditions for a possible improvement in the local capacities in managing their urbanization and urban development process, their alignment with local realities and their relevance to the challenges of sustainable development. Hence, it is expected that this study provides a better understanding regarding current conditions and how to improve the future of urban development institutions in the kabupaten, in accordance with sustainable development issues ; Le changement urbain en Indonésie a été confronté à une régularité croissante dans laquelle le processus d'urbanisation a également été pris dans une échelle régionale. Dans ce processus, les villes petites et moyennes ont également confrontées au processus de densification de la croissance urbaine et face au processus de concentration des activités urbaines. Cependant, ce n'est pas toutes des villes petites et moyennes indonésiennes peuvent être considérées comme prêts à affronter le processus d'urbanisation ainsi que la densification et la concentration des activités urbaines, parce que ce n'est pas toutes d'elles sont des villes municipales qui ont bonnes capacités de faire la gestion urbaine ainsi que la gestion du processus d'urbanisation. La plupart d'entre elles sont les villes non municipales qui sont situées dans le territoire du kabupaten, à savoir la circonscription locale non urbaine indonésienne. La présente recherche procède à une mise au point concernant le processus d'urbanisation des kabupaten en Indonésie, qui a formé et développé des villes petites et moyennes comme le lieu où la plupart de la croissance urbaine dans le kabupaten a eu lieu. Cette recherche se donne pour objectif de contribuer, dans cette optique, à la compréhension des mécanismes de développement urbain des villes petites et moyennes dans les pays en développement, en référence à la situation dans les kabupaten en l'Indonésie. L'analyse porte sur le processus d'urbanisation dans des kabupaten, et les réponses politique du gouvernement local visant à respecter les exigences du processus d'urbanisation dans leur territoire en répondant aux contraintes de l'urbanisation du territoire. L'étude porte sur deux contextes principaux. Le premier concerne le processus d'urbanisation des kabupaten, en particulier dans l'île de Java, île la plus dense de l'Etat-archipel, la première aussi à connaître cette dimension territoriale de l'urbanisation, dès les années 1980, qui a abouti à l'augmentation de la population urbaine les kabupaten. En outre, cet étude concerne également la compréhension des problèmes principaux qui se posent dans le processus d'urbanisation des kabupaten, en particulièrement dans la perspective de la notion de développement durable. Un contexte ultérieur est consacré à l'analyse des politiques de développement urbain adoptées l'autorité locale et les faiblesses du gouvernement du kabupaten dans le traitement de leur processus d'urbanisation. A partir des éléments comparatifs résultant de l'analyse de ces institutions de développement urbain au kabupaten, il s'agira de confronter la perception locale sur le développement urbain, les politiques adoptées pour faire face aux problèmes, et les faiblesses des politiques de développement urbain au niveau local. Ce faisant, la recherche met en perspective les conditions d'une possible amélioration des capacités locales dans la gestion de leur processus d'urbanisation et de développement urbain, de leur cadrage avec les réalités locales et de leur adéquation par rapport aux questions du développement durable. Ainsi, il est prévu que cette étude permet de meilleure compréhension des conditions actuelles et la façon de l'amélioration des institutions de développement urbain dans les kabupaten dans l'avenir, en conformité avec les questions de développement durable

International audience ; La " gestion intégrée des ressources en eau " tente de rendre compte du fonctionnement d'" hydro-systèmes " qui rassemblent un ensemble de ressources et d'usages de l'eau en interaction au sein d'un territoire, qui lui-même recouvre diverses unités administratives ou politiques. Pour mettre en place cette gestion intégrée, certains pays ont opté pour une décentralisation : la gestion de l'eau est alors confiée à des organisations de bassin au sein desquels siègent des porte-parole des différents intérêts en jeu. Ces organisations soulignent le peu de support pour favoriser la concertation. Les outils disponibles mettent l'accent sur les processus biophysiques, mais proposent une représentation très simplifiée des usages notamment agricoles. Ces usages sont non seulement liés aux disponibilités en eau et à ses conditions d'accès, mais aussi au contexte technologique, économique, et institutionnel dans lequel les agriculteurs évoluent. Pour favoriser la concertation, nous proposons de construire avec les acteurs locaux une représentation du système dans lequel ils agissent, touchant à la fois aux aspects techniques, et économiques. L'objectif est de représenter les interactions entre ressource et usages (notamment agricoles), et d'évaluer les conséquences de scénarios imaginés à l'échelle du territoire. Ce modèle régional comprend donc (i) une caractérisation hydrologique simplifiée qui permet d'évaluer en entrée les disponibilités initiales de la ressource et de mesurer les impacts des prélèvements, (ii) un modèle bio-physique PILOT qui permet d'évaluer les consommations d'eau, et les rendements selon les pratiques agricoles et les conditions agroclimatiques, et (iii) un modèle technico-économique qui rend compte des choix techniques des agriculteurs et de leurs conséquences en termes économiques. Le modèle technicoéconomique des activités agricoles à l'échelle régionale s'appuie sur une typologie des exploitations et des ateliers de productions agricoles. Dans ce modèle, (i) les activités agricoles à l'échelle régionale sont la somme pondérée des activités des exploitations types (les pondérations correspondent aux effectifs d'exploitations), et (ii) les activités d'une exploitation type sont la somme pondérée d'ateliers de production types (les pondérations correspondent aux dimensions des ateliers). Cette structure permet d'agréger à l'échelle régionale les impacts des activités et de désagréger à l'échelle des exploitations et de leurs activités les conséquences de mesures globales. La construction participative du modèle régional s'appuie sur la mise en place dès le démarrage de l'étude d'un " groupe de pilotage ", composé des représentants des acteurs locaux. Ce groupe de pilotage participe à la modélisation en fournissant les données nécessaires et en validant chaque étape de la construction. Le modèle, construit et validé par Colloque - 13th IWRA World water congress, 1-4 september 2008, Montpellier tous les acteurs, peut alors contribuer à aider les décideurs locaux ou régionaux à élaborer des scénarios raisonnés pour définir des stratégies de gestion intégrée et durable de l'eau. Nous avons mis en oeuvre cette démarche dans le bassin de la Drôme dans le cadre du programme APPEAU financé par l'Agence Nationale de la Recherche (programme " Agriculture et Développement Durable "), et en nous appuyant sur les travaux du programme MIPAIS financé par l'Union Européenne (programme Interreg III Medoc). / The "integrated management of water resources" tries to convey the functioning of the "hydro-systems" which brings together a group of resources and uses of water. This group of resources and uses interacts within a territory, which itself includes various administrative or political units. In order to develop this integrated management, some countries have chosen decentralization: water management is then given to basin institutions within which representatives of the various key interests sit. These institutions emphasize the poor support they get to encourage the dialogue. Available tools emphasize biophysical process but provide a very simplified representation of uses, and particularly of farm uses. These uses are not only linked to water availabilities and to its conditions of access, but also to the technological, economic, and institutional background in which the farmers operate. With the local stakeholders, we suggest to build a model of the system in which they act. At the same time, this model includes the technical, economic, and environmental sides. Therefore, this regional model includes (i) a hydrological model, which enables to assess as input the initial resource availabilities and to measure the impacts of withdrawals, (ii) a biophysical model which enables to assess crop water needs, yields and environmental impacts according to agricultural practices and agro-climatic conditions, and (iii) a technical and economic model which conveys the technical choices of farmers and theirs economic consequences. The construction of the hydrological and biophysical models can be limited to the parameterization of pre-existing models. The technical and economic model of farm activities at the regional scale relies on a typology of farms and of farm production units; its structure has been designed to enable an aggregation and a desegregation of the results between various scales, which provides a detailed analysis of the studied scenarios. The participative construction of the regional model relies on the creation, from the start of the study, of a "steering group" compound of the representatives of local stakeholders. This steering group takes part in the modelling by supplying the necessary data and by validating each stage of the model construction. The model, build and validated by all the stakeholders, can then contribute to help the local or regional decision-makers to develop reasoned scenarios in order to define strategies of integrated and sustainable water management. We have implemented this approach in the Drôme basin within the framework of the APPEAU project funded by the "Agriculture et Développement Durable" program of the French National Research Agency, and by relying on the works of the MIPAIS project funded by the Programme Interreg III Medoc of the European Union. This paper presents the first results obtained.

International audience ; La " gestion intégrée des ressources en eau " tente de rendre compte du fonctionnement d'" hydro-systèmes " qui rassemblent un ensemble de ressources et d'usages de l'eau en interaction au sein d'un territoire, qui lui-même recouvre diverses unités administratives ou politiques. Pour mettre en place cette gestion intégrée, certains pays ont opté pour une décentralisation : la gestion de l'eau est alors confiée à des organisations de bassin au sein desquels siègent des porte-parole des différents intérêts en jeu. Ces organisations soulignent le peu de support pour favoriser la concertation. Les outils disponibles mettent l'accent sur les processus biophysiques, mais proposent une représentation très simplifiée des usages notamment agricoles. Ces usages sont non seulement liés aux disponibilités en eau et à ses conditions d'accès, mais aussi au contexte technologique, économique, et institutionnel dans lequel les agriculteurs évoluent. Pour favoriser la concertation, nous proposons de construire avec les acteurs locaux une représentation du système dans lequel ils agissent, touchant à la fois aux aspects techniques, et économiques. L'objectif est de représenter les interactions entre ressource et usages (notamment agricoles), et d'évaluer les conséquences de scénarios imaginés à l'échelle du territoire. Ce modèle régional comprend donc (i) une caractérisation hydrologique simplifiée qui permet d'évaluer en entrée les disponibilités initiales de la ressource et de mesurer les impacts des prélèvements, (ii) un modèle bio-physique PILOT qui permet d'évaluer les consommations d'eau, et les rendements selon les pratiques agricoles et les conditions agroclimatiques, et (iii) un modèle technico-économique qui rend compte des choix techniques des agriculteurs et de leurs conséquences en termes économiques. Le modèle technicoéconomique des activités agricoles à l'échelle régionale s'appuie sur une typologie des exploitations et des ateliers de productions agricoles. Dans ce modèle, (i) les activités agricoles à l'échelle régionale sont la somme pondérée des activités des exploitations types (les pondérations correspondent aux effectifs d'exploitations), et (ii) les activités d'une exploitation type sont la somme pondérée d'ateliers de production types (les pondérations correspondent aux dimensions des ateliers). Cette structure permet d'agréger à l'échelle régionale les impacts des activités et de désagréger à l'échelle des exploitations et de leurs activités les conséquences de mesures globales. La construction participative du modèle régional s'appuie sur la mise en place dès le démarrage de l'étude d'un " groupe de pilotage ", composé des représentants des acteurs locaux. Ce groupe de pilotage participe à la modélisation en fournissant les données nécessaires et en validant chaque étape de la construction. Le modèle, construit et validé par Colloque - 13th IWRA World water congress, 1-4 september 2008, Montpellier tous les acteurs, peut alors contribuer à aider les décideurs locaux ou régionaux à élaborer des scénarios raisonnés pour définir des stratégies de gestion intégrée et durable de l'eau. Nous avons mis en oeuvre cette démarche dans le bassin de la Drôme dans le cadre du programme APPEAU financé par l'Agence Nationale de la Recherche (programme " Agriculture et Développement Durable "), et en nous appuyant sur les travaux du programme MIPAIS financé par l'Union Européenne (programme Interreg III Medoc). / The "integrated management of water resources" tries to convey the functioning of the "hydro-systems" which brings together a group of resources and uses of water. This group of resources and uses interacts within a territory, which itself includes various administrative or political units. In order to develop this integrated management, some countries have chosen decentralization: water management is then given to basin institutions within which representatives of the various key interests sit. These institutions emphasize the poor support they get to encourage the dialogue. Available tools emphasize biophysical process but provide a very simplified representation of uses, and particularly of farm uses. These uses are not only linked to water availabilities and to its conditions of access, but also to the technological, economic, and institutional background in which the farmers operate. With the local stakeholders, we suggest to build a model of the system in which they act. At the same time, this model includes the technical, economic, and environmental sides. Therefore, this regional model includes (i) a hydrological model, which enables to assess as input the initial resource availabilities and to measure the impacts of withdrawals, (ii) a biophysical model which enables to assess crop water needs, yields and environmental impacts according to agricultural practices and agro-climatic conditions, and (iii) a technical and economic model which conveys the technical choices of farmers and theirs economic consequences. The construction of the hydrological and biophysical models can be limited to the parameterization of pre-existing models. The technical and economic model of farm activities at the regional scale relies on a typology of farms and of farm production units; its structure has been designed to enable an aggregation and a desegregation of the results between various scales, which provides a detailed analysis of the studied scenarios. The participative construction of the regional model relies on the creation, from the start of the study, of a "steering group" compound of the representatives of local stakeholders. This steering group takes part in the modelling by supplying the necessary data and by validating each stage of the model construction. The model, build and validated by all the stakeholders, can then contribute to help the local or regional decision-makers to develop reasoned scenarios in order to define strategies of integrated and sustainable water management. We have implemented this approach in the Drôme basin within the framework of the APPEAU project funded by the "Agriculture et Développement Durable" program of the French National Research Agency, and by relying on the works of the MIPAIS project funded by the Programme Interreg III Medoc of the European Union. This paper presents the first results obtained.

