Suchergebnisse

 Commander In undergrad I got really into theory, all of it, reading Baudrillard, Deleuze, Debord, Foucault, etc., most definitely etc, all the time. My theory fascination was a byproduct of reading zines and little semiotextes, the more polemical, the more outlandish its claims, the more I loved it. One little book I particularly loved was First and Last Emperors: The Absolute State and the Body of the Despot by Kenneth Dean and Brian Massumi. It is an odd little book, a reading of the Reagan/Bush years framed as much by the legalist philosopher Shang Yang's The Book of Lord Shang as it is by the expected references to Deleuze and Guattari. (Brian Massumi of course translated A Thousand Plateaus). That odd idiosyncratic nature is precisely what I loved about it. I dreamt of writing something similar, not on Reagan and legalism but something which brought together a variety of disparate references to think through a specific problem. I guess my book which talks about Spinoza and Marx along with Breaking Bad and Better Call Saul, might be an attempt to realize that wish. It does not talk about dogs though, which brings us to this post. I read with horror and interest the story of Biden's dog Commander and the number of times that he has bitten secret service agents. Part of this has to do with my own history. People who follow me on social media probably have seen my dog Bento. What people who only know him online do not know is that Bento is what some refer to as a reactive dog, or in other terms, he is fear aggressive, mostly towards humans. This pretty much fits Plato's definition of dogs in the Republic, he loves the people he knows, not just love, he adores them, but if he does not know you he is at least suspicious of you, if not openly hostile. He loves meeting new dogs, but is not really interested in meeting new people. He is generally distrustful of people. This is something I imagined he learned on the mean streets of Memphis (where he came from before I adopted him in Maine). In turn I had to learn how to deal with it and manage it. I have gone through three different behaviorists, eventually taking him to work with the behaviorists at Tufts, who I cannot recommend more highly. (Yeah, I spent a lot of money). What they taught me is that this is a condition than can be managed but never entirely changed. We do manage, mostly this just means that anyone coming to the house has to go through a lengthy introduction process; he wears a muzzle to the vet, and we mostly keep our distance from people out in the world. If you ask "Can I pet your dog" (and by all means you should always ask) the answer is always "No, sorry, but thanks for asking." On some immediate level reading about Commander was reading one of my worst nightmares. To be clear, Bento has never bit anyone. Like I said, we manage his reactions. Bento at his daycare where he has many dog and human friends My nightmare was always what would happen if Bento bit someone. I could only imagine a string of events which ended with Bento going to an "undisclosed location," but in his case the undisclosed location in question would be a euphemism for the final undisclosed location we are all heading towards and not the farm that imagine Commander has retired to. I guess that is what separates me from the President. The sovereign is he who decides the exception, and in this case that includes a dog that can bite people repeatedly without legal ramifications. However, it got me think of the politics of dogs again, something that I wrote about briefly with Trump.  The fabricated image of Trump putting a medal of honor on a dog stands in sharp contrast with Biden's dog taking a chunk out of secret service agents arm. One is a fabricated image of command and authority, and the other is one of a force out of control.This brings me back to Dean and Massumi's little book. In that book they draw a sharp distinction between Reagan who functions as a kind of figure of transcendence, a despot in Deleuze and Guattari's term, who manages to appropriate all of the various functions of the nation and and the state to embody them. Reagan became America. This stands in sharp contrast to Bush. As Dean and Massumi write:"Old Glory's magic dust didn't stick to Bush's lapels. Try as he might to pledge himself to it, if fell from his shoulders like dandruff. Whenever he drew attention to himself, it was in a way that highlighted his inability to rise above, or even remain seated--to maintain his presence at all. For example, Bush could never garner for himself the kind of political capital Reagan did with second-hand war stories, even though he had a true one to