à paraître dans les Actes du colloque "Etalement urbain et ville fragmentée à travers le monde: des théories aux faits", Orléans, 26-28 septembre 2007. ; Ce papier s'attache dans un premier temps à prendre la mesure de l'emprise territoriale des villes japonaises dont le modèle, fondé sur la double croissance économique et démographique, se traduit spatialement par un étalement extrême et des formes récurrentes obéissant à des logiques communes. Or, le Japon connaît actuellement une situation démographique sans précédent caractérisée par le vieillissement et la diminution de la population, ainsi qu'une situation économique préoccupante. Dès lors, les derniers fronts de conquête urbains deviennent les premiers secteurs de déprise où se pose la question du devenir de ces formes urbaines diffuses se vidant de leur contenu. A travers le prisme du développement durable, cette situation conduit à s'interroger sur les conséquences de l'extrême dilution, spatiale et sociale, qui caractérise les agglomérations japonaises contemporaines, et sur l'après étalement, la gestion de ce que l'on qualifiera de rétraction urbaine avec toutes les conséquences induites en termes sociaux, économiques et paysagers. Jusqu'à une période récente, le modèle urbain japonais trouvait son origine dans l'expansion démographique et économique : population urbaine de plus en plus importante, dynamisme économique et coût élevé du sol s'expliquant par la toute puissance de la propriété foncière, encouragée par une réglementation libérale et exacerbée par de lourdes contraintes parcellaires (voir les travaux de Natacha Aveline). Ainsi, ce sont essentiellement les logiques de marché et les stratégies des opérateurs privés qui ont présidé à la morphogénèse des grandes villes. Les groupes ferroviaires ont joué un rôle prédominant, dans la mesure où ils ont très rapidement aménagé des zones résidentielles le long de leurs lignes et équipé de nombreuses gares de banlieues de multiples services (boutiques, restaurants, parcs, équipements sportifs.). En terme de formes, ce processus a conduit au développement, toujours plus loin, de banlieues résidentielles offrant des logements de masse aux classes moyennes n'ayant pas les moyens de s'installer plus près des centres-villes, et prêtes à circuler en train plusieurs heures par jour entre le domicile et le lieu de travail. Résultat : des villes étalées, basses et densifiables. Dans l'ensemble des 23 arrondissements de Tokyo, par exemple, la densité de population s'élève à 13225 habitants par km², soit une fois et demie moins que dans les 20 arrondissements de Paris ; et Tokyo, en dépit de sa haute densité de peuplement au centre de l'agglomération, constitue une ville basse au potentiel de développement considérable, comme l'atteste les opérations de verticalisation dont font l'objet certains quartiers centraux. En effet, traditionnellement, les villes japonaises se structurent selon un fort coefficient d'emprise au sol des constructions (soit une densité de bâti importante) mais une faible hauteur, donc une densité humaine moyenne. Etalement, horizontalité, fortes densités de bâti caractérisent donc la plupart des grandes villes japonaises et en particulier l'agglomération tokyoïte. Des villes nouvelles ont d'ailleurs été aménagées à la fin des années 1960 pour absorber une partie de la croissance urbaine. Rompant partiellement avec l'urbanisme traditionnel, elles ont ouvert la voie de la verticalisation: immeubles de 5 étages, puis plus, relativement espacés; grande hauteur mais faible densité de bâti. Mais paradoxalement, elles ont été conçues selon un modèle similaire de ville diffuse structurée par la métrique ferroviaire et automobile. En outre, la forme même de ces banlieues aux densités bâties faibles a pratiquement réduit à néant la densité des animations (richesse des commerces de proximité, des lieux de convivialité) et la diversité des populations propres aux quartiers densément construits. Cependant, depuis le début des années 1990, le Japon est le théâtre de transformations radicales : crise économique et fin de la croissance d'une part, vieillissement et diminution de la population d'autre part. Or, ces transformations ont des conséquences directes sur la forme et la structuration de la ville, à différentes échelles. Pour cerner ces processus complexes, on s'est attaché à l'étude du secteur de Tama New Town, à une quarantaine de kilomètres à l'Ouest de Tokyo. Aménagée ex-nihilo à la fin des années 1960 pour absorber la croissance de la capitale, cette ville nouvelle symbolise à la fois le mode d'extension par étalement urbain caractéristique de Tokyo, et la déprise actuelle dont sont l'objet les lointaines banlieues. Les transformations de l'occupation des sols y ont été abordées par traitement cartographique, à l'aide des systèmes d'informations géographiques. L'objectif consistait à tester l'hypothèse de rétraction périurbaine en élaborant une cartographie évolutive de la « tâche urbaine ». Les sources mobilisées sont les données numériques de Tokyo Metropolitan Government et du Geographical Survey Institute of Japan. D'autre part, un travail de traitement de données statistiques issues des derniers recensements a visé à mieux cerner les évolutions démographiques à différentes échelles. En outre, une enquête photographique minutieuse au sein de ces secteurs a permis de réaliser un suivi du paysage urbain. Enfin, des entretiens menés sur le terrain auprès des habitants mais aussi de responsables d'associations, d'anciens propriétaires fonciers et d'architectes urbanistes visaient à éclairer le volet des perceptions, les difficultés actuelles et le poids des initiatives locales. Ce travail a permis de mettre en évidence sinon une rétraction urbaine au sens physique, du moins une involution démographique incontestablement accentuée dans la lointaine banlieue. Cette tendance est renforcée par les nombreuses et massives opérations de renouvellement urbain entreprises au centre de la capitale. Ainsi, après vingt ans de croissance effrénée et de dilution spatiale illimitée sous la pression d'une énorme force centrifuge, Tokyo commence, par endroits, à se rétracter, selon des processus centripètes jusque-là inconnus. Il en résulte une situation de crise pour les secteurs les plus reculés de la grande banlieue où un processus de dévitalisation est déjà à l'oeuvre. Il faut ajouter à ce problème le fait qu'ayant accueilli des flux massifs de primo-accédants d'une même classe d'âge au moment de leur aménagement, les lointaines banlieues, dont font partie un certain nombre de villes nouvelles, comptent aujourd'hui une majorité de personnes âgées aux revenus trop faibles pour se rapprocher du centre et de l'offre de services. On observe ainsi des couronnes périurbaines de plus en plus cloisonnées selon les âges et les revenus. Si l'exemple tokyoïte est privilégié dans ce papier, ce phénomène émergent est observable dans l'ensemble des agglomérations japonaises. Dès lors, plusieurs perspectives de réflexion s'imposent. La ville durable souhaitée est supposée, selon les termes mêmes de la conférence de Rio, « compacte, mixte et citoyenne ». A l'opposé de cette nouvelle norme, les villes japonaises sont très étalées et de plus en plus ségréguées selon les âges et les revenus des habitants. Cette situation remet en cause le modèle urbain japonais. En outre, la désertion partielle d'un certain nombre de secteurs périurbains pose également question : comment rendre compte de l'obsolescence de certaines formes urbaines ? Comment conserver de l'urbanité dans une telle situation de rétraction? Comment, finalement, gérer le front urbain avant qu'il évolue en friche urbaine ? En définitive, cette problématique interroge la notion de durabilité des projets urbains et soulève des enjeux d'aménagement essentiels.
ÖSTERREICHISCHER VOLKSKALENDER 1948 Österreichischer Volkskalender (-) Österreichischer Volkskalender 1948 (1948) ( - ) Einband ( - ) Titelseite ([1]) Das Jahr 1948 ist ein Schaltjahr mit 366 Tagen ([2]) Evangelien für die Feiertage des Jahres 1948 Die gesetzlichen Feiertage des Jahres 1948 Zeit- und Festrechnung für das Jahr 1948 ([2]) Bewegliche Feste Quatember Finsternisse im Jahre 1948 ([3]) Jahresregent ([4]) Zeichen des Tierkreises Bezeichnung der Mondphasen Zeitunterschied einiger Städte gegen den mitteleuropäischen Meridian ([5]) [Kalender]: 1948 ([6]) [Abb.]: Im einsamsten und wohl auch am wenigsten bekannten Teil des oberen Donaulaufes liegt Engelhartszell. ([7]) [Abb.]: Landschaftlich reizvoll ist die Donauschlinge bei Schlögen, wo innerhalb der Stromwindung ein nur 500 m breiter Sporn vorspringt. ([9]) [Abb.]: Donautal bei Neuhaus. Auf der Höhe liegt Burg und Schloß Neuhaus, ehemals Besitz der reichsunmittelbaren Grafen von Schaunberg. ([11]) [Abb.]: Aschach wird bereits 777 in der Gründungsurkunde des Klosters Kremsmünster erwähnt. Infolge seiner geschützten Lage hat es ein sehr mildes Klima und wird deshalb auch das "Meran Oberösterreichs" genannt. ([13]) [Abb.]: Unweit Linz liegt Ort und Schloß Ottensheim. Von der mittelalterlichen Anlage des Schlosses sind noch der viereckige Turm und der Nord- und Ostflügel, wenn auch erneuert, erhalten. ([15]) [Abb.]: Linz ist infolge der Gunst des Raumes ein wichtiger Handels- und Umschlagplatz. Ziegelfunde beweisen, daß die Römer bereits unter Kaiser Mark Aurel (168 bis 180) hier ein militärisches Lager unterhalten haben. ([17]) [Abb.]: Die Stadt Grein verdankt ihre Entstehung und ihr Aufblühen vor allem der vorteilhaften Lage am Strom und den früher für die Schiffahrt so gefährlichen Strudeln und Wirbeln. 1491 wurde der im Jahre 1147 erstmalig urkundlich erwähnte Ort zur Stadt erhoben ([19]) [Abb.]: Die Stadt Grein verdankt ihre Entstehung und ihr Aufblühen vor allem der vorteilhaften Lage am Strom und den früher für die Schiffahrt so gefährlichen Strudeln und Wirbeln. 1491 wurde der im Jahre 1147 erstmalig urkundlich erwähnte Ort zur Stadt erhoben. ([21]) [Abb.]: Mit Meisterschaft hat Jacob Prandtauer auf der Spitze des Höhenrückens, der hoch über der Donau liegt, Stift Melk erbaut, Landschaft und Architektur vereinigen sich zu unvergleichlicher Wirkung. ([23]) [Abb.]: St. Michael ist die älteste Pfarrkirche der Wachau. Sie ist eine Gründung des Hochstiftes Passau, dessen Besitz daselbst auf eine 823 durch Ludwig den Frommen bestätigte Schenkung Karls des Großen zurückgeht. ([25]) [Abb.]: Die Burg Dürnstein ist eine Gründung der im 12. Jahrhundert herrschenden Kuenringer. Der englische König Richard Löwenherz wurde hier drei Monate als Gefangener Herzog Leopolds V. von Österreich gehalten. ([27]) [Abb.]: Die Millionenstadt Wien entwickelte sich in zwei Jahrtausenden in unvergleichlich schöner Landschaft am Ostrand der Alpen zu beiden Seiten des Donaustromes aus dem römischen und mittelalterlichen Stadtkern. Wien ist nicht nur die Stadt der Musik, sondern die Stadt ernster Arbeit und Wissenschaft, ebenso Zentrum der österreichischen Industrie und des Gewerbes. ([29]) Namen und Namenstage (30) A-B (30) C (30) E-G (31) H (31) I-J (32) K (32) L-O (33) P (33) Q-Z (34) Zeitgeschehen 1947 (35) [Abb.]: Eisenbahnbrücke zwischen Braunau und Simbach (Bayern) (35) [Abb.]: General Mark W. Clark stattete am Sonntag, dem 4. Mai 1947, der Stadt Linz einen Abschiedsbesuch ab (37) [Abb.]: Sonderkommisssion für den österreichischen Staatsvertrag in Wien. Das Bild zeigt Sir George Rendel (rechts), der durch Mr. Mack, den politischen Vertreter Groß-Britanniens in Österreich, mit dem Chef der russischen Delegation, K. Nowikow (links), bekannt gemacht wird. (38) [Abb.]: Zu Pfingsten stand die alte Volksfeststadt Wels im Zeichen der österreichischen Trachtenbewegung (39) [Abb.]: Hochofen Nr. V (zweiter von links), der am 14. Juni 1947 angeblasen wurd (40) [2 Abb.]: (1)1000 Kinder waren am Pfingstmontag Gäste der amerikanischen Soldaten auf dem Dampfer "Stadt Passau" (2)Stapellauf eines neuen Donauremorkeurs in Linz (41) [2 Abb.]: (1)Emmy Lehner, Tochter eines oberösterreichischen Arbeiters, beim Anblasen des Hochofens (2)Landeshauptmann Dr. Gleißner gibt die Traunbrücke für den Verkehr frei (42) [Abb.]: Übergabe des ehemaligen Konzentrationslagers Mauthausen an die österreichische Bundesregierung. Generaloberst Sheltow und Bundeskanzler Dr. Ing. Figl bei der Unterzeichnung der Übergabeurkunden (43) [Abb.]: Der Hilfeleistungsvertrag zwischen den USA und Österreich wurde am 25. Juni von Generalleutnant Keyes, Bundeskanzler Dr. Ing. Figl und Außenminister Dr. Gruber unterzeichnet (44) [Abb.]: Hagelschloßen in Hühnereigröße vernichteten am 26. Juni in Eidenberg und Gramastetten 180 Hektar Feldfrüchte. Auch das Obst wurde durch die Schloßen restlos vernichtete (45) Ein Stifter-Erlebnis in Linz (49) [Abb.]: (49) Der Sinnierer (51) [Abb.]: (53) [Abb.]: (56) [Gedicht]: Heimat (56) Es hat sich halt geöffnet daß himmlische Tor. (57) [Abb.]: Mitterndorfer Nikolausumzug: "Strohschab und Teufel" (58) [Abb.]: Mitterndorfer Nikolausumzug: Die Holzmaske des gabenbringenden "Bartel" gehört zu den schönsten der alten "Perchten". Masken dieses Umzuges (59) [Abb.]:Mitterndorfer Nikolausumzug: Auch die böse "Habergoaß" treibt im Gefolge der lichten und dunklen Gestalten ihren Schabernak. (60) [Abb.]: Zu den bösen Dämonen des Gaflenzer Perchtenlaufes gehört auch die "Schnabelpercht" (63) [Abb.]: Die in allen Farben des Regenbogens blitzende mehrere Meter hohe Haube der "Turmpercht" im Gasteiner Perchtenlauf ist ein strahlendes Sinnbild der Sonne und des Frühlings (64) Ischler Geschichten 125 Jahre Solbad Ischl (68) [Abb.]: (71) Rascher Verdienst (71) Nach der Wählerversammlung (72) Faschingsonntag Derndorf (73) Pfingsten auf dem Dorf (76) [Abb.]: (78) Zwei tüchtige Musikanten (81) Werbung (82) Das Haus unter den Buchen (83) [Abb.]: (85) Die Spanische Reitschule in Oberösterreich Von Oberst Podhajsky, Chef der Spanischen Reitschule (90) [Abb.]: Die Piaffe, der Trab auf der Stelle, kann der Lipizzanerhengst erst nach jahrelanger Durchbildung in dieser Vollkommenheit zeigen (90) [Abb.]: Die Kapriole (91) [Abb.]: Die Levade oder Pesede (93) [Abb.]: Der Hengst lernt die Kapriole an der hand, ohne Reiter (94) [Gedicht]: Begegnung (95) Werbung (96) 3 auf einem Schiff (97) [Abb.]: (100) [Abb.]: (103) Die Iglfinger Alkoholprobe (105) [Abb.]: (107) Der Logenschließer (108) Die Tirolerknödel (109) [Abb.]: (111) Die größte Lieb (113) Der Angler (117) Die grosse Versuchung (118) Beethoven Legende (121) Hochzeit im Förthof (125) [Abb.]: (127) [Abb.]: (129) Der geizige Lord (130) Die Spitzin (131) Werbung (137) Wenn der Auerhahn balzt (138) Werbung (139) Die gestörte Ehrensache (141) [Abb.]: (143) Werbung (144) Die Himmelsleiter (145) [Abb.]: (146) [Abb.]: (151) Werbung (154) Die Republik Österreich (155) Der Bundespräsident Bundesregierung Ministerien (155) [Tabelle]:Landesregierungen (156) Landesschematismus Oberösterreichs Abgeschlossen mit 31. Juli 1947. (156) Die Landeshauptleute und Landesräte (156) Amt der oberösterreichischen Landesregierung (156) Zivilverwaltung Mühlviertel, Oberösterreich (158) Bezirksverwaltungsbehörden (159) Magistrate (159) Bezirkshauptmannschaften (159) Bezirkshauptmannschaft Linz-Land Bezirkshauptmannschaft Braunau am Inn (159) Bezirkshauptmannschaft Freistadt Bezirkshauptmannschaft Gmunden Bezirkshauptmannschaft Grieskirchen Bezirkshauptmannschaft Kirchdorf an der Krems (160) Bezirkshauptmannschaft Perg Bezirkshauptmannschaft Ried im Innkreis Bezirkshauptmannschaft Rohrbach Bezirkshauptmannschaft Schärding am Inn. (161) Bezirkshauptmannschaft Steyr-Land Bezirkshauptmannschaft Urfahr Bezirkshauptmannschaft Vöcklabruck Bezirkshauptmannschaft Wels (162) Bistum Linz (163) Domkapitel Kreisdechanten und Kreiskämmerer (163) Stadtdekanat Linz (163) Werbung (164) Wissenswertes aus aller Welt (165) Einige astronomische Zahlen (165) I. Sonne II. Erde III. Mond (165) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Die Bevölkerung der Erdteile (2)Religion (in Mill. Menschen) (165) Werbung (166) [Tab.]: Wichtigste Sprachen (in Mill. Menschen, die die Sprache verstehen). (167) Österreich in Zahlen (167) [Tabelle]: Die Bevölkerung Österreichs (167) Berg-Höhen (167) Werbung (168) Seen Paß-Höhen Drahtseilbahnen Eisenbahntunnels (169) Maße und Gewichte (169) Längenmaße (169) Werbung (170) Flächenmaße Raum- und Hohlmaße Gewichte Papierzählung Stückmaße Elektrische Einheiten (171) Werbung (171) Werbung (172) Tabellen für den Landwirt (173) [3 Tabellen]: (1)Tabelle zur Schlachtgewichtsberechnung (2)Lebendgewicht (3)Wie lange sollen junge Tiere sangen, wenn man sie aufziehen will ? (173) [3 Tabellen]: (1)Täglicher Wasserbedarf unserer Tiere in Litern (2)Streu- und Salzbedarf für Tag und Stück (3)Bei der Zucht weist man zu einem (174) [Tabelle]: Die mittlere Trächtigkeitsdauer beträgt (175) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Brunft und Paarung, Trächtigkeit und Brut. (2)Mittlere Brütezeit. (176) Werbung (176) [Tabelle]: Kubiktafel fürRundhölzer (ohne Rinde) (177) Werbung (178) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Tabelle zur Umwandlung von Hektar in österr. Joch (2)Tabelle zur Umwandlung von österr. Joch in Hektar (179) Werbung (179) Postgebühren (180) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Inland (2)Postanweisungen (180) Verteilungsdrucksachen Verteilungsmischsendungen (180) Werbung (180) [Tabelle]: Pakete (181) Geschäftsdrucksachen Nachnahmesendung Ausland (181) Werbung (181) Erste Hilfe Einige Ratschläge bei Unglücksfällen (183) Werbung (185) [Tabelle]: Tabelle zur Ermittlung des Wochentages für jedes Datum von 1801-1974 (187) [Tabelle]: Bewegliche christliche Feste u. Faschingsdauer von 1948-1959 (188) Werbung (188) Allerlei für die Frauen (189) Die Köchin spricht ! (189) Der Fleck muß weg ! (190) Werbung (192) Frischhalten ohne Zucker (193) Himbeer-, Johannisbeer-, Brombeer- und Holunderbeersaft. (194) Heidelbeeren als Kompott oder Marmelade. (194) Werbung (196) Unsere Hausapotheke (197) Werbung (197) Vitamine (198) [Tabelle]: Kalorienwerte der häufigsten Nahrungsmittel (198) Werbung (200) Preisrätsel des Österrreichischen Volkskalenders 1948 (202) 10 Geldpreise im Betrag von 500 Schilling (202) Bedingungen für die Einsendung (202) [Abb.]: (203) Das Preisrätsel des Österreichischen Volkskalenders 1947 Die richtige Lösung des Preisrätsels lautete: (204) Den Hauptpreis, 200 Schilling in bar, gewann Herr Rupert Schmöller, Neufelden, Bruckmühle; (204) Werbung (204) Werbung (204) Wer lacht mit ? (207) Des Richters guter Rat. Zwei Burschen. Die prohetische Schwiegermutter. Jemand .Ferienreise 1947. Der kluge Zahnarzt. Regimentsbefehl.Blinder Eifer. (207) Gemütvoll. Sonderbare Entschuldigung. Der kleine Menschenfreund. Empfehlenswertes Restaurant. Beim Arzt. (208) [2 Abb.]: (208) Diagnose. Klatzschbasen. Kein großer Unterschied (209) [2 Abb.]: (-) Werbung (210) Zertrent. Der kleine Neidhammel Nachricht für "Sie"! (211) Werbung (212) "Herr Ober, mein Teller ist ganz feucht!" - schimpft der Gast im Gasthaus. - "Mein Herr!! Das ist doch die Suppe!" (213) Werbung (213) Werbung (214) Inhaltsverzeichnis ( - ) [Einband]: ( - )
SALZKAMMERGUT-FAMILIEN-KALENDER 1938 Salzkammergut-Familien-Kalender (-) Salzkammergut-Familien-Kalender 1938 (1938) ( - ) Einband ( - ) [Abb.]: Das farbenfrohe Titelbild dieses Salzkammergut-Familien-Kalenders ist eine Wiedergabe des prächtigen Postkarten-Entwurfes anläßlich des Reichstrachtenfestes in Ebensee, der von Herrn Hans Schallinger in Ebensee stammt. ( - ) Werbung ( - ) Titelseite ([1]) Werbung ([2]) Das Jahr 1938 ist ein Gemeinjahr mit 365 Tagen. (3) Beginn der vier astronomischen Jahreszeiten. Zeichen des Tierkreises. Gesetzliche Normatage. Die beweglichen Feste bis 1950. Quatember (Nach dem Gregorianischen Kalender). (3) Finsternisse im Jahre 1938. Zeitangaben nach mitteleuropäischer Zeit. (4) 1. Totale Mondesfinsternis am 14. Mai. 2. Totale Sonnenfinsternis am 29. Mai. 3. Totale Mondesfinsternis am 7. und 8. November. 4. Partielle Sonnenfinsternis am 21. und 22. November. (4) [Tabelle]: Landespatrone. (4) Jahrescharakter und mutmaßliche Witterung im Jahre 1938 nach Knauers 100jährigem Kalender. Mutmaßliche Witterung der einzelnen Monate. Jahresregent. (5) [Kalender 1938]: (6) [Gedicht]: Das Lied vom Salzkammergut (30) Ihr letztes Glück. (31) [Abb.]: Zwei Kaltblütige. (33) [Gedicht]: Da Summa will schlafen geh'n . (34) Almfrieden. (35) [Abb.]: Das herrliche Hochgebirge. Steil ragt das Matterhorn empor. (36) [Abb.]: Die Postkutsche. Ein Scherenschnitt, der von der guten alten Zeit erzählt. (39) Bergwanderung. (40) [Abb.]: Rast vor der Berghütte (40) [Abb.]: Wundersame Dolomiten. Herrlich schimmern im hellen Licht die Dolomiten über die Matten des Thierser Tales, in dem das Kirchlein St. Ciprian zur Andacht ruft. (41) [Gedicht]: (43) Die Orange. (43) [Heiteres]: Im Eifer. (43) Ischler Jugenderinnerungen. (44) [Abb.]: Fräulein, Fräulein, wir gratulieren! Wenn die Lehrerin Geburtstag hat. (45) [Werbung]: (47) Die indische Todespflanze. (48) [Abb.]: Das Grabmal der Lieblingsfrau des Mogul in Indien. Dieses Grabmal in Agra ist seit etwa 300 Jahren das Ziel für Wallfahrer aller Welt. (49) [Werbung]: (51) [Abb.]: An der schönen Adria. Unter der südlichen Sonne leuchten die Häuser von Dubrovnik über das Meer. (52) [Abb.]: Das prächtige indische Bauwerk in Ahmedabad. (54) [Abb.]: Hirt und Hund. (55) [Gedicht]: Hirt und Hund. (55) [Gedicht]: Und Scheffel sang am Wolfgangsee . (56) [Abb.]: (57) [Gedicht]: Verklungene Weisen. (57) Allgemeines von der Zunft und Fischerzunft Lambach an der Traun seit 1590. (58) [Abb.]: Arbeitsstille im Hafen. (59) [Abb.]: Schöne, aber ungebetene Gäste melden sich zum Frühstück. (60) [Abb.]: Die Politiker. (63) [Gedicht]: Lied aus Scharnstein. (65) Die Hunde. (66) [Abb.]: Wenn die Schwalben südwärts ziehen . wird Lermoos dieses Tiroler Idyll zum Umsteigebahnhof, die Telegraphendrähte zum Wartesaal auf den nächsten "Zug nach dem Süden". (67) Ein Wohltäter der Menschheit Professor Dr.med. Leopold Schrötter, Ritter von Kristelli. (69) [Abb.]: Prof. Dr. Leopold Schrötter. (69) [Abb.]: Schönes deutsches Bauernhaus im Egerland. Ein Holzschnitt aus der Gegend von Karlsbad. (71) Anekdote aus Gmunden. (73) Das Haus der tausend Uhren. (74) Das Jubiläum des Museums. (74) Einverleibung dreier Privatsammlungen. (74) [Abb.]: Eine Tigerschlange brütete im Berliner Aquarium. Die Schlage ist 3.60 Meter lang und legte 35 bis 40 Eier. (75) Von der Turmuhr bis zur Fingerringuhr. (75) Eine Uhr mit 35 Zifferblättern. (76) [Abb.]: Sonntagmorgen. (76) Wo der Schlierbacher Käse erzeugt wird. (77) [Abb.]: Schon am frühen Morgen beginnt die Anlieferung der Milch in die Klosterkäserei. (77) [2 Abb.]: (1)Im Laboratorium der Käserei. (2)Nach Abrinnen des Wassers wird die Milchmasse in besondere Formen gegossen. (78) [Abb.]: Nach 6-8 Tagen überziehen sich die Käseformen mit einem feinen silbrigglänzenden Flaum. (79) [Abb.]: Der Käse wird in Staniol verpackt und mit Schlierbacher Etiketten versehen. (80) Naturbilder aus Amerika. (81) [Abb.]: Reiter am Lake Louise - dem See für Dollarmillionäre. (81) [Abb.]: Gran Canon - der Sitz der indianischen Götter. (82) [Abb.]: Der berühmte Geysir "Old Faithful" zeigt sein grandioses Kunststück. (83) [Abb.]: Yosemite - das Tal tausendjähriger Waldriesen. (84) Lustiges Wochenend. (85) [Abb.]: Mit vollen Segeln über den stillen See. (86) [Werbung]: (87) [Abb.]: Sonne in den Bergen. (88) [Gedicht]: Erntesegen. (89) [Abb.]: Der Sonne entgegen. (90) Von zarter Hand gemeistert. (91) [Abb.]: Ein Jiu-Jitsu-Griff. Abwehrparade gegen einen Schlag ins Gesicht durch den Armbrechgriff. (91) [Abb.]: Abwehr gegen Taschenraub. Durch einen Drehgriff wird der Angriff gestoppt. (92) [Werbung]: (93) [Gedicht]: Herbstlied. (93) Was ein alter Flößer erzählt (94) [Abb.]: Johann Drack aus Viechtwang. (94) [Abb.]: (95) [Gedicht]: (95) [Werbung]: (96) [Abb.]: Jetzt wird´s gemütlich - jetzt gibt´s eine Kathreiner-Jause! ( - ) Werbung ( - ) Schwarze Rosen. (97) [Werbung]: (99) [Abb.]: Der Herr des Waldes. (100) [Werbung]: (101) Der Schneckenwaggon rollt. (102) [Abb.]: Die gesammelten Schnecken werden in große Kisten verpackt, von denen jede ein Gewicht von etwa 25 Kilo hat. (102) [Abb.]: Die verschlossenen Kisten kommen zur Waage und werden zum Abtransport