International audience ; La " gestion intégrée des ressources en eau " tente de rendre compte du fonctionnement d'" hydro-systèmes " qui rassemblent un ensemble de ressources et d'usages de l'eau en interaction au sein d'un territoire, qui lui-même recouvre diverses unités administratives ou politiques. Pour mettre en place cette gestion intégrée, certains pays ont opté pour une décentralisation : la gestion de l'eau est alors confiée à des organisations de bassin au sein desquels siègent des porte-parole des différents intérêts en jeu. Ces organisations soulignent le peu de support pour favoriser la concertation. Les outils disponibles mettent l'accent sur les processus biophysiques, mais proposent une représentation très simplifiée des usages notamment agricoles. Ces usages sont non seulement liés aux disponibilités en eau et à ses conditions d'accès, mais aussi au contexte technologique, économique, et institutionnel dans lequel les agriculteurs évoluent. Pour favoriser la concertation, nous proposons de construire avec les acteurs locaux une représentation du système dans lequel ils agissent, touchant à la fois aux aspects techniques, et économiques. L'objectif est de représenter les interactions entre ressource et usages (notamment agricoles), et d'évaluer les conséquences de scénarios imaginés à l'échelle du territoire. Ce modèle régional comprend donc (i) une caractérisation hydrologique simplifiée qui permet d'évaluer en entrée les disponibilités initiales de la ressource et de mesurer les impacts des prélèvements, (ii) un modèle bio-physique PILOT qui permet d'évaluer les consommations d'eau, et les rendements selon les pratiques agricoles et les conditions agroclimatiques, et (iii) un modèle technico-économique qui rend compte des choix techniques des agriculteurs et de leurs conséquences en termes économiques. Le modèle technicoéconomique des activités agricoles à l'échelle régionale s'appuie sur une typologie des exploitations et des ateliers de productions agricoles. Dans ce modèle, (i) les activités agricoles à l'échelle régionale sont la somme pondérée des activités des exploitations types (les pondérations correspondent aux effectifs d'exploitations), et (ii) les activités d'une exploitation type sont la somme pondérée d'ateliers de production types (les pondérations correspondent aux dimensions des ateliers). Cette structure permet d'agréger à l'échelle régionale les impacts des activités et de désagréger à l'échelle des exploitations et de leurs activités les conséquences de mesures globales. La construction participative du modèle régional s'appuie sur la mise en place dès le démarrage de l'étude d'un " groupe de pilotage ", composé des représentants des acteurs locaux. Ce groupe de pilotage participe à la modélisation en fournissant les données nécessaires et en validant chaque étape de la construction. Le modèle, construit et validé par Colloque - 13th IWRA World water congress, 1-4 september 2008, Montpellier tous les acteurs, peut alors contribuer à aider les décideurs locaux ou régionaux à élaborer des scénarios raisonnés pour définir des stratégies de gestion intégrée et durable de l'eau. Nous avons mis en oeuvre cette démarche dans le bassin de la Drôme dans le cadre du programme APPEAU financé par l'Agence Nationale de la Recherche (programme " Agriculture et Développement Durable "), et en nous appuyant sur les travaux du programme MIPAIS financé par l'Union Européenne (programme Interreg III Medoc). / The "integrated management of water resources" tries to convey the functioning of the "hydro-systems" which brings together a group of resources and uses of water. This group of resources and uses interacts within a territory, which itself includes various administrative or political units. In order to develop this integrated management, some countries have chosen decentralization: water management is then given to basin institutions within which representatives of the various key interests sit. These institutions emphasize the poor support they get to encourage the dialogue. Available tools emphasize biophysical process but provide a very simplified representation of uses, and particularly of farm uses. These uses are not only linked to water availabilities and to its conditions of access, but also to the technological, economic, and institutional background in which the farmers operate. With the local stakeholders, we suggest to build a model of the system in which they act. At the same time, this model includes the technical, economic, and environmental sides. Therefore, this regional model includes (i) a hydrological model, which enables to assess as input the initial resource availabilities and to measure the impacts of withdrawals, (ii) a biophysical model which enables to assess crop water needs, yields and environmental impacts according to agricultural practices and agro-climatic conditions, and (iii) a technical and economic model which conveys the technical choices of farmers and theirs economic consequences. The construction of the hydrological and biophysical models can be limited to the parameterization of pre-existing models. The technical and economic model of farm activities at the regional scale relies on a typology of farms and of farm production units; its structure has been designed to enable an aggregation and a desegregation of the results between various scales, which provides a detailed analysis of the studied scenarios. The participative construction of the regional model relies on the creation, from the start of the study, of a "steering group" compound of the representatives of local stakeholders. This steering group takes part in the modelling by supplying the necessary data and by validating each stage of the model construction. The model, build and validated by all the stakeholders, can then contribute to help the local or regional decision-makers to develop reasoned scenarios in order to define strategies of integrated and sustainable water management. We have implemented this approach in the Drôme basin within the framework of the APPEAU project funded by the "Agriculture et Développement Durable" program of the French National Research Agency, and by relying on the works of the MIPAIS project funded by the Programme Interreg III Medoc of the European Union. This paper presents the first results obtained.

All authors: Wielgus, Maciek; Akiyama, Kazunori; Blackburn, Lindy; Chan, Chi-kwan; Dexter, Jason; Doeleman, Sheperd S.; Fish, Vincent L.; Issaoun, Sara; Johnson, Michael D.; Krichbaum, Thomas P.; Lu, Ru-Sen; Pesce, Dominic W.; Wong, George N.; Bower, Geoffrey C.; Broderick, Avery E.; Chael, Andrew; Chatterjee, Koushik; Gammie, Charles F.; Georgiev, Boris; Hada, Kazuhiro Loinard, Laurent; Markoff, Sera; Marrone, Daniel P.; Plambeck, Richard; Weintroub, Jonathan; Dexter, Matthew; MacMahon, David H. E.; Wright, Melvyn; Alberdi, Antxon; Alef, Walter; Asada, Keiichi; Azulay, Rebecca; Baczko, Anne-Kathrin; Ball, David; Baloković, Mislav; Barausse, Enrico; Barrett, John; Bintley, Dan; Boland, Wilfred; Bouman, Katherine L.; Bremer, Michael; Brinkerink, Christiaan D.; Brissenden, Roger; Britzen, Silke; Broguiere, Dominique; Bronzwaer, Thomas; Byun, Do-Young; Carlstrom, John E.; Chatterjee, Shami; Chen, Ming-Tang; Chen, Yongjun; Cho, Ilje; Christian, Pierre; Conway, John E.; Cordes, James M.; Crew, Geoffrey B.; Cui, Yuzhu; Davelaar, Jordy; Laurentis, Mariafelicia De; Deane, Roger; Dempsey, Jessica; Desvignes, Gregory; Dzib, Sergio A.; Eatough, Ralph P.; Falcke, Heino; Fomalont, Ed; Fraga-Encinas, Raquel; Friberg, Per; Fromm, Christian M.; Galison, Peter; García, Roberto; Gentaz, Olivier; Goddi, Ciriaco; Gold, Roman; Gómez, José L.; Gómez-Ruiz, Arturo I.; Gu, Minfeng; Gurwell, Mark; Hecht, Michael H.; Hesper, Ronald; Ho, Luis C.; Ho, Paul; Honma, Mareki; Huang, Chih-Wei L.; Huang, Lei; Hughes, David H.; Inoue, Makoto; James, David J.; Jannuzi, Buell T.; Janssen, Michael; Jeter, Britton; Jiang, Wu; Jimenez-Rosales, Alejandra; Jorstad, Svetlana; Jung, Taehyun; Karami, Mansour; Karuppusamy, Ramesh; Kawashima, Tomohisa; Keating, Garrett K.; Kettenis, Mark; Kim, Jae-Young; Kim, Junhan; Kim, Jongsoo; Kino, Motoki; Koay, Jun Yi; Koch, Patrick M.; Koyama, Shoko; Kramer, Michael; Kramer, Carsten; Kuo, Cheng-Yu; Lauer, Tod R.; Lee, Sang-Sung; Li, Yan-Rong; Li, Zhiyuan; Lindqvist, Michael; Lico, Rocco; Liu, Kuo; Liuzzo, Elisabetta; Lo, Wen-Ping; Lobanov, Andrei P.; Lonsdale, Colin; MacDonald, Nicholas R.; Mao, Jirong; Marchili, Nicola; Marscher, Alan P.; Martí-Vidal, Iván; Matsushita, Satoki; Matthews, Lynn D.; Medeiros, Lia; Menten, Karl M.; Mizuno, Yosuke; Mizuno, Izumi; Moran, James M.; Moriyama, Kotaro; Moscibrodzka, Monika; Müller, Cornelia; Musoke, Gibwa; Nagai, Hiroshi; Nagar, Neil M.; Nakamura, Masanori; Narayan, Ramesh; Narayanan, Gopal; Natarajan, Iniyan; Nathanail, Antonios; Neri, Roberto; Ni, Chunchong; Noutsos, Aristeidis; Okino, Hiroki; Olivares, Héctor; Ortiz-León, Gisela N.; Oyama, Tomoaki; Özel, Feryal; Palumbo, Daniel C. M.; Park, Jongho; Patel, Nimesh; Pen, Ue-Li; Piétu, Vincent; PopStefanija, Aleksandar; Porth, Oliver; Prather, Ben; Preciado-López, Jorge A.; Psaltis, Dimitrios; Pu, Hung-Yi; Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh; Rao, Ramprasad; Rawlings, Mark G.; Raymond, Alexander W.; Rezzolla, Luciano; Ripperda, Bart; Roelofs, Freek; Rogers, Alan; Ros, Eduardo; Rose, Mel; Roshanineshat, Arash; Rottmann, Helge; Roy, Alan L.; Ruszczyk, Chet; Ryan, Benjamin R.; Rygl, Kazi L. J.; Sánchez, Salvador; Sánchez-Arguelles, David; Sasada, Mahito; Savolainen, Tuomas; Schloerb, F. Peter; Schuster, Karl-Friedrich; Shao, Lijing; Shen, Zhiqiang; Small, Des; Sohn, Bong Won; SooHoo, Jason; Tazaki, Fumie; Tiede, Paul; Tilanus, Remo P. J.; Titus, Michael; Toma, Kenji; Torne, Pablo; Trent, Tyler; Traianou, Efthalia; Trippe, Sascha; Tsuda, Shuichiro; Bemmel, Ilse van; van Langevelde, Huib Jan; van Rossum, Daniel R.; Wagner, Jan; Wardle, John; Ward-Thompson, Derek; Wex, Norbert; Wharton, Robert; Wu, Qingwen; Yoon, Doosoo; Young, André; Young, Ken; Younsi, Ziri; Yuan, Feng; Yuan, Ye-Fei; Zensus, J. Anton; Zhao, Guangyao; Zhao, Shan-Shan; Zhu, Ziyan.-- Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. ; The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) has recently delivered the first resolved images of M87*, the supermassive black hole in the center of the M87 galaxy. These images were produced using 230 GHz observations performed in 2017 April. Additional observations are required to investigate the persistence of the primary image feature- A ring with azimuthal brightness asymmetry- A nd to quantify the image variability on event horizon scales. To address this need, we analyze M87* data collected with prototype EHT arrays in 2009, 2011, 2012, and 2013. While these observations do not contain enough information to produce images, they are sufficient to constrain simple geometric models. We develop a modeling approach based on the framework utilized for the 2017 EHT data analysis and validate our procedures using synthetic data. Applying the same approach to the observational data sets, we find the M87* morphology in 2009-2017 to be consistent with a persistent asymmetric ring of ∼40 μas diameter. The position angle of the peak intensity varies in time. In particular, we find a significant difference between the position angle measured in 2013 and 2017. These variations are in broad agreement with predictions of a subset of general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations. We show that quantifying the variability across multiple observational epochs has the potential to constrain the physical properties of the source, such as the accretion state or the black hole spin. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society. ; The authors of the present paper thank the following organizations and programs: the Academy of Finland (projects 274477, 284495, 312496); the Advanced European Network of E-infrastructures for Astronomy with the SKA (AENEAS) project, supported by the European Commission Framework Programme Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation action under grant agreement 731016; the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung; the Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, through a grant (60477) from the John Templeton Foundation; the China Scholarship Council; Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT, Chile, via PIA ACT172033, Fondecyt projects 1171506 and 3190878, BASAL AFB-170002, ALMA-conicyt 31140007); Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT, Mexico, projects 104497, 275201, 279006, 281692); the Delaney Family via the Delaney Family John A. Wheeler Chair at Perimeter Institute; Direccion General de Asuntos del Personal Academico-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (DGAPA-UNAM, project IN112417); the European Research Council Synergy Grant "BlackHoleCam: Imaging the Event Horizon of Black Holes" (grant 610058); the Generalitat Valenciana postdoctoral grant APOSTD/2018/177 and GenT Program (project CIDEGENT/2018/021); the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (grants GBMF-3561, GBMF-5278); the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) sezione di Napoli, iniziative specifiche TEONGRAV; the International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the Universities of Bonn and Cologne; the Jansky Fellowship program of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO); the Japanese Government (Monbukagakusho: MEXT) Scholarship; the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Research Fellowship (JP17J08829); the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS, grants QYZDJ-SSW-SLH057, QYZDJ-SSW-SYS008, ZDBS-LY-SLH011); the Leverhulme Trust Early Career Research Fellowship; the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG); the Max Planck Partner Group of the MPG and the CAS; the MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI (grants 18KK0090, JP18K13594, JP18K03656, JP18H03721, 18K03709, 18H01245, 25120007); the MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives (MISTI) Funds; the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan (105-2112-M-001-025-MY3, 106-2112-M-001-011, 106-2119-M-001-027, 107-2119-M-001-017, 107-2119-M-001-020, and 107-2119-M-110-005); the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, Fermi Guest Investigator grant 80NSSC17K0649 and Hubble Fellowship grant HST-HF2-51431.001-A awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc. , for NASA, under contract NAS5-26555); the National Institute of Natural Sciences (NINS) of Japan; the National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant 2016YFA0400704, 2016YFA0400702); the National Science Foundation (NSF, grants AST-0096454, AST-0352953, AST-0521233, AST-0705062, AST-0905844, AST-0922984, AST-1126433, AST-1140030, DGE-1144085, AST-1207704, AST-1207730, AST-1207752, MRI-1228509, OPP-1248097, AST-1310896, AST-1312651, AST-1337663, AST-1440254, AST-1555365, AST-1715061, AST-1615796, AST-1716327, OISE-1743747, AST-1816420); the Natural Science Foundation of China (grants 11573051, 11633006, 11650110427, 10625314, 11721303, 11725312, 11933007); the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC, including a Discovery Grant and the NSERC Alexander Graham Bell Canada Graduate Scholarships-Doctoral Program); the National Youth Thousand Talents Program of China; the National Research Foundation of Korea (the Global PhD Fellowship Grant: grants NRF-2015H1A2A1033752, 2015-R1D1A1A01056807, the Korea Research Fellowship Program: NRF-2015H1D3A1066561); the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) VICI award (grant 639.043.513) and Spinoza Prize SPI 78-409; the New Scientific Frontiers with Precision Radio Interferometry Fellowship awarded by the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO), which is a facility of the National Research Foundation (NRF), an agency of the Department of Science and Technology (DST) of South Africa; the Onsala Space Observatory (OSO) national infrastructure, for the provisioning of its facilities/observational support (OSO receives funding through the Swedish Research Council under grant 2017-00648) the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics (research at Perimeter Institute is supported by the Government of Canada through the Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development and by the Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science); the Russian Science Foundation (grant 17-12-01029); the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (grants PGC2018-098915-B-C21, AYA2016-80889-P); the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the "Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa" award for the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (SEV-2017-0709); the Toray Science Foundation; the US Department of Energy (USDOE) through the Los Alamos National Laboratory (operated by Triad National Security, LLC, for the National Nuclear Security Administration of the USDOE (contract 89233218CNA000001)); the Italian Ministero dell'Istruzione Universita e Ricerca through the grant Progetti Premiali 2012-iALMA (CUP C52I13000140001); the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 730562 RadioNet; ALMA North America Development Fund; the Academia Sinica; Chandra TM6-17006X; the GenT Program (Generalitat Valenciana) Project CIDEGENT/2018/021. This work used the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE), supported by NSF grant ACI-1548562, and CyVerse, supported by NSF grants DBI-0735191, DBI-1265383, and DBI-1743442. XSEDE Stampede2 resource at TACC was allocated through TG-AST170024 and TG-AST080026N. XSEDE JetStream resource at PTI and TACC was allocated through AST170028. The simulations were performed in part on the SuperMUC cluster at the LRZ in Garching, on the LOEWE cluster in CSC in Frankfurt, and on the HazelHen cluster at the HLRS in Stuttgart. This research was enabled in part by support provided by Compute Ontario (http://computeontario. ca), Calcul Quebec (http://www.calculquebec.ca), and Compute Canada (http://www.computecanada.ca). We thank the staff at the participating observatories, correlation centers, and institutions for their enthusiastic support. This paper makes use of the following ALMA data: ADS/JAO.ALMA#2016.1.01154.V. ALMA is a partnership of the European Southern Observatory (ESO; Europe, representing its member states), NSF, and National Institutes of Natural Sciences of Japan, together with the National Research Council (Canada), Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST; Taiwan), Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics (ASIAA; Taiwan), and Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI; Republic of Korea), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, Associated Universities, Inc. (AUI)/NRAO, and the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ). The NRAO is a facility of the NSF operated under cooperative agreement by AUI. APEX is a collaboration between the Max-Planck-Institut fur Radioastronomie (Germany), ESO, and the Onsala Space Observatory (Sweden). The SMA is a joint project between the SAO and ASIAA and is funded by the Smithsonian Institution and the Academia Sinica. The JCMT is operated by the East Asian Observatory on behalf of the NAOJ, ASIAA, and KASI, as well as the Ministry of Finance of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the National Key R&D Program (No. 2017YFA0402700) of China. Additional funding support for the JCMT is provided by the Science and Technologies Facility Council (UK) and participating universities in the UK and Canada. The LMT is a project operated by the Instituto Nacional de Astrofisica, ptica, y Electronica (Mexico), and the University of Massachusetts at Amherst (USA). The IRAM 30 m telescope on Pico Veleta, Spain is operated by IRAM and supported by CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France), MPG (Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Germany), and IGN (Instituto Geografico Nacional, Spain). The SMT is operated by the Arizona Radio Observatory, a part of the Steward Observatory of the University of Arizona, with financial support of operations from the State of Arizona and financial support for instrumentation development from the NSF. The SPT is supported by the National Science Foundation through grant PLR- 1248097. Partial support is also provided by the NSF Physics Frontier Center grant PHY-1125897 to the Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago, the Kavli Foundation, and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation grant GBMF 947. The SPT hydrogen maser was provided on loan from the GLT, courtesy of ASIAA. The EHTC has received generous donations of FPGA chips from Xilinx Inc., under the Xilinx University Program. The EHTC has benefited from technology shared under an open-source license by the Collaboration for Astronomy Signal Processing and Electronics Research (CASPER). The EHT project is grateful to T4Science and Microsemi for their assistance with hydrogen masers. This research has made use of NASA's Astrophysics Data System. We gratefully acknowledge the support provided by the extended staff of the ALMA, both from the inception of the ALMA Phasing Project through the observational campaigns of 2017 and 2018. We would like to thank A. Deller and W. Brisken for EHT-specific support with the use of DiFX. We acknowledge the significance that Maunakea, where the SMA and JCMT EHT stations are located, has for the indigenous Hawaiian people.