tell. Bush actually was a fighter pilot in World War II. The story he tells is about being shot down. It ends with him floating aimlessly in a little yellow raft thinking wistfully about his family as he waits for rescue. In his hour of danger, a raft away from death, the thought of family did not unify the Bush substance(lessness) with that of the nation, as if had for Reagan reminiscing about his birth; rather, it led him to reflect on "my faith, the separation of church and state." Church/state...mind/body, spirituality/materiality, self/other. This split, which Reagan tried to hard to overcome, was a given for Bush, his "faith." It was his ultimate element, his destiny, it was to Bush what the sea was to his doomed fighter plane."Whereas Reagan could appropriate the various machines of the state to the point where everything American seemed to emanate from him, Bush constantly lived the division between his person and his power. This is seen most immediately in the first Gulf War, in which the power of the state's war machine was split between Bush and his generals, most notably Schwarzkopf. It is tempting to read Biden as embodying a similar division, one that Commander exemplifies. It is not the division between the president and his power, but between word and actions. The story linked to above is riddled with statements from the Biden's about their concern. As the piece states, "A White House official who spoke on the condition of anonymity because of the sensitivity of the matter said the president and first lady were "heartbroken" over what had happened, had apologized to those who were bitten and had even brought flowers to some of them." This division between the deep concern and the sheer number of attacks, brings to mind another, more pressing division: the division between Biden's repeated statement of deep concern for the situation in Gaza coupled with his continued support, actual military and financial support, for Netanyahu and Israel. I do not know how the Secret Service agents felt about getting flowers, but it is increasingly clear that the words of concern and heartbreak many very little to the people in Gaza, and the people in the US who want a ceasefire. Dean and Massumi theorized Reagan and Bush as transcendence and immanence, unity and division. Looking at Trump and Biden through dogs gives us another division. One between an ersatz toughness that is somehow convincing, and gestures of concern that are less so. A president who gleefully identifies with the Machiavellian beast of the state and one who does not even now how to appear to be of the people, out of touch with what it means to live with a dog, and, more importantly, with how the very voters he would count on feel about an ongoing genocide. The simulacrum of power or a division between sentiment and action, these are the choices that voters are facing. Updated 5/5/24Commander returned to the news today. Kristi Noem, the Governor of South Dakota, who made it in the news recently for shooting her dog, Cricket, not only defended her decision to shoot her dog, but suggested that the same thing should happen to Commander. Noem's remarks reveal not only the media politics of the current moment, which have as their basic rule, "Never apologize, always double down," but also her vision of political power. The initial anecdote was meant to illustrate her willingness to do the difficult and messy things needed to "get things done." As someone who worked and volunteered in an animal shelter I just want to say there are myriad other ways to get rid of a dog besides getting a gun, there are shelters, breed rescues, etc., there is also dedicating more time to train a dog. I volunteered at a shelter in Maine and failed working dogs, hunting dogs that do not hunt, often make wonderful pets. Those other options are beside the point, what matters, and what is being espoused is violence as the epitome of power, and offending others as the measure of righteousness. That people are offended and outraged is the point. As with Trump and Biden, the dog is once again being used to articulate a particular vision or ideal of political power. In the case it is one in which violence is synonymous is decisiveness, the outrage of others is synonymous with righteousness. Years ago confessing to killing a dog would have been seen as the end of a political career; the revelation that Mitt Romney made the family dog ride on a career outside the car probably played some role in ending his presidential bid. That Noem is doubling down could be seen as evidence of her cluelessness and cruelty, but it also could be seen how deep we are in a micro-politics of fascism. 