verladen. (103) [Abb.]: Jede Schnecke muß eine bestimmte Größe haben, um "exportreif" zu sein, was durch einen Ring mit einem Durchmesser von drei Zentimeter überprüft wird. (104) [Abb.]: Hunderte von Kisten mit lebenden Schnecken, warten auf die Reise nach Frankreich. (105) See- und Landschloß Ort. Geschehen und Werden nach dem Aussterben der Hartnide bis zur Gegenwart. (106) [Abb.]: See- und Landschloß Ort. (106) [Abb.]: Alte Schmiede in Seewalchen. (110) [Abb.]: Landschloß Ort. (111) Benützte Quellen: (112) [Gedicht]: Berge. (112) Der Walzerkönig und sein Mutterl. (113) [Abb.]: Nicht weinen-kleines Mädel! (115) [Gedicht]: Nicht weinen-kleines Mädel! (115) [Heiteres]: Eine tierfreundliche Familie. (116) So lebt der alter Kaiser Franz Josef in den Herzen der Salzkammergutler. (117) [Abb.]: Mondsee, wo alljährlich die "Jedermann"-Aufführungen stattfinden. (118) Marienbilder aus Afrika, Indien und China (119) [Gedicht]: Stillheitere Nacht. (120) Das Jahr 1937 im Bilde. (121) [Abb.]: Einweihung der Wasserleitung in Pinsdorf am 29. August. Die Festgäste beim Wasserwerk. (121) [2 Abb.]: (1)Das Brautpaar, der Herzog von Windsor mit Frau Wallis Warfield-Simpson nach der Trauung. (2)Das Haus Appesbach in St. Wolfgang, wo der Herzog von Windsor sich aufhielt. (122) [2 Abb.]: (1)Das Herzogpaar von Braunschweig mit dem Brautpaar im Auto. Von links nach rechts: Der Bräutigam Kronprinz Paul von Griechenland und die Braut Prinzessin Friederike Luise von Hannover, der Herzog Ernst August von Braunschweig. Vorne: Herzogin Viktoria Luise von Braunschweig. (2)Erzherzog Georg und die Trachtengruppe von Ohlsdorf. (123) [3 Abb.]: (1)Mussolini, der in Deutschland zu Besuche weilte, fährt mit dem Reichskanzler Hitler durch die von Zehntausenden umsäumten Straßen Münchens. (2)Karl Mays 25. Todestag. Seine zahlreichen Werke begeisterten Millionen von Lesern. (3)Arturo Toscanini, der große Dirigent und Förderer der Salzburger Festspiele, beging seinen 70. Geburtstag. (124) [Abb.]: 950jährige Bestandesfeier der Kirche und des Ortes St. Wolfgang am Wolfgangsee vom 4. bis 7. September. (125) [3 Abb.]: Bilder vom Reichtstrachtenfest in Ebensee, 31. Juli und 1. August 1937. (1)Der Ebenseer Schwerttanz. (2)Lungauer Tracht. (3)Ebenseer Trachtengruppe: Hakeln. (126) [Abb.]: Der Kirchenchor von Ebensee. (127) [3 Abb.]: (1)Eine Lachsforelle, 1,13 m lang, 20 Kilo schwer, fing Herr Franz Gaigg, Fischer in Altmünster. (2)Hochw. Herr P. Andreas Binder, Pfarrvikar von Kirchham, starb am 8. Jänner. (3)Frau Theresia Rumplmayr, Altmünster, starb am 15. Jänner. (128) [2 Abb.]: (1)Das goldene Hochzeitspaar Herr und Frau Karl und Anna Göschlberger, Ort bei Gmunden. (2)Das goldene Hochzeitspaar Matthias und Anna Lachinger in Pinsdorf. (129) [Abb.]: Das neu aufgestellte Kaiserstandbild in Gmunden. Der frühere Bezirkshauptmann Graf Pachta hält bei der Enthüllung die Festrede. (130) [2 Abb.]: (1)Aus dem neuen Gmundner Museum. Alte Bauernstube. (2)Zu untenstehendem Bilde: Der Blick auf die Peterskirche in Rom wurde durch große Umbauarbeiten freigelegt. (131) [2 Abb.]: (1)General Franco (rechts), der nationalspanische Führer, mit Gattin und Tochter. (2)Nationalspanische Truppen auf dem Marsche. (132) [3 Abb.]: (1)Festbeleuchtung des Parlamentes, dem Haus der Gesetzgebung, und des Rathauses in Wien am Tage der Verfassung am 1. Mai. (2)Herr Bürgermeister Franz Kaltenbrunner von Gschwandt starb am 3. September im 51. Lebensjahre. (3)Herr Bürgermeister Franz Hönig von Kremsmünster-Markt starb am 29. Oktober im 71. Lebensjahre. (133) [2 Abb.]: (1)Die Einweihung der neuen Siedlungshäuser in Ebensee am 2. November 1937. (2)Ein "gut erzogener" Löwe, der mit seiner Herrin in einem Restaurant sittsam am Tische sitzt. (134) [2 Abb.]: (1)Der neue Pfarrhof von Bad Ischl, wie er nach den Plänen aussehen wird. (2)König Georg VI. von England mit seiner Gemahlin. (135) [Abb.]: Das Zeppelin-Luftschiff "Hindenburg" wurde am 6. Mai, kurz vor der Landung in Lakehurst, durch eine Explosion vollständig zerstört. (136) Taube und Adler (137) [Abb.]: Festbeleuchtung des Palazzo Venezia in Rom, des Regierungspalastes Mussolinis. Das Gebäude gehörte früher dem österreichischen Staate und war der Sitz der österreich.-ungarischen Botschaft. (141) Aus Venedig. (142) [Abb.]: Die Piazzetta und der Dogenpalast, das berühmteste Gebäude in Venedig. (142) Der 100jährige Kalender ist nämlich gar kein Kalender für 100 Jahre. (144) Die "Partikularwitterung" des Abtes Knauer. (144) Der Irrtum. (145) [Gedicht]: Es schneit! (146) Wie ein Kilogramm Honig entsteht. (146) [Abb.]: Hallstatt. (148) Der gesundheitliche Wert des Obstes. (149) Gesundheitspflege. Unsere Heilkräuter. (149) Praktische Winke. (150) Für unsere Frauen. (151) Einfache, gute Kochrezepte. (151) Konservieren von Obst und Gemüse. (152) [Abb.]: Sterilisieren - die einfachste Methode des Einmachens. (152) [Abb.]: Der Rand des Weckglases muß peinlich sauber sein! (153) [Abb.]: Die praktische Traubenpresse. (154) [Gedicht]: Nacht. (154) Die Kunst, würdig zu altern. (155) [Abb.]: Im Hafen. (156) Postgebühren-Tarif. (157) Stempelskala. (158) Die oberösterreichisch. Viehmärkte. In Klammern der Tag der Wochenmärkte. (159) [Abb.]: (160) Auto- und Fahrradkennzeichen. (161) Oesterreichische Bundesländer. Verteilung der Kraftfahrzeugnummern in Oberösterreich ohne Linz-Stadt. Internationale Autokennzeichen. Oberösterreichische Fahrradkennzeichen. Stand am 15. Juni 1937. (161) Humoristische Ecke. (162) [3 Abb.]: (1)Wo ist der Bärenjäger? (2)Wo sind die zwei erspähten Raben? (3)Zwei Optimisten. (162) [Werbung]: (163) [Abb.]: Vexierbild. (163) [Werbung]: (164) [Abb.]: Vexierbild. (166) [Werbung]: (167) [Abb.]: Der kleine Zeichenkünstler. (168) [Werbung]: (169) [Abb.]: Seltene Gefälligkeit. (174) [Werbung]: (175) Inhaltsverzeichnis. (176) Werbung ( - ) Einband ( - )
• Mayor George S. Buck and Acting Health Commissioner Franklin C. Gram passed stricter measures yesterday.• At 3:30 pm yesterday, the health dept. became so overwhelmed with reports, the "telephone exchange could not handle them."• 812 cases at that time, also 22 deaths from influenza and 19 deaths from pneumonia.• Yesterday at 11 pm, there were 1,237 cases for the past 24 hours, average of 50/hour.• In that same 24 hours, 55 deaths from influenza and pneumonia.• Mayor George S. Buck increased the order, which now includes "all businesses not conducted for the distribution of food, clothing, medicines, and other essentials and all indoor meetings of more than ten persons unless authorized by the health commissioner."• Exceptions include governmental meetings, military gatherings, and meetings related to the Liberty loan.• Casket dealers in Buffalo told Commissioner Franklin C. Gram that there were not enough caskets to bury influenza victims within 24 hours of their deaths.• Commissioner Franklin C. Gram then announced that the dept. of health will produce caskets if there are not enough, and they sold at no cost to all, and will be given away to the poor.• "The health commissioner and his advisory committee announced that universal wearing of a cloth or gauze mask over the nose and mouth would stamp out the epidemic in a week or ten days."• Health Commissioner Franklin C. Gram recommends that everyone wear masks at home and in public areas. This may become an order if the influenza situation gets worse.• Employees of the health dept. and Health Commissioner Franklin C. Gram and some of his assistants have been seen wearing masks.• Major Brownrigg of Ft. Porter said that all doctors, nurses, and hospital corps men at the fort will have to wear masks all the time, under military order.• Post office, police, and fire departments will be requested to do the same.• Dr. Charles G. Stockton and Dr. Dewitt H. Sherman, members of the general committee, said they will be wearing masks today. • Others at the meeting yesterday included: Finley H. Greene, W. H. Pillsbury from the school dept., Chief Clerk August A. Schneider from the health dept, Dr. Frederick B. Willard, Major Brownrigg, and H. B. Franklin. Dr. Edward J. Meyer called by phone to give his report about "the hospital situation."• The new order will close "five and ten cent stores, pool rooms, bowling alleys, ice cream soda fountains, swimming pools, and other non-essential places."• "Department and clothing stores, groceries, drug stores, restaurants, and similar places will not be closed."• Indoor meetings of more than ten people will be prohibited, specifically regulated to avoid individuals evading the rules.• Health dept. employees will be on duty in shifts during the day and night during the epidemic.• In addition, the city is divided into 21 districts, with each district having a health inspector in charge of enforcing the regulations.• Military authorities at Ft. Porter provided 100 "sample masks" to use in educational displays for how they are to be used.• The Red Cross is making more of these masks.• Last night, a consignment was received from the Twentieth Century club Red Cross.• Chief Girvin will direct uniformed distribute information about how to care for influenza, as well as preventive measures, to all houses in the city.• "Broadside" sheets will be posted on telegraph poles and in factories today.• For the next week, information will be also distributed through the payroll of factories.• Health Commissioner Franklin C. Gram rejected the request of the Christian Science churches for exception from the order, and also announced that the Erie County Medical society's meeting will also be canceled for this month.• "The doctors will have no special privileges."• Mayor George S. Buck's proclamation is printed in this article, basically restates all the rules these articles describe.• It broadens the things that are restricted, and Mayor George S. Buck says, "The duration of this epidemic in Buffalo will depend very largely upon the honest cooperation of every individual citizen."• Chairman of the committee on factory control in the anti-influenza campaign Dr. P. H. Hourigan announced last night there will be a conference of all industrial physicians of Buffalo tonight at 8:30 pm at the Larkin Men's club rooms. This meeting will be to "arrive at uniform and cooperating methods of controlling the epidemic through factories."• All physicians are requested to come to this conference.• City bacteriologist, Dr. William G. Bissell, will talk about prevention/treatment of influenza.• General Chairman of the committee Finley H. Greene requested that factory superintendents post signs about how to prevent influenza near time clocks and in other places. This information could be cut out of newspapers and hung up.• Health Commissioner Franklin C. Gram denounced "quack medicine salesmen," saying that anyone that tried to sell things door to door to make money from this situation would be prosecuted.• Dr. Franklin C. Gram: "This is no time for medicinal profiteering. I have heard of quack nostrums being peddled. The police are notified to arrest anyone found in that business. The remedies for influenza are simple, cheap, and can be procured at any drug store. Influenza requires a cathartic, a gargle, and an oil for the nasal passages. A teaspoon of salt in a glass of water will do for a gargle. Vaseline or olive oil are soothing oils. Fresh air, good care and confidence are essential."• Dr. Franklin C. Gram had a meeting of the epidemic control committee in his office, and the members discussed preventive measures, including the suggestion that everyone in Buffalo wear a mask over the nose and mouth.• This is not an order yet because the committee would like to gain "popular support."• Masks are "easy to make," made out of gauze, cotton cloth, handkerchief, any cloth to cover nose and mouth.• Dr. Charles G. Stockton: "If everyone in the country would go masked at all times the epidemic would be conquered in the United States in a week to ten days."• Major Brownrigg of Ft. Porter, as well as the other doctors present, all agreed on the plan as effective, but possibly difficult to enforce.• The committee decided to wait to make the request an order until the other measures recently adopted were tested.• The two large casket corporations which usually supply Buffalo have said they cannot meet current demands. • Typically, the demand is for 30/day, but the number of deaths due to influenza and pneumonia alone exceed this number.• Casket manufacturers said that tomorrow there will be no caskets in Buffalo.• Health Commissioner Franklin C. Gram replied to this by saying that he has told the bureau of sanitation to produce caskets if there are no more. The health dept. will sell them to families, and give them away to the poor. ; Newspaper article ; 1, 5
La gobernanza ambiental es entendida más como un medio que como un fin en sí, para asegurar la conservación del medio ambiente (1), constituye un aspecto clave para el desarrollo de las políticas públicas ambientales del país; sin embargo, los esfuerzos por consolidarla todavía son mínimos en las autoridades de los distintos niveles de gobierno y, por el lado de la sociedad civil en los tomadores de decisiones de las diversas organizaciones sociales.Por la trascendencia del tema y nuestra responsabilidad con la sociedad como universidad, asumimos el compromiso de su fortalecimiento a través de la incorporación como una línea de investigación priorizada, esperando a futuro incrementar los aportes investigativos pertinentes socialmente desde la comunidad académica - científica, luego difundir los resultados de los diversos estudios para contribuir de este modo en la mejora del conocimiento y práctica de la gobernanza ambiental.Es claro que en materia de gobernanza ambiental poco hemos avanzado, pese a tener una normatividad muy comprometida con el medio ambiente y que otorga facultades a los gobiernos regionales y locales para impulsarla en busca de una mayor eficiencia. Las experiencias de Lima y Junín expresan en gran medida esta realidad. Según el Índice de Ciudades Verdes de Latinoamérica, estudio realizado por Siemens, la gobernanza ambiental de Lima se ubica "debajo del promedio" para la gobernanza ambiental a nivel de Latinoamérica. Esta ubicación se debe principalmente a la asignación fragmentada de recursos y responsabilidades para el manejo del medio ambiente entre múltiples instituciones y niveles de gobierno. En 2006 la municipalidad de Lima creó un departamento especializado en medio ambiente, sin embargo carece de competencia para implementar su propia legislación en este sentido. En los últimos cinco años la ciudad de Lima ha realizado una revisión básica de su sector de desechos, omitiendo agua, saneamiento y calidad del aire, entre otros factores. La mayor parte de las iniciativas de esta política se derivan del Ministerio del Ambiente, en donde se concentra la experticia técnica (2).La región Junín está constituida por nueve provincias. La ciudad de Huancayo desde la Comisión Ambiental Regional de Junín (CAR Junín), el Comité de Gestión del Área de Conservación Regional del Huaytapallana (CGACR-H), Grupo Técnico de Cambio Climático entre otras organizaciones sociales - con limitada participación y compromiso de representantes de otras provincias - desarrolla acciones de carácter ambiental con un impacto en la región poco valorada y reconocimiento por la población. Huancayo tiene como fortalezas la gestión de áreas verdes en la zona urbana, las iniciativas de sensibilización para la segregación de residuos sólidos en fuente y permanentes intentos de mejorar la cobertura de agua para consumo humano; todo un reto a futuro.La ciudad de Junín tiene en actividad la Comisión Ambiental Municipal (CAM). La Municipalidad Provincial de Junín con apoyo de la comunidad, han denunciado a las empresas mineras que contaminan las aguas del lago Chinchaycocha, y ya han judicializado el tema, en caso de no tener una pronta solución de las autoridades peruanas éstas serían denunciadas ante la Corte Inter-americana de Derechos Humanos de la OEA, asimismo, se procedería a plantear una medida cautelar para suspender las actividades mineras en Cerro de Pasco, sobre todo de las empresas El Brocal, Volcan y Panamerican Silver que son las responsables de la contaminación del segundo lago más grande del Perú, con relaves mineros afectando la biodiversidad del ecosistema del lago sin alguna medida de remediación; a la fecha se estima que un 30% del lago está contaminado poniendo en riesgo a unas 150 especies de aves endémicas y migratorias. Las aguas del lago Chinchaycocha también son fuente de agua del rio Mantaro, que contribuye en la generación de energía eléctrica a unos 14 departamentos de nuestro país. Entre sus fortalezas se encuentran la gestión adecuada de los residuos sólidos orgánicos orientándolos con fines de producción de compost para su uso en la agricultura y las acciones de conservación de los suelos con fines de un cultivo sostenible, un caso representativo es el de la Maca, producto de exportación de Junín.La ciudad de Concepción tiene en actividad la CAM de Concepción que administra información agraria para brindar información sobre costos de insumos, mercados y estadística que permita a los productores agrícolas decidir oportunamente respecto a oportunidades de negocios; también dispone de maquinaria agrícola que está al servicio de los productores. Entre sus fortalezas se encuentra la gestión adecuada de los residuos sólidos no orgánicos orientándolos con fines económicos y a través del Comité de Vigilancia Ambiental el desarrollo de monitoreos de la calidad del agua (3).Es oportuno destacar que en el Perú existen políticas y un marco legal ambiental que es el reflejo de los compromisos internacionales que asumimos, éstos instrumentos se encuentran en proceso de consolidación a partir del Ministerio del Ambiente, aunque con algunas deficiencias en su articulación con las organizaciones sociales existentes en las diversas regiones; asimismo existen mecanismos de resolución de conflictos incluido el fomento de conocimientos especializados en la determinación de causas ambientales, que sin embargo no están siendo aplicados adecuadamente en el contexto nacional y local. La gobernanza ambiental peruana, por lo demás tiene pendiente la solución de muchos problemas de carácter socio ambiental, en su mayoría vinculados al sector minero.Las ciudades de Huancayo, Junín y Concepción, en todo este panorama, exponen hasta hoy mejores desempeños en materia de gobernanza ambiental, aunque en proceso de mejora. Los mayores esfuerzos están concentrados en los temas de tratamiento y accesibilidad de agua para consumo humano, tratamiento de suelos e iniciativas para lograr a futuro el tratamiento de aguas residuales. ; Environmental governance is understood more as a way than a goal, to ensure the environment conservation (1), it's a key aspect to the environmental public policies development of the country; however, efforts to consolidate are still minimal in the various government levels authorities and, on the side of civil society in the decision-makers of various social organizations. United Nations' international agreements prompted it since the beginning of their decisions and today is an important dimension in peruvian law, as expressed in the General Environmental Law, its article XI gives category as a principle.On the issue significance and our responsibility to society as a university, we are committed to strengthening through incorporation as a prioritized research line, waiting for future increase socially relevant research contributions from the academic – scientific community, then spread the results of various studies to contribute in this way to improve the knowledge and environmental governance practice.It's clear that in environmental governance we have advanced very little, despite having strong regulations to the environment and empowers local and regional governments to promote it in search of greater efficiency. The Lima and Junin experiences largely express this reality.According to the Green Cities Index in Latin America, study realized by Siemens, Lima environmental governance is located "below average" for Latin America level environmental governance. This location is mainly due to the fragmented allocation of resources and responsibilities for environmental management among multiple institutions and government levels. In 2006 the Lima municipality created a specializing environment department, however it isn't competent to implement its own legislation in this regard. In the last five years Lima city has made a fundamental review of its waste sector, omitting water, sanitation and air quality, among other factors. Most policy initiatives arising from the Environment Ministry, where technical expertise is concentrated (2).The Junin region consists of nine provinces. Huancayo city from the Junin Regional Environmental Commission (CAR Junin), the Management Committee of the Huaytapallana Regional Conservation Area (CGACR-H), Technical Group on Climate Change and other social organizations - with limited participation and involvement of other provinces representatives – develop environmental character actions with an undervalued impact on the region and appreciation for population. Huancayo has as management strengths green areas in urban areas, sensitization initiatives for solid waste segregation at source and permanent attempts to improve water coverage for human consumption; a real challenge for the future.The Junín city has in operation the Municipal Environmental Commission (CAM). The Junin Provincial Municipality with the community support, have denounced mining companies which pollute Chinchaycocha lake waters, and they have already judicialized the issue, if they don't have an early settlement from peruvian authorities these would be reported to the Human Rights Inter-American Court of the OAS also they would proceed to raise an injunction to suspend mining activities in Cerro de Pasco, especially El Brocal, Volcan and Panamerican Silver companies which are responsible for pollution of the Peru's second largest lake, with mine tailings affecting the lake ecosystem's biodiversity without some remediation measure; to date it's estimated that 30 % of the lake is polluted jeopardizing 150 endemic and migratory birds species. Chinchaycocha lake waters are also a water source of Mantaro river, which contributes to the electricity generation to 14 departments of the country. Among its strengths are the proper management of organic solid waste directing for compost production to use it in agriculture and soil conservation actions with sustainable farming purposes, a representative case is the Maca, a Junin export product.The Concepción city has in operation the CAM Concepción which manages agricultural information to provide information on inputs costs, markets and statistics that allow farmers promptly decide on business opportunities; also it has farm machinery that serves producers. Among its strengths there is the proper solid non-organic waste management for economic purposes and through the Environmental Monitoring Committee the development of water quality monitoring (3).It should be emphasized that in Peru there are policies and an environmental legal framework that reflects international commitments we made, these instruments are being consolidated from the Environment Ministry, with some shortcomings in its articulation with existing social organizations in the various regions; there are also conflict resolution mechanisms including the expertise knowledge promotion in the environmental causes determination, which however are not being properly applied in the national and local context. Peruvian environmental governance, moreover is pending the solution for many social-environmental problems of character, mostly linked to the mining sector.The Huancayo, Junín and Concepción cities in all this panorama, until now, exhibited best performances in environmental governance, although in the improvement process. The main efforts are concentrated on topics such as treatment topics and water for human consumption accessibility, soil treatment and initiatives to achieve wastewater treatment in the future.