Con il presente lavoro si è tentato di restituire complessità al concetto di cooperazione, analizzandone la sua ambivalenza e le sue antinomie. Si è scelto di mettere in luce, in modo critico, l'uso capitalistico della cooperazione partendo dalla teoria del Capitale di Marx: è nel capitolo XI del Primo Libro che egli descrive la cooperazione come il primo dei metodi di estrazione del plusvalore relativo e il punto di partenza della produzione capitalistica. Il capitolo marxiano in questione è ricco di nodi teorico-filosofici di grande rilievo e di concetti quali quello di zoòn politikòn, di homo economicus, di animal spirits, di funzione dispotica e di controllo del capitale, di sussunzione del lavoro sotto il capitale. A seguire, sono stati analizzati il Capitolo VI inedito e il Frammento sulle Macchine contenuto nei Grundrisse di Marx: grazie a queste opere si è fatto riferimento alle nozioni di lavoro produttivo e improduttivo, di general intellect e di individuo sociale, provando ad individuare i possibili collegamenti con il concetto di cooperazione e le differenze con la teoria del Capitale. Attraverso i Grundrisse e le varie riflessioni che ne sono scaturite, si è giunti ad approfondire la questione operaista e come il concetto di cooperazione sia stato analizzato da autori quali Panzieri, Tronti e Negri, fino al post-operaismo e alla teoria del capitalismo cognitivo, attraverso una serie di questioni quali quelle intorno al lavoro materiale e immateriale, al sistema delle macchine e della tecnologia, fino alla flessibilità e precarietà del lavoro ai giorni nostri. La cornice entro cui le varie problematiche sono state affrontate resta quella marxiana della critica dell'economia politica e dell'importanza della legge del valore. Gli autori di riferimento sono stati principalmente D. Harvey, R. Bellofiore, M. Tomba, R. Fineschi, M. Fisher, S. Wright, A.M. Iacono, M. Filippini. Attraverso le loro riflessioni e l'analisi della teoria marxiana è stato possibile comprendere alcune delle caratteristiche del concetto di cooperazione e del suo uso capitalistico, motivo per il quale si è giunti a sostenere la teoria della sua ambivalenza: la cooperazione, come facoltà della specie umana, oscilla tra il modo di liberare le facoltà individuali mediante il lavoro collettivo organizzato, e il modo di opprimerle attraverso il dominio dispotico di chi esercita il potere organizzativo e di pianificazione. Ciò che si è cercato di sostenere lungo tutto il corso del lavoro, e in modo particolare nell'ultimo capitolo, è la necessità di riappropriarsi della cooperazione, liberandola dal giogo del capitale, per poterne fare un uso diverso, sciolto dalle imposizioni dispotiche del sistema capitalistico. Infine, si è deciso di analizzare alcuni esempi e casi concreti di forme cooperative guardandoli come possibili modelli di un tipo di cooperazione priva di gerarchie fisse e caratterizzata da regole condivise. Nello specifico sono stati descritti quattro modelli a partire da prospettive diverse: musicale, con il jazz come esempio teorico di cooperazione realizzata tramite la condivisione di regole comuni; femminista, mediante l'esperienza di comunità e cooperative di donne del Sud del mondo; ecologista, a partire dal modello dell'Internationalist Commune of Rojava e del suo progetto di riappropriazione e rivalorizzazione di terre e risorse comuni; antirazzista, attraverso l'organizzazione di forme cooperative e lotte dei migranti o delle comunità afroamericane, anche in seguito all'emergenza Covid-19. This work attempts to restore complexity to the concept of cooperation, analyzing its ambivalence and its antinomies. In order to do so, I am going to critically assess the capitalist use of cooperation drawing on Marx's theory of Capital: in Chapter XI of the First Book, the cooperation is described as the first of the methods of extraction of the relative surplus value and the starting point of capitalist production. This chapter offers several theoretical-philosophical notions of great importance for the subsequent analysis, such as zoòn politikòn, homo economicus, animal spirits, despotic function and control of capital, and subsumption of labor under capital. Later on, I have also anayzed the Unpublished Chapter VI and the Fragment on Machines (Grundrisse) of Marx: these works have shed light on the notions of productive and unproductive work, of general intellect and of a social individual, and drawing on them, I have attempted to identify possible links with the concept of cooperation previously analyzed, and the differences with the theory presented in the Capital. Through the work of Grundrisse and the various considerations that have been raised, I have assessed the Workerism and how the concept of cooperation has been analyzed by authors such as Panzieri, Tronti and Negri, up to post-operism and the theory of cognitive capitalism (through a series of issues like material and immaterial work, the system of machines and technology, the flexibility and precariousness of today work). The framework within this work is situated remains the Marxian critique of political economy and the importance of the law of value. The authors I have decided to focus upon are D. Harvey, R. Bellofiore, M. Tomba, R. Fineschi, M. Fisher, S. Wright, A.M. Iacono, M. Filippini. Through their reflections and their analyses of Marxian theory, it is possible to understand some of the characteristics of the concept of cooperation and its capitalist use. As such, I am going to claim that the most plausible way of interpreting the notion of cooperation consists in endorsing the theory of its ambivalence: cooperation, as a faculty of the species human, it is caught between finding a way to free individual faculties through organized collective work, and the risk of oppressing individuals through the despotic domination of those who exercise power. What I have tried to claim throughout this dissertation, and especially in the last chapter, is the need to regain cooperation from the capital's domination, in order to make a different use of it. Finally, I have decided to analyze some examples and concrete cases of cooperative forms, by considering them possible models of a type of cooperation without fixed hierarchies and characterized by shared rules. Specifically, I have described four models starting from different perspectives: a musical model, with jazz as a theoretical example of cooperation achieved through the sharing of common rules; a feminist model, through the experience of communities and cooperatives of women from the South of the world; an ecologist model, starting from the model of the Internationalist Commune of Rojava and its project of re-appropriation and revaluation of common lands and resources; and finally an anti-racist model, through the organization of cooperative forms and struggles of migrants or AfricanAmerican communities, also following the Covid-19 emergency.

In the article on the basis of the statistical materials analytical works of predecessors archived,, a role and place of education, culture and religion are considered in forming of socialstatistical values young cities. A research aim is certain taking into account actuality of select theme and scientific level of her development. She consists in that on the basis of complex analysis of the published and archived sources, achievements of historiography and allied subjects to investigate the features of character of place, and roles of municipal young people in social and political life of the independent state.Except that, public meaningfulness of problem, appearance of new statistical data predetermined the necessity of further researches. Actuality of the outlined problem was predetermined, foremost, by a necessity to have a clear idea about that, what place in life of ordinary young man that lived in city occupied a seed, to put, work. That appeared important tasks before historical science there was a study of effectiveness of public social policy youth their segment. The found not enough out was remained by the question of public space of youth existence. Description of activity of youth public organizations political scientists, philosophers, engaged in traditionally. Scientific literature that plugs the problems of participation of public authorities in the public providing of young people, basic ways of the socio­economic and social and political becoming young cities and villages only partly examines influence on the social status values (descriptions) of education, culture and religion.Importance of the outlined problem is predetermined, foremost, by a necessity to have a clear idea about that is modern Ukrainian youth, in particular her municipal group, what place public factors, that influenced at choice forming of vital values, ideals, practices, reference­points, priorities there is the real payment of young people that socio­economic and social and political development of the independent state, settled in life. Basic fundamental approaches of state power are found out to forming cultural, educational, religious politics, to development of self­realization youth, socio­economic modernization of Ukraine. Considerable attention is spared to development during 1990­2000th of row of values of Ukrainian society : freedom, dignity, patriotism, independences and others like that. In measuring of finding out of changes in basic social status descriptions young cities are investigational role in her life of education, effectiveness of public educational policy in providing of right for a citizen on education. First in historiography on the basis of specific methodological tool reasons of receipt are found out by the young people of secondary, higher education, professional and professional increase. It is confirmed, that on vital options young cities considerable influence had informative, language factors. The special attention is spared to research of influences of socio­economic and social and political factors on forming of vital priorities of municipal young people. ; В статті на основі архівних, статистичних матеріалів, аналітичних напрацювань попередників, розглянуто роль і місце освіти, культури та релігії у формуванні соціально­статистичних цінностей молоді міста. Мета дослідження визначена з урахуванням актуальності обраної теми та наукового рівня її розробки. Вона полягає в тому, щоб на основі комплексного аналізу опублікованих та архівних джерел, здобутків історіографії та суміжних наук дослідити особливості характеру місця та ролі міської молоді в суспільно­політичному житті незалежної держави.Окрім того, суспільна значимість проблеми, поява нових статистичних даних зумовлювали необхідність подальших досліджень. Актуальність окресленої проблеми зумовлювалась, перш за все, необхідністю мати чітке уявлення про те, яке місце в житті пересічної молодої людини, що проживала в місті, займали сім'я, діти, робота. Важливим завданням, що поставало перед історичною наукою було вивчення результативності державної соціальної політики, молодіжного їх сегмента. Недостатньо з'ясованим залишалося і питання суспільного простору молодіжного буття. Характеристикою діяльності молодіжних громадських організацій традиційно займалися політологи, філософи. Наукова література, яка включає проблеми участі органів державної влади у суспільному забезпеченні молоді, основних шляхів соціально­економічного і суспільно­політичного становлення молоді міста і села лише почасти розглядає вплив на соціально­статусні цінності (характеристики) освіти, культури та релігії.Важливість окресленої проблеми зумовлюється, перш за все, необхідністю мати чітке уявлення про те, якою є сучасна українська молодь, зокрема її міська група, яке місце в житті осідали суспільні чинники, що впливали на вибір і формування життєвих цінностей, ідеалів, практик, орієнтирів, пріоритетів, яким є реальний внесок молоді, соціально­економічний і суспільно­політичний розвиток незалежної держави. З'ясовано основні принципові підходи державної влади до формування культурної, освітньої, релігійної політики, розвитку самореалізації молоді, соціально­економічної модернізації України. Значна увага приділена розвитку протягом 1990­2000­х років низки цінностей українського суспільства: свободи, гідності, патріотизму,незалежності тощо. У вимірі з'ясування змін в основних соціально­статусних характеристиках молоді міста досліджено роль в її житті освіти, результативності державної освітньої політики у забезпеченні права громадянина на освіту. Вперше в історіографії на основі специфічного методологічного інструментарію з'ясовано мотиви здобуття молоддю середньої, вищої освіти, професійного і фахового зростання. Підтверджено, що на життєві установки молоді міста значний вплив мав інформаційний, мовний чинники. Особлива увага приділена дослідженню впливів соціально­економічних та суспільно­політичних чинників на формування життєвих пріоритетів міської молоді. ; В статті на основі архівних, статистичних матеріалів, аналітичних напрацювань попередників, розглянуто роль і місце освіти, культури та релігії у формуванні соціально­статистичних цінностей молоді міста. Мета дослідження визначена з урахуванням актуальності обраної теми та наукового рівня її розробки. Вона полягає в тому, щоб на основі комплексного аналізу опублікованих та архівних джерел, здобутків історіографії та суміжних наук дослідити особливості характеру місця та ролі міської молоді в суспільно­політичному житті незалежної держави.Окрім того, суспільна значимість проблеми, поява нових статистичних даних зумовлювали необхідність подальших досліджень. Актуальність окресленої проблеми зумовлювалась, перш за все, необхідністю мати чітке уявлення про те, яке місце в житті пересічної молодої людини, що проживала в місті, займали сім'я, діти, робота. Важливим завданням, що поставало перед історичною наукою було вивчення результативності державної соціальної політики, молодіжного їх сегмента. Недостатньо з'ясованим залишалося і питання суспільного простору молодіжного буття. Характеристикою діяльності молодіжних громадських організацій традиційно займалися політологи, філософи. Наукова література, яка включає проблеми участі органів державної влади у суспільному забезпеченні молоді, основних шляхів соціально­економічного і суспільно­політичного становлення молоді міста і села лише почасти розглядає вплив на соціально­статусні цінності (характеристики) освіти, культури та релігії.Важливість окресленої проблеми зумовлюється, перш за все, необхідністю мати чітке уявлення про те, якою є сучасна українська молодь, зокрема її міська група, яке місце в житті осідали суспільні чинники, що впливали на вибір і формування життєвих цінностей, ідеалів, практик, орієнтирів, пріоритетів, яким є реальний внесок молоді, соціально­економічний і суспільно­політичний розвиток незалежної держави. З'ясовано основні принципові підходи державної влади до формування культурної, освітньої, релігійної політики, розвитку самореалізації молоді, соціально­економічної модернізації України. Значна увага приділена розвитку протягом 1990­2000­х років низки цінностей українського суспільства: свободи, гідності, патріотизму,незалежності тощо. У вимірі з'ясування змін в основних соціально­статусних характеристиках молоді міста досліджено роль в її житті освіти, результативності державної освітньої політики у забезпеченні права громадянина на освіту. Вперше в історіографії на основі специфічного методологічного інструментарію з'ясовано мотиви здобуття молоддю середньої, вищої освіти, професійного і фахового зростання. Підтверджено, що на життєві установки молоді міста значний вплив мав інформаційний, мовний чинники. Особлива увага приділена дослідженню впливів соціально­економічних та суспільно­політичних чинників на формування життєвих пріоритетів міської молоді.