Nearly two months into the war in Gaza, the Biden administration finds itself in a bind. International support for Israel, once strong in the aftermath of Hamas' brutal October 7 attacks, has given way to broad condemnation as Tel Aviv's campaign has left at least 15,000 Palestinians dead in addition to 30,000 injured and 1.8 million displaced.The White House's answer to this anger has been twofold. In public, President Joe Biden and his allies have emphasized the need for Israel to follow international law in its campaign to destroy Hamas but avoided weighing in on whether Israel has already violated the laws of war. In private, officials have urged their Israeli counterparts to "fight more surgically and avoid further mass displacement of Palestinians" after the temporary truce ends, according to the New York Times.But what does it mean for Israel to conduct a "surgical" war against an enemy embedded in an area roughly the size of Philadelphia with more than two million residents? And what does international law mean to a state whose leaders appear committed to destroying Hamas by any means necessary?Few thinkers are better equipped to answer these questions than Samuel Moyn, a professor of law and history at Yale University and a non-resident fellow at the Quincy Institute, which publishes RS. Moyn has long grappled with the relationship between war and morality, most notably in his 2021 book "Humane: How the United States Abandoned Peace and Reinvented War."RS spoke with Moyn about how U.S. policymakers think about war and what the Gaza conflict means for the future of international law. The conversation has been edited for length and clarity.RS: U.S. officials have reportedly admonished Israel to be more 'surgical' in its war against Hamas in Gaza. How do you interpret that call? What does it tell us about how officials view war more broadly?Moyn: It seems as if American policymakers are pushing on Israel their own solution to a controversial war, which is to combine an unlimited right to self-defense with a humanization of the conduct of the hostilities. Now, the truth is, Israel probably got to that combination before September 11, 2001, and the United States learned it from Israel in the first place. But given that America is Israel's patron and protector, it's now in a position of teaching the lesson to Israel that it learned from it. Now, I'm all for saying that these wars — the War on Terror, the campaign in Gaza — are parodies of humanized war because they're so costly in civilian lives. But they're not as bad as they could be because of this new policy — it's still largely rhetorical, but it's policy too — of containing the collateral damage and saying that that makes the war more tolerable.RS: Why is the U.S., and the Biden administration in particular, so focused on questions of international law in war? To the extent that they have placed checks on Israel, it's been to suggest that international law is the thing that they must be holding to, rather than a broader sense of morality.Moyn: Well, it's really only a part of international law, which is itself very interesting. Claiming an unlimited right to self-defense isn't just a moral claim; it's also a legal claim, and it's wrong. It was wrong in the War on Terror, and I think it's wrong when Israel asserts it today. We could get into the details on that side of the equation, but you're right that in our debates, international law has become something that for many listeners means constraint not of the right to wage war but of how it's waged. I think that Joe Biden, in his so called 'bear hug' strategy, thought that once it became clear how controversial this war was going to be, he would push humanitarian concern as a way of not interfering with Israel's claimed right of self-defense, [just as] America didn't tolerate those who said its wars were illegal while sometimes accepting the criticism that the way it conducts them is illegal.RS: How, both in its justification and in its conduct, does this war differ from the wars that the U.S. carried out following 9/11?Moyn: It is more similar to the ground campaigns that America fought in Afghanistan and Iraq, which involved a pretty substantial commitment of troops and a lot of blood spilled just because ground warfare is bloody, especially when it involves cities like Fallujah or Gaza City. It's not similar to the absolutely no-holds-barred phase of the War on Terror where the George W. Bush administration asserted that international law just didn't apply to what it did to detainees. The whole point of humanized warfare is that Israel is claiming that it's following the law. But it's also not similar to the later, so-called "sustainable" phase of America's War on Terror when America pulled out troops even while extending its drone campaign and special forces deployments and then claimed to sanitize that phase of the War on Terror without all the messiness of American troops on the ground in Afghanistan and Iraq. Israel's currently in a phase that combines lots and lots of violence with claims to still be following international law. It has had phases of its struggle against Hamas that involved just bombing or its own use of special forces that were about conducting the struggle but making it as antiseptic as possible. It's just that Israel can't conduct that kind of campaign while promising to remove Hamas from power altogether.RS: Do I understand correctly that, generally, law of war questions only concern conduct within the war and not whether the broader goals of a war are appropriate or