Esta tesis se inscribe en el campo de estudios que han volcado su atención hacia la creciente gravitación de la justicia y el derecho sobre la conflictividad social y los asuntos políticos. Conocido en el debate público y académico como judicialización, este fenómeno ha sido ampliamente abordado con relación a la predisposición de los jueces a involucrarse en la formulación de políticas, y en función de cómo los conflictos se transforman al insertarse en el campo del derecho. Sin embargo, son escasos los trabajos abocados a analizar los modos en que los fallos activistas –por ejemplo, aquellos que exigen la implementación de políticas– se convierten en problemas de política pública. El objetivo aquí es examinar los conflictos y controversias suscitados en los procesos de implementación de políticas judicializadas, allí donde se entrecruzan las lógicas jurídicas, sociales y político-institucionales. En última instancia, se apunta a indagar en los efectos de largo alcance de la judicialización para con las formas de desenvolvimiento de los conflictos y la producción de la acción pública. La tesis se focaliza en los sucesos iniciados en el año 2010 cuando, en el marco de la ejecución de una sentencia por la recomposición ambiental de la cuenca Matanza-Riachuelo, un juez federal les ordenó a los gobiernos condenados que despejasen la ribera de obstrucciones con el fin de abrir una vía de libre circulación (o "camino de sirga") a lo largo del río. Al aducir que su creación era una medida indispensable para facilitar el saneamiento, el magistrado dispuso la reubicación de las personas que allí vivían, en su mayoría habitantes de villas y asentamientos que se extendían hasta los márgenes del curso de agua. La orden de relocalización emitida por el juez se presentó como un paso más hacia la clausura del conflicto por el deterioro ambiental, pero catalizó uno nuevo signado por el desplazamiento de la población. Por lo tanto, cabe preguntarse, ¿de qué modos se redefinió el problema al salir de los tribunales y volcarse al terreno de la formulación e implementación de políticas? ¿Cómo se imbricó la formulación jurídica de la cuestión con los intereses y estrategias de los actores implicados en el proceso judicial? ¿Cuáles fueron sus efectos en relación a las dinámicas sociales presentes en los territorios ribereños? La tesis, centrada en el caso de las relocalizaciones llevadas a cabo en la ciudad de Buenos Aires, se basa en un diseño de investigación cualitativo. Éste implicó la utilización de instrumentos de recolección de información tales como observaciones participantes y no participantes, entrevistas en profundidad y análisis de documentos. Asimismo, se adoptó una estrategia de triangulación intramétodo que requirió el uso de fuentes tanto primarias como secundarias. A partir de esta metodología, se abordan tres objetivos específicos. En primer lugar, se analizan las controversias jurídicas suscitadas en el proceso de emergencia de las resoluciones que ordenaron la puesta en marcha de políticas de relocalización. En segundo lugar, se caracterizan los conflictos socioterritoriales catalizados durante la implementación de las relocalizaciones en relación con las estrategias llevadas a cabo por los afectados y sus defensores para sostener sus demandas. En tercer lugar, se examinan los dispositivos y mecanismos institucionales creados por los condenados para dar cumplimiento a las políticas ordenadas por la justicia, identificando sus límites y potencialidades para la tramitación de los conflictos. En última instancia, la sumatoria de estos objetivos permite comprender de qué manera el traslado de población de la ribera del Riachuelo como problema judicial se transformó al institucionalizarse y territorializarse. ; Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le champ d'études sur l'influence croissante de la justice et du droit sur le conflit social et les affaires politiques. Connu dans le débat public et académique comme judiciarisation, certains aspects de ce phénomène ont été amplement traités, notamment, la prédisposition des juges à s'impliquer dans la formulation de politiques, et la façon dont les conflits se transforment en s'insérant dans le champ du droit. Néanmoins, il y a un manque de travaux consacrés à analyser les manières dont les jugements dits activistes –par exemple, ceux qui exigent la mise en œuvre de politiques– deviennent des problèmes de politique publique. L'objectif est ici d'examiner les conflits et controverses suscités par les processus de mise en œuvre de politiques judiciarisées, là où les logiques juridiques, sociales et politicoinstitutionnelles s'entrecroisent. En définitive, on essaye de connaître les effets de grande portée de la judiciarisation sur le déroulement des conflits et sur la production d'action publique. La thèse analyse les évènements déclenchés en 2010 à partir de l'ordonnance d'un juge qui, dans le cadre de l'exécution d'une sentence portant sur la recomposition environnementale du bassin Matanza-Riachuelo, a obligé les gouvernements condamnés par celle-ci à dégager la rive de toute obstruction afin d'y ouvrir un chemin de circulation libre (ou « chemin de halage »). En allégeant que sa création était une mesure indispensable pour faciliter l'assainissement, le juge a prévu la relocalisation des personnes qui y résidaient, dans la plupart des habitants des bidonvilles qui s'étendaient jusqu'au bord de l'eau. L'ordre de relocalisation émis par le juge a été présenté comme un pas en avant vers la clôture du conflit autour de la détérioration environnementale, mais elle a aussi catalysé un autre conflit caractérisé par le déplacement de la population. Il faut se demander : comment le problème a été redéfini après sa sortie des tribunaux et son entrée dans le terrain de la formulation et implémentation des politiques publiques ? Quel rapport existe-t-il entre la construction juridique de la question et les intérêts et stratégies des acteurs impliqués dans le procès judiciaire ? Quels ont été les effets de cette imbrication sur les dynamiques sociales présentes dans les territoires riverains ? La thèse, centrée sur le cas des relocalisations effectuées dans la ville de Buenos Aires, repose sur un modèle de recherche qualitative. Ceci a impliqué l'utilisation des outils de collecte d'information comme des observations participantes et non participantes, des entretiens en profondeur, et l'analyse des documents disponibles. De même, on a adopté une stratégie de triangulation intra-méthode, qui a exigé l'usage de sources primaires et secondaires. Grâce à cette méthodologie, on aborde trois objectifs spécifiques. Premièrement, on analyse les controverses juridiques suscitées par le processus d'émergence des résolutions qui ordonnaient de mettre en marche les politiques de relocalisation. Deuxièmement, on caractérise les conflits socio-territoriaux catalysés pendant la période de mise en œuvre des relocalisations et leur rapport aux stratégies mises en place par les affectés et ses défenseurs pour revendiquer des droits. Troisièmement, on examine les dispositifs et mécanismes institutionnels créés par les gouvernements condamnés pour mettre en marche les politiques ordonnées par la justice, en identifiant ses limitations et potentialités pour la canalisation des conflits. Au bout du compte, la somme de ces objectifs permet de comprendre comment le déplacement de la population des rives du Riachuelo, en tant que problème judiciaire, s'est transformé en s'institutionnalisant et en se territorialisant. ; This thesis is focused on the field of research that has drawn its attention towards the growing influence of justice and law over social conflict and political matters. This phenomenon, known as judicialization in public and scholarly debates, has been broadly examined with regard to judges' tendency to get involved in policy making, and in relation to how conflicts change when they enter the field of law. However, not much research has been done about the ways in which activist rulings –e.g. those that demand the implementation of policies– transform into public policy problems. The goal here is to analyze the conflicts and controversies aroused during the implementation of judicialized policies, in the analytical crossroads between juridical, social and politicalinstitutional logics. Ultimately, I will examine judicialization's far-reaching effects on the ways in which conflicts develop and public action is produced. The thesis studies the events that took place since 2010 when, amid the execution of a ruling that required the environmental recovery of the Matanza-Riachuelo basin, a federal judge told the convicted governments to clear up the riverside from any obstructions in order to open a road (or a 'towpath') along the way. By asserting that its creation was a mandatory measure to achieve the basin's cleanup, the judge ordered the relocation of the people who lived in those lands, mostly inhabitants of slums that had spread up to the river margins themselves. The relocation order signed by the judge was shown as a means of putting an end to the environmental deterioration, but it actually triggered a conflict over the population's displacement. Therefore, it becomes relevant to ask: how was the problem redefined after leaving the courts and entering the field of policy making? How did the juridical elaboration of the issue overlap with the interests and strategies of the implicated actors? What were its effects over the social dynamics of the riverside territories? This thesis is centered on the case of the relocations in the city of Buenos Aires, and it is based on a qualitative research design. This implied using information collection instruments such as participant and non-participant observations, in-depth interviews and document analysis. Moreover, an intra-method triangulation strategy was adopted, which required the use of primary and secondary sources. Three specific goals are pursued. First, I analyze the juridical controversies aroused during the appearance of the resolutions that ordered the relocation policies. Second, I characterize the socio-territorial conflicts that took place during the implementation of the resettlements with regard to the strategies undertaken by those affected by those policies and their defendants in order to keep up their demands. Third, I examine the devices and institutional mechanisms created by the convicted government to apply the policies ordered by the judiciary, while identifying their limits and potentials for the channeling of conflicts. Ultimately, the sum of these goals enhances the understanding of how the relocation of the Riachuelo's riverside population, which was born as a judicial problem, changed by institutionalizing and territorializing. ; Fil: Scharager, Andrés. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. Instituto de Investigaciones "Gino Germani"; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina
Interview with Fred Mastrangelo. Topics include: The history of the Mastrangelo name. How his father immigrated to the United States from Italy and became a tailor in Fitchburg, MA. What Fitchburg was like when Fred was growing up with a diverse population. His father and uncle's carpentry business. Fred's education. The Angel Hotel in Hyannis, MA. The different businesses Fred has started. How kitchens in America are different from those in Europe and how European kitchens have changed over time. Fred's children and their occupations. The traditions Fred carried on with his family. Memories from his childhood. The house his father built. What his parents were like. ; 1 LINDA ROSE: Okay. This is Linda Rose and we're on at the Center for Italian Culture. FRED MASTRANGELO: That's right. LINDA ROSE: Right? FRED MASTRANGELO: Mm-hmm. LINDA ROSE: And [unintelligible - 00:00:10]. FRED MASTRANGELO: It's Mastrangelo. It's just the way it sounds, M-A-S-T-R-A-N-G-E-L-O. LINDA ROSE: So can you give me a little bit of a history. FRED MASTRANGELO: Obviously when my dad emigrated here to the United States and attempted to get assimilated into society, he felt that in business purposes that a shorter name would be much better because he was competing with the Browns and the Whites and the Smith, and so he just took the last part of the name and called it Angel and used it as his business name. We in turn carried it on. We've never changed it legally to Angels, you know, but it's an alias that makes it easy, because Angel or Angel with tailor, which is what he started his business, so it's a lot easier to say and anybody to know. That's the reason for the Angel name. LINDA ROSE: Okay. Now can you give me… FRED MASTRANGELO: Interesting story. He emigrated over here in the late 1890s, young man, 21 years old. He had $21 in his pocket when he landed in New York and obviously moved in with friends from the old country. And like all immigrants, he had to learn the trade. His trade was a tailor and so he worked as a tailor in the Bronx in New York for a number of years, but becoming independent – now you got to know that my dad had no education, you know, relatively speaking. He's a very smart man, and I'm not saying that 2 lightly because he had to cope with all of the language difficulties in a whole bit. After a few years in the Bronx, he went… he started to feel his oats, as all young men did and wanted to become independent, and then he realized how life in the country was. He analyzed it as he tell us and says, "Look if I – look, for example, I settled in Florida and they had a [unintelligible - 00:01:55], no one would buy my suits. If I went to Pennsylvania and joined the Lewis [coal] mine strike, the miners wouldn't buy my suits." So somebody told him in New York that there was a little town known as Fitchburg, Mass that was diversified, even at that time was very diversified. They had paper mills. They had industrial complexes. They had their [unintelligible - 00:02:14]. They had a fantastic ethnic background made up of Italians, Jews, Irish, French, all in their own colonies, and it was a such diversification that my dad said, "Gee, if, you know, everyone else go down, at least [unintelligible - 00:02:30] the guys will buy my suits, so independent [unintelligible - 00:02:34] group will buy. So that up to business per se, in the community, if one segment or area dropped, at least I have an opportunity to market my product." So he moved to Fitchburg and started Angel Tailor in Main Street. That tailor shop right now is presently occupied by Mario the Tailor, whose family also came from the same part of Italy that my dad did. So, that was the start of Angel. As my mother says, your father wasn't a very good tailor but he was a hell of a businessman – and that's true; he was. He was extremely marketing-oriented and he employed at the time, at the height of his career, somewhere in the 19… part of the World War I, at least six or seven tailors, so he was doing a 3 very lucrative business. That was the start of the tailor shop. LINDA ROSE: Okay, just getting back, when did he come to Fitchburg? FRED MASTRANGELO: I'm going to say probably in the early 1900s and he spent about two, three or four years in New York and then became independent. I hadn't documented to trace it down, but I'm sure I could. You know, I just hadn't done it. LINDA ROSE: And did he travel to the United States by himself? FRED MASTRANGELO: Yes, mm-hmm. LINDA ROSE: How old was he? FRED MASTRANGELO: 21. LINDA ROSE: So 21in the market? FRED MASTRANGELO: Mm-hmm. LINDA ROSE: So young to see a man… FRED MASTRANGELO: No, it's just that through the contacts, as all immigrants have, there was a good established Italian culture community, as it were, as I indicated to you before, very strong ethnic groups in Fitchburg, which makes up the strength of Fitchburg. And he made contacts with some of the people from the [unintelligible - 00:04:20] which is the old country and the [unintelligible - 00:04:22] for example and some other people in Water Street, which was where the Italians lived, and decided to do it and that's what he did. As the business got successful, he bought a place on Granich Street, right above the so-called Water Street Complex and that's where we grew up as kids, so it's a fun time. LINDA ROSE: That was your Fitchburg [unintelligible - 00:04:48].4 FRED MASTRANGELO: Mm-hmm. It's great, great time and, you know, the community was close-knit. It was friendly, more kids that you can stick at and so we had an enjoyable childhood. LINDA ROSE: Do you remember any particular? FRED MASTRANGELO: In reference to? LINDA ROSE: Any special time? FRED MASTRANGELO: No, it's just that in retrospect, as I look back on it—and this isn't particularly just with our family—but the old-time immigrants had a flare. They had a strong cultural belief and tradition, and as they became involved in the American way of life, they adapted easily. They still maintained their all, you know, language and culture and religious backgrounds, but all of them, regardless of their occupation, believed in family number one and continuation of the traditions that they've learned which makes [unintelligible - 00:05:40] and integrity and working hard to success. I think those were the qualifications, particularly in my dad's generation. We're just so strong and it stuck in my mind. Now as I reach the autumn of my years, remembering my childhood, you know, we respected them and the authority that they [brought up]. Obviously it was interesting because as kids, we were brought into the parochial school system. I'm sure [unintelligible - 00:06:12] about that a bit, but that was quite an experience because we had it. In my particular class maybe three or four Italians in a strong Irish St. Bernard's grade school complex, and every day was a tremendous experience for us, particularly maintaining our culture. And you know how kids can be, so we had an awful lot of fun defending our name. LINDA ROSE: Because they give it fun back then?5 FRED MASTRANGELO: It was a learning experience, but nothing earth-shattering, and of course the sisters got left on the farm during their early years, as you know the rules of going to parochial school. They were hard taskmasters. LINDA ROSE: Mm-hmm. FRED MASTRANGELO: Delightful growing up in that community and to mingle with the various groups and… not really, it's just that we knew they were Irish and we were Italians, and that's the way it worked – but no, nothing like in today's current situation where bias is so strong and dominant, you know, no. We defended our positions and they defended theirs, but we got along [eventually]. LINDA ROSE: But the [unintelligible - 00:07:33]? FRED MASTRANGELO: Indirectly but nothing strong. We had large classes too, I mean, 90 in a class; it was, you know, a bit large. LINDA ROSE: That's a really – 90? FRED MASTRANGELO: In many classes. I think my first grade class is something like 76, 77; it's unbelievable. Oh, yeah, all in a row and all maintain the discipline and all maintained that pecking order. The smart kids sit up front, the dummies sit in the back. LINDA ROSE: Really? So it wasn't alphabetized? FRED MASTRANGELO: [No]. LINDA ROSE: So where were you? FRED MASTRANGELO: God knows, from grade to grade, probably raising hell in everyone of them. LINDA ROSE: You remember that? FRED MASTRANGELO: It sounds like my sister. LINDA ROSE: So it's great. I got [unintelligible - 00:08:16] movie but you don't remember. FRED MASTRANGELO: Mm-hmm.6 LINDA ROSE: Is that your experience? FRED MASTRANGELO: Yes ma'am, mm-hmm. [Unintelligible - 00:08:23] very friendly and as I said, it was just a little bit of…we didn't realize it at the time, but later on, it's a little bit of, you know, and likely so, the pride of their ethnic background, the pride of our ethnic background. We would have little conflict, I think no [unintelligible - 00:08:42]. Yes, yes, but the Water Street Complex was Italian. I mean all those markets and stalls were Italian, but obviously the parish, St. Bernard's Parish, is made up of the Irish people that lived—that wasn't the dominant; the dominant group up there were Italians up from Water Street. The Irish lived in the so-called Tahoe District, which is where the present St. Bernard's High School is. That was there area. If we crossed the bridge, we were in their territory, and they cross it the other way, they were in our territory. And I don't mean to constantly harp on this. It's just a little bit of a background – that's all. LINDA ROSE: That's important. FRED MASTRANGELO: Now they're changing… they're changing that area but there were still the great community [unintelligible - 00:09:39] you know, the [unintelligible - 00:09:43] element, the strong Finnish colony, the French [unintelligible - 00:09:48] area, I mean you know they've been infiltrated by other cultures, but at the time we were growing up, those were strong enclaves. If I were a politician and wanted to feel my oaths, I would have come to Fitchburg, because if I could cope with all of these groups, I would know I have a great stand. And they're strong dominant groups, no question about it, but… go ahead, go ahead.7 LINDA ROSE: Were there any rites of passage? FRED MASTRANGELO: Yeah, that was part of it, but I can't think of anything too dominant; you know, it's kids' things. The guys used to come down with me and we'd swim at the lake and we had fun together, but if they took the issue with a certain fact, then we'd stand up – because that part of the culture. If it was Mastrangelo, it was Mastrangelo, don't insult my name, don't insult my family and vice versa. Don't mess with the [O'Malley's] and the [Riley's] and, you know – we were just not… but we are harping on something that we shouldn't harp on so… LINDA ROSE: I was thinking more about right… FRED MASTRANGELO: All through the grade schools, from first grade to eight. LINDA ROSE: I had heard that… FRED MASTRANGELO: I suppose. LINDA ROSE: Maybe you were a little too young. FRED MASTRANGELO: Right, I think the important fact there is the strong mark that my dad and his people like him, marked in the community. That's the important part of our discussion. LINDA ROSE: Now… FRED MASTRANGELO: Yes. And the interesting approach was, as I indicated before, all of the immigrants had a trade. My father's brother, Alfonse, was a carpenter by trade. My dad when he was successful in the tailor business brought him over and Al lived with my dad. And to keep him out of trouble, they started a little woodworking shop, known as the Angel Novelty Company, and that was the start of the Angel Company per se. My dad had become successful and he bought a building off of Route 2A in Lunenburg Street, which is the halfway bakery at the time and that's where they started manufacturing wooden novelties. So, that 8 finally led to interior millwork, so the Angel Company became very dominant in interior millwork and by that, I mean doors and windows and corner cabinets. Now the important thing was that was also a successful business. I mean prohibition hit and that lasted a relatively short period of time; the brothers decided that it has nothing to do since the prohibition is going to be repealed as they get the restaurant seating, so they manufactured a line of wooden bar seating equipment that even today, I can recognize if I go to on an old-time bar and sit down, because it's the most comfortable goddamn thing you ever sat in your life. It was very successful and that was the flipside that they used throughout their business ability when… it was successful during that time period, manufacturing the restaurant seating, as I indicated, doors and windows—and you may not remember this because you're too young for it—but at one time, many of the houses had the so-called milkman access. There was a spot on your front door, as you buy a front door that the milkman will bring the milk in, you would open it from the inside and to take your milk in. And they were very successful on that approach and they did – as I said, it was novelty items, but then they changed the name to Strong Millwork at the Angel Company and that started… I'm going to say the real strong starting point was right after the end of World War II and then the so-called climb back in economic climate, and then the recession hit. And my father often—my mother often tells the story about my dad—but he told me himself; he said in recession he had another guy who's jumping out of the window. He said to himself, "This country is so strong; this country, there's so 9 much going for it that it can't go bad." So while everybody else was panicking, he took everything he owned, put mortgages on it, all his lifesavings, and invested in mills. This was the full run of the side of the Angel Company on Broad Street, which is a huge 100,000 square foot complex, and he bought mills on River Street. He bought property in downtown Fitchburg, and that was the success of his operations as a businessman. He brought his brother along with him. They were successful in that operation. So, on Broad Street, in this 100,000-square foot plant, they employed about 110 people and they changed their marketing approach, from restaurant seating to interior mill work—stone doors, windows, corner cabinets, kitchen cabinets—very large well-equipped plant, very successful through the years. LINDA ROSE: Now before you go on… FRED MASTRANGELO: By that time, he had sold his tailor shop to a shop, by the name of Sccino, which you may have interviewed. It's Sccino, S-C-C-I-N-O. It's another well-known name in Italian culture here in the Fitchburg area, and he spent all of his time devoted to the Angel Company. LINDA ROSE: Okay. FRED MASTRANGELO: And now that was roughly, as I indicated, from '38 to well, all the way through until the day he died, which was, you know, in the '60s…'50s and '60s. Now it was a full-grown conclusion that the boys, myself and my cousin who's the same age, Alfonse' son, would take all of the business. So after we graduated in college, I went to the service for two years. When I came back out, we got involved with the business, and at that time, the two brothers, Frank and Al, passed away within two to three years of each other. So we 10 took over and changed it from the millwork company into a kitchen cabinet company, and we were very, very successful. The interesting thing, reverting back to the Italian culture, is the fact that at the Angel Company, I bet you, 70 percent of the employees, even though we employed 100 and some on, were of Italian background. And I can see them doing that because they still spoke the language and they still have that strong cultural feeling, and they did everything in their power to work with the community. Yeah, tables and benches, very similar to breakfast nooks – remember the yellow old-fashioned breakfast, that type of concept. Yeah. LINDA ROSE: Mm-hmm. FRED MASTRANGELO: We're very, very successful on that because through a business, we feel everybody got involved with the problems and, you know, that's fine. LINDA ROSE: [Unintelligible - 00:16:52] FRED MASTRANGELO: That's a good sign. LINDA ROSE: Okay. So who was…? FRED MASTRANGELO: Yeah, that's when I stay put, that's exactly how it worked. My dad was in marketing, sales unit, and Alfonse, because of his woodworking background, handled the production, and they got along very well on that – because I tell you that it started with his brother and they were so close and his brother was a woodworker and a carpenter, and so it led to doing something with Alfonse, which in turn led to the growth of the business. LINDA ROSE: Right. [Unintelligible - 00:17:30] your father, Frank… FRED MASTRANGELO: That's a minor incident. LINDA ROSE: [Unintelligible - 00:17:32]?11 FRED MASTRANGELO: Yeah, right. In becoming a tailor, he just had designed a ruler to help measure pants; that was insignificant. It had no bearing on this over all, because it's just a minor type of… just like I had pants on my own right now that are worthless, but they don't mean a damn thing, right. What's important, if you look at the headlines of that paper, you'll see that the impetus is on sales and marketing, and that's the knowledge that he brought in. That's the ability to be ahead of his time, which is why he bought mills and why he turned his business ability into more than just making suits. If he were only to be a tailor, he would just still fight to go on a tailoring business in the community such as Fitchburg, but if you were a manufacturer, you had 52 states from which to draw, the world from which to draw, and my father saw that and his brother went along with it and they became – we changed it to Angel Novelty; it's when, Ed, my cousin and I came up, we decided it had to make sense so we changed the name to the Angel Company. You got to remember, the work there is youngsters, both my cousin and I all our lives, because it was the rule of stepping in, in time, and so it became very strong in millwork, and by millwork, I mean things that had to be milled: doors, windows, pine products, kitchen cabinets, corner cabinets, balustrades, stairwells. And we had a very strong – the marketing approach was to sell through distributors, someone termed '[south] lumberyards', so people like Webber Lumber Company that was in Fitchburg were our outlets. There is no such thing as a Home Depot in those days. They were all lumberyards, all small individual minor power operations. They did it together. They did together, you know in their 12 own way, uneducated men but very smart, in their own way test marketed, analyzed it, brought in a strong group of sales managers, production managers, accounting experts, because it was a multimillion dollar business. [Unintelligible - 00:19:56] LINDA ROSE: [Unintelligible - 00:19:59] market for that? FRED MASTRANGELO: [Unintelligible - 00:20:01] took over. This is in time when Dr. [Giolidante] was expected to start his father's shoe shop. He got smart; he became a doctor. That's what made him a smart man, because he did it at the time when he was independently a pioneer and, like many of those cohorts, had to do it. But like all that was so-called immigrants, number one on their list is to make their life better for their kids and they recognized that education was important for you to make it. If you had the wherewithal, you went beyond high school, into college. We were very lucky that he felt that way. I went to… after I got out of St. Bernard's, I graduated from Philips Andover Academy in '46, and then I went to Boston University, graduated in the class of '50. Actually I worked my tail off. I went to four years of college in three years by going to summer school and I had [unintelligible - 00:21:04]. LINDA ROSE: So why did you want to do that? FRED MASTRANGELO: I want to get the hell out of it and to work right away. I was working, because in the group of college people that I roomed with, they were all ex-veterans from World War II so they straightened me out, yes. And then I went… as soon as I graduated, for all my work, I went to Miami for three years, so I was in the service during the Korean War. Now I spent all my life in the military going to school. I went from private one to a second lieutenant in three years,13 so that was all due to schooling. I spent my lifetime in Miami Boarding School, which is fun. LINDA ROSE: So it was a… FRED MASTRANGELO: Oh God, yes. Even today in retrospect, I look back and say, you know, school's into this. Thank God it was fantastic because instead of climbing up from the bottom of the ladder, they put me in the middle of the ladder so, you know, that was a very fortunate approach. But would I have wanted to do this? I don't know. I always have misgiving. I should have done something else, etcetera, etcetera, etcetera, which is why I got involved with many other businesses, such as aviation, which is my first love, and my cousin with a motel in Hyannis, which was fun to do. I ran a Japanese restaurant. I built condominiums and [unintelligible - 00:22:19]. I had a ball going beyond the Angel Company but that's me personally. LINDA ROSE: Yeah, so coming up forward with building, you have [unintelligible - 00:22:31]. FRED MASTRANGELO: Well, once again, as the business started to develop, we turned it into a very successful prefinished cabinet company. The Angel cabinet line was well known in the northeast, and when I got out of the service, the industry was changing. I recognized the fact that instead of just millwork, we had to get into something else that was currently… we're losing our doors and our windows to the aluminum people. We were losing some of our product line, because they were building ranch houses rather than two-storey homes, and so we lost some of the product line, and so I was instrumental in turning the company to a prefinished cabinet company. I remember the first—we had always made kitchen cabinets; we had never done 14 prefinished cabinetry—and I remember the first cabinet we did; we thought it was absolutely gorgeous, but it was an abomination because we knew nothing about finishing so we had to just do it, to develop it, and that turned out to be very, very successful. With that success, obviously, a nice start to gain more independence because of our financial approach and we thought in terms of other investments. I had thought at the time that prefabrication was coming into this in the housing market, and I said, "Gee, I've been leading a big factory here. We got a fantastic approach. We know how to work with wood. Why am I thinking in terms of prefabrication?" But we decided that instead of prefabricating homes because they're all different, we would get involve with something that would be standardized, and motels seemed to be – all the rooms are the same. We put up 20 units and, you know, 20 walls the size, and so we spent a year looking for a site to build and we thought in terms of Hyannis because the Cape at that time was in its [growth] period. This goes back to 1955, '56, I mean, that time period. We found a delightful site on Route 132 that is now completely overgrown, but we were fortunate. We designed a motel, called it the Angel Motel, built it and – we knew nothing about the motel business. We knew very little about prefabrication, but the two seemed to work. We built it in the factory, shipped it down by truck, put it up in 30 days, opened up, and the first season was a huge success. Then we realized that the motel business was a fun thing to do. We paid for it, we did it off in something like five years, because here was a business that had no accounts receivable, that had no [late effect] because we hired high 15 school girls to clean; it had no merchandising inventory, and every night, you pick up, you know, X amount of dollars in cash, so it was a fun thing to do. And we sold it about three years ago, and I did. I mean, during that time, I got involved with the flight instruction and selling of aircraft at the Fitchburg Airport with another chap, a partner of mine, and we started the Silver Wings Company. We trained students how to fly and we sold type of aircrafts. Now it was fun because you could jump in a plane at Fitchburg, land at Hyannis and walk to the site, so both Dad and I used to fly down periodically, you know, in a matter of 20-30 minutes and walk way to the motel, so that was a beautiful approach to it. As I indicated, that was also successful. LINDA ROSE: What is the hotel called now? FRED MASTRANGELO: They've torn it down. They've put instead a mall now. Right after that, what was – it's interesting some of the stuff I've done and it sounds like I'm blowing my own horn, and I don't mean to. LINDA ROSE: No, it's important. FRED MASTRANGELO: Cleaning up and laundry were just coming in, okay. I've been involved with a group of investors and we started this, [Taco Outfit]. We're the first cleanup and laundry in Fitchburg. We had the second one on Duck Mill Road. It sounded like a great idea because the concept was outstanding. In other words, you put in machines, 24 hours a day, people would come in with quarters and you go get them the next morning, and it sounded like you make an awful lot of money because you know it was unattended. Well, we learned the hard way then. The first week, every called "liberty man," every oil man, every mechanic 16 brought in their overalls and they destroyed the machine. So that was a fun thing to do, but a terrible business decision. Now, of course, it's changed, as you know, because there are usually attendants in there. Then at the same time, right after that, I got involved with a group of people and we… well, I shouldn't say right after that. After Ed and I decided we had enough with the Angel Company, which is back in the '70s, I got involved establishing my own business because I was strong in marketing and I started Angel and Associates, which is a small advertising company. I said, "Gee, you know, the Fitchburg—as my dad said, you know, said in the past—Fitchburg area lends itself with someone who can carry some marketing, like the big boys do into a small-time operation," so I started an individual advertising. That was my background in college, marketing and advertising, and I had a number of the towns in Fitchburg that I would do their advertising for, both the newspaper, establish on TV, mostly paperwork ads and so on. One of my accounts was a friend of a friend who had a Japanese restaurant in Amherst, Mass and I did his advertising and it was very successful. And we got involved in saying, "Gee, you know, what should be done is something like McDonald's, except in Japanese style, and we would have…" He said he thought it was a hell of an idea. We would have a place on the Cape, because that's where all the activity was, but instead of 15 Japanese chefs chopping and doing things, we would have one in the window and you'd drive up and get your Chinese takeout. He thought it was like… yeah, so we spent a year looking at that. And at that time, right across the street from the Angel Motel was a Chinese 17 restaurant that had gone under. We made a bid for it and changed that concept and opened up the second Japanese restaurant, full-time scale with the chefs at the table. We had 12 tables and 12 Japanese chefs and that was an interesting experience. That's a whole another story, but it was fun to do. And so what happened in my business life and the reason for this spouting and rambling is that you asked if I have ever done something else besides. Well, yes, in later years, I did explore, but they still directly involved marketing and sales. That was my forte and I just had a ball in some of the things that I had done. Some were successful; some utter failures but an awful lot of interests. LINDA ROSE: You mentioned that you and your cousin were [unintelligible - 00:29:27]. FRED MASTRANGELO: We sold it. LINDA ROSE: Okay. FRED MASTRANGELO: Yup. LINDA ROSE: And that was a mistake? FRED MASTRANGELO: Yes. And the other thing too is, of course, having brought up the company into the 20th century with prefinished cabinetry, when we sold the company and I thought it would be summary… a retirement, I lasted maybe about five weeks and my sister said, "Get on and go do something, you're driving me crazy." At the time, one of my good competitors had an opening, who would open a retail store in Shrewsbury, Mass, selling kitchen cabinetry, which does a full run of the so-called design centers, which you now see. I went down there and I started to work with him, and after the second year, I had done enough selling so that the business just about tripled and he said, "Why 18 don't you take it over?" So I turned around and took over and turned that in what they call [Margelo] Kitchens, and we had a retail store on Route 9 in Shrewsbury. It was very, very successful for about five or six or seven years. We had a staff of four designers, five installers and we sold a design and custom work for kitchen cabinetry, which is a fascinating business, lost our lease and – at the time, I had some, I had my daughter working for me, and I said, "Christina, you have to go find another spot." And then one day, we woke up and said, "This is crazy. Why don't we, you know, we pay out our bills and let's shut it down?" She was up to here with it and she had had enough and I had had enough. It demanded a lot of our attention, being once again a small manpower operation, and so I said that enough is enough and we liquidated the business. About three weeks later, I got a call from one of my competitors and explained our present situation, I still work in the kitchen industry from one of my competitors on a part-time basis and I fully enjoy it. It's gone from cupboards to furniture. You got to bear in mind that cupboards… the word "cupboards" means cup boards. They were boards that were put up that you put your cups on. In the old days, you had you big stove then you had shelving in which you put cups and your dishes, and then sooner or later, somebody put doors on them and turned them into cabinets. Then, instead of going from the so-called pantry kitchen concept, the Americans and others in their own home, decided that they needed cabinetry in their kitchen and they didn't have maids and pantries and butlers anymore, and so we… it developed into where I'm putting furniture on four walls. The kitchen history has turned into putting custom 19 furniture, as you have in your house, as I have in my house, and with it came the changes in appliances, came the changes in countertops, came the changes in living, came the changes in microwave cooking – the whole thing has progressed. It's the most important room in the home. That's where the fun has come, and staying abreast with it has been, you know, it's remarkable what has happened in the industry, from just cupboards, you know, to literally thousands and thousands of dollars spent in furniture in the home. It's not unusual to see a $70,000-80,000 kitchen. LINDA ROSE: So… FRED MASTRANGELO: The Europeans, as we said, have developed this so-called kitchen concept. The Europeans designed kitchen cabinetry [unintelligible - 00:32:59] they were the forerunners of some of the present and modern day, and so well designed for one reason. One is most Europeans do daily shopping. They go out to the market— in particular, the Italians—they go down to the market and buy that fresh, you know, fruits and vegetables and take them home and cook and go down again, so they didn't really have the need for the tremendous amounts spent on appliances or refrigeration, that type of thing. Of course, it's changed a lot now but that's the background. That's number one. Number two, when you sell a house in Europe, you take the cabinets with you, and Americans attached it to the wall, they're going to stay here. The European concept develops so that you just undo them and take them with you, because they didn't have many, many cabinets because of the concept of shopping everyday at the marketplace. But they were instrumental in developing the so-called sleek sophisticated post-1938 modern approach and just recently,20 the past decade, this high streamline effect that they've done some beautiful work, and the Americans have copied them. It's been a fun business. LINDA ROSE: What do you see at the future for those? FRED MASTRANGELO: We have yet… we haven't touched the potential in kitchen cabinetry because every home you see, sooner or later, works in the premise that you get to keep up with the Joneses, which is step number one. You got to stay advance with style. The appliance factory has changed tremendously. No one used this microwave cooking until recently; that's changing. Refrigeration has changed in concept; dishwashing – you know, I see a more sophisticated sleek utilization of the kitchen. It's still kind of [unintelligible - 00:34:44] of the family gathering, but making it a lot more efficient, so you go out and do what you're supposed to do because we're just running to keep up living today, so the American public, in particular, want to spend less time in the kitchen and more time up playing tennis, golf and bridge. LINDA ROSE: Can you see that in [unintelligible - 00:35:01] culture? FRED MASTRANGELO: I think they will. I think as they start to advance in electronic technology, you find the same concept going on where you can press the button, you know, and electronically you get food processed into whatever cooking, stirs it in, and 30 seconds later, you have your seven-course meal. You'll always have that so-called throwback in the old days when the kitchen was a warm friendly approach, but I think that in time, the changes that will come will be electronically. The appliances will change dramatically, and with them, the lesser need for storage and lesser food preparation.21 LINDA ROSE: I thought [unintelligible - 00:35:42] electronic cabinet. FRED MASTRANGELO: Yes ma'am – yeah, yeah, no question about it, yeah. LINDA ROSE: That would be amazing [unintelligible - 00:35:046] what do you think your father would [say]? FRED MASTRANGELO: He would have been the first one to say, "Yeah, let's go for it." LINDA ROSE: Yeah. FRED MASTRANGELO: And the ability to take a shot into… foresee the future, , you know be ahead of this time and… they just didn't sit back and say, well, damn, you know, make little no work to it. They were ahead of their time. LINDA ROSE: Do you ever [unintelligible - 00:36:15]? FRED MASTRANGELO: I think it was inborn obviously, but it was [thrusted] and promulgated by the opportunity that existed in America, which is why they…people of that ilk jumped ahead and invested in property and tried things, because the country is just – and even today, it's such a dramatic country. We haven't capped its natural resources and saw its potential, even with the stuff that we got going on, which, you know, worldwide fiasco. But every day – and the proof of the pudding is that modest invention that just broke… I mean just like what's happening. And in my lifetime, especially my love for aviation, you know the Wright Brothers started in 1907, that's 100 years, and we've gone to the moon, so it's fascinating. LINDA ROSE: But it's just in a side but [unintelligible - 00:37:04]? FRED MASTRANGELO: No, really. LINDA ROSE: I guess the power, if you lost power [unintelligible - 00:37:08] so I was a little surprised to see a plane coming in.22 FRED MASTRANGELO: My heart goes out to him, because, well, about three years ago, he started building my own aircraft and I had an engine failure and put in the Blackstone River Valley. That was quite an experience. It was a fun time. LINDA ROSE: It was fun? FRED MASTRANGELO: Yeah. LINDA ROSE: Were you alone? FRED MASTRANGELO: Yup. LINDA ROSE: So what [unintelligible - 00:37:05]? FRED MASTRANGELO: The light didn't flash in a failure. What you do is you pull your fate that it doesn't happen so fast and when it's down, my reaction was, "Damn it, I just lost a $25,000 airplane, which took me three years to build." Not that I was hurt or anything else, that's what went through my mind. What a shame! But if you deal with transportation, I don't think if they're rollerblading, driving a cab, on a school bus, in an airplane, sooner or later, something's going to happen. If it's a human being moved, something's going to happen to him. LINDA ROSE: Just thinking of transportation, what is…? FRED MASTRANGELO: It's marvelous and I think it's going to… its advancement is going to come in… people who are on their feet all the time, such as the couriers in New York and such as the postal service people. And then in time, as the market warrants it and they bring the prices down, we'll all have them. I can be going to school on the damn things, no question about it. LINDA ROSE: And that brings up a whole other issue sort of [unintelligible - 00:38:23]. FRED MASTRANGELO: Yeah, but we've got them now. We've got so-called sidelines and we got running tracks and we've got mediums 23 in the middle of highways that they can easily convert to, whole bunches of people and these two-wheel [drivers]. LINDA ROSE: I never thought of that. Is there a talk of doing something [unintelligible - 00:38:39]? FRED MASTRANGELO: It's just something that makes good sense to me. LINDA ROSE: Right. Sounds like a new business. FRED MASTRANGELO: Yeah, right, that was all 20 years yonder. LINDA ROSE: Oh yeah. FRED MASTRANGELO: Oh god yes, I guess that's what I want to do. LINDA ROSE: You mentioned your daughter; do you have any other kids? FRED MASTRANGELO: I have three girls and a guy. LINDA ROSE: And [unintelligible - 00:38:54]? FRED MASTRANGELO: My oldest daughter works in the kitchen industry. The other children are involved with their own life and had no inkling to it – and I didn't force the issue. I didn't. You know, from my experience, I said to my son, "I'm not going to make him a kitchen designer." Let him do what the hell he wants. LINDA ROSE: What are they doing? FRED MASTRANGELO: My son is involved… he is a Fitchburg state teacher, graduate in communications. He spent his first two years in one of the TV channels and he said, "Dad, I don't want to be [confined] to a desk. I want to be outdoors," and he got involved with outdoor landscaping and diving. He became an assistant [mini-skipper] for a country club in Duxbury and now he works for a private millionaire in Duxbury as the head of the landscape crew. He loves it. My oldest daughter works for kitchen design center in Maine. My second daughter married a young naval aviator and she lives up in Kittery and is involved with one of the merchandisers of home style jellies and that type of thing –24 and does very well. And my baby daughter married a young budding artist here in Lunenburg, of the Demers family. Donald Demers became well-known as a maritime artist and did some outstanding work in the maritime painting field. And that's the crew! We still carry the traditions that my dad and mom instilled and we have our family get-together. We're very close. You take on one, you take them all on, so… a very close family. LINDA ROSE: Good, so tell me… FRED MASTRANGELO: Over and above, the integrity traditions of honor, loyalty, family, you know, the so-called [side] expressions are still strong. Yeah, it involves the holidays, the get-togethers, getting together on family events… pull them together in case of need. That's a very strong trait of our family. If someone needs a hand, everybody else jumps in. And then, of course, the story-swapping and the fun that we had growing up altogether and I just truly love my babies because I had so much fun raising them; they're just a delight, night after night. So those are the things. It's not a strong religious tradition because we're all forced into our religious background. We didn't choose it, but we brought them all up to respect it and they all understand that. But it's more, yeah, the Christmas dinners and the daily flickers because of the fish dinner, and the Easter – how [sad] we were that we didn't learn how to do Nana's Easter bread and that type of thing. LINDA ROSE: Did you bring up your child? FRED MASTRANGELO: Yes, it's about 40 years, yeah. LINDA ROSE: So right across from the home that you grew up?25 FRED MASTRANGELO: Yes, the reason I built this house with the A-frame was when we did the motel. I had designed the office as an [A-frame], because it seemed to make sense to me, a very simple structure, where the rough became finished, and I fell in love with the concept and built this one which was way ahead of its time – an awful lot of room in this house and very economical to build – well, absolute well. You know when school was up, I put on a pair of shorts and I spent the entire summer with my friends. I'll buy myself, exploring every nook and cranny on that lake, doing the fishing and the swimming. And across the park was in full [throttle]; that would mean riding over my bike and getting to know everybody and riding on the rides and hopping in out on the roller coaster, pedaling my bike down at the airport to watch some planes so I can learn to fly—and I soloed at an, early, early age—and it's just so much fun. Then come wintertime, the ice would freeze over, it was skating parties and hockey and, you know, it was idyllic growing up – idyllic because we explored. We didn't have TV. We didn't care about it. You know, we didn't worry about the radio; maybe often Nana got some of the other shows that were on, so it meant looking up – your own fun, like playing pirates or, you know, whatever we did on the summer's day was so much fun, and on the wintertime, going to the woods, you know. It was just play time. I had a happy childhood. LINDA ROSE: That's must have been enjoyable for you to think. FRED MASTRANGELO: Same thing, exactly the same. They had… when I built this house and I had the driveway put in, I built them up at the black top at the back which is a basketball court, hopscotch area and then they weren't any trees there, so they used to 26 slide down the hill into the little pond—because we still swim at the point that you saw from my sister's house up there, but that belongs to my son now—and they had a ball here, too. LINDA ROSE: Tell me about the revolutionary. FRED MASTRANGELO: I think I've explained that it was a [far see] thing, seeing man, you know, that he looked to the future. He and my mom went to the Chicago World's Fair in 1938. LINDA ROSE: So it was the Chicago [unintelligible - 00:44:26]. FRED MASTRANGELO: No, Chicago in '38. Chicago World's Fair in '38 was the forerunner of the avant-garde thinking of modern period; the so-called New Age of modernism started at the Chicago World's Fair, but prior to that time, it was all the old antiquity that was exciting the world, but this was the new concept. My dad fell in love with the modern concept. He came back and said he was going to build a house, and then, you know, just like poppy seeds that just kept growing and growing and growing, but he wanted clean cut lines and thought some unusual approaches towards the modern concept. So he designed this house, which is the first of its kind in the area, sleek sophisticated lines with the pine, had custom furniture done in the modern period, had custom—you know, you should see the house—and sometimes, the light [unintelligible - 00:45:21]. LINDA ROSE: It's for sale now. FRED MASTRANGELO: Yeah, right – and, once again, way ahead of his time. It's the first time anybody had put in horizontal windows, small touch but nonetheless. The first time anybody had used the [sleek] approach to dramatize the area. Modeling the interior wasn't done as the old-fashioned traditional Italian model of sleek, sophisticated black turn of 1938 thinking 27 statues that he found from the states that carried that theme. So it's a huge house, very modern, very well-advanced for its time, and we had a ball living in that one, too. LINDA ROSE: Did it take him very long building it? FRED MASTRANGELO: Oh yeah. Oh yeah. One time, we had a tally of how many [pounds of] bricks were in there and how many glass. He used glass spot extensively. Now it's a [unintelligible - 00:46:16] but at the time [unintelligible - 00:046:17] so yeah, so it's amazing. LINDA ROSE: So you were living on Granich Street while it was being built? FRED MASTRANGELO: Oh we had… my sister's house is the so-called summer camp, and we used to go down the area from Granich Street to that and we stayed there when the house was being built and during the summer that we moved back in Granich Street. That house of my sister's—I don't know if she told you—was the camp house and the ice run for when we used to cut ice in [unintelligible - 00:46:44] and that was turned into a… there are still… in some of the [cove], there are still states that have the ice run, where they used to cut the ice and then bring it up into the shed. LINDA ROSE: Is that the way [unintelligible - 00:46:58]? FRED MASTRANGELO: Yeah, that was the bunk house and the shed for the ice storage. LINDA ROSE: [Unintelligible - 00:47:03] so what was the… FRED MASTRANGELO: That wasn't, it was, once again, ahead of its time, sleek cabinetry, not high glass but, you know, very plain, simple, modern look – and the first time anyone had used stainless steel cabinets in the area, and this goes way, that's a long time ago. All [prefost] sinks and the stainless steel countertop, tile, back splashes, it wasn't…we still had a 28 separate range and a separate refrigerator, the so-called built-in concept that we have now, still ahead of its time. LINDA ROSE: Did your mother ever [unintelligible - 00:47:38]? FRED MASTRANGELO: Oh yes, my mother was very strong in supporting my father, knowing that, but when my father took one of the [mostly] bought and opened up [unintelligible - 00:47:47] to a gift shop, very large four-storey milk gift shop, known as the MDS Gift Shop in Fitchburg. She ran that one; my mother was ahead of her time, too. LINDA ROSE: She was quite a bit younger. FRED MASTRANGELO: Yes, mm-hmm. Her family had a market on Water Street. LINDA ROSE: Okay. FRED MASTRANGELO: That's the Montourri family. The Montourri family is [unintelligible - 00:48:08] Montourri Distribution, Montourri Trucking, a whole bunch of others. So that between Al and his kids, my mother's six …you know Christmas was a ball and it's like 50 people in that house at Christmastime. My mother lived in a house where we had the very first Angel cabinets put in; it was called a Cinderella line with a sloped phase, and she loved it, because she adapted, you know she's a modern girl. LINDA ROSE: [Unintelligible - 00:48:36]? FRED MASTRANGELO: Oh no. I know. I fell in love with them. LINDA ROSE: Yeah [unintelligible - 00:48:43]. FRED MASTRANGELO: As I indicated, very, very fortunate, very fortunate, but I think I know it's up in the air. You know, all my Italian buddies were – I didn't know any better. I didn't know I was a little bit more… better off than they were per se, so we just had a ball. LINDA ROSE: What kind of remarks?29 FRED MASTRANGELO: They call it the castle because it's such a big huge edifice. And it's so funny because I heard some comments when I was building this house. This house was a revolution for its time also. And they said, "Oh, yeah, just like his father, his father built a castle, he built a church," and they talked about it. Its design was going to be a simple story ranch, all one floor, make it easy for Marcia and I to you, know, spend our life before you go to the Happy Valley Restaurant. LINDA ROSE: [Unintelligible - 00:49:33] FRED MASTRANGELO: Broken, yeah, but pretty well, oh yeah. LINDA ROSE: Do you know how he learned? FRED MASTRANGELO: He was an avid reader and he started with the classics and followed every single newspaper, listened to the radio and paid attention, and then when he was in business, he had to because he had to negotiate deals. My father was genuine character, delightful genuine character, strong-willed, lovely man, twinkle in his eye all the time. He's the type of the guy that if you get involved with an argument, you know how you and I would say oftentimes – what I should have said was… well, he'd jump on his cab the next day and go back and start it out [unintelligible - 00:50:08]. He's just a fun guy to be with. LINDA ROSE: It seems that [unintelligible - 00:50:14] I felt my errands experience in Worcester, because I never give myself permission to work on. FRED MASTRANGELO: Okay. One of the [unintelligible - 00:50:029] C-U-C-C-A-R-O [unintelligible - 00:50:35] cabinetry is the most dominant line established in the [unintelligible - 00:50:53] and then mother [unintelligible - 00:50:56] everybody and 30 everything involving [unintelligible - 00:51:08] you go in there. LINDA ROSE: Okay, we may have to… I'm not really sure what's happening with this machine because as it keeps up printing's talking and it should never do that. Oh boy, now it isn't, now it is, I don't know. It's not [unintelligible - 00:51:33]. FRED MASTRANGELO: Okay. LINDA ROSE: Anyway working now, so let's get on. Would you… FRED MASTRANGELO: Just some of the… obviously the high school years [unintelligible - 00:51:44] and we had because of our… it's interesting now to be able to think back on both [unintelligible - 00:51:51]. LINDA ROSE: So [unintelligible - 00:51:52] something to share what makes it interesting? FRED MASTRANGELO: That I think Anthony's [unintelligible - 00:52:00] grade school, they were [unintelligible - 00:52:06] my father and Joe's father at that time [unintelligible - 00:52:12] but you could tell. There's a lot more than everything, Sunday morning after church [unintelligible - 00:52:22] my father [unintelligible - 00:52:23]. It's fascinating stories of their culture the whole day [unintelligible - 00:52:26] Sunday morning and spend some time up there and then they will give you coffee. And that was just delightful because they get hysterical over the most simple story that took place in their parish that took place on Water Street, that took place on Main Street – I mean the simple enjoyable cultural humor; that, to me, stuck in my mind and I'm sure [unintelligible - 00:52:55] touched on that story. The life of everyday story which I had the opportunity to have known my father's family, so that was fun too. What they 31 did in a short of period of time, you know, that's the thing. All of them, you know, I don't care if they're shoemaker or a night grinder or, you know, you own the market or you build cabinets, whatever it was, you know, hardworking. It's the same basic understanding of life [unintelligible - 00:53:28] and fighting because they had a stigma attached to them. They were the [unintelligible - 00:53:37]. They were the Italians that came over, just as the Irish had their tough times too, and they overcame all these obstacles, and they made it – all of them. LINDA ROSE: Did they treat the boy? FRED MASTRANGELO: Oh god, yeah, and they… oh yeah. The fact that they didn't love the girls but just figured they were girls; they too have to know about worldly affairs [unintelligible - 00:54:13] but they still had to [protect] the same rules as guys did, but they weren't involved in the [unintelligible - 00:54:28] not secretive but—what am I thinking of?—banding, the banding of the men. LINDA ROSE: Even with your sister. FRED MASTRANGELO: Well, as I was saying, most of the family, they had a will [unintelligible - 00:54:48] they would strongly force [unintelligible - 00:54:52] all of the children [unintelligible - 00:54:56] so it meant, you know, selling bread and [pick] even those nickels and try to [unintelligible - 00:55:13]. I think it's strictly as they indicated that they have [unintelligible - 00:55:25] because believe it or not, [unintelligible - 00:55:30] followed by whatever, you know, fantastic dinner [unintelligible - 00:55:37] and that was [unintelligible - 00:56:02] things to do and [unintelligible - 00:56:12] people would come over and just drop in for a Sunday dinner because 32 [unintelligible - 00:56:22] that I usually heard of that Sunday. [Unintelligible - 00:56:34] LINDA ROSE: Why is [unintelligible - 00:56:40] how could they keep things? FRED MASTRANGELO: And it was a simple life. I mean you didn't get the instant news or the instant ramification of [unintelligible - 00:56:48]. It was an event driving to Boston [unintelligible - 00:56:50]. You know [unintelligible - 00:56:55] what they are but it wasn't fast-moving, slow pace. Everything was slow pace. [Unintelligible - 00:57:03] It wouldn't take [unintelligible - 00:57:51] but at the time it was happening [unintelligible - 00:57:56]. He bid off something and then what happened, he had to and we just thought it as a natural progression, yeah, he wouldn't get far to it so that's the way all fathers were. Only in later years did you recognize the ability of your parents, you, Marcia and I, and then our kids hopefully in time, if only later on. But while it's going on, you don't think about it. [Unintelligible - 00:58:52] great guy or whatever and then you're growing up – I wouldn't have it any other way. [Unintelligible - 00:59:04] very, very [fortunate] [unintelligible - 00:59:09] bad Italians but by and large, it's just a nice, you know [unintelligible - 00:59:29] English. He probably got some various idea [unintelligible - 00:59:37] you may not want to hear. Oh I'm sure. LINDA ROSE: So I'd like to ask you one thing. FRED MASTRANGELO: Go on. LINDA ROSE: What is your hardest experience then? FRED MASTRANGELO: Oh God, Linda – about what? Life is so complex. I mean emotional, financial or what? Hardest experience? My 33 father's experience… that's a puzzlement. I'd have to really think about that one. Nothing jumps in my head – my hardest experience. LINDA ROSE: How did you [unintelligible - 01:00:23]? FRED MASTRANGELO: Yeah, hardest emotional experience was the loss of my parents. I mean, that happens to everybody, that's an exception. My hardest experience, like I say, I could probably ramble… you've heard an awful lot of it today, but it just sounds too "I, I, I" all the time and I don't mean it to be. LINDA ROSE: I don't think so but… FRED MASTRANGELO: Once again after 50, 60, 70 years, you know, there are little anecdotes and stories that demand going back to the reason why, which would take another two hours to explain why we came to this particular conclusion, if I started the story about the company, so I was giving you highlights rather than individual approach – like I'll tell you one little anecdote about my father to show you what guy he was. He was still in the tailor business—and my mother told us the stories—he was still in the tailor business and one of the Christmas shopping joints downtown Fitchburg would occur at night, you know, the stores stayed open relatively late in the last week. My mother said it was a terrible smelly awful, awful night, and she went down with my dad, and standing on the corner was a so-called urchin trying to sell the daily Fitchburg news, freezing his tail off, you know, as my mother indicated. My father said to him, "How long do you have to be out here?" And he said, "Until I sell all my papers," and my father bought them all from him and sent him home. That's the kind of a guy he was, you know, and it's just a delightful anecdote of his. 34 And he's also philanthropic. He would go down and he would help – but that's true of most of the boys on Water Street, and so that cultural importance came in. They would take care of each other and help. LINDA ROSE: You would help. FRED MASTRANGELO: Which is why the vast majority of the employees of the Angel—and I don't want to knock the rest of them that are there, because there's a whole bunch of them, big portion of Italian descent. LINDA ROSE: [Unintelligible - 01:02:31] FRED MASTRANGELO: Oh God, yes, oh yes – the fathers who worked there, uncles and brothers. LINDA ROSE: Was there any particular [unintelligible - 01:02:40]. FRED MASTRANGELO: Not to my knowledge. LINDA ROSE: Mm-hmm. FRED MASTRANGELO: Well, okay. LINDA ROSE: That's good. That's the end of the interview./AT/jf/el/ee
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Enter the DragonWhen I first read that Naomi Klein wrote a book about being confused for her doppelgänger, Naomi Wolf, I was initially amused. I had written earlier about the doppelgänger as the monster of our times, and it seemed that Klein was confirming that thesis. Klein dealing with Wolf seemed like it might be a fun distraction, but as I read the book, I was immediately struck with the fact that Klein is taking on more than a particular case of mistaken identity. Her book Doppelganger: A Trip into the Mirror World, is in some sense an attempt to make sense of the world we are living in a world dominated by social media doppelgangers in which the work of political and social criticism has its own dark doppelganger in the world of conspiracy theories. It is not just that Naomi Wolf gets confused with Naomi Klein, both are women who wrote mainstream "big idea" books, The Beauty Myth and No Logo, have similar physical appearances, and their husbands are even both named Avi, but that this confusion reveals another doppelgänger, another double, our online or virtual self. As Klein writes, we live in "a culture crowded with various forms of doubling, in which all of us who maintain a persona or avatar online create our own doppelgängers--virtual versions of ourselves that represent us to others. A culture in which many of us have come to think of ourselves as personal brands, forging a partitioned identity that is both us and not us, a doppelgänger we perform ceaselessly in the digital ether as the price of admission in a rapacious attention economy." Klein's struggle with being confused with Wolf is also a recognition, that Klein, the author of No Logo, has another double, her "brand." This is what most people know her as, the author of critical books on the culture, politics, and economy of capitalism. Klein is aware that it is ironic to point out that the author of No Logo has a brand, but such a brand, an identity, are increasingly indispensable factors of living and working as a writer. As she puts it, the idea of a personal brand seemed like a dystopian future when it was proposed in the late nineties, but now it is a dystopian reality, anyone with a social media account has a double, a brand, that they can manage, and some need this brand to survive. The Lady From Shanghai Klein's book is not just about Wolf usurping her digital identity, but about Wolf's own descent into what Klein calls the "mirror world." the world of conspiracy theories, especially those that have metastasized in American culture since Trump and Covid. Wolf's descent into this world is very much a dive of the deep end. Wolf has tweeted about vaccinated people losing their smell, they no longer smell human, about the risk of the feces of the vaccinated contaminating drinking water, and most famously about vaccine passports and contact tracing being the end of human freedom. It is easy to mock all of this, but Klein does not play this for the laughs, she tries to understand the causes and crises underlying the paranoid fantasies. One common retort to the paranoid fears of contact tracing, vaccine passports, and even microchips hidden in vaccines is to simply say, "wait until they hear about cellphones," to point out that the surveillance that is feared is already here and for the most part broadly accepted. Klein supposes instead that they, those who spread such theories, already know about cellphones, already know about surveillance and the loss of a certain kind of anonymity and freedom. It is this awareness that appears backwards and distorted in the fears of vaccines laden with nanotechnology to monitor and control us. Their fears about vaccines, about being tracked and monitored, is in some sense a fantasy that they can do something about this increase of surveillance. They can refuse the vaccine, and thus opt out of what many of us find it impossible to opt out of, a world where our every motion, every transaction, is monitored. Klein's concept of a mirror world is both a reflection and refraction of our existing world. In some sense it reflects our world, but through a kind of distortion, shaped by our illusions and fantasies. Conspiracy theories are right to point to the control of a powerful elite, but wrong in thinking that this elite is secret, or that its motives are anything other than daily life under capitalism. As Klein writes, "There was no need for histrionics about how unvaccinated people were experiencing "apartheid" when there was a real vaccine apartheid between rich and poor countries, no need to cook up fantasies about Covid "internment camps" when the virus was being left to rip through prisons, meat packing plants, and Amazon warehouses as if the people's lives inside had no value at all."The fears of the Covid alarmists of a dark future to come are the reality of existing life under Covid. What Klein proposes is in some sense a symptomatic reading of conspiracy theories, finding their points of reflection and refraction of the existing world. The Man With the Golden Gun(In case it is not clear I am illustrating this with Hall of Mirrors scenes from films)With respect to the latter, the refractions and distortions, reading Doppelganger it is possible to find three causes or conditions underlying the distortions of the mirror world. Three aspects of existing ideology that distort and warp the way that this world responds to actual crises and problems. First, is idea of the individual, of the autonomous individual. This belief in autonomy and self reliance is the common core that connects the "wellness industry," yoga instructors, gym gurus, etc., who deny the need for vaccines and even masks for healthy people, with survivalists, who see them as an imposition by the state. Both insist on a purely individual response to a collective condition. Of course in doing so they are only acting on the basic premise of a capitalist society, which privatizes every social problem into a commodity. During Covid many doubled down on this, insisting that one could get through the pandemic with everything from Vitamin D supplements and essential oils to horse medicine. Yoga instructors, vegans, and Fox News audiences might seem to be politically opposed, but they all are different expressions of what Klein calls hyper-individualism, responding to social collapse with individual responses of wellness and self-protection. As absurd as all of these homegrown cures and remedies were they were perhaps not as absurd as the notion that the US as a society could shift its entire economy and ethics, transforming all of those people we do not think about, the people who grow, ship, make, and deliver our food into essential workers. As Klein writes, "With no warning, the message from much of our political and corporate classes change diametrically. It turned out that we were a society after all, that the young and healthy should make sacrifices for the old and ill; that we should wear masks as an act of solidarity with them, if not for ourselves; and that we should all applaud and thank the very people--many of them Black, many of them women, many of them born in poorer countries--whose lives and labor had been most systematically devalued, discounted and demeaned before the pandemic."Many embraced conspiracies rather than adjust to this new concern for essential workers, the elderly, and the sick, but in doing so they followed to the letter the dominant image of our society, a society founded on isolation, self-interest, and competition. As Klein details, often suspicion of things like free vaccines stemmed from a deeper internalization of the fundamental idea of capitalism. Why would a society that charges for a visit to the emergency room give away a life saving vaccine?This idea of the individual has its own little doppelgänger, the child. A great deal of the opposition to vaccines, mask mandates, and shutdowns was framed as protecting children from the supposed threats these things supposedly represent, spectres like "learning loss" rather than the reality of a pandemic. These threats all stem from a particular idea of a child, a child as extension of the self, and possession of their parents. "So many of the battles waged in the Mirror World--the "anti-woke" laws, the "don't say gay" bills, the blanket bans on gender-affirming medical care, the school board wars over vaccines and masks--come down to the same question: What are children for? Are they their own people, and our job, as parents is to support and protect them as they find their paths? Or are they our appendages, our extensions, our spin-offs, our doubles, to shape and mold and ultimately benefit from? So many of these parents seem convinced that they have a right to exert absolute control over their children without any interference or input: control over their bodies (by casting masks and vaccines as a kind of child rape or poisoning); control over their bodies (by casting masks and vaccines as a kind of child rape or poisoning); control over their minds (by casting anti-racist eductions as the injection of foreign ideas into their minds of their offspring); control over their gender and sexuality (by casting any attempt to discuss the range of possible gender expressions and sexual orientations as "grooming")."If the focus on individual health and the wellbeing of one's offspring sounds like eugenics, that is not accidental. This brings us to the third condition for distortion, race. As Klein argues Naomi Wolf, like many of the anti-vaccination movement, regularly invoke the holocaust or the civil rights struggle in their rhetoric. Wolf has even had her own sit-ins opposing vaccine mandates at lunch counters, her term, even as she singles out Black owned businesses for her protests. Throughout the mirror world there is a desire to appropriate the signs and images of ethnic exclusion, (remember the store that sold yellow stars that said "Not Vaccinated?" ) and racial justice, from sitting in at lunch counters to using Eric Garner's famous cry "I can't breathe" to protest mask mandates. In the mirror world it is white people who are both the true victims of discrimination and the real protagonists of social justice.Us This appropriation of the terms and history of racial justice is coupled with an absolute indifference to its current status. The year of shutdowns and mandates was also the summer of some of the largest protests of the "Black Lives Matter" movement. "If you were a person concerned that Covid marked the dawn of a new age of CCP inspired mass obedience, surely it would be worth mentioning that the largest protests in the history of the United States happened in the Covid era, with millions of people willing to face clouds of tear gas and streams of pepper spray to exercise their rights to speech, assembly and dissent. Come to think of it, if you were a person concerned with tyrannical state actions, you would also be concerned about the murders and mass denials of freedom to incarcerated people that drove the uprising. Yet in all the videos Wolf has put out issuing her dire warnings about how the United States was turning into a nation of sheeple, I have seen her acknowledge neither the existence of this racial justice reckoning nor the reality that if a Black person had pulled the same stunt that she did at the Blue Bottle or Grand Central Station, they very likely would have ended up face down in cuffs--not because vaccine rules were tyrannical, but because of systemic anti-Black racism in policing, the issue that sparked the protests she has so studiously ignored. I would argue that while Naomi Wolf might not have mentioned Black Lives Matter, she definitely noticed it. Her "lunch counter sit in" at a Blue Bottle Cafe would seem to reveal that. It was definitely noticed by the larger mirror world for which the site of millions of people in the streets protesting racism when they could not go to the gym or to a restaurant was a wrong, a violation of the order of the world, that they could not tolerate. As Klein argues much Mirror World thinking is an attempt for white people to rewrite the history of the present--making them the true victims of repression and the true heroes. The real struggle was not in the streets fighting against police repression but screaming at the hostess at the restaurant asking for proof of vaccination. As much as Klein draws the lines of demarcation between "mirror world" thinking, between conspiracies and critical thought, any such division is going to be an unstable one. In the end it is not just that Naomi Wolf is confused for Naomi Klein but that theories about microchips in vaccines or vaccines rewriting our DNA are confused for criticisms of contemporary surveillance and the pharmaceutical industry. Naomi Klein's Shock Doctrine has been appropriated and reappropriated by everyone from Second Amendment activists arguing about "false flags" to those that argue that global warming will produce a new global surveillance state. Klein's book ultimately is not just about her own struggle with a doppelgänger, but how any critical thinker, anyone on "the left," for lack of a better word, will always confront a doppelgänger. Every critic of the invasion of Iraq has to deal with "truthers" who claim that 9/11 was an inside job, every critic of the failure of the US to respond to the pandemic will ultimately have to deal with claims of microchips and genetic engineering. What starts out as one persons struggle with a very singular condition of mistaken identity ultimately is a story about all of us. We are all in the hall of mirrors now. Klein has also charted something of a path out, by showing the ideologies of individualism, the family, and the race, that distort any awareness of our conditions into its mirror world opposite. Lastly, Klein like Bruce Lee before her knew that you have to smash a few mirrors to escape a hall of mirrors, and this includes, for Klein, giving up on one's own image, one's brand, learning to think and act collectively rather than individually.
Fruto de un proceso de interacción de más de seis meses, el pasado 2 de diciembre de 2016 se formalizó la creación de la Red de Estudios Organizacionales Colombiana (REOC). Esta iniciativa, impulsada por profesores de las Universidades EAFIT, del Rosario y Jorge Tadeo Lozano, fue secundada en su creación por profesores de las Universidades Externado, Militar Nueva Granada y Nacional de Colombia (sedes Bogotá y Manizales). La Red surge en un momento clave para el fortalecimiento de la investigación en administración en el país y en Latinoamérica. Su objetivo es enriquecer las miradas más convencionales de la investigación organizacional, nutriéndolas desde las ciencias sociales, la reflexión crítica y la búsqueda de identidad nacional y latinoamericana. La formación de redes similares tuvo origen en Europa (European Group for Organizational Studies -ecos-, fundado en 1973[1]) y se ha expandido a México (Red mexicana de Investigadores en Estudios Organizacionales -Remineo-2), Brasil, entre otros3. En desarrollo de este proceso, se invitó a los miembros fundadores de la REOC a reflexionar sobre el alcance y contenido de los Estudios Organizacionales. Las siguientes líneas presentan una de tales reflexiones, cuya responsabilidad plena es de este editor.Partimos de admitir la existencia de un amplio grupo de personas, de ideas y de tradiciones de pensamiento, que lentamente ha consolidado teorías, metodologías y propuestas de explicación y comprensión de las organizaciones. Estas ideas han estado también sintonizadas con valores y posiciones concretas sobre la sociedad y el ser humano, así como sobre los objetivos que este debe perseguir y los mecanismos mediante los que opera la coordinación colectiva.Diferencias ontológicas, epistemológicas y metodológicas permiten caracterizar escuelas, tradiciones, paradigmas y programas de investigación sobre este asunto. La contraposición, surgida de procesos históricos diferentes, concepciones de la sociedad diversas y dinámicas de comprensión de las organizaciones diferenciadas, plantea una disyuntiva con asociación geográfica, que distingue a la tradición en teoría de las organizaciones de los Estados Unidos (en general Norteamérica) de su contraparte, los estudios organizacionales, de estirpe europea (González-Miranda, 2014). Esta diferenciación, que efectivamente se marca y que se hace evidente en ciertos aspectos, no reconoce la dinámica propia del campo de los estudios organizacionales, que también está presente en Estados Unidos. Por ello, la contraposición o demarcación geográfica es posiblemente incompleta e imprecisa. Algunos autores plantean otros criterios para establecer sus orígenes y tendencias actuales (Sanabria, Saavedra y Smida, 2014).La distinción sobre el campo que plantean Clegg y Hardy (1996), según la cual los estudios organizacionales cubren los problemas asociados a las organizaciones (como entes empíricos, socialmente construidos), la organización (como cuerpo conceptual) y el organizando (como el proceso social-contextual), resulta creativa y bien soportada desde criterios epistemológicos y axiológicos. También es aceptado que los estudios organizacionales implican una preocupación por la organización, asumiéndola como una red de relaciones e interacciones humanas, históricas y contextuales. De esta forma, las organizaciones pueden ser entendidas como carentes de un sentido teleológico unificado y atravesadas por los conflictos intrínsecos, propios de la condición y la psique humanas. Estos son entes emergentes, fruto de la complejidad de la acción social y de la permanente pugnacidad de las relaciones de poder que se manifiestan a través del conocimiento, las formas jurídicas y la subjetividad. Por esta razón, la dualidad de la acción humana, que se debate entre la estructura social y la agencia individual, está en el centro de los problemas que abordan los estudios organizacionales. Este es, por tanto, un campo de estudio inter y multidisciplinario en construcción, que integra los conocimientos de las ciencias sociales y que prioriza la comprensión, como un instrumento intrínseco de transformación a través del pensamiento como acción. Este campo de conocimiento es crítico, bien por una postura sobre las relaciones de dominación y explotación, bien por su espíritu de duda sistemática acerca de las ideas y las corrientes dominantes (mainstream). Algunas de las visiones más difundidas en las teorías de las organizaciones son cuestionadas (especialmente aquellas que asumen el individualismo metodológico y la visión economicista-determinista del comportamiento humano, tales como la racionalidad económica neoclásica), mientras que muchas otras teorías son complementadas y enriquecidas por los estudios organizacionales.Estamos convencidos de que la REOC promoverá procesos y articulará esfuerzos en beneficio de las preocupaciones académicas enfocadas en las organizaciones en nuestro contexto. Expresamos nuestro sentido agradecimiento a los compañeros de esta iniciativa, los profesores Diego René González, Juan Javier Saavedra, Diego Armando Marín, Mauricio Sanabria, Mariano Gentilín, Juan Carlos Cuartas, Andrés Hernández, Olga Lucía Anzola, José Gabriel Carvajal, Pedro Sanabria, Carmen Ocampo, Manuel Zevallos y Francisco Ortega.El actual número de INNOVAR está estructurado en cuatro secciones: Marketing; Estrategia y Organizaciones; Educación y Empleo, y Administración Pública. Publicamos nueve artículos, que esperamos resulten interesantes para nuestros lectores y relevantes para la comprensión-intervención de los problemas organizacionales.En la sección de Marketing, publicamos tres artículos de investigación, realizados por académicos de diversos países de la Iberoamérica.Desde España, los profesores Juan Miguel Alcántara y Salvador del Barrio-García, adscritos a la Universidad de Granada, aportan la investigación "El papel moderador del control de incertidumbre, la orientación a largo plazo y el individualismo en el efecto del riesgo percibido sobre la aceptación de un sitio web". Esta plantea un modelo de aceptación y procesamiento de la información de los clientes en un sitio web. Se busca identificar el papel que juegan ciertos valores culturales (concretamente el control de incertidumbre, la orientación al largo plazo y el individualismo) en la formación de actitudes hacia el sitio web, tales como la lealtad. Se realizó un diseño experimental con un sitio web ficticio, en el que participaron 491 sujetos de nacionalidad española y británica. La investigación concluye que las empresas que actúan en mercados internacionales a través de páginas de comercio electrónico deberían enfatizar en las diferencias culturales al diseñar sus estrategias de marketing.Los profesores Leslier Valenzuela y Eduardo Torres, vinculados a la Universidad de Chile, son los autores del artículo "Does Customer Value-oriented Management Influence Financial Results? A Supplier's Perspective". Este trabajo tiene como objetivo verificar la influencia de la gestión del valor para el cliente sobre los resultados financieros, a partir del precio de la acción, el margen de rendimiento y el retorno sobre el capital. Se realiza un trabajo empírico a partir de encuestas a 107 ejecutivos de cuenta de uno de los más grandes bancos en Chile. En el modelo se plantearon cuatro hipótesis relativas a la influencia que tiene la gestión orientada al valor para el cliente en el incremento en la tasa de retención de clientes, la mejora en el costo de la inversión en estos, la mejora en el ingreso generado por los clientes y, finalmente, el valor financiero de la empresa. El trabajo concluye que la gestión del valor orientado al consumidor-cliente tiene una influencia positiva en la tasa de retención y en la optimización de la consecución de clientes, así como en los resultados financieros de la empresa.El tercer trabajo de esta sección nos presenta la propuesta de "Escala mexicana de calidad en el servicio en restaurantes (EMCASER)", de los profesores mexicanos Jorge Vera y Andrea Trujillo, quienes se encuentran vinculados al Tecnológico de Monterrey en Ciudad de México. La investigación tuvo como objetivo desarrollar una escala para la medición de la calidad del servicio en restaurantes en el contexto mexicano. El documento contiene la escala propuesta, que consta de 29 atributos, y los resultados de diferentes pruebas empíricas que permitieron ajustarla, incrementando su confianza y validez. La EMCASER contrasta con la escala que predomina en el ámbito internacional (SERVQUAL), ya que la primera se enfocaría en un sector específico y reconocería las condiciones culturales del contexto mexicano, aportando mejores elementos para la gestión de la lealtad hacia la marca.En la sección de Estrategia y Organizaciones de este número, se recogen dos trabajos, resultados de procesos de investigación.En una colaboración internacional, los profesores Melquicedec Lozano-Posso, de la Universidad Icesi, Colombia, y David Urbano, de la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, España, aportan el artículo "Relevant Factors in the Process of Socialization, Involvement and Belonging of Descendants in Family Businesses". Esta investigación se enmarca en el estudio de las empresas familiares. La literatura académica ha identificado la existencia de tres etapas o fases en el proceso de relevo generacional en este tipo de empresas. Por ello, la investigación parte de la pregunta ¿qué relaciones causales se evidencian entre los factores que comprenden las tres etapas del proceso de socialización, participación y pertenencia de los descendientes? A partir de la metodología de estudio de caso, el trabajo aborda cuatro empresas familiares (dos medianas y dos grandes), en las que están involucrados descendientes de segunda y tercera generación. Fruto de este trabajo, se realiza una codificación y categorización de las relaciones causales, para luego realizar un contraste de hipótesis, con base en una muestra de 274 empresas familiares localizadas en el Valle del Cauca, Colombia. El trabajo confirma la dependencia entre cada uno de los estados en la evolución de la empresa familiar, lo que permitiría optimizar la preparación de los descendientes para conseguir la continuidad del negocio.De la Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Colombia, el profesor Diego Armando Marín participa en la presente edición con el trabajo titulado "Entendiendo la explotación y la exploración en el aprendizaje organizacional: una delimitación teórica". Este trabajo demarca teóricamente, a partir de una revisión sistemática de la literatura, dos competencias centrales en el aprendizaje organizacional: la explotación y la exploración. Estas categorías, derivadas del trabajo seminal de March (1991), son centrales en el debate contemporáneo sobre la innovación, la gestión del conocimiento y la estrategia organizacional. El profesor Marín desarrolla una revisión analítica de la literatura y plantea una caracterización de las dos competencias, bien como sustitutas o como complementarias, en la comprensión del proceso de aprendizaje organizacional.Dos artículos componen la sección de Educación y Empleo para nuestra actual edición de la revista."Metodología para el análisis de problemas y limitaciones en emprendimientos universitarios" es el título del trabajo fruto de una colaboración chileno-española. Sus autores son los profesores Nikulin, Viveros, Dorochesi y Lay Bobadilla de la Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Chile, y el profesor Adolfo Crespo de la Universidad de Sevilla, España. Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar una metodología estructurada, que permite contextualizar y analizar los emprendimientos universitarios, a partir de los recursos concretos (reales) con que cuenta, planteando una priorización de opciones-soluciones. El trabajo se soporta en el método desarrollado por la teoría de resolución de problemas de inventiva, ya que sus herramientas permiten comprender situaciones conflictivas en contextos de recursos limitados. El artículo, además, incluye el estudio de caso de un emprendimiento universitario en Valparaíso, Chile, que permite validar la metodología plateada.Los profesores Rivero, Dabos, Marino y Rodríguez, vinculados a la Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina, participan con el artículo titulado "Impacto de la educación formal de postgrado en Management: análisis de las transiciones de carrera de los graduados de un Master of Business Administration". Con esta investigación se buscó explorar en profundidad los cambios y las transiciones de carrera que vivió un grupo de profesionales que estudiaron un prestigioso programa de Master of Business Administration (MBA), en Argentina. La muestra se conformó con 24 de los egresados de los últimos cinco años de ese programa. Con base en la teoría fundada, se identificaron tipologías dominantes de las transiciones de las carreras profesionales de los individuos estudiados, así como los motivos que impulsaron tales transiciones. Los resultados permiten estructurar un modelo teórico que explica las relaciones y condiciones en los procesos de transición de carreras profesionales que caracterizan el actual mundo del trabajo.Nuestra última sección, Administración Pública, está conformada por dos artículos académicos.Los profesores Francisco Azuero, de la Universidad de los Andes, Colombia, y Alexander Guzmán y María Andrea Trujillo, del Colegio de Estudios Superiores de Administración (CESA), Colombia, aportan el trabajo "Contratos de estabilidad jurídica en Colombia: un análisis desde la economía de la información y la economía política". En el contexto de cambios normativos que ha experimentado el país en los últimos diez años, con el objetivo promover la inversión privada, este trabajo analiza los Contratos de Estabilidad Jurídica (CEJ), desde la economía de la información y la economía política. Con un robusto análisis teórico y a partir de datos de fuentes secundarias, los autores concluyen que la creación y existencia de los CEJ son una manifestación de un sistema de redistribución de ingresos y de generación de rentas que beneficiaron a los empresarios firmantes. También expresan una inconsistencia intertemporal de los objetivos de la política pública que, en vez de conseguir la creación de capital físico en el largo plazo, promovieron un flujo de inversión de corto plazo, para mostrar resultados del Gobierno.Desde la Universidad de Granada, España, los profesores Alcaide-Muñoz, Rodríguez-Bolívar y López-Hernández aportan el resultado de investigación titulado "Análisis bibliométrico sobre la implementación de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación en las administraciones públicas: aportaciones y oportunidades de investigación". Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo realizar un análisis bibliométrico sobre la evolución de la implementación de las TIC en la administración pública. El gobierno electrónico (e-Gobierno) se ha convertido en un instrumento central en los procesos de reforma de la administración pública en los últimos quince años. Ello se debe a su capacidad para modernizar los procesos administrativos o de gestión y para ampliar la rendición de cuentas. No obstante, cada vez se evidencian más vacíos y problemas conceptuales y prácticos en su implementación. Este trabajo destaca este bajo grado de madurez y plantea como una oportunidad para la investigación académica la necesidad de construir teorías más sólidas para el e-Gobierno y el desarrollo de trabajos cuantitativos.Esperamos que este número de INNOVAR sea del agrado de nuestros lectores y, como siempre, estamos prestos a recibir contribuciones académicas de profesores e investigadores de todas las regiones en español, inglés, francés y portugués, que se relacionen con el campo organizacional y empresarial, desde referentes amplios o particulares de las ciencias sociales.Notas1 http://www.egosnet.org/egos/about_egos/egos_history_short_overview.2 http://www.remineo.org/index.php/2016-02-14-09-18-25/nuestros-origenes.3 También en el 2016 se llevó a cabo la Sexta Reunión de Estudios Organizacionales en Latinoamérica y Europa (LAEMOS), en Viña del Mar, Chile.
Die Studie ist eine Panel-Befragung von Jugendlichen, die eine Untersuchung der komplexen kausalen Mechanismen struktureller, sozialer und kultureller Integration von Jugendlichen mit Migrationshintergrund erlaubt.
Der Datensatz der ersten Welle umfasst Befragungen von Schülern und Eltern. Dies erlaubt es, intergenerationale Transmissions- und Integrationsprozesse zu untersuchen. Der Haupt-Fragebogen umfasst (1) kognitiv-kulturelle Integration, (2) strukturelle Integration, (3) soziale Integration, (4) emotional-kulturelle Integration, (5) Gesundheit und Wohlbefinden und (6) Information zur Migrationserfahrungen.
Weiterhin wurde die kognitiv-kulturellen Integration anhand eines (1) verbalen Kompetenztests (Messung sprachlicher Fähigkeiten) und eines (2) kognitiven Kompetenztestes (Messung der Intelligenz) erhoben.
Darüber hinaus wurden zwei Aspekte sozialer Integration erhoben: (1) soziale Integration außerhalb des Klassenkontextes mit Hilfe egozentrierter Netzwerke und (2) soziale Integration innerhalb des Klassenkontextes mit Hilfe eines soziometrischen Fragebogens.
Der Datensatz der zweiten Welle umfasst die Wiederbefragung von Schülern aus der ersten Welle. Darüber hinaus wurden in den Niederlanden Schüler befragt, die zwischen den Erhebungswellen in die Schulklassen aufgenommen wurden und nicht Teil der ersten Stichprobe waren (Newcomer). Wiederholt erhoben wurden der Hauptfragebogen und die soziale Integration innerhalb des Klassenkontextes (soziometrischer Fragebogen).
Der Datensatz der dritten Welle umfasst die Wiederbefragung von Schülern aus der ersten oder der zweiten Welle. Zusätzlich wurden 10 Schüler befragt, die Teil der Klassenliste der ersten Welle und damit Teil der Grundgesamtheit der ersten Welle waren, aber abwesend an den Tagen des Schulsurveys in Welle 1 und 2.
Wiederholt erhoben wurde der Hauptfragebogen.
Darüber hinaus wurden zwei Aspekte sozialer Integration erhoben: (1) soziale Integration außerhalb des Klassenkontextes mit Hilfe egozentrierter Netzwerke und (2) soziale Integration innerhalb des Klassenkontextes mit Hilfe eines soziometrischen Fragebogens (nur in NL).
Das Erhebungsinstrument enthält länderspezifische Variationen. Nähere Informationen hierzu finden Sie in der Studiendokumentation.
Welle 1
Schülerbefragung
Kognitiv-kulturelle Integration: Sprache: Selbsteinschätzung der Sprachkenntnisse in der Landessprache (sprechen, verstehen, lesen, schreiben); weitere zu Hause gesprochene Sprache; Selbsteinschätzung der Sprachkennnisse der zu Hause gesprochenen Sprache (sprechen, verstehen, lesen, schreiben); Häufigkeit des Sprachgebrauchs der zweiten Sprache zu Hause in Bezug auf Gespräche, Computernutzung, Musikhören und Fernsehen; Freizeitverhalten: Häufigkeit ausgewählter Freizeitaktivitäten (z.B. Verwandtenbesuch, Kino, Ausgehen, Lesen, Computerspiele); Anzahl der Bücher im Haushalt; Vereinsmitgliedschaften.
Strukturelle Integration: Schulleistungen (Selbsteinschätzung der Schulleistungen (Mathematik, Landessprache und Englisch); Einstufungssystem an der Schule (Setting-System); länderspezifische Leistungsgruppenzugehörigkeit in den Fächern Mathematik, Landessprache und Englisch; Leistungsniveau der Lerngruppe in den jeweiligen Fächern; Bildungsniveau; Landessprache als zweite Sprache; Noten; Wiederholung eines Schuljahres; Einstellungen gegenüber der Schule: Lieblingsfächer; unbeliebteste Fächer; präferierte und realistische Bildungsaspiration (länderspezifisch); erwarteter Hochschulabschluss; Bildungsaspiration der Eltern (länderspezifisch); Selbstwirksamkeit; negative Schulnormen; Anstrengungsbereitschaft in der Schule; Wert von Bildung; Statuserhaltmotiv; Unterstützung und Förderung bzw. unfaire Behandlung durch Lehrer; wirtschaftliche Situation: Nebenjob; Wochenarbeitszeit; Nebenjob im elterlichen Betrieb; Nettoverdienst pro Monat; Taschengeld; Höhe des Taschengeldes pro Woche bzw. pro Monat; Häufigkeit der Nicht-Teilnahme an Aktivitäten wegen Geldmangels; Möglichkeit zur schnellen Geldbeschaffung; Besitztümer (eigener Computer, Internetzugang, eigenes Zimmer, Smartphone, TV, Spielekonsole); ökonomische Zukunftserwartungen hinsichtlich Job und Vermögen; deviantes Verhalten und Delinquenz: Häufigkeit devianten Verhaltens in der Schule (Auseinandersetzungen mit Lehrern, erfahrene Bestrafung, unerlaubtes Fernbleiben vom Unterricht, Zuspätkommen); Häufigkeit delinquenten Verhaltens in den letzten drei Monaten (mutwilliges Zerstören, Stehlen, Tragen von Messer oder Waffe, Trunkenheit).
Soziale Integration: Freundschaften: Strong Ties (Ethnischer Hintergrund der Freunde); Ansprechperson bei Problemen; ernsthafte Auseinandersetzung in den letzten drei Monaten mit den Eltern, einem Geschwister, anderen Familienmitgliedern, Freund bzw. Freundin, Klassenkamerad, Lehrer oder anderen Personen; interethnischer Kontakt (Weak Ties): Kontakthäufigkeit mit Mitschülern ausgewählter ethnischer Herkunft, Häufigkeit des interethnischen Kontakts in der Nachbarschaft sowie in Clubs bzw. Vereinen; Diskriminierung: Einstellung gegenüber anderen ausgewählten Herkunftsgruppen; Viktimisierungserfahrung in der Schule (Einschüchterung, Hänselei, Mobbing); Häufigkeit eigener Diskriminierung in der Schule, in öffentlichen Verkehrsmitteln, Geschäften, Cafés, Restaurants oder Nachtclubs, durch Polizei oder Sicherheitspersonal; romantische Beziehungen: Freund oder Freundin; Freund oder Freundin besucht dieselbe Schule (falls Klassenkamerad: ID des Freundes bzw. der Freundin); Kontext des Kennenlernens; weitere Informationen zum Partner: Alter; besuchter Schultyp (länderspezifisch), ethnischer Hintergrund (länderspezifisch); Beziehungsdauer; Anzahl der Partner; Zukunftserwartungen (Heirat, Kinder); familiäre Beziehungen: Kontakthäufigkeit zu Mutter und Vater; Qualität der Beziehung zu den Eltern; Unterstützung durch die Eltern (Interesse, Stolz auf die Leistungen des Kindes, Leistung anregen); Familienzusammenhalt in Bezug auf gemeinsame Freizeit, Anspannung, Nähe zueinander, unbehagliche Atmosphäre, Auseinandersetzungen wegen Banalitäten); Konflikte innerhalb der Familie (Streitigkeiten der Eltern, Vorwürfe, Sprachlosigkeit, außer Kontrolle geratene Auseinandersetzungen); Erziehungsstil der Eltern: elterliche Anforderungen (Trost spenden, Ruhe einfordern, Strenge, Kritisieren, Hilfe bei Problemen, Liebe zeigen, Verständnis für Gedanken und Gefühle); elterliche Einmischung (Forderung nach umfassender Information über Aktivitäten und Aufenthaltsort des Kindes, Kennenlernen der Eltern von Freunden).
Kulturelle Integration: Identität: Stärke der Identität bezüglich des Aufnahmelandes (nationale Identität); Gefühl der Zugehörigkeit zu einer anderen Gruppe; Stärke der ethnischen Identität; Wichtigkeit ethnischer Identität; Einstellungen zu Integration bzw. Strategien des kulturellen Anpassungsprozesses; Religion: Religionszugehörigkeit; Wichtigkeit von Religion; religiöse Praktiken (Häufigkeit des Besuchs religiöser Versammlungsorte, Gebetshäufigkeit); Einstellungen und Normen (Geschlechterrollen, Maskulinitätsnormen, Toleranz im Hinblick auf wilde Ehe, Scheidung, Abtreibung und Homosexualität). Gesundheit und Wohlbefinden: Persönlichkeit und psychologisches Wohlbefinden: Lebenszufriedenheit; Zufriedenheit mit ausgewählten Lebensbereichen (Schule, Zuhause, Freunde, Freizeit); Selbstvertrauen; Verhaltensprobleme (besorgt, schnell ärgerlich, ängstlich, deprimiert, Gefühl von Wertlosigkeit, handeln ohne nachzudenken); Gesundheit: Selbsteinschätzung des Gesundheitszustands im Vergleich mit Gleichaltrigen; Gesundheitsprobleme (Kopfschmerzen, Magenschmerzen, Einschlafschwierigkeiten); Schlafverhalten während der Schulzeit; Körpergröße; Körpergewicht; gesundheitsorientiertes Verhalten: Häufigkeit von: warmen Mahlzeiten, Alkoholkonsum, Sport, Rauchen, Frühstück und Drogenkonsum; Zukunftserwartungen im Hinblick auf die eigene Gesundheit.
Demographie und Migrationsbiographie: Geschlecht; Alter (Geburtsmonat und Geburtsjahr); Lebenssituation und Haushaltszusammensetzung: Zusammenleben mit den biologischen Eltern; Gründe, warum der Befragte nicht mit seinen biologischen Eltern in einem Haushalt lebt; Haushaltsmitglieder; Geschwisterzahl; Haushaltsgröße; Anzahl der Zimmer; ethnische Zusammensetzung der Nachbarschaft; weiterer Wohnsitz; Haushaltsmitglieder des zweiten Wohnsitzes; Geschwisterzahl am zweiten Wohnsitz; Aufenthaltsdauer am zweiten Wohnsitz; sozialer Hintergrund: Bildung der Eltern; Erwerbsstatus der Eltern; Beruf der Eltern (ISCO 2008, ISEI, SIOPS); Migrationsgeschichte: Geburtsland des Befragten, seiner Eltern und Großeltern; Alter bei Zuzug; Nationalität; Migrationshintergrund des Befragten; Besuchshäufigkeit im Herkunftsland; Bleibeabsicht.
Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: ID-Informationen (Befragter, Klasse, Schule); Schulort; nationale Befragten-ID; Land; Stratum der Schule (Migrantenanteil); Schultyp; Regionale Informationen: Regierungsbezirk bzw. Bundesländer; Interviewdatum (Tag, Monat, Jahr); Gewichtungsfaktoren. Generation und ethnische Herkunft: Status innerhalb der Generation; Herkunftsland nach UN-Klassifikation und nationaler Klassifikation; diverse Flaggenvariablen.
Elternbefragung
Strukturelle Integration: Einstellung zur Schule: Präferierte und realistische Bildungsaspiration für das eigene Kind; Zufriedenheit mit der Schule (Vertrauen auf gute Ausbildung, Ansprechpartner bei Problemen, Vertrauen in die Lehrer, Wunsch nach einem Schulwechsel, um die Zukunft des Kindes bemüht, nicht erfüllte Erwartung an die Schule); wirtschaftliche Situation: Kind erhält Taschengeld; Höhe des wöchentlich bzw. monatlich gezahlten Taschengeldes.
Soziale Integration: Freundschaften (Strong Ties): Ethnischer Hintergrund der Freunde; interethnischer Kontakt (Weak Ties): interethnischer Kontakt am Arbeitsplatz, in der Nachbarschaft und in Vereinen; Familienbeziehungen: Kontakthäufigkeit des Befragten und des Partners mit dem Kind; elterliche Unterstützung (Interesse am schulischen Fortschritt des Kindes, Stolz auf die Leistungen des Kindes, Unterstützen der Anstrengungsbereitschaft des Kindes).
Kulturelle Integration: Sprache: Selbsteinschätzung der Sprachkenntnisse in der Landessprache (sprechen, verstehen, lesen, schreiben); weitere zu Hause gesprochene Sprache; Selbsteinschätzung der Sprachkennnisse der zu Hause gesprochenen Sprache (sprechen, verstehen, lesen, schreiben); Anwendungshäufigkeit dieser zweiten Sprache mit dem Kind; Identität: Stärke der Identität als Bewohner des Landes (nationale Identität); ethnische Identität und Stärke dieser Identität; Wichtigkeit, Sitten und Gebräuche dieser ethnischen Gruppe beizubehalten; Einstellung zu Integration bzw. kulturellen Anpassungsstrategien; ethnischer Hintergrund nach Census; Religion: Religionszugehörigkeit; Wichtigkeit von Religion; religiöse Praktiken (Häufigkeit des Besuchs religiöser Versammlungsorte, Gebetshäufigkeit); Freizeitaktivitäten: Vereinsmitgliedschaft; Anzahl Bücher im Haushalt; Einstellungen und Normen (Geschlechterrollen, Maskulinitätsnormen, Toleranz im Hinblick auf wilde Ehe, Scheidung, Abtreibung und Homosexualität); wünschenswerte Eigenschaften eines Kindes im Alter von 12-15 Jahren (Verantwortungsbewusstsein, Anstrengungsbereitschaft, kontrolliert, Interesse, gute Manieren, gefühlvoll und gesundes Urteilsvermögen, Rücksichtnahme, geschlechtsspezifisches Verhalten, Respekt gegenüber Älteren, Gehorsam).
Demographie und Migrationsbiographie: Geschlecht; Alter (Geburtstag, Geburtsmonat und Geburtsjahr); Beziehung zum befragten Kind; Familienstand; Zusammenleben mit einem Partner; Lebenssituation und Haushaltszusammensetzung: Eigentümerstatus; Anzahl der Zimmer; Anzahl der Wohnungen im Gebäude; Probleme in der Nachbarschaft; Haushaltszusammensetzung; Anzahl Geschwister im Haushalt; Zweitwohnsitz des Kindes und Aufenthaltsdauer am zweiten Wohnsitz; sozialer Hintergrund: Urbanisierungsgrad des Wohnortes in der Kindheit; höchster Bildungsabschluss; Land des Bildungsabschlusses; Alter bei Beendigung der Ausbildung; abgeschlossene Berufsausbildung; Erwerbsstatus; Art der Tätigkeit; Selbstständigkeit; Kind arbeitet im elterlichen Betrieb; derzeitiger bzw. früherer Beruf (ISCO 2008, ISEI, SIOPS); Vorgesetztenfunktion; Anzahl der Mitarbeiter, für die Weisungsbefugnis besteht; Haushaltsnettoeinkommen; Möglichkeit schneller Geldbeschaffung im Notfall und Beschaffungsart; Migrationsgeschichte: Geburtsland des Befragten und seiner Eltern; Jahr der Migration; Nationalität; Besuchshäufigkeit im Herkunftsland; Bleibeabsicht.
Angaben zum Partner: Beziehung zum Kind; Partner ist biologischer Elternteil; Alter (Geburtsmonat und Geburtsjahr); Geburtsland; Jahr der Migration; Urbanisierungsgrad des Wohnortes in der Kindheit; Nationalität; Herkunftsland der Eltern; höchster Bildungsabschluss; Land des Bildungsabschlusses; Alter bei Beendigung der Ausbildun; abgeschlossene Berufsausbildung; Erwerbsstatus; Art der Tätigkeit; derzeitiger bzw. früherer Beruf (ISCO 2008, ISEI, SIOPS); Vorgesetztenfunktion.
Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: ID-Informationen (befragter Schüler, Klasse, Schule); Schulort (NL); Erhebungsland; Stratum der Schule (Migrantenanteil); Schultyp; regionale Informationen: Regierungsbezirk bzw. Bundesländer ; Erhebungsmethode; Erhebung parallel zu Welle 1 oder zu Welle 2; Interviewdatum (Tag, Monat, Jahr); Interviewsprache; Versionsnummer; Beantwortung der Partnerfragen unter Einbeziehung des Partners.
Welle 2
Schülerbefragung
Kognitiv-kulturelle Integration: Sprache: Selbsteinschätzung der Sprachkenntnisse in der Landessprache (sprechen, schreiben); weitere zu Hause gesprochene Sprache; Selbsteinschätzung der Sprachkennnisse der zu Hause gesprochenen Sprache (sprechen, schreiben); Häufigkeit des Sprachgebrauchs der zweiten Sprache zu Hause in Bezug auf Gespräche mit der Familie und Freunden sowie Fernsehen; Freizeitverhalten: Häufigkeit ausgewählter Freizeitaktivitäten (z.B. Verwandtenbesuch, Kino, Ausgehen, Lesen, Museumsbesuch, Freunde treffen, Musikhören).
Strukturelle Integration: Schulleistungen (Selbsteinschätzung der Schulleistungen (Mathematik, Landessprache und Englisch); Einstufungssystem an der Schule (Setting-System); länderspezifische Leistungsgruppenzugehörigkeit in den Fächern Mathematik, Landessprache und Englisch; Bildungsniveau; derzeit eingeschlagener Bereich bzw. Profil (NL); Noten; Nachhilfe außerhalb der regulären Schulstunden; Wiederholung eines Schuljahres; Einstellungen gegenüber der Schule: Lieblingsfächer; präferierte und realistische Bildungsaspiration (länderspezifisch); erwarteter Abschluss bzw. Hochschulabschluss; Bildungsaspiration der Eltern (länderspezifisch); Selbstwirksamkeit; negative Schulnormen; Anstrengungsbereitschaft in der Schule; Wert von Bildung (Relation von Bildung und Job); Erfordernis eines Hochschulabschlusses wegen erwarteter Diskriminierung; Bereitschaft zu finanziellen Einschränkungen für Bildung; Meinung zu den Kosten für Bildung; Pläne für die Zukunft: Gedanken über zukünftige Bildung; Wichtigkeit des Nachdenkens über zukünftige Bildung; Informationsquellen über zukünftige Bildung; geplanter Abschluss zum Ende des Schuljahres; konkrete Pläne nach Schuljahresende; Bewerbungen bezüglich Job, Ausbildung bzw. Praktikum; geplante Kurse und Fächer falls weitere Ausbildung; Berufsaspiration (ISCO 2008, ISEI, SIOPS); Wichtigkeit ausgewählter Aspekte im zukünftigen Beruf; wirtschaftliche Situation: zeitliche Präferenz in Bezug auf den sofortigen Erhalt eines Geldbetrages bzw. des doppelten Geldbetrages in einem Jahr; Nebenjob; Art des Nebenjobs (ISCO 2008, ISEI, SIOPS); Wochenarbeitszeit; Nebenjob im elterlichen Betrieb; Nettoverdienst pro Monat; Taschengeld; Höhe des Taschengeldes pro Woche bzw. pro Monat; Häufigkeit der Nicht-Teilnahme an Aktivitäten wegen Geldmangels; Möglichkeit zur schnellen Geldbeschaffung; deviantes Verhalten und Delinquenz: Häufigkeit devianten Verhaltens in der Schule (Auseinandersetzungen mit Lehrern, erfahrene Bestrafung, unerlaubtes Fernbleiben vom Unterricht, Zuspätkommen); Häufigkeit delinquenten Verhaltens in den letzten drei Monaten (mutwilliges Zerstören, Stehlen, Tragen von Messer oder Waffe, Trunkenheit); derzeitige Situation: Besuch derselben Schule wie im Vorjahr; Klassenstufe (länderspezifisch); Gründe für Nicht-Teilnahme an der Schülerbefragung; Bildungsabschluss erreicht während des letzten Schuljahres; Gründe für Schulwechsel; Schultyp (länderspezifisch); besuchter Zweig bei Gesamtschule; Schulabgänger wurden gefragt: Gründe für den Schulabgang ohne Abschluss; derzeitige Tätigkeit; Auszubildende wurden gefragt: Ausbildungsberuf (ISCO 2008, ISEI, SIOPS); gesamte Ausbildungsdauer; erwarteter erfolgreicher Ausbildungsabschluss; mit der Ausbildung wird eine zusätzlicher Bildungsgrad erreicht; Ausbildungsvergütung; wichtigster Grund für Berufsvorbereitungsjahr; mit dem Berufsvorbereitungsjahr angestrebter Beruf (ISCO 2008, ISEI, SIOPS) bzw. Bildungsgrad; Anzahl Bewerbungen; Vollzeit-Arbeitende wurden gefragt: aktive Suche nach einem Ausbildungsplatz nach Schulabgang; gewünschter Ausbildungsberuf (ISCO 2008, ISEI, SIOPS); Anzahl Bewerbungen; derzeitige Tätigkeit (ISCO 2008, ISEI, SIOPS); Nettoverdienst; Wochenarbeitszeit; Arbeitsvertrag; Art des Arbeitsvertrages; befristeter oder Zeitvertrag bietet langfristige Perspektive; Art der Jobsuche; ethnischer Hintergrund von Freunden oder Bekannten, die bei der Jobsuche behilflich waren; Monat und Jahr des Arbeitsbeginns im derzeitigen Job; derzeitiger Job ist erster Job nach Schulabgang; Anzahl der Jobs nach Schulabgang; Befragten, die derzeit nicht im ersten Job arbeiten: erster Job (ISCO 2008, ISEI, SIOPS); Praktikanten bzw. Personen, die keiner oder einer anderen Tätigkeit nachgehen, wurden gefragt: Suche nach einem Ausbildungsplatz; gewünschter Ausbildungsberuf (ISCO 2008, ISEI, SIOPS); Anzahl Bewerbungen.
Soziale Integration: Freundschaften: Strong Ties (Ethnischer Hintergrund der Freunde); interethnischer Kontakt (Weak Ties): Kontakthäufigkeit Personen ausgewählter ethnischer Herkunft; Diskriminierung: Sympathie-Skalometer für ausgewählte Herkunftsgruppen; romantische Beziehungen: Freund oder Freundin; Freund oder Freundin besucht dieselbe Schule (falls Klassenkamerad: ID des Freundes bzw. der Freundin); Bildung und ethnischer Hintergrund des Partners (länderspezifisch); Beziehungsdauer; familiäre Beziehungen: Kontakthäufigkeit zu Mutter und Vater; Kommunikationshäufigkeit mit den Eltern allgemein sowie über politische und soziale Themen, Bücher, Filme oder TV-Programme.
Kulturelle Integration: Identität: Stärke der Identität bezüglich des Aufnahmelandes (nationale Identität); Gefühl der Zugehörigkeit zu einer anderen Gruppe; Stärke der ethnischen Identität; Wichtigkeit ethnischer Identität; Besuch von speziellen ethnischen Klassen oder Organisationen; ethnische Identität nach Census; Einstellungen zu Integration bzw. Strategien des kulturellen Anpassungsprozesses; Religion: Religionszugehörigkeit; Wichtigkeit von Religion; religiöse Praktiken (Häufigkeit des außerschulischen Besuchs religiöser Klassen, des Besuchs religiöser Versammlungsorte, Gebetshäufigkeit); Einstellungen und Normen: Geschlechterrollen; kulturelles Interesse in Bezug auf die Politik und Geschichte des eigenen Herkunftslandes sowie des Herkunftslandes der Eltern; Selbsteinschätzung des Wissens über Politik und Geschichte des eigenen Herkunftslandes sowie des Herkunftslandes der Eltern; Lieblingssänger oder Lieblingsbands, Schauspieler oder Schauspielerin und deren jeweilige Herkunftsländer; Interesse an Fußballspielen; Lieblingsfußballvereine und deren Herkunftsländer; Lieblingssportart; Lieblingssportler und deren Herkunftsländer; Lieblingsfernsehshows; Lieblingsbücher (Titel und Autor). Gesundheit und Wohlbefinden: Persönlichkeit und psychologisches Wohlbefinden: Lebenszufriedenheit allgemein sowie in Bezug auf die Schule und die derzeitige Lebenssituation; Verhaltensprobleme (besorgt, schnell ärgerlich, ängstlich, deprimiert, Gefühl von Wertlosigkeit, handeln ohne nachzudenken); Selbstkontrolle (Konzentrationsschwierigkeiten, Einflussmöglichkeit auf die eigene Zukunft, Umsetzen eigener Pläne); Gesundheit: gesundheitsorientiertes Verhalten: Häufigkeit von warmen Mahlzeiten, Alkoholkonsum, Sport, Rauchen, Frühstück und Drogenkonsum; Selbsteinschätzung des Gesundheitszustands im Vergleich mit Gleichaltrigen; Gesundheitsprobleme (Kopfschmerzen, Magenschmerzen, Einschlafschwierigkeiten, Schwindel, Nacken- und Schulterschmerzen); Schlafverhalten während der Schulzeit.
Demographie und Migrationsbiographie: Geschlecht; Alter (Geburtsmonat und Geburtsjahr); Lebenssituation und Haushaltszusammensetzung: Zusammenleben mit den biologischen Eltern; Gründe, warum der Befragte nicht mit seinen biologischen Eltern in einem Haushalt lebt; Wohnstatus; sozialer Hintergrund: Bildung der Eltern; Erwerbsstatus der Eltern; Mutter und Vater leben noch; freie Schulmahlzeit; Migrationsgeschichte: Geburtsland des Befragten, seiner Eltern und Großeltern; Geburtsland des Vaters identisch mit dem der Mutter; Alter bei Zuzug; Migrationshintergrund des Befragten; Besuchshäufigkeit im Herkunftsland und Herkunftsland der Mutter und des Vaters.
Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: ID-Informationen (Befragter, Klasse, Schule); Land; Interviewdatum; Erhebungsmethode; Kontext der Befragung (In-school survey, out-school survey); Version. Generation und ethnische Herkunft: Status innerhalb der Generation; Herkunftsland nach UN-Klassifikation und nationaler Klassifikation; diverse Flaggenvariablen.
Newcomer-Befragung
Demographie und Migrationsbiographie: Geschlecht; Alter (Geburtsmonat und Geburtsjahr); sozialer Hintergrund: Beruf der Eltern (ISCO 2008, ISEI, SIOPS); Lebenssituation und Haushaltszusammensetzung: Haushaltsmitglieder; Geschwisterzahl; Haushaltsgröße; weiterer Wohnsitz; Haushaltsmitglieder des zweiten Wohnsitzes; Geschwisterzahl am zweiten Wohnsitz; Aufenthaltsdauer am zweiten Wohnsitz; Internetzugang zu Hause; eigenes Zimmer; Besitztümer (Smartphone, TV und Spielekonsole); Anzahl der Zimmer im Haushalt; soziale Integration: Interethnische Kontakte (Weak Ties); kulturelle Integration: Anzahl der Bücher im Haushalt.
Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: Befragten-ID; Erhebungseinheit, Klassenstufe und Schulstufe Welle 2; Land; Data release version.
Welle 3 Schülerbefragung
Kognitiv-kulturelle Integration: Sprache: Selbsteinschätzung der Sprachkenntnisse in der Landessprache (sprechen und schreiben); weitere zu Hause gesprochene Sprache; Selbsteinschätzung der Sprachkennnisse der zu Hause gesprochenen Sprache (sprechen und schreiben); Häufigkeit des Sprachgebrauchs der zweiten Sprache zu Hause in Bezug auf Gespräche in der Familie und mit Freunden sowie Fernsehen.
Strukturelle Integration:
Einstellungen zur Schule: angestrebte und realistische Bildungsaspiration (länderspezifisch); Berufswunsch (ISEI und SIOPS); Einstufungssystem an der Schule (Setting-System); länderspezifische Leistungsgruppenzugehörigkeit in den Fächern Mathematik, Landessprache und Englisch; Leistungsniveau der Lerngruppe in den jeweiligen Fächern; Zeugnisnoten in Mathematik, Landessprache und Englisch; Pläne nach Ende des Schuljahres.
Gefühle und Überzeugungen: Generelles Personenvertrauen; Stärkegefühl.
Kulturelle Integration: Nationale Identität; persönliche Bedeutung von Gewohnheiten und Traditionen dieser Gruppe; Religion: Religionszugehörigkeit; Wichtigkeit von Religion; religiöse Praktiken (Häufigkeit des Besuchs religiöser Versammlungsorte, Gebetshäufigkeit); Einstellungen zu Integration bzw. Strategien des kulturellen Anpassungsprozesses; Einstellung zu ausgewählten Aspekten von Religionsausübung.
Freizeitverhalten: Häufigkeit ausgewählter Freizeitaktivitäten (Verwandtenbesuch, Ausgehen, Lesen, Sportverein, Musikverein, ehrenamtliches Engagement); Nebenjob; Nebenjob im Betrieb der Eltern; Häufigkeit von Taschengeld und Höhe des Taschengeldes; Liquidität bzw. schnelle Verfügbarkeit einer bestimmten Geldsumme; politisches Interesse; politisches Verhalten im letzten Jahr (Diskussionen im Internet über politische und soziale Themen, Teilnahme an einem Treffen einer politischen Partei, Tragen von Abzeichen oder Symbolen).
Gesundheit, Einstellungen und Ansichten: Zukunftserwartungen im Alter von 30 Jahren: Arbeitsstelle, Universitätsabschluss, Wohnsitz im Erhebungsland; Lebenszufriedenheit (Skalometer); Verhaltensprobleme (besorgt, schnell ärgerlich, ängstlich, deprimiert, Gefühl von Wertlosigkeit, handeln ohne nachzudenken, Konzentrationsschwierigkeiten); Gesundheitsprobleme (Kopfschmerzen, Magenschmerzen, Einschlafschwierigkeiten, Schwindel, Nacken- und Schulterschmerzen); Gesundheitsorientiertes Verhalten: Häufigkeit von warmen Mahlzeiten, Alkoholkonsum, Sport, Rauchen, Frühstück und Drogenkonsum; Häufigkeit persönlich erfahrener Diskriminierung in der Schule, in öffentlichen Verkehrsmitteln, Geschäften, Cafés, Restaurants oder Nachtclubs, durch Polizei oder Sicherheitspersonal; Häufigkeit persönlich erfahrener Diskriminierung im letzten Jahr aufgrund Hautfarbe, Rasse, ethnischer Herkunft oder Religion in den vorgenannten Fällen; Einstellungen und Normen (Toleranz im Hinblick auf wilde Ehe, Scheidung, Abtreibung und Homosexualität); Einstellung gegenüber ausgewählten Herkunftsgruppen (100-stufiges Skalometer). Delinquenz: Häufigkeit delinquenten Verhaltens in den letzten drei Monaten (mutwilliges Zerstören, Stehlen, Tragen von Messer oder Waffe, Trunkenheit).
Soziale Integration: Familie: Migrationsgeschichte: Geburt der biologischen Eltern im Erhebungsland oder außerhalb; jeweils für Vater und Mutter wurde erfragt: Geburt im Ausland, Angaben zu Bildungsabschlüssen, Erwerbsstatus sowie derzeitiger bzw. letzter Beruf (ISCO 2008, ISEI, SIOPS); Besuchshäufigkeit im Herkunftsland von Mutter und Vater und Besuch im letzten Jahr; Interesse an der Politik des Herkunftslandes von Mutter und Vater; Haushaltssituation und Haushaltszusammensetzung (Haushaltsmitglieder); Anzahl der Brüder und Schwestern; weiterer Wohnsitz; Haushaltsmitglieder des zweiten Wohnsitzes; Geschwisterzahl am zweiten Wohnsitz; Haushaltsgröße des zweiten Wohnsitzes; Aufenthaltsdauer am zweiten Wohnsitz; elterliche Einmischung (Forderung nach umfassender Information über Aktivitäten und Aufenthaltsort des Kindes, Kennenlernen der Eltern von Freunden); Geburt der Großeltern im Erhebungsland.
Freundschaften: Strong Ties (Ethnischer Hintergrund der Freunde); fester Freund bzw. feste Freundin; Bildungshintergrund des festen Freundes bzw. der festen Freundin (länderspezifisch); interethnischer Kontakt (Weak Ties) mit Menschen ausgewählter ethnischer Herkunft.
Derzeitige Situation: Schulabschluss während des letzten Schuljahres (länderspezifisch); länderspezifische Fragen zu Abschlussnoten und derzeitiger Tätigkeit.
Schule: Besuch derselben Schule wie im letzten Jahr; länderspezifische Fragen zu angestrebten Qualifikationen bzw. zum derzeit eingeschlagenen Bereich (Profil); Häufigkeit devianten Verhaltens in der Schule (Auseinandersetzungen mit Lehrern, erfahrene Bestrafung, unerlaubtes Fernbleiben vom Unterricht, Zuspätkommen); Selbstwirksamkeit; Einstellung zur Schule: Wichtigkeit guter Schulnoten; Ausbildungsberuf (ISCO 2008, ISEI, SIOPS); länderspezifische Angaben zu: Ausbildungsniveau oder Ausbildungstyp, Sektor, duale oder Vollzeit-Ausbildung, Art dieses Bildungsabschlusses, Höhe der Ausbildungsvergütung pro Monat.
Beruf: Berufsbezeichnung (ISCO 2008, ISEI, SIOPS); Höhe des Nettoeinkommens pro Monat; Art des Arbeitsvertrags; Arbeitsbeginn in diesem Beruf (Monat und Jahr); Job ist erste Arbeitsstelle seit Verlassen der Schule; Berufsbezeichnung der ersten Arbeitsstelle (ISCO 2008, ISEI, SIOPS); Praktikanten bzw. Personen, die keiner oder einer anderen Tätigkeit nachgehen, wurden gefragt: aktive Suche nach einem Ausbildungsplatz oder einer Arbeitsstelle seit Verlassen der Schule; gewünschter Ausbildungsberuf (ISCO 2008, ISEI, SIOPS).
Namensgenerator für bis zu fünf beste Freunde bzw. Freundinnen: Alter; Geschlecht; ethnischer Hintergrund (länderspezifische Herkunft); derzeit bzw. früher besuchter Schultyp (länderspezifisch).
Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: Land; Erhebungsmethode; Version; Interviewdatum; Data release version.
Nur in NL wurden zusätzliche Informationen zu den Klassenkameraden erfragt: beste Freunde innerhalb der Klasse; beliebteste Schüler in der Klasse; Klassenkameraden, mit denen außerhalb des Schulkontextes häufig Zeit verbracht wird; Personen mit zeitweiser Bedeutung für den Befragten; Zusammensetzung der Klasse identisch mit der letzten; Strategie für die Zusammensetzung der Klasse (Teilnahme aller Klassen oder zeitweise Zusammenlegung alter Klassen).
Demographie: Geschlecht; Alter (Geburtsmonat und Geburtsjahr); Staatsangehörigkeit.
Generation und ethnische Herkunft: Status innerhalb der Generation; diverse Flaggenvariablen.
Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: Befragten-ID; Land; Interviewdatum; Erhebungsmethode; Kontext der Befragung (In-school survey, out-school survey); Version; Data release version; Teilnahmestatus Welle 1, 2 und 3; Schule identisch mit Welle 1.
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A year ago, Azerbaijan attacked and took control of the Nagorno-Karabakh region — a disputed territory between Armenia and Azerbaijan — displacing more than 100,000 ethnic Armenians in a violent military operation many have called ethnic cleansing. A year later, almost to the day after the invasion began, Azerbaijan announced a "COP 29 Truce," calling for a cessation of all hostilities around the world during the climate summit it is hosting in November. While Azerbaijan swears its "COP Truce" is not just a "cynical PR stunt," its $4.7 million contract with a public relations firm suggests otherwise. In just one day, the PR firm, Teneo Strategy, treated three journalists to dinner at a five-star hotel restaurant in Nagorno-Karabakh during a media forum. The very next day, one of them celebrated Azerbaijan's newly established control of the region in an article published in Pakistan. A few weeks later, he tweeted that Azerbaijan is "lucky to have such a leader" in President Ilham Aliyev. Teneo Strategy has a tall order: making a warring petrostate look like Mother Teresa. But the PR firm has embraced the "flood the zone" mantra to great effect, contacting 144 journalists in 88 different global media outlets some 500 times to promote Azerbaijan's COP 29 agenda — including its peace-seeking narrative. According to disclosures under the Foreign Agents Registration Act, or FARA, the COO of COP 29, Narmin Jarchalova, brought on Teneo to "establish the COP29's communications function, including narrative development, initial content development, communications and engagement campaign planning, issues management, organizational development, establishing media relations capability, and media training." At least five Teneo executives are always on the ground in Baku — racking up a tab of $350,000 on airfare and hotels to date.Teneo sent out embargoed copies of the COP29 agenda to journalists, including what it called the COP Truce Appeal: "COP29 will seek to maintain a focus on the importance of both preventing conflict and supporting some of the most vulnerable populations." "Our approach to the peace agenda is to live by example," said Hikmat Hajiyev, a top advisor to President Aliyev. But Azerbaijan and Armenia have yet to sign a peace agreement, and there's evidence the conflict is still simmering. Azerbaijan reportedly killed four Armenian soldiers inside of Armenian territory in February. This is why some have labeled Azerbaijan's "COP Truce" idea as "peacewashing."Artin Dersimonian, a Junior Research Fellow in the Eurasia Program at the Quincy Institute and coauthor of a Quincy Institute brief on Azerbaijan's influence in the U.S., told RS that it's odd for Azerbaijan to tout the region as a success story given that tensions remain high between Azerbaijan and Armenia. "Baku's framing is contradictory because the two sides have not yet formally established interstate relations or peace, and it doesn't seem terribly likely that they will do that to any meaningful extent before the summit." Azerbaijan has become notorious for flaunting its oil wealth to court foreign officials, lawmakers, and journalists with gifts, free flights, and luxury hotels, dubbed "caviar diplomacy." The Azerbaijan government paid for a trip to Azerbaijan last year for two aides to New York City Mayor Eric Adams — who himself was indicted last week for luxury trips and a straw-donor scheme orchestrated by the Turkish government, a close ally of Azerbaijan. Officials from other states have taken Baku up on its generosity, too. According to a trip itinerary obtained by RS via a Freedom of Access Act Request, state lawmakers from Maine spent nine days in Azerbaijan in May with flights, food, and lodging paid for by the State Committee on Work with Diaspora of the Republic of Azerbaijan, the same agency that hosted Adams' aides. Part of the itinerary included two days learning about "new development after liberation from occupation" in Nagorno-Karabakh. "Guess I should locate my passport. I am very excited!" wrote State Representative Jill Duson in response to the invitation. In June, Azerbaijan's embassy in Washington even hired former Rep. Chris Stewart (R-Utah) in part to coordinate congressional delegation visits to Azerbaijan. The Friedlander Group, a firm retained by Azerbaijan's foreign ministry, is leading the charge on Capitol Hill in Washington. An email obtained by RS shows that the firm sent an email on September 23 to members of Congress asking them not to sign onto a congressional letter calling for Baku to release Armenian prisoners ahead of COP29. "On top of it, we owe Azerbaijan praise, an apology and an open hand," wrote the firm's CEO, Ezra Friedlander.*However, FARA disclosures suggest that Teneo has become the key cog in Azerbaijan's COP29 media relations operation.When Azerbaijan flew out some 300 foreign journalists to the newly-controlled Nagorno-Karabakh region for a media forum in July, Teneo held meetings and hosted expensive dinners — during which it discussed interviews with Azerbaijan's COP leadership team. "They are aiming for quantity over quality. With more than 1,000 people going on these trips, their goal is a handful that eat the caviar and remain loyal," said Rasmus Canbäck, an investigative journalist at the Swedish online platform Blankspot, during a phone interview with RS.During a press trip to Baku, Teneo met with Frank Kane, Editor-at-Large of Arab Gulf Business Insight (AGBI). Kane later remarked that the COP29 organizers should be prepared for an unprecedented level of ignorance and prejudice against Azerbaijan; "They will attack you on perceived corruption, human rights, and geopolitics—the myth of Azerbaijan aggression." Three days after meeting with Teneo, the influential Indian newspaper, The Hindu, published an article titled "Climate conference in November to emphasise 'peace' and 'truce.'" The firm also facilitated a New York Times article featuring Babayev in Azerbaijan that was based in part on a trip to Nagorno-Karabakh.Teneo was a natural fit for Azerbaijan's COP 29 "peacewashing" campaign. The company, which owns a majority stake in the Biden administration's darling consulting firm WestExec, was fresh off of a contract advising the UAE's state-owned renewable energy company. The UAE had appointed Sultan Al Jaber, the CEO of Abu Dhabi National Oil Company to lead the COP28 climate summit — sparking an outcry over the UAE's environmental and human rights records. Teneo was brought in at the last minute to help soften the reputational damage, eventually pocketing over $1.5 million for its work.Most of the 17-person COP29 team began its work in February, but Teneo didn't formally register under FARA until June. Parties have a 10-day window to register, and, according to FARA's regulations, they "may not begin to act as an agent of a foreign principal before registering," so it's unclear why Teneo's registration occurred months after its work began. A Teneo spokesperson did not respond to a request for comment.With just over a month to go until the summit, however, Teneo's client appears satisfied with its PR blitz. Babayev, COP29's president, boasted on an Azerbaijani state-controlled television program about the government's media strategy to change international perceptions of Azerbaijan as a success story, including its "restoration of territorial integrity," referring to its offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh. Without mentioning Teneo by name, he credited a new media team "consisting of serious specialists.""Thanks to the work of this professional team, there has not been a week this year when we have not provided information and made statements to international media…Now they all understand and see the strength of our country," he concluded.In a warning to fellow journalists ahead of the summit, Canbäck, the Blankspot journalist, said "Remember, the caviar served at dinner signals an expectation of loyalty upon your return home."The media, it would seem, is helping itself to the caviar.*Editor's note: this story has been corrected to reflect that the Friedlander Group had filed its Sept. 23 email under FARA within the mandated 48-hour timeframe.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY - Iowa was a tobacco control leader in the 19th Century. In 1897 the General Assembly completely prohibited the use, sale, and possession of tobacco products in the state. When the law was repealed in 1921, the General Assembly enacted strong measures to prevent tobacco use by minors. In 1921 Iowa passed the first state cigarette excise tax (2 cents). - Tobacco control reemerged in the 1970s, however a coalition of health groups were consistently outmaneuvered by tobacco industry lobbyists. - In 1990 health groups attempted to strengthen Iowa's Clean Indoor Air Act (passed in 1987), however the tobacco industry, represented primarily by Charles Wasker, co-opted the bill, stripping meaningful tobacco control provisions and using it to include ambiguous language to preempt localities from passing clean indoor air laws, which chilled local clean indoor air action for a decade. - In 1993 the voluntary health organizations founded Tobacco Free Iowa (TFI), a dedicated statewide tobacco control coalition to advocate for tobacco control policy change. In 1995 TFI hired Serge Garrison, a former R.J. Reynolds (RJR) lobbyist, to lobby to repeal clean indoor air preemption. Garrison, who helped draft the preemption clause when working for RJR, questioned whether Iowa's ambiguously worded clause actually preempted local clean indoor air action. - Iowa, represented by Attorney General Tom Miller (D), was a party in the 1998 Master Settlement Agreement. Miller and the Iowa Attorney General's Office, have been strong allies to tobacco control in Iowa. - After the MSA, in 2000, Iowa created the Division of Tobacco Use Prevention and Control within the Iowa Department of Public Health to implement a state tobacco control program funded with MSA revenue. - In 2001 the General Assembly passed legislation to securitize the MSA revenue stream to receive an upfront lump sum in lieu of most future MSA payments. Politicians framed MSA securitization as a way to create stable funding for health programs, including tobacco, but the vast majority of the money went to infrastructure projects. - The Health Iowans Tobacco Trust created through securitization to fund tobacco and other health programs was continually raided by the General Assembly from 2001 to 2008, and zeroed out in 2009. - The Iowa Tobacco Division has never been funded at or near the CDC recommended best practices for tobacco control and tobacco control advocates have not mobilized enough political pressure to demand and protect funding for the Tobacco Division. - From 1998 to 2008, $44,577 in campaign contributions were given to Iowa legislative candidates and party committees by five tobacco companies: Altria/Philip Morris, Farner-Bocken (an Iowa-based distributor), Myers-Cox Company (an Iowa-based distributor),R.J. Reynolds, and US Smokeless Tobacco. - Tobacco industry contributions spiked in 2000 when the Iowa General Assembly was considering legislation to create the Iowa Tobacco Division and deciding the use of their MSA payments. Contributions dropped in 2004 after the General Assembly mandated that the Tobacco Division have a youth focus (a pro-industry position) and securitized most of their MSA revenue. In 2004, industry contributions jumped back up (and steadily increased though 2008) concurrent with an increase in the introduction of tobacco control initiatives (which were repeatedly killed until 2007). - The tobacco industry focused contributions on legislative leaders. Rep. Christopher Rants(R-Woodbury) former Iowa House Majority Leader (1999-2003) and Speaker of the House (2003-2006) received the most industry money from 1998-2008 ($7,397). Rants was a key player in killing tobacco tax and local control bills throughout the 2000s. Representative Jamie Van Fossen (R- Scott) who served as the Chair of the House Ways and Means Committee received the second greatest amount ($6,050), followed by Sen. Stewart Iverson, Jr. (R-Wright), Senate Majority Leader from 1997-2006 ($2,220). - From 1998 to 2008, tobacco industry contributions to Republican candidates and the Republican party ($27,947) far outweighed contributions to their Democratic counterparts($15,130). From 1998 to 2007, Republicans controlled both houses (except in 2006 when the Senate was tied). - Republican legislators were significantly more pro-tobacco than Democrats. - Legislators who accepted campaign contributions from the tobacco industry were significantly more pro-tobacco than those who did not, controlling for party. - The tobacco industry maintains a significant lobbying presence, between 2003 and 2008 the tobacco industry reported $667,875 in lobbying expenditures in Iowa. - After an inquiry prompted by Serge Garrison in the late 1990s, Attorney General Tom Miller (D) issued an opinion in November 2000 stating that state law did not preempt local clean indoor air ordinances. - From 1999 to 2003 there was a tide of local clean indoor air action. In March 2002, Ames passed Iowa's first clean indoor air ordinance. Ames' ordinance included a tobacco industry inspired "hours" provision that allowed smoking after 8:30pm, advocated for by hospitality interests, making the ordinance weak. Its passage created momentum for other localities to pass clean indoor air measures. - In January 2002, Iowa City passed Iowa's first 100% smokefree restaurant ordinance. Other localities, aided by the Iowa Attorney General's Office and TFI, began considering ordinances and enactment of voluntary clean indoor air policies. - Local clean indoor air progress was blocked in 2003, after a group of Ames business owners, funded by Philip Morris, challenged the Ames ordinance in court. In May 2003, the Iowa Supreme Court ruled that the 1990 Clean Indoor Air Act was preemptive. - In 2003, TFI collapsed, leaving Iowa without a functioning tobacco control coalition until 2006. In 2003 some advocates reorganized to create CAFE Iowa and CAFE Iowa CAN, primarily to repeal preemption. - Beginning in 2005, under the direction of Iowa Tobacco Division Director Bonnie Mapes, Iowa advocates reorganized and created a strategic plan. In 2006 the Iowa Tobacco Prevention Alliance was created to assume the role of Iowa's statewide tobacco control coalition. - The combination Democrats taking control of the legislature in 2007 and the reorganization of tobacco control advocates in 2006 led to substantial tobacco control policy changes. - In 2007 the Iowa General Assembly passed a $1 increase in the cigarette tax, the first increase in 16 years. - In 2008 the General Assembly passed the strong Iowa Smokefree Air Act that extended smokefree environments to 99 percent of Iowa employees and repealed preemption. - Following the 2007 tax increase, adult smoking rates in Iowa fell from 18 to 14% in two years (2006 to 2008). - Youth smoking rates increased from 2004 to 2006 following a substantial cut in allocations to the Tobacco Division in 2002, leading to a substantial decrease in expenditures for Just Eliminate Lies, Iowa's youth counter-marketing campaign. - Tobacco control advocates must make securing and maintain adequate funding for Iowa's Tobacco Division a top priority. The CDC recommends that tobacco control programs in Iowa be funded at $36.7 million per year. In FY 2009, the Tobacco Division received only $11.0 million, less than a third of the CDC recommended level. An increase in funding is particularly important because of the increase in youth smoking rates since JEL's 2002 funding cut. - Given the Tobacco Division's limited budget and the increasing levels of youth and young adult smoking, the Tobacco Division should focus less on funding individual level cessation services (other than the Quitline, which is a public health intervention) and instead increase its emphasis on media and community-based programs that are more cost effective public health interventions to reduce tobacco use. - Advocates should work to require health insurance to provide cessation services through the medical services budget, not public health. - Advocates need to expand their base beyond major cities to rural areas of Iowa to broaden the base of support for smokefree environments and expand the political base to maintain and expand funding for tobacco control efforts.
Durante los últimos cinco años, Bolivia recibió más de $US 3.000 millones en ayuda externa oficial y más de $US 3.500 millones en Inversión Extranjera Directa (IED). El país también logró la condonación de parte de su deuda externa con un valor neto presente de $US 1.300 millones e implementó una Estrategia Nacional de Reducción de Pobreza. Sin embargo, durante el mismo tiempo la tasa de crecimiento del PIB cayó desde un nivel promedio de 4,7% entre 1993 y 1998, hasta un nivel promedio de 1,7% entre 1999 y 2002, la pobreza relativa y absoluta aumentó, y el déficit fiscal alcanzó elevados niveles (8,7% del PIB para el 2002). Estas cifras sugieren que la ayuda externa, la inversión extranjera y el alivio de deuda no tienen la capacidad de poder aumentar la tasa de crecimiento y disminuir la pobreza en Bolivia. Sin embargo, esto no es necesariamente cierto. Podría ser que sin estos shocks positivos la situación hubiera empeorado más aún debido a otros shocks negativos. La única manera de separar los efectos de los diferentes shocks es usar un modelo de Equilibrio General Computable (CGE), donde se puede ver el efecto de variaciones de una variable, manteniendo todo el resto constante. Esto se hace en este documento. El modelo que se usa tiene una variedad de sectores y tipos de hogares, lo que permite analizar no sólo los efectos agregados en, por ejemplo, la tasa de crecimiento del PIB, la balanza de pago, el déficit fiscal, y los ingresos reales per cápita, sino también los efectos distributivos, es decir, quienes ganan y quienes pierden con la implementación de diferentes políticas. Los efectos distributivos son sumamente importantes cuando el nivel de pobreza es la preocupación principal, ya que el crecimiento económico no necesariamente reduce la pobreza. Estimaciones realizadas por UDAPE sobre la elasticidad de la pobreza ante cambios en el nivel de ingreso muestran que ante un incremento del 1% del ingreso per cápita, la población pobre se reduce en un 0,6% en el área urbana, y un 0,3% en el área rural. El crecimiento en Bolivia definitivamente no ha sido un crecimiento pro-pobre. Durante el periodo 1998-2002, Bolivia recibió en promedio $614 millones de ayuda externa por año. Para el periodo 2003-2006, hay compromisos para que este monto aumente hasta $872 millones por año, lo que representa un aumento en el nivel de ayuda externa de $258 millones. Este informe simula el efecto de donaciones adicionales de $258 millones por cuatro años (un incremento por una sola vez, que se mantiene en los cuatro años), lo que nos permite ver no sólo los efectos de la expansión inicial sino también los efectos de la contracción que se generan cuando el nivel de ayuda vuelve a niveles "normales". Además, nos permite ver el efecto neto de largo plazo, después del aumento transitorio de la ayuda extranjera. Los efectos obviamente dependen mucho de la manera que se gasta o invierte el dinero. Con una combinación de gasto público e inversión pública, que consideramos la más probable dados los compromisos de los donantes, las simulaciones muestran un aumento en la tasa de crecimiento del PIB en alrededor de 1 punto porcentual durante los cuatro años de ayuda adicional, sin embargo, cuando la ayuda extra desaparece, las tasas de crecimiento vuelven a su nivel normal. En términos de nivel de ingresos promedios también hay un efecto temporal positivo durante los cuatro años de mayor ayuda, sin embargo quienes ganan más son los trabajadores calificados que están entre los más ricos en Bolivia, mientras que el grupo más grande y más pobre, los pequeños propietarios rurales, pierden en todos los años en comparación con el escenario base (donde no existe ayuda adicional). Esto significa que la ayuda externa, en contra de sus intenciones, tiende a aumentar la desigualdad y profundizar la pobreza. Esto no se debe a un fracaso de los proyectos a nivel micro, sino a efectos secundarios adversos a nivel macro. Es factible que todos los proyectos sean exitosos a nivel micro, pero que el impacto a nivel macro esté muy cerca de cero en el largo plazo. Esta paradoja entre el éxito de los proyectos a nivel micro y la falta de impacto permanente a nivel macro, se puede explicar con los siguientes argumentos: Primero, los proyectos de la cooperación desvían recursos de otras actividades. Aún cuando el proyecto es cubierto en un 100% con donaciones extranjeras (el supuesto en las simulaciones), el proyecto utilizará recursos humanos que de otra manera hubiesen sido dedicados a otras actividades. Los proyectos de la cooperación tienden a utilizar la "crema" de los recursos humanos locales, y dado que la oferta de trabajadores calificados es escasa en Bolivia, esto implica un alto costo de oportunidad social. Si los recursos que se desvían provienen de actividades productivas y sostenibles (por ejemplo, si las personas que trabajan en proyectos de cooperación, hubiesen alternativamente creado empresas productivas y sostenibles), se estarían sacrificando estas actividades, en favor de las actividades seleccionadas por la cooperación. Este efecto es sumamente importante en el caso de Bolivia, donde el sector público (con el soporte de la cooperación internacional) es tan atractivo, que quedan pocas personas calificadas interesadas en crear pequeñas y medianas empresas. Y como este sistema parece ser relativamente permanente, las nuevas generaciones prefieren adquirir destrezas para trabajar en el sector público. En cambio son pocos los estudiantes que tienen planes para trabajar en el sector productivo, y mucho menos empezar sus propias empresas productivas. Además, no todos los proyectos son financiados por donaciones, la mayoría de los proyectos son financiados mediante préstamos, y aquellos que tienen un componente de donación requieren financiamiento de contraparte. De esta manera los proyectos de ayuda no solamente desvían recursos humanos escasos, sino también recursos financieros escasos, de otras actividades. Finalmente, un ingreso sustancial de dólares en la economía, causará una apreciación real del tipo de cambio. Esto afecta al sector exportador, ya que el precio de sus productos se vuelven más caros en los mercados internacionales, pero también afecta a los productores nacionales, quienes tienen que competir con importaciones más baratas. El resultado es una reducción en la producción doméstica de bienes transables. Aún cuando el Banco Central decidiera mantener el tipo de cambio fijo, tendría que incrementar sus reservas internacionales, lo que generaría una expansión de la base monetaria, que haría que los precios de los bienes no transables se incrementen, apreciando de todas maneras el tipo de cambio. La apreciación del tipo de cambio es el precio que una economía paga por contar con mayores recursos. Este efecto sólo se podría neutralizar si estos recursos no se emplean (se atesoran), pero a diferencia de cuando estos recursos provienen de un incremento importante en los precios de las exportaciones, esto no puede suceder con la ayuda externa, pues esta requiere que estos recursos se empleen. El hecho de que los impactos de la ayuda externa en los indicadores monetarios tiendan a ser temporales, no implica que no existan impactos positivos y avances significativos. Muchos indicadores no-monetarios de bienestar han mejorado sustancialmente durante el periodo, sobre todo los indicadores relacionados a cobertura escolar, salud, agua y saneamiento. El gobierno de Bolivia está consciente de la asimetría entre el progreso de la provisión de servicios básicos, y la falta de progreso en la capacidad de la población pobre para mejorar sus ingresos. Por ello, está cambiando el enfoque de la Estrategia de Reducción de la Pobreza, haciendo mayor énfasis en el sector productivo de la economía. Se han seleccionado 14 sub-sectores con una elevada capacidad de generar empleo donde el sector público, conjuntamente el sector privado, desarrollará infraestructura, acceso a mercados, asistencia técnica, entrenamiento, etc. Diez de estos sub-sectores se encuentran en el sector agrícola moderno, cuya expansión, de acuerdo a nuestro análisis, mejora no sólo el ingreso promedio, sino también la distribución del ingreso (en contraste con el sector de los hidrocarburos o la minería). Otro sector cuya expansión mejoraría el nivel y la distribución de ingresos a nivel nacional es el sector que produce bienes de consumo. Su expansión beneficiaría principalmente a los informales urbanos y a los pequeños propietarios rurales y dado que estos dos grupos incluyen a la gran mayoría de los pobres en Bolivia, esta expansión tendría un impacto beneficioso sobre la pobreza urbano y rural. Para generar el mejor impacto posible de los recursos comprometidos por la ayuda externa, se recomienda que los donantes y el gobierno revisen sus proyectos en tres dimensiones: Primero, se debe evaluar hasta dónde estos proyectos crean bienes públicos, que mejoran la productividad de grupos importantes de la población, y en qué medida sólo generan actividades de corto plazo que sustituyen otras actividades, posiblemente más sostenibles. Cuanto mayor sea el componente de los bienes públicos, mayor será el efecto de largo plazo. Segundo, se debe evaluar cómo el proyecto reduce la escasez de trabajadores calificados y otro tipo de recursos. La escasez de trabajadores calificados y la abundancia de trabajadores no calificados es lo que genera las desigualdades en Bolivia, y los proyectos que mejoran la calidad de los trabajadores no calificados deberían tener un efecto positivo sobre la distribución del ingreso y la pobreza. Tercero, se debe evaluar qué sectores son beneficiados o dañados por los diferentes proyectos, ya que la expansión de los sectores de agricultura moderna, coca, y bienes de consumo tendrían mejores impactos sobre la pobreza que la expansión de míneria, hidrocarburos, y servicios formales. Frecuentemente es difícil predecir el impacto, especialmente el componente bien público, de proyectos específicos. Para aprender del pasado, sería interesante hacer un análisis retrospectivo y detallado de anteriores proyectos de ayuda externa pasados en Bolivia, evaluando que bienes públicos se crearon y cuál su impacto. Específicamente, las agencias donantes pueden proporcionar una lista completa de proyectos que concluyeron el año 2000, y un equipo de evaluadores independientes podría analizar la documentación del proyecto y visitar el lugar del proyecto unos años luego de su cierre para evaluar si ha creado algún bien público y cuál fue su impacto sobre la productividad. Con un conjunto de 60-100 proyectos evaluados, se podría realizar un análisis estadístico, identificando el tipo de proyectos y los sectores en los que es más probable generar no solo impactos a nivel micro, sino también impactos positivos a nivel macro.
El perfil social de la Cartagena del cambio de siglo es muy heterogéneo, de alguna forma identificable con el de algunas ciudades como San Fernando, Cádiz, Barcelona, Málaga o el Ferrol. En todas ellas se da un común denominador: el hecho de ser ciudades costeras con puertos importantes que las convertirán en residencias temporales de una gran población flotante. En Cartagena quizás deba resaltarse la interdependencia social entre sectores de actividades bien diferenciadas: empresarios e industrias con la minería como actividad a destacar, comerciantes, militares marinos y de tierra, profesionales y políticos, lo que llevó a un "mestizaje" realmente interesante que marcó las bases de una nueva sociedad que nacería en los años veinte con planteamientos totalmente distintos. Se convertía así Cartagena, en base a este arco iris social, en una sociedad acogedora para cualquier foráneo que, casual o decididamente llegase a ella. En este sentido, este fenómeno se ha venido repitiendo hasta nuestros días de tal forma que la inmensa mayoría de sus habitantes son venidos de fuera, llegando algunos a ocupar cargos políticos y otros, de responsabilidad, con su consecuente impronta sobre el presente y futuro de la ciudad. El hecho de ser ciudad Departamental y Arsenal Militar, le confiere una personalidad específica. Al mismo tiempo, su ejército fundamentalmente de Marina –el Cuerpo de más élite dentro del mismo-, marca a la ciudad con desfiles, sus peculiares músicas, de una gran personalidad militar que sigue perdurando, cara y cruz de una moneda que no siempre ha producido resultados positivos. Celebraciones religiosas como las procesiones de Semana Santa están impregnadas de la marcialidad y musicalidad atribuible solo a la milicia. Todo ellos condujo a que la ciudad adquiriese una personalidad específica creándose una conciencia excesiva hacia lo propio, lo local, lo cantonal. En un ambiente así resultaba fácil la integración de una clase burguesa que surge entre 1890 y 1914, de los "nuevos ricos" que en ese "totum revolutum" son magníficamente acogidos, porque en la mayoría de los pensamientos, el dinero ocupa un papel importante y ellos, los nuevos ricos, tienen mucho y se apresuran a evidenciarlo en sus casas –mansiones-(Pedreño, Aznar, Conesa, Zapata, Llagostera, Aguire, Cervantes, etc.) en una verdadera pugna entre ellos para conseguir las mejores fachadas, compuestas con los mejores materiales procedentes de los lugares más idóneos, colocados por los mejores artesanos traídos del extranjero en algún caso, dirigidos por arquitectos prestigiados, todo ello en un intento de demostrar su hegemonía económica y desde luego su capacidad de gastar un patrimonio rápidamente conseguido. Un grupo notable, que refleja el colonialismo económico que vive el país y consecuentemente Cartagena, es el de los directos o delegados representantes de empresas extranjeras, que residían en la zona privilegiada situada frente al puerto, la Muralla del Mar, sobre la antigua muralla de Carlos III. Estaban integrados en la clase alta burguesa. Los militares constituyeron charnela de clases, en función de su mayor o menor grado dentro del escalafón. La clase media que formaba un grupo numeroso, se dedicaba al comercio y a lo que hoy se llama el funcionariado. Mal retribuida, intentó aparentar lo que realmente no existía. Apariencia en las fachadas de sus casa, (muchas se remozaron y añadieron miradores), arrastrados por los diseños de los nuevos edificios, que produjeron gran impacto arquitectónico, visual y social, y animales también por una política local que favoreció el remozamiento general de un casco antiguo en malas condiciones con algunos edificios del siglo XVIII que se recuperan. Apariencia también en su vestimenta y en la manera de ordenar el interior de sus viviendas. Las clases populares u obreras, se ocupaban fundamentalmente de la minería, pero también existían otras localizaciones de actividades obreras. Así, el puerto para la carga y descarga de mercancías, los astilleros del Arsenal, las diversas fábricas y fundiciones, las obras públicas y la pujante construcción, además de actuaciones puntuales que demandaron mano de obra: derribo de las murallas de la ciudad, apertura de nuevas calles, la red nueva de saneamiento de la ciudad, etc. A esta clase social cabe añadir los contingentes militares, destacados en la ciudad, de poca graduación y la tropa. Gran parte de la vida popular se desarrollaba en la calle, quizás como una constante mediterránea. Algunas calles eran, y aún lo son, calles salón cuajadas de terrazas de bares, incluso algunos oficios artesanales se desarrollaban en tal escenario. Lugares de ocio, eran además de calles y plazas, las tabernas, y el círculo gallístico para las peleas de gallos afición muy arraigada en Cartagena. En el Cerro del Molinete, antiguo cerro de Asdrubal, se ejercía la prostitución, algo que se debe tener presente dado el carácter de ciudad portuaria y el flujo de personas que visitaban la ciudad. El Molinete que ha existido como barrio hasta el año 1994, en que se produce su demolición, ha mantenido sus casas de lenocinio hasta el final. Situado en el centro de la ciudad fue un lugar que, en las fechas objeto de este estudio, albergaba además personajes típicos y gran número de delincuentes. Zona deprimida socialmente ha mantenido su original arquitectura de vivienda de una o dos plantas, en muchos casos la baja ocupada para negocios, encontrándose, el conjunto, oculto tas los edificios de nueva planta que constituían la barrera hacia lo prohibido, de hecho, estaba mal visto adentrarse en él durante el día: sin embargo, de noche, constituía lugar de encuentro no sólo de varones de clases bajas sino también de burgueses que desafiando el riesgo acudían hasta el amanecer. Nos remitimos a los diarios Eco y Porvenir de los años 1901 y siguientes, donde se relataban situaciones de riñas, puñaladas, tiros, etc. Sin lugar a dudas los lugares de ocio de la burguesía lo constituían el Gran Casino, el Club de Regatas, el Teatro y las Ferias, que aunque con carácter popular disponían de casetas específicas destinadas a las clases privilegiadas. Cartagena ha sido siempre una ciudad propia a crear ambientes festivos, forma parte de su idiosincrasia. A este impulso natural hay que sumar las fechas en que nos estamos moviendo, cuando se produce un cambio significativo en la mentalidad moral más frívola y revolucionaria, en la que el sentir religioso en muchas ocasiones se transforma en sentir político. Con todo se mantuvieron tradiciones festivas de carácter religioso quizás, insisto, por no tachar del calendario ninguna conmemoración lúdica. Fiestas religiosas y romerías relacionadas con los edificios religiosos dedicados al santo/a en reconocimiento a su mediación ante tal o cual desgracia o epidemia. Siempre se acompañaba de algún baile o corrida de toros. También cabe citar las Aleluyas del Primer Sábado Santo por la noche, cuando se arrojaban por las ventanas y miradores tiestos o vasijas rotas, el domingo de Resurrección y los Judas o quema de muñecos con pólvora en una tradición muy levantina. La Semana Santa era la fiesta litúrgica de mayor prestigio y entronque con el pueblo. Su excesiva marcialidad, que aún hoy mantiene, puede resultar negativa interpretándose el acto más como espectáculo que como profesión de fe. El pueblo la seguía desde las calles y desde los balcones y miradores de sus viviendas. La burguesía colaboró mucho con este tipo de celebraciones. De las fiestas militares debemos ocuparnos por tratarse de una plaza militar por excelencia, y porque más que un elemento añadido, lo militar ha sido el "leit motiv" de todas las fiestas, de forma más o menos encubierta. La tropa en movimiento desfilando, constituía en si misma un festejo, que casi se convertía en cotidiano si se tienen en cuenta las juras de bandera, los recibimientos a militares y políticos destacados, la llegada de nuevos contingentes, botaduras y atraques de navíos, etc. Merece la pena destacar la de 1876 al final de la guerra carlista, donde se tiró la casa por la ventana. Las Guerras de Cuba y Filipinas, en su conmemoración de 1923 incluó en su programa de festejos la construcción de un obelisco dedicado a los Héroes de Cavite situado frente al Puerto, sin olvidar los fuegos artificiales, regatas, voladura de minas submarinas, conciertos, retreta militar, toros, etc. La participación de los cartageneros en las fiestas de Murcia merece ser destacada. Concretamente en la época de Carnaval en el Entierro de la Sardina. La feria de Cartagena se celebraba en el mes de mayo en el muelle de Alfonso XII, cada año con la intención y el propósito de mejorar el anterior. Se diseñaron portadas espectaculares del rango y estilo de las de Sevilla o Jerez. Se contrataban los mejores espectáculos: batallas de flores, fuegos artificiales y desfiles de carrozas. Quizás las Veladas marítimas constituyeron el espectáculo más vistoso, aportando un toque mágico de luz y color sobre el mar. Tenían una impronta modernista aunque las fiestas con barcos son de tradición más antigua, y se puede decir que suponían la mejor aportación a nivel nacional. No olvidemos que las embarcaciones que participaban estaban diseñadas y construidas para tal fin, con los motivos más fantásticos y exóticos que entonces se podían imaginar, cuyos autores eran artistas cartageneros entre los que citamos a los arquitectos Spottorno y Rico Valarino y al pintor Wssell de Guimbarda. En el año 1896 se celebraron los Primeros Juegos Florales de la ciudad, que constituyeron la fiesta intelectual y burguesa por excelencia. Importantes fueron los años 1902, coincidiendo con la coronación de Don Alfonso XII y que tuvieron a Miguel de Unamuno como moderador. Al igual que cualquier otra ciudad, el carnaval era l fiesta desbordante capaz de romper con cualquier esquema, entre otras cosas porque llegaba a todos sin distinción de clases (que ya era decir en Cartagena). Desde las fiestas privadas en el Casino con su baile de disfraces, o las del Ateneo, hasta el más perdido rincón de la ciudad. Transcurrido el tiempo, y hacia los años treinta se reflejará en las fiestas de todo tipo, la nueva situación social y política, perdiéndose la espontaneidad popular, ganando en situaciones tensas entre políticos locales de distintas ideologías y tendencias, llegándose a instaurar la "Fiesta de la República" a la que asistió el mismo Alcalá Zamora (se acompaña programa de fiestas de los años 1902 y 1916). Intento justificar que el concepto de mirador, en gran parte, es importado en esta ciudad aunque existiese alguno o algunos de años anteriores, como en otras ciudades mediterráneas, y hasta qué punto los hábitos y costumbres específicos de los habitantes de Cartagena, volcados a la calle, en la mayoría de los casos, potenciaron el remozamiento de muchas fachadas introduciendo este elemento arquitectónico, el mirador, como novedoso y que resultó imprescindible incorporar en los edificios de nueva construcción.
El perfil social de la Cartagena del cambio de siglo es muy heterogéneo, de alguna forma identificable con el de algunas ciudades como San Fernando, Cádiz, Barcelona, Málaga o el Ferrol. En todas ellas se da un común denominador: el hecho de ser ciudades costeras con puertos importantes que las convertirán en residencias temporales de una gran población flotante. En Cartagena quizás deba resaltarse la interdependencia social entre sectores de actividades bien diferenciadas: empresarios e industrias con la minería como actividad a destacar, comerciantes, militares marinos y de tierra, profesionales y políticos, lo que llevó a un mestizaje realmente interesante que marcó las bases de una nueva sociedad que nacería en los años veinte con planteamientos totalmente distintos. Se convertía así Cartagena, en base a este arco iris social, en una sociedad acogedora para cualquier foráneo que, casual o decididamente llegase a ella. En este sentido, este fenómeno se ha venido repitiendo hasta nuestros días de tal forma que la inmensa mayoría de sus habitantes son venidos de fuera, llegando algunos a ocupar cargos políticos y otros, de responsabilidad, con su consecuente impronta sobre el presente y futuro de la ciudad. El hecho de ser ciudad Departamental y Arsenal Militar, le confiere una personalidad específica. Al mismo tiempo, su ejército fundamentalmente de Marina ,el Cuerpo de más élite dentro del mismo-, marca a la ciudad con desfiles, sus peculiares músicas, de una gran personalidad militar que sigue perdurando, cara y cruz de una moneda que no siempre ha producido resultados positivos. Celebraciones religiosas como las procesiones de Semana Santa están impregnadas de la marcialidad y musicalidad atribuible solo a la milicia. Todo ellos condujo a que la ciudad adquiriese una personalidad específica creándose una conciencia excesiva hacia lo propio, lo local, lo cantonal. En un ambiente así resultaba fácil la integración de una clase burguesa que surge entre 1890 y 1914, de los nuevos ricos que en ese totum revolutum son magníficamente acogidos, porque en la mayoría de los pensamientos, el dinero ocupa un papel importante y ellos, los nuevos ricos, tienen mucho y se apresuran a evidenciarlo en sus casas mansiones-(Pedreño, Aznar, Conesa, Zapata, Llagostera, Aguire, Cervantes, etc.) en una verdadera pugna entre ellos para conseguir las mejores fachadas, compuestas con los mejores materiales procedentes de los lugares más idóneos, colocados por los mejores artesanos traídos del extranjero en algún caso, dirigidos por arquitectos prestigiados, todo ello en un intento de demostrar su hegemonía económica y desde luego su capacidad de gastar un patrimonio rápidamente conseguido. Un grupo notable, que refleja el colonialismo económico que vive el país y consecuentemente Cartagena, es el de los directos o delegados representantes de empresas extranjeras, que residían en la zona privilegiada situada frente al puerto, la Muralla del Mar, sobre la antigua muralla de Carlos III. Estaban integrados en la clase alta burguesa. Los militares constituyeron charnela de clases, en función de su mayor o menor grado dentro del escalafón. La clase media que formaba un grupo numeroso, se dedicaba al comercio y a lo que hoy se llama el funcionariado. Mal retribuida, intentó aparentar lo que realmente no existía. Apariencia en las fachadas de sus casa, (muchas se remozaron y añadieron miradores), arrastrados por los diseños de los nuevos edificios, que produjeron gran impacto arquitectónico, visual y social, y animales también por una política local que favoreció el remozamiento general de un casco antiguo en malas condiciones con algunos edificios del siglo XVIII que se recuperan. Apariencia también en su vestimenta y en la manera de ordenar el interior de sus viviendas. Las clases populares u obreras, se ocupaban fundamentalmente de la minería, pero también existían otras localizaciones de actividades obreras. Así, el puerto para la carga y descarga de mercancías, los astilleros del Arsenal, las diversas fábricas y fundiciones, las obras públicas y la pujante construcción, además de actuaciones puntuales que demandaron mano de obra: derribo de las murallas de la ciudad, apertura de nuevas calles, la red nueva de saneamiento de la ciudad, etc. A esta clase social cabe añadir los contingentes militares, destacados en la ciudad, de poca graduación y la tropa. Gran parte de la vida popular se desarrollaba en la calle, quizás como una constante mediterránea. Algunas calles eran, y aún lo son, calles salón cuajadas de terrazas de bares, incluso algunos oficios artesanales se desarrollaban en tal escenario. Lugares de ocio, eran además de calles y plazas, las tabernas, y el círculo gallístico para las peleas de gallos afición muy arraigada en Cartagena. En el Cerro del Molinete, antiguo cerro de Asdrubal, se ejercía la prostitución, algo que se debe tener presente dado el carácter de ciudad portuaria y el flujo de personas que visitaban la ciudad. El Molinete que ha existido como barrio hasta el año 1994, en que se produce su demolición, ha mantenido sus casas de lenocinio hasta el final. Situado en el centro de la ciudad fue un lugar que, en las fechas objeto de este estudio, albergaba además personajes típicos y gran número de delincuentes. Zona deprimida socialmente ha mantenido su original arquitectura de vivienda de una o dos plantas, en muchos casos la baja ocupada para negocios, encontrándose, el conjunto, oculto tas los edificios de nueva planta que constituían la barrera hacia lo prohibido, de hecho, estaba mal visto adentrarse en él durante el día: sin embargo, de noche, constituía lugar de encuentro no sólo de varones de clases bajas sino también de burgueses que desafiando el riesgo acudían hasta el amanecer. Nos remitimos a los diarios Eco y Porvenir de los años 1901 y siguientes, donde se relataban situaciones de riñas, puñaladas, tiros, etc. Sin lugar a dudas los lugares de ocio de la burguesía lo constituían el Gran Casino, el Club de Regatas, el Teatro y las Ferias, que aunque con carácter popular disponían de casetas específicas destinadas a las clases privilegiadas. Cartagena ha sido siempre una ciudad propia a crear ambientes festivos, forma parte de su idiosincrasia. A este impulso natural hay que sumar las fechas en que nos estamos moviendo, cuando se produce un cambio significativo en la mentalidad moral más frívola y revolucionaria, en la que el sentir religioso en muchas ocasiones se transforma en sentir político. Con todo se mantuvieron tradiciones festivas de carácter religioso quizás, insisto, por no tachar del calendario ninguna conmemoración lúdica. Fiestas religiosas y romerías relacionadas con los edificios religiosos dedicados al santo/a en reconocimiento a su mediación ante tal o cual desgracia o epidemia. Siempre se acompañaba de algún baile o corrida de toros. También cabe citar las Aleluyas del Primer Sábado Santo por la noche, cuando se arrojaban por las ventanas y miradores tiestos o vasijas rotas, el domingo de Resurrección y los Judas o quema de muñecos con pólvora en una tradición muy levantina. La Semana Santa era la fiesta litúrgica de mayor prestigio y entronque con el pueblo. Su excesiva marcialidad, que aún hoy mantiene, puede resultar negativa interpretándose el acto más como espectáculo que como profesión de fe. El pueblo la seguía desde las calles y desde los balcones y miradores de sus viviendas. La burguesía colaboró mucho con este tipo de celebraciones. De las fiestas militares debemos ocuparnos por tratarse de una plaza militar por excelencia, y porque más que un elemento añadido, lo militar ha sido el leit motiv de todas las fiestas, de forma más o menos encubierta. La tropa en movimiento desfilando, constituía en si misma un festejo, que casi se convertía en cotidiano si se tienen en cuenta las juras de bandera, los recibimientos a militares y políticos destacados, la llegada de nuevos contingentes, botaduras y atraques de navíos, etc. Merece la pena destacar la de 1876 al final de la guerra carlista, donde se tiró la casa por la ventana. Las Guerras de Cuba y Filipinas, en su conmemoración de 1923 incluó en su programa de festejos la construcción de un obelisco dedicado a los Héroes de Cavite situado frente al Puerto, sin olvidar los fuegos artificiales, regatas, voladura de minas submarinas, conciertos, retreta militar, toros, etc. La participación de los cartageneros en las fiestas de Murcia merece ser destacada. Concretamente en la época de Carnaval en el Entierro de la Sardina. La feria de Cartagena se celebraba en el mes de mayo en el muelle de Alfonso XII, cada año con la intención y el propósito de mejorar el anterior. Se diseñaron portadas espectaculares del rango y estilo de las de Sevilla o Jerez. Se contrataban los mejores espectáculos: batallas de flores, fuegos artificiales y desfiles de carrozas. Quizás las Veladas marítimas constituyeron el espectáculo más vistoso, aportando un toque mágico de luz y color sobre el mar. Tenían una impronta modernista aunque las fiestas con barcos son de tradición más antigua, y se puede decir que suponían la mejor aportación a nivel nacional. No olvidemos que las embarcaciones que participaban estaban diseñadas y construidas para tal fin, con los motivos más fantásticos y exóticos que entonces se podían imaginar, cuyos autores eran artistas cartageneros entre los que citamos a los arquitectos Spottorno y Rico Valarino y al pintor Wssell de Guimbarda. En el año 1896 se celebraron los Primeros Juegos Florales de la ciudad, que constituyeron la fiesta intelectual y burguesa por excelencia. Importantes fueron los años 1902, coincidiendo con la coronación de Don Alfonso XII y que tuvieron a Miguel de Unamuno como moderador. Al igual que cualquier otra ciudad, el carnaval era l fiesta desbordante capaz de romper con cualquier esquema, entre otras cosas porque llegaba a todos sin distinción de clases (que ya era decir en Cartagena). Desde las fiestas privadas en el Casino con su baile de disfraces, o las del Ateneo, hasta el más perdido rincón de la ciudad. Transcurrido el tiempo, y hacia los años treinta se reflejará en las fiestas de todo tipo, la nueva situación social y política, perdiéndose la espontaneidad popular, ganando en situaciones tensas entre políticos locales de distintas ideologías y tendencias, llegándose a instaurar la Fiesta de la República a la que asistió el mismo Alcalá Zamora (se acompaña programa de fiestas de los años 1902 y 1916). Intento justificar que el concepto de mirador, en gran parte, es importado en esta ciudad aunque existiese alguno o algunos de años anteriores, como en otras ciudades mediterráneas, y hasta qué punto los hábitos y costumbres específicos de los habitantes de Cartagena, volcados a la calle, en la mayoría de los casos, potenciaron el remozamiento de muchas fachadas introduciendo este elemento arquitectónico, el mirador, como novedoso y que resultó imprescindible incorporar en los edificios de nueva construcción.