Logistički automatizovani informacioni sistem treba razvijati kao deo jedinstvenog automatizovanog informacionog sistema (JAIS-a). Da bi se logistički automatizovani informacioni sistem uspešno razvijao i primenjivao u operativnoj praksi, neophodno je slediti globalni koncept razvoja JAIS-a i u razvoju više primenjivati timski rad profesionalnog informatičara i poznavaoca realnog logističkog sistema. Bitan uslov za razvoj kvalitetnog logističkog informacionog sistema jeste definisanje informacionih potreba o pojedinim objektima koje tretira logistički informacioni sistem. Zadatak logističkog automatizovanog informacionog sistema jeste da obezbedi: stalni uvid u stanje logističkog sistema; ukazivanje na potrebne i moguće mere poboljšanja; bolje planiranje i upravljanje radom realnog sistema; informisanje ljudstva o stanju realnog sistema i ukazivanje na pravce daljeg razvoja informacionih sistema. Logistički informacioni sistem treba razvijati vodeći računa i o kompatibilnosti sa budućim saveznicima i partnerima. ; A logistics automated information system should be developed as a part of a unified automated information system (JAIS). In order to develop a logistics automated information system and to apply it successfully in operational use, it is necessary to follow the JAIS global development concept and rely more on teamwork of IT experts and specialists in real logistics systems. An important condition for the development of a high-quality logistics information system is to define information needs for particular objects treated by a logistics information system. The task of such a system is to provide: permanent insight into the logistics system, pointing to the necessary and possible measures for improvement, better real system planning and management activities, personnel information about the state of the real system, pointing to the directions of further system development. A logistics information system should be developed taking also into account compatibility with future allies and partners. Defense systems were among the first to accept the challenge (because they were forced to) to introduce information technology in their management system and, with the help of innovations in this area, to increase the performance effectiveness under the conditions of environment dynamic changes. Information technology development mostly followed development of large military projects aimed at solving management or technology issues within military industry complex and management in the most technologically developed defence systems. These science and defense practice efforts resulted in many new methods and techniques such as the method of system analysis and information system design, methods of operational research and simulation, pattern recognition, expert systems for individual processes in management, as well as those for information retrieval and their implementation in decision making. Over time, partial innovations reached a high level of synthesis, leading to new management systems able to function in most complex task conditions. Mastering the procedure of creating autonomous partial information systemswhere the operational research methods helped to optimally apply some of their particular values – has led to the creation of integrated automated information systems for management support. Our recent defence theory and practice have not concentrated enough on logistics information systems in professional journals, neither from the organizational nor from the technological point of view. Experiences gained from operational practice and knowledge acquired by visiting foreign armies, practical needs as well as modern times demands and current trends in the development of defence systems pointed out that it is necessary to pay more attention to this logistics segment in military journals. Logistics information systems cannot be researched, developed and introduced into operational practice (applied) without knowing the structure of high-quality information systems in general. High-quality information systems for supporting the logistic aspects of decision-making and logisticsdealing authorities cannot be developed without properly defining information needs of specific customer information systems and without most precisely describing objects of interest of the logistics system. It is also not possible to go forward in the development and implementation of logistics information systems after long stagnation unless this important area is considered through a retrospective, identifying and defining problems that accompany the development and introduction of information systems in the military forerunners of the Army of Serbia and the AS now and realizing the current situation in this area in the defense system. In principle, our defense system started the work on the automated collection, processing and distribution of information simultaneously with other developed defense systems in the world. However, in the meantime orientations and concepts changed so that no project focused on the development of integrated automated information system (AIS) and decision support system was brought completely to the end. The development of information systems to support the defense system and particularly the Army faced specific dilemmas and problems which hindered their development: information needs of users which information systems should provide for were never properly defined; disputes occurred between "generalites" and "specialists" on whether the system should be built from the bottom (the base) or from the top, resulting in the development of small-scale applications in the base (where problems needing automation occurred) that could fit into a global concept and the development of global concepts never implemented completely into the defense system operational practice. Due to the low level of their information culture, real system experts were not able to properly express and define their needs and expectations of IT professionals who, because of their low levels of general military knowledge, were not able to fully understand the functioning of the real system and information system needs. The above dilemmas and other problems are still present today so that the present automated decision-mking support in the defense system (not just in logistics) does not match the needs of practice, requirements of time and modern trends. In treating logistics information systems in this paper, we will apply an analogy with other information systems. Particular aspects and segments of the development and implementation of logistics information systems will be processed with a high degree of generalization, using the experience and research the authors participated in as well as available sources of knowledge. The aforementioned approach allows for a wider general aspect of the given views, while, on the other hand, gaining the depth and accuracy if validly applied to each specific case and to each logistics system. After the organizational changes in the defense system, and in logistics in particular, due consideration should be paid to the development of information systems since there possibly lies the answer to the request 'to reduce the system response time' within a framework of constant reducing the workforce and 'scope of logistic resources'. Changes in the organization of the technical, health, infrastructural and financial support of Defense represent an additional reason to approach more seriously the issues of defense logistic support and the logistic aspects of decision-making in the defense.

En este trabajo se analiza desde la metodología de la Ciencia de Datos un conjunto de datos abiertos sobre el uso del servicio de alquiler de bicicletas de Nueva York por usuarios habitualmente vinculados al turismo. El contexto de la Administración Pública local será el tenido en cuenta para la realización de propuestas finales. El objetivo es doble: a) obtener respuestas sobre el uso segmentado del servicio y b) desde la perspectiva de machine learning, buscar el mejor modelo para predecir la demanda diaria de bicicletas, teniendo en cuenta clima (precipitaciones) y eventos (días festivos). Se entrenan siete modelos de diferentes algoritmos, que posteriormente se utilizan para predecir la demanda. El modelo que mejores resultados obtiene en las predicciones es la Red Neuronal Artificial. Las conclusiones subrayan el hecho de que los objetivos organizativos deben guiar el proceso completo de la Ciencia de Datos. Los resultados avalan el hecho de que el proceso de tratamiento de los datos no es ni trivial ni se puede generalizar y puede llegar a ser estratégico, debiéndose guiar por los objetivos de la organización desde el inicio. Asimismo se enfatiza la importancia de que la literatura profundice en detalles sobre el preprocesado y procesado de los datos, tanto como lo hace con los algoritmos. A partir de los resultados se realizan propuestas a nivel de gestión operativa, pero también de planificación estratégica. Será necesario lograr una organización pública orientada al dato, para avanzar hacia el concepto de Smart Government. ; In this work we analyze an open data set from the Data Science perspective. The data set is on bicycle trips of non-subscriber users (usually tourists and visitors) of the New York City bike-sharing service. The local government organizational context we will be taken into account for final proposals. Two are the main goals: a) on one hand, we are looking for answers related to a segmented use of the service, and b) on the other hand, from a machine learning perspective, we want to find the best model that predicts the bicycle daily demand, taking into account weather (precipitations) and events (non-working days). We train and test seven different algorithms models, that later we use to predict the demand. The model that best results has obtained in predictions is the Artificial Neural Network. Conclusions highlight, the fact that organizational goals have to guide the full Data Science process. Results support the fact that data pre-processing and processing stages are not trivial nor can be generalized, and it can even become strategic. It is also highlighted the fact that literature should include more accurate explanations on the data pre-processing and processing stages, in the same way that does with algorithms. Based on the data analysis, visualizations and machine learning results, some useful proposals are included from both, operational and strategic perspectives. A fully data-oriented public organization has to be a strategic goal if consolidated advances towards Smart Government are planned. ; En aquest treball s'analitza des de la metodologia de la Ciència de Dades un conjunt de dades obertes sobre l'ús del servei de lloguer de bicicletes de Nova York per usuaris habitualment vinculats al turisme. El context de l'Administració Pública local serà el tingut en compte per a la realització de propostes finals. L'objectiu és doble: a) obtenir respostes sobre l'ús segmentat del servei i b) des de la perspectiva de machine learning, buscar el millor model per predir la demanda diària de bicicletes, tenint en compte clima (precipitacions) i esdeveniments (dies festius). S'entrenen set models de diferents algorismes, que posteriorment s'utilitzen per predir la demanda. El model que millors resultats obté en les prediccions és la Xarxa Neuronal Artificial. Les conclusions subratllen el fet que els objectius organitzatius han de guiar el procés complet de la Ciència de Dades. Els resultats avalen el fet que el procés de tractament de les dades no és ni trivial ni es pot generalitzar i pot arribar a ser estratègic, havent-se de guiar pels objectius de l'organització des de l'inici. Així mateix s'emfatitza la importància que la literatura aprofundeixi en detalls sobre el preprocesat i processament de les dades, tant com ho fa amb els algorismes. A partir dels resultats es realitzen propostes a nivell de gestió operativa, però també de planificació estratègica. Serà necessari aconseguir una organització pública orientada a la dada, per avançar cap al concepte de Smart Government.

Article Details: Received: 2020-09-07 | Accepted: 2020-10-19 | Available online: 2020-12-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.04.241-247The contents of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in raw cow's milk, feed and soil samples from three regions of Slovak Republic (SR) depending on the environmental regional classification of SR. Total 60 pool milk samples from undisturbed environment (Novoť area), moderately disturbed environment (Tulčík area), and from strongly disturbed environment (Čečejovce area) collected in April, July and September were extracted, purified by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and analyzed using the gas chromatography with electron capture detector method (GC-ECD). Thirty feed samples of total mixed ration (TMR) were collected in April and September and after the extraction and purification by GPC were analyzed using gas and liquid chromatography (GLC). Fifteen soil samples collected in April were analyzed using the GC-ECD. All samples of raw milk, feed and soil were under the limit of quantification (LOQ) from all regions and did not exceed the limits set by European Commission. There were no seasonal differences in the PCBs levels in the milk, feed and soil samples. The milk PCBs consumption from these locations has no negative impact on consumer's health. The results indicate the decreasing trend in PCBs occurrence in the environment and food sources. Despite this positive findings, there is a constant need to monitor environmental burden of PCBs in the different regions of Slovakia where mainly food of animal origin is produced and to recognize another sources of PCBs that may impact the food chain.Keywords: polychlorinated biphenyls, PCB, cow milk, cows, SlovakiaReferencesAHMADKHANIHA, R., NODEHI, R.N., RASTKARI, N. and AGHAMIRLOO, H.M. (2017). Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) residues in commercial pasteurized cows' milk in Tehran, Iran. 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—Personal data exchange and disclosure prevention are widespread problems in our digital world. There are a couple of information technologies embedded in the commercial and government processes. People need to exchange their personal information while using these technologies while services need to process it. And therefore, It is essential to make this exchange is secure. Despite many legal regulations, there are many cases of personal data breaches that lead to undesirable consequences. Reasons for personal data leakage may be adversary attack, data administration error or service corruption. At the same time, creating complex service interaction and multilayer information security may lead to many inconveniences for the user. Personal data exchange protocol has the following tasks: participant's data transfer, ensuring information security, providing participants with trust in each other and ensuring service availability. In this paper, we represent a personal data exchange protocol called X. The main idea is to provide personal data encryption on the user side and thus to prevent personal data disclosure and publication. This approach allows us to transfer personal data from user to service only in the form of an encrypted data packet — blob. Each blob can be validated and certified by a personal data inspector who had approved user's information. It can be any government department or a commercial organization, for example, passport issuing authority, banks, etc. It implies that we can provide several key features for personal data exchange. A requesting service cannot publish the user personal data. It still can perform a validation protocol with an inspector to validate user data. We do not depend on service data administration infrastructure and do not complicate the inspector's processes by adding additional information about the personal data request. The personal data package has a link between the personal data owner and a service request. Each blob is generated for a single request and has a time limit for a provided encrypted personal data. After this limit, the service can not use a received package. The user cannot provide invalid personal data or use the personal data of another person. We don't restrict specified cryptographic algorithms usage The X protocol can be implemented with any encryption, digital signature, key generation algorithms which are secure in our adversary model. For protocol description, Russian standardized cryptographic protocols are used. The paper also contains several useful examples of how the X protocol can be implemented in real information systems. ; Передача персональных данных и предотвращение их раскрытия являются широко распространенными проблемами в цифровом ми- ре. Существует множество информационных технологий, внедренных в государственные и коммерческие сервисы. Людям необходимо передавать персональную информацию для использования этих технологий. И поэтому существенно важно обеспечить безопасность этой передачи. Несмотря на многочисленные правовые регулирования, существует множество случаев утечек персональных данных, которые привели к нежелательным последствиям. Причиной утечки может быть как атака злоумышленника, так и административная ошибка. В то же время, создание сложного взаимодействия с сервисом и много- слойной системы информационной безопасности могут привести к неудобствам для пользователя. Протокол обмена персональными данными должен решать следующие задачи: передача персональных данных между участниками, обеспечение информационной безопасности, доверия к участникам сети и доступности сервисов. В работе представлен протокол обмена персональными данными: ИКС. Основная идея заключается в шифровании персональных данных на стороне пользователя и таким образом предотвращение раскрытия и публикации данных. Такой подход позволяет нам передавать персональные данные от пользователя сервису только лишь в форме зашифрованного пакета данных — блоба. Каждый блоб может быть проверен и заверен инспектором персональных данных который подтвердил информацию о пользователе. Инспектором может быть любой государственный департамент или коммерческая организация, например, центр выдачи паспорта, банки и др. Таким образом, мы можем обеспечить несколько ключевых особенностей для обмена персональными данными. Сервис, запрашивающий персональные данные, не может их опубликовать. Он все еще может выполнить протокол проверки с инспектором для подтверждения персональных данных. Мы не используем внутреннюю инфраструктуру сервиса и не усложняем работу инспектора за счёт добавления дополнительной информации о запросе персональных данных. Пакет персональных данных связывает личность владельца персональных дан- ных и запрос сервиса. Каждый блоб создается для одного запроса и имеет временное ограничение для зашифрованных персональных данных. По истечении времени сервис не может использовать полученный набор данных. Пользователь не мо- жет предоставить неверные персональные данные или использовать данные другого пользователя. Мы не ограничиваем использование определен- ных криптографических алгоритмов. Протокол ИКС может быть реализован с любым алгорит- мом шифрования, цифровой подписи и генерации ключа, которые стойки в нашей модели против- ника. Для описания протокола используются Рос- сийские криптографические стандарты. В статье также есть описание нескольких примеров того, как протокол ИКС может быть использован в существующих информационных системах.

En este trabajo me propongo estudiar el proceso de construcción identitaria de un sector de mujeres indígenas en Argentina que se reúne anualmente en los Encuentros Nacionales de Mujeres. En esta oportunidad me ocupo de reconstruir el recorrido a través del cual las mujeres originarias fueron estableciendo una agenda política que incorpora las problemáticas de las mujeres a lo largo de la conformación del taller denominado Mujeres de los Pueblos originarios (1986-2011). Con este fin, delimito tres momentos los cuales considero coyunturales en el proceso de organización política de las indígenas. Cabe aclarar que este trabajo se desprende de una investigación etnográfica más amplia en los Encuentros Nacionales de Mujeres. En este marco, realicé observación participante y entrevistas a mujeres indígenas y no indígenas. De especial interés para este escrito, relevé los cuadernillos de conclusiones de los Encuentros desde 1986. Entre los resultados se puede concluir que las mujeres indígenas construyen su agenda política insertas en un entramado de prioridades políticas, legislaciones y acciones trasnacionales, regionales y nacionales; lo cual implica un intercambio (conflictivo) con el movimiento indígena, el movimiento de mujeres, el feminismo y otros posibles interlocutores dependientes de la escena local. ; This paper proposes the identity construction process study of a sector of indigenous women in Argentina that meets annually at the National Women's Meetings. In this opportunity is reconstructed the route through which native women established a policy agenda, that incorporates women issues throughout the workshop conformation called Native Nations Women (1986-2011). With this objective three relevant moments in the political organization process of indigenous are marked out. It should be noted that this work can be seen from a broader ethnographic research in the National Women's Meetings. In this context, it was made the participation, observation and the interviews with indigenous and non-indigenous women. Of special interest to this writing, was to look at the conclusions meeting booklets since 1986. Among the results, we can conclude that indigenous women build their political agenda embedded in a framework of political priorities, legislation and transnational, regional and national actions; which implies an exchange (conflictive) with the indigenous movement, the women's movement, feminism, and other potential interlocutors that are dependent on the local scene. ; Neste trabalho, propõe-se o estudo de processo de construção de identidade de um setor de mulheres indígenas na Argentina que reúnem-se anualmente nas Reuniões Nacionais de Mulheres. Nesta oportunidade, reconstrói-se a rota através da qual as mulheres originarias estabeleceram uma agenda política que incorpora os problemas das mulheres durante a formação do workshop chamado Mulheres dos Povos Originais (1986-2011). Para este fim, delimitam-se três momentos conjunturais no processo de organização política dos indígenas. Note-se que este trabalho é derivado de uma pesquisa etnográfica mais ampla nas Reuniões Nacionais de Mulheres. Neste contexto, realizou-se a observação participante e entrevistas a mulheres indígenas e não indígenas. De especial interesse para este artigo, foram consultados os folhetos de conclusões dos encontros desde 1986. Entres os resultados, pode-se concluir que as mulheres indígenas desenvolvem sua agenda política inserida em uma rede de prioridades políticas, legislações e ações transnacionais, regionais e nacionais; o que implica uma troca (conflituosa) com o movimento indígena, o movimento das mulheres, o feminismo e outros possíveis interlocutores dependentes da cena local. ; Dans ce travail, nous proposons l'étude du processus de construction identitaire d'un secteur de femmes autochtones en Argentine qui se réunit chaque année lors des Rencontres Nationales des Femmes. Á cette occasion on reconstruit, le voyage à travers lequel les femmes d'origine ont établi un programme politique qui incorpore les problèmes des femmes tout au long de la formation de l'atelier intitulé Femmes des peuples d ́origines (1986-2011). A cette fin, trois moments conjoncturels sont délimités dans le processus d'organisation politique des indigènes. Il convient de noter que ce travail est dérivé d'une recherche ethnographique plus large dans les réunions nationales des femmes. Dans ce cadre, la participation et les entretiens avec les femmes autochtones et non autochtones ont été menés. D'un intérêt particulier pour cet écrit, les livrets de conclusions des Rencontres depuis 1986 ont été consultés. Parmi les résultats, on peut conclure que les femmes autochtones établissent leur programme politique intégré dans un réseau de priorités politiques, de législations et d'actions transnationales, régionales et nationales; ce qui implique un échange (conflictuel) avec le mouvement indigène, le mouvement des femmes, le féminisme et d'autres interlocuteurs possibles dépendant de la scène locale. ; Fil: Sciortino, María Silvana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación. Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales; Argentina

Organisaties worden voortdurend geconfronteerd met kritische gebeurtenissen die hun maatschappelijke legitimiteit kunnen aantasten. Wanneer ondernemingen publiekelijk worden geassocieerd met activiteiten als vervuiling, discriminatie van bepaalde groepen medewerkers, omkoping, monopolistische prijszetting, of het in gevaar brengen van de veiligheid van consumenten, lopen zij het risico uit hun maatschappelijke functie ontheven te worden. Organisaties hoeven dergelijke bedreigingen echter niet passief te ondergaan. Managers blijken vaak in staat communicatieve en strategische reacties te ontwikkelen, die hun organisaties beschermen tegen publiekelijke beschuldigingen en die het positieve imago veilig kunnen stellen. Wanneer managers dergelijke geisoleerde ad hoc reacties op externe bedreigingen trachten om te zetten in een meer geintegreerde en pro-actieve bedrijfsvoering, kunnen we spreken van een issues management strategie. In dit boek tracht ik aan te tonen dat dergelijke issues management strategieen een positieve bijdrage kunnen leveren aan zowel de financiele prestaties van ondernemingen als aan hun bedrijfsreputatie. Ik heb mij in mijn onderzoek gericht op het issue van genetische modificatie. Meer in het bijzonder heb ik onderzocht hoe de verschillende ondernemingen in de Nederlandse voedingsmiddelenketen zijn omgegaan met de maatschappelijke druk rond de introductie van consumentenproducten die vervaardigd zijn op basis van genetisch gemodificeerde soja of mais. Om tenminste drie samenhangende redenen is de introductie van dergelijke producten maatschappelijk gezien een heet hangijzer. In de eerste plaats gaat het om heel veel verschillende producten. Meer dan zestig procent van alle voorverpakte levensmiddelen die te koop zijn in de supermarkt bevat op dit moment al genetisch gemodificeerde ingredienten. Genetische modificatie is alleen al daarom niet langer een technologie van de toekomst, maar in letterlijke zin een hedendaagse technologie. Naast de schaal van de introductie speelt in de tweede plaats ook mee dat er een aantal potentiele gevaren aan de nieuwe technologie kleven, alsmede een aantal ethische bezwaren. Niemand kan op dit moment voorspellen wat in de komende decennia de invloed van genetische modificatie zal zijn op het economische, sociale, en ecologische landschap van grote delen van de wereld. Een derde reden is dat de consument nooit is gevraagd naar zijn mening omtrent moderne biotechnologie. De beslissing om deze nieuwe technologie te gaan commercialiseren is genomen in de bestuurskamers van een kleine groep hoofdzakelijk Noord-Amerikaanse ondernemingen, en niet door de politieke vertegenwoordigers van alle consumenten die nu dagelijks met gentechnologie geconfronteerd worden. Voor de Nederlandse levensmiddelenbranche is moderne biotechnologie een zeer duidelijke bedreiging. Nederland kent een relatief groot aantal handelsondernemingen en voedselproducenten, alsmede een aantal grote internationaal opererende retailers. Voor al deze ondernemingen geldt dat zij aan de ene kant te maken hebben met biotechnologiebedrijven, zaadhandelaren en agrarische ondernemingen die het hen onmogelijk maken om in grote hoeveelheden ongemodificeerde ingredienten aan te schaffen, terwijl zij aan de andere kant geconfronteerd worden met consumenten die veelal afwijzend staan tegenover moderne biotechnologie. Juist voor deze groep ondernemingen is issues management dan ook een kerntaak. Zonder een adequaat management van kritische afhankelijkheden en gebeurtenissen lopen deze ondernemingen het risico imagoschade op te lopen en hun winstgevendheid te zien afnemen. Een groot probleem, zowel voor managers als onderzoekers, is echter dat er in de literatuur een veelheid aan issues management technieken beschreven wordt. Het is daarom voor de praktiserende manager zeker niet in een oogopslag duidelijk wat op een bepaald moment de meest geeigende issues management techniek is voor zijn of haar bedrijf. Tegelijkertijd is het ook voor de onderzoeker niet gemakkelijk om vast te stellen welke issues management technieken de bedrijven die hij of zij onderzoekt nu eigenlijk gebruiken. Voor dit proefschrift heb ik daarom allereerst onderzocht welke issues management technieken Nederlandse ondernemingen nu eigenlijk gebruiken bij hun pogingen om de introductie van moderne biotechnologie in goede banen te leiden. Ik heb dat gedaan door middel van een zogenaamde gevalsstudie of case studie. Een dergelijke studie is een kwalitatief onderzoek, waarbij het accent veeleer ligt op het bouwen dan op het testen van theorie. Als belangrijkste databronnen heb ik voor deze studie gebruik gemaakt interviews, archiefmateriaal, ronde tafelgesprekken, audiovisueel materiaal, en achtergrondinformatie uit kranten en tijdschriften. De case studie toonde aan dat Nederlandse ondernemingen gebruik maken van een tweetal complementaire issues management strategieen. In de eerste plaats maken zij gebruik van wat men een extraverte issues management strategie zou kunnen noemen. De ondernemingen in mijn onderzoekssteekproef hebben van begin af aan geprobeerd om de meningen van kritische externe partijen, de zogenaamde stakeholders, mee te nemen in hun besluitvorming. Deze strategie wordt ook wel stakeholder integratie genoemd. De verschillende manifestaties van dit fenomeen worden besproken in het vierde hoofdstuk van dit boek. In de tweede plaats maken ondernemingen ook gebruik van meer introverte issues management benaderingen. Het accent ligt dan veel meer op de codificatie van issues management-gerelateerde ervaringen, om zo waardevolle vaardigheden te creeren die in een later stadium weer toegepast kunnen worden op nieuwe issues. De verschillende verschijningsvormen die deze issues management vaardigheden kunnen aannemen worden beschreven in het vijfde hoofdstuk van deze dissertatie. Het identificeren van issues management technieken is een belangrijk begin wanneer men wil vaststellen wat de toegevoegde waarde van issues management is. Een tweede stap in dit proces is echter het identificeren van indicatoren waarin die toegevoegde waarde uitgedrukt zou kunnen worden. In dit proefschrift beschrijf ik een viertal van dergelijke indicatoren. In de eerste plaats beschrijf ik een tweetal indicatoren waarin de toegevoegde waarde van issues management in financiele zin tot uitdrukking zou moeten komen. De eerste indicator heb ik economische meeropbrengsten genoemd, terwijl ik de tweede heb aangeduid met strategische meeropbrengsten. In het eerste geval gaat het om korte termijn pecuniaire winsten, terwijl het in het tweede geval gaat om verbeteringen in de concurrentiepositie van een onderneming op de lange termijn. Tevens beschrijf ik een tweetal indicatoren die betrekking hebben op de reputatie van ondernemingen. In de eerste plaats gebruik ik de algemene ondernemingsreputatie, een brede evaluatie van het prestige van een onderneming ten opzichte van haar directe concurrenten. In de tweede plaats maak ik gebruik van de ondernemingsreputatie op het gebied van moderne biotechnologie, een veel specifiekere evaluatie van het externe prestige van een onderneming. De twee issues management technieken alsmede de vier prestatie- indicatoren heb ik vervolgens geoperationaliseerd in de vorm van een vragenlijst (zie Appendix A). In het kader van een tweede studie - een kwantitatief survey - heb ik deze vragenlijst opgestuurd naar alle ondernemingen (551) die in Nederland betrokken zijn bij de introductie van moderne biotechnologie (hetzij in actieve dan wel in passieve zin). Uiteindelijk heb ik bruikbare resultaten mogen ontvangen van 212 ondernemingen (38%). Door middel van diverse kwantitatieve analyses heb ik vervolgens met deze tweede studie kunnen aantonen dat de twee voornoemde issues management technieken (stakeholder integratie en het bouwen van waardevolle vaardigheden) inderdaad bijdragen aan de prestaties van ondernemingen (zie hoofdstukken zes en zeven). Ondernemingen hebben zowel in financiele termen als in termen van reputatie baat bij het inzetten van issues management technieken. Het onderzoek toont echter aan dat de meer extraverte stakeholder integratie benadering een grotere invloed heeft op de reputatie van de onderneming, terwijl de meer introverte vaardigheden benadering een grotere invloed heeft op de financiele prestaties van de onderneming. De conclusie van dit proefschrift is dan ook dat de inzet van issues management technieken weldegelijk gevolgen heeft voor de prestaties van ondernemingen. ; This book consists of four interrelated parts. Part I consists of three chapters (one, two, and three), and constitutes the empirical and theoretical introduction of this thesis. The purpose of the first (current) chapter is to introduce the two research questions that guided the design and execution of this project. The second chapter, which consists of two parts, sketches the empirical context of the research by introducing the genetic modification case study. In the first part I introduce the methodology I have used to conduct this case study. I head off with a discussion on the design of the study, which is followed by a treatment of the data collection and analysis procedures, and by an explanation of the procedures followed for establishing reliability and validity. In the second part I provide a brief general description of the case study, using both an event history (a chronological representation of the facts of the case) and a narrative account of the major occurrences characterizing the introduction of genetically modified ingredients on the Dutch market. The third chapter of this text provides an integrative theoretical framework of strategic issues management. The chapter starts with a review of two important streams of issues management research. I begin by introducing the externally oriented public affairs/corporate communication approach, and subsequently proceed with the more internally oriented organizational behavior approach to issues management. For both of these approaches it will be explained (a) how they see the strategic issue construct, and (b) how they view the strategic issues management process. I continue by introducing an integrative theoretical framework of strategic issues management, which draws upon and attempts to integrate both of the aforementioned research streams. The framework results in a number of theoretical hypotheses explaining (a) what types of issues management activities commercial organizations may use to manage those forthcoming developments that threaten to impinge upon their ability to meet their objectives, and (b) how the adoption of such activities can be linked to the attainment of a more favorable competitive position. In effect, this framework has guided and supported all further theory-building efforts that are reported in this book. Part II of this book consists of chapters four and five. This second part reports the findings of the first empirical study of this volume, the in-depth case study of the issues management practices of the firms in the Dutch fats and oils industry with respect to the highly salient issue of genetic modification. More precisely, this part addresses the first research question of this project by providing an elaborate explanation of the two issues management strategies that were uncovered with the help of the qualitative study. Chapter four discusses the issues management strategy of stakeholder integration (the development of trust- based, cooperative relationships with a broad range of external stakeholders [Hart, 1995; Sharma & Vredenburg, 1998]). Two conceptual dimensions (locus and modus of stakeholder integration) are used to develop a typology of four different integration types. Subsequently, these four types are illustrated with case study evidence, and linked to four corresponding competitive benefits. Chapter five is devoted to a discussion on capability development (the integration of individuals' specialist knowledge into higher-order organizational knowledge resources [Grant, 1996]), the second issues management strategy that was revealed with the help of the case study of the Dutch fats and oils sector. Again, two conceptual dimensions (allowed response time and public activism)areusedtodevelopa straightforward two-by-two typology of issues management capabilities, which are also illustrated with evidence from the case study. A subsequent discussion of the capability building process explains how the organizations in the case study sample went about building such competitively valuable resources. Part III of this book consists of chapters six and seven. It reports the findings of the survey study that was performed to provide an answer to the second research question raised in the present chapter. In chapter six I discuss the methods I followed while conducting the survey research. I will start by presenting a brief overview of the properties of the research sample, and proceed by reporting the procedures for purification of the six psychometric scales that were used to measure the central constructs of the study. Chapter seven discusses the results of the survey study. The chapter heads off with a recapitulation of the research model as it was presented in the third chapter of this text. It proceeds by presenting the results of four hierarchical regression analyses that were used for testing the research hypotheses developed in chapter three (using the four previously selected performance indicators [economic benefits, strategic benefits, corporate reputation, and biotechnology reputation] as the respective dependent variables). The regression procedure consists of two steps. In the first step, it is determined whether the amount of additional variance that is being explained by adding the two explanatory variables (stakeholder integration and capability development) to a regression model that only contains the control variables (i.e., corporate size and industry) differs significantly from zero. As a second step, the individual coefficients of the explanatory variables in the full model (which includes both the predictor and the control variables) are inspected to see whether the individual issues management activities add to a firm's competitive advantage or not. Effectively, this latter step represents the actual testing of the integrated framework of issues management. Part IV finally, consists of chapter eight only. This chapter presents the overall conclusions of this book, drawing upon both the case study and the survey research. First, the findings of these two studies are discussed in terms of the research questions that were introduced in the first paragraph of this introduction. Secondly, I discuss the limitations of the chosen approach; particularly those pertaining to the measures in use and the research setting I have selected. Before finishing this book with some brief concluding remarks, I will present a concise agenda for future research.

Сьогодні процеси швидкої глобалізації та зростання динамізму світового економічного простору стали визначальними для побудови нової моделі економічного розвитку національної економічної системи - інноваційної моделі. Інноваційна модель економічного розвитку стає основою, яка визначає економічну міць країни та її перспективи на світовому ринку. У сучасному світі країни змушені шукати прийнятну модель економічного розвитку, яка забезпечувала б національну конкурентоспроможність і орієнтувала б національну економіку на довгострокове зростання. Одним з напрямків такого зростання стає розширення інтеграційних процесів і поява інноваційно-інтегрованих структур, які забезпечать становлення країни як високотехнологічної конкурентної держави. Існування проблем, пов'язаних із законодавчою підтримкою розвитку інноваційно-інтегрованих структур як невід'ємної частини національної безпеки держави в умовах соціально-економічної нестабільності, визначає актуальність наших досліджень. Тому сьогодні актуальним є аналіз існуючого національного законодавства, що регулює інноваційну та інвестиційну галузі, питання законодавчої підтримки розвитку інноваційно-інтегрованих структур і пошук напрямів його вдосконалення. Національне законодавство, що регулює розвиток інноваційно-інтегрованих структур України, є фрагментарним і суперечливим, і тому воно недосконале. Автори визначили, що впровадження прийнятих законів в інноваційній та інвестиційній сферах незадовільно; реалізація ряду законів в Україні стримується. Автори виявили, що ряд важливих законопроектів про регулювання інвестиційної та інноваційної сфери не розглядаються, що не допрацьовуються та / або не виводяться без розгляду альтернативних протягом тривалого часу. Виявлено нестійкість венчурної діяльності. Це перешкоджає розвитку таких форм для підтримки інновацій, як венчурні фонди. Для України характерний низький рівень державного фінансування науки, науки і техніки. В Україні немає реальної стратегії управління інноваціями. Авторами досліджено підходи і кількісні рекомендації по впровадженню структурних змін в Стратегії розвитку України на період до 2020 року. Основна мета - збільшити вплив інновацій на економічне зростання України в цій Стратегії. Автори проаналізували і узагальнили існуюче національне законодавство України, яке регулює інноваційну та інвестиційну сфери. Виділили законодавче забезпечення розвитку інноваційно-інтегрованих структур поряд з переглядом національного законодавства. Важливим напрямом у розвитку інноваційно-інтегрованих структур України є створення законодавчої бази, що забезпечує концептуальну державну політику, інвестиції, фінансове забезпечення інновацій, ефективний розвиток і функціонування наукової сфери і в той же час процесу комерціалізації його інтелектуальних результатів, реального партнерства між державним і приватним секторами. Необхідно врахувати витрати в Державному бюджеті України на можливість фінансової підтримки розвитку інноваційно-інтегрованих структур. Завдання податкових стимулів для суб'єктів бізнесу, зайнятих в інноваційній галузі, повинна бути вирішена. Також необхідно відновити реалізацію цільової економічної програми зі створення інноваційної інфраструктури в Україні, яка припинила свою діяльність в 2013 році. На національному, регіональному та місцевому рівнях можуть бути розроблені напрями вдосконалення законодавчої підтримки розвитку інноваційно-інтегрованих структур для формування національної інноваційної системи України в умовах соціально-економічної нестабільності. Today the processes of rapid globalization and the growth of the dynamism of the global economic space become determinative for building a new model for the economic development of the national economic system - the innovation model. The innovation model of economic development is becoming the foundation that determines the economic strength of the country and its prospects on the global market. In the modern world countries are forced to search for the acceptable model of economic development that would ensure national competitiveness and orient the national economy for long-term growth. The expansion of integration processes and the emergence of innovation-integrated structures that will ensure the country's emergence as a high-tech competitive state become one of the directions of such growth. The existence of problems that related to the legislative support of the development of innovation-integrated structures as an integral part of the national security of the state in the conditions of socio-economic instability determines the topicality of our research. Therefore, the analysis of the existing national legislation that regulates the innovation and investment industry, the issues of legislative support of the development of innovation-integrated structures, and the search for directions for its improvement are relevant today. National legislation that regulates the development of Ukraine's innovation-integrated structures is fragmentary and contradictory, and therefore it is imperfect. The authors determined that the implementation of the adopted laws in the innovation and investment sphere is unsatisfactory; the implementation of a number of laws in Ukraine is restrained. We found that a number of important draft laws on the regulation of investment and innovation sphere are not considered, are not being finalized and/or withdrawn without consideration of alternative ones for a long time. The unsettledness of venture activity was revealed. It prevents the development of such institutions to support innovation, such as venture funds. The low level of state funding for science, science and technology is characteristic of Ukraine. There is no real strategy to manage innovation in Ukraine. We have justified the approaches and quantitative guidelines for implementing structural changes in the Development Strategy of Ukraine for the period up to 2020. The main goal is to increase the influence of innovation on Ukraine's economic growth in this Strategy. We have analyzed and summarized the existing national legislation of Ukraine that regulates the innovation and investment sphere. We have isolated legislative support of the development of innovation-integrated structures along with the review of national legislation. The important direction in the development of the development of Ukraine's innovation-integrated structures is the creation of a legislative framework that will ensure conceptual public policy, investment, financial provision of innovation, effective development and functioning of the scientific sphere and in the same time the process of commercialization of its intellectual results, real partnership between the state and private sector. It is necessary to budget the certain costs in the State Budget of Ukraine for the possibility of financial support for the development of innovation-integrated structures. The task of tax incentives for business entities engaged in the innovation industry needs to be resolved. It is also necessary to resume the implementation of the targeted economic program for the creation of innovation infrastructure in Ukraine that has stopped its activities in 2013. The directions for improvement of legislative support of the development of innovation-integrated structures can be used at the national, regional and local levels to form the national innovation system of Ukraine in the conditions of socio-economic instability.

International audience ; A (German) lady vanishes: The silent and somewhat restless disappearance of the GDR Police after 1989 Introduction What was at stake in the German process of reforming its socialist police after 1989? Of course, some of the problems of the German transformation are common to other former socialist countries, i.e., the integration of former agents, reform of former organisations and bureaucracies, the formulation and implementation of new legislation, etc. Yet, many factors separate Germany from its eastern neighbours. In terms of constitutional law, the transformation occurred simply with the integration of the administrative regions (known as the " neue Bundesländer " " or NBL) into the constitutional and administrative order of the German Federal Republic (Article 23 of the West German Constitution). There was no constitutional reform, merely a " Unification Treaty " (" Einigunsvertrag ") between the two German states, which was signed in 1990 (Glaeβner and Wallace, 1992, Maier, 1997, and for the full Unification Treaty, see Hancock and Welsh (eds.), 1994, p. 353-63). The method of transformation of the administrative structures that existed in East Germany largely resembled a " flash of lightning ". On the day of unification, 3 October 1990, there became one sole political regime, which was that of Federal Republic of Germany, with sixteen autonomous administrative regions, referred to as the " Länder " (or States), and thus sixteen police forces and two federal-level police forces (one, the " Bundeskriminalamt " or BKA) similar to the FBI, and the other being the border and transport police, i.e. the " Bundesgrenzschutz polizei " (BGS) – (for details on the German police see Busch et al, 1998; and Rupprecht, 1995). Which lessons can this " German approach " provide in terms of transforming law enforcement or policing institutions? In answering this question, one ought to consider whether the uniqueness of the German political transition, based on the integral expansion of state structures from the FRG towards former GDR territories, can impart any lessons in police transformation for other states. Given the normative nature of this book (see the Introduction in Caparini and Marenin, 2003), which attempts to gain a better understanding of what a democratic police force actually is and ought to be, we shall, in particular, endeavour to understand how the authoritarian regime that existed in East Germany could have led to the introduction and success of reforms, or, to put it terms of " transitology " , to the transition and subsequent democratic consolidation of the police (See Stark and Bruszt, 1998 and Dobry (ed.) 2000, and also see Hancock and Welsh (eds.), 1994 and Offe, 1996 on the transition process in Germany). Before being able understand this issue, it is appropriate to include a few words about the GDR police prior to 1989 (for information on the GDR itself, see the Introduction in Fulbrooke, 1995; and for an extensive analysis of the GDR police, see Lindenberger, 1998). The police (" Volkspolizei " , or DVP), which consisted of approximately 120,000 officers, 1 was one of the pillars of national defence and was placed under the authority of the Secretary-General of the Communist Party. The DVP, which was organised on a military basis, found itself having to submit to oversight bodies and those conducting political investigations, most notably to the " Staatssichereit " or " Stasi " (information on the Stasi is provided in Fulbrooke, 1995). The Stasi, or " political police " viewed the DVP " Volkspolizei " , or regular police, as being poorly equipped, especially for dealing with criminal matters. The Vokspolizei were primarily responsible for public security and surveillance of local social activities. We will turn first to examine the " absorption " process, and then address the effects of this very particular feature on the transformation and democratisation of the police. The process of absorption (1989-90) 1 This number is as high as that of the French national police at present, for a population that is about 3.5 times smaller. 2 The FRG Police: The only possible standard for police forces From a constitutional and political point of view, and in particular after the legislative elections of 18 February 1990 in the GDR, which saw the victory of Chancellor Kohl " s party, the West German Government sought unification between the two States to be achieved as quickly as possible, which avoided any institutional changes in West Germany (Glaeβner, 1994; and Maier, 1997). Whether the matter is considered from a monetary or administrative point of view, the only acceptable standards had to be those of the FRG, which were simply exported. The transformation was to be based on the " transplant " method. The most crucial feature of the transformation was that of the West German constitutional procedure known as " administrative mutual assistance " (" Amshilfe "), in which one Lander lends its help to another Lander; thus each state in West Germay had to provide assistance and share its experience with another state in the Eastern part (Bavaria and Bade-Wurttemburg towards Saxony, Northern Westphalia towards Brandenburg, Schleswig-Holstein towards Mecklenburg, etc.). Standards and values of the FRG police In West Germany, the responsibility for policing lies with each state. Hence, one finds as many police forces as states, as well as the two federal forces, i.e., the BKA and BGS. These police forces, which are placed under the increasingly lenient control of the paired state authorities, are subject to the same rules on penal procedures, but have their own capacities in terms of police administration and public security (" Polizeirecht "). The increasing centralisation of the FRG (German Federal Republic) since the time of Chancelor Willy Brandt (1969-74), the fight against internal terrorism (since 1972), and the increased professionalisation of police forces, encouraged a growing alignment of practices and structures from the 1970s. This was particularly encouraged through the device of the " Conferences of the Interior Ministers of the Lands (IMK) " , held under the authority of the Federal Minister, which brought about de facto a form of growing centralisation of the West German police forces, a process which continues even today. Moreover, since the early 1990s, these police forces have been involved in programmes promoting community policing and creating urban partnerships with municipal and local associations (Aden, 2002).