inappropriate? Doesn't it leave those questions entirely to the discretion of states?Moyn: It depends on how you define laws of war, but what we call international humanitarian law, or the laws of armed conflict, is really exclusively about how you fight. And there are other laws about when, whether, under what circumstances you can fight at all. You could call that body of law part of the laws of war, but it wouldn't be what most people mean when they use that phrase.RS: I guess I'm thinking about the question of proportionality.Moyn: The reason that's a tricky concept is that it applies in both stages of the analysis. In the so-called jus ad bellum analysis — when the resort to force in the first place or on a continuing basis is legal — there's the question of whether the exercise of a self-defense right is proportional. That is a totally different inquiry than what has generally been talked about in terms of proportionality because that's in the jus in bello — the laws of war about the conduct of hostilities. And there the question is, does the collateral damage in any particular attack outweigh the anticipated military advantage of that attack? We could argue that Israel is being disproportionate in the war in general, on the first part of the question, or we can argue with regard to any particular attack whether its attacks are disproportionately harmful to civilians.RS: Guardian columnist Nesrine Malik recently wrote that the lesson of this war is "brutal and short: human rights are not universal and international law is arbitrarily applied." Do you agree with that take?Moyn: No, because it was a lesson that the whole history of human rights and international law already taught.RS: Can you tell me more about that?Moyn: Well, there was never a time when human rights weren't selectively applied, and there was never a time when international law wasn't the law of the powerful. This campaign seems like a rather late date to learn what has always been obvious.RS: Is that a fundamental problem for international law? Or is there a possibility of a more effective international legal system in the future?Moyn: Sure, it's not as if there isn't a struggle within politics, and therefore in law, to make the law different than it has been. I could say that American law works to the advantage of the powerful and against the weak, and that would be true, but that doesn't mean we can't change it for the better.I think international law has been changed for the better at times, but it's never been freed from this syndrome that it's a body of law of, by, and for states, framed with their approval, and interpreted by them to suit their ends. We can struggle to make it more constraining in more ways, but never is it apart from the political context. Never will it transcend selectivity and inadequacy.RS: You've already written a book-length answer to this, so I'll forgive you if it's not the easiest one to answer quickly, but do you think that international law can be a tool to fight for an actual end to war? Or is it simply a tool to manage war into the future?Moyn: I do think there are a lot of resources in it. It is revolutionary that we can make claims not just that states are fighting brutally but that they're engaged in illegal war-making. The trouble is that, if we prioritize the first claim, the second claim gets lost in the shuffle. I think that's what's happened in our time through the War on Terror, with the emphasis on torture and later civilian death in drone campaigns. It seems to be repeating itself in this situation, with the emphasis on civilian death, which is not dishonorable, but in the end there's only a political solution, which means we should focus at some point on who's in the right, who has a just claim, and what would make political violence something of the past.Dear RS readers: It has been an extraordinary year and our editing team has been working overtime to make sure that we are covering the current conflicts with quality, fresh analysis that doesn't cleave to the mainstream orthodoxy or take official Washington and the commentariat at face value. Our staff reporters, experts, and outside writers offer top-notch, independent work, daily. Please consider making a tax-exempt, year-end contribution to Responsible Statecraft so that we can continue this quality coverage — which you will find nowhere else — into 2024. Happy Holidays!

The editorial board of the Ukrainian Information Space opens a new section entitled "Documents from Diaspora Archives" with an article by Petro Fedun (Poltava), a former head of the Information Bureau of the Ukrainian Supreme Council (UHVR), UPA main journalist and publicist. We plan to bring back from oblivion those texts completely unknown to Ukrainian researchers and journalists, the semantic accents of which are in line with the current realities of the development of the national information space.Petro Fedun (pseudo "Poltava", "Volianskyi", "Sever", "Zenon", "P. Savchuk") is considered the main ideologue ("political educator") of the Ukrainian armed underground OUN-UPA of 40–50s of the twentieth century. He should deservedly enter the recent Ukrainian history as a publicist, author and editor of many insurgent publications. Originally from the village of Shnyriv, not far from Brody in Galicia, where he was born in a peasant family on February 23, 1919.The biography of this talented person is full of incredibly shocking events: youth training in the underground OUN from the mid-30s; from 1939 — medical student of Lviv University, an expert in classical languages. With the conscription of the same year for service in the Soviet army, he went from private to officer, with the beginning of the war — the commander of a platoon of the Red Army soldiers. He fought on the Finnish-Soviet and German-Soviet fronts. Then he was a German prisoner, after happened an escape from there, and finally he became an underground insurgent in the ranks of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army.The career growth in the underground was also impressive: from the editor of the magazine "Yunak" ("Youth") — to the Deputy Head of the General Secretariat of the UHVR; from an ordinary insurgent to a UPA colonel, a member of its General Military Staff. After Roman Shukhevych's death, he was elected as a Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (summer 1950).Petro Fedun (Poltava) was two months away from his 33rd birthday — he died as a hero in a battle with the NKVD (People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs) in December 1951 in the woods near the village Novoshyn (now in the Zhydachiv district of Lviv region).The most famous work of this author, for the reading or distribution of which people were shot in Soviet Ukraine in the 1950s, is the brochure "Who are the Banderites and what are they fighting for?". It was repeatedly republished in underground printing houses of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army and was also sent to Soviet territories from abroad. In the diaspora, this book was called the immortal legend of a warring nation.Despite the fact that Fedun's (Poltava) creative contribution is small in volume, but quite powerful in content. First of all, this is a series of analytical articles on the Ukrainian nationalism ideology. Among the first — "The concept of Independent Ukraine and the main trend of ideological and political development of the modern world", "For the type of organized democracy in the future independent Ukrainian state", "Who is a true nationalist-revolutionary". The main feature of such texts: they are written simply, intelligibly, and oriented on the reader who is not prepared in life and politics. In contrast to texts on a similar subject, written by the refined esthete and high standard writer Dmytro Dontsov, which are better perceived by an already prepared reader.The fact that Ukrainian editorial board was headed by an enemy of Ukrainians led to the appearance of the "Memorial of Ukrainians in Great Britain", which came as an official document addressed to the leadership of the "Voice of America".A number of wishes and suggestions were expressed at the Memorial. Their essence was reduced to one thing: Ukrainian programs should pay due attention to Ukrainian national ideals and national traditions. This could be achieved by including the following topics from time to time:- outlines on Ukrainian history and culture;- stories about national heroes of the past and modern era;- materials about the significant dates of Ukrainians' national liberation struggle;- reviews of the American and Western press, which deal with Ukraine and Ukrainians.Particular attention was paid to the need to separate the content of radio programs addressed to Ukrainians from Moscow ones: "Ukrainian radio broadcasts should be edited differently than Russian ones. The content of Ukrainian programs should also be different," — the document said.The impetus for writing the article "What should be 'Voice of America' radio programs for the Soviet Union" was the mass spontaneous movement of the Western Diaspora Ukrainians in the late '40s of the twentieth century in order to get the "Voice of America" radio broadcast in Ukrainian. The Ukrainians' demands became successful at the end of November 1949. However, at the initial stage, the Ukrainian-language broadcasts of this radio station were mostly unfavorable or untrue towards Ukrainians. The reason was that the head of the Ukrainian editorial office was a Russian Hryhoriev — an outspoken follower of the "Russian world".The article was written by an underground UPA journalist on the territory of Soviet Ukraine and expressed the views not only of the insurgents but also of a large part of Ukrainian population.The relevance of this text is felt today as never before. The reader only needs to replace the often-repeated phrases "Moscow-Bolshevik oppressors", "Bolshevik tyranny", "USSR" with "Russian aggression", "Russian propaganda" and "Putin's Russia". Within the context of the current undeclared Russian-Ukrainian war in the East of Ukraine, the article touches on a layer of problems of the modern humanitarian policy of the Ukrainian state in general and information policy in particular.First published in the biweekly of the Foreign Office of the UHVR "Modern Ukraine" (dated March 18, 1951) — shortly before the death of the publicist. There is no complete folder of this edition in any book collection of Ukraine and the world.A copy of the text was found by the author of these lines in the archives of the Ukrainian Publishing Union in London during a research internship in Great Britain. ; Статтею колишнього керівника Бюро інформації Української Головної Ради (УГВР), чолового журналіста й публіциста УПА Петра Федуна (Полтави) редакція «Українського інформаційного простору» відкриває нову рубрику «Документи з діаспорних архівів». Плануємо повертати із небуття ті зовсім невідомі українським дослідникам-журналістикознавцям тексти, змістові акценти яких суголосні нинішнім реаліям розвитку національного інформаційного простору.Петро Миколайович Федун (псевдо «Полтава», «Волянський», «Север», «Зенон», «П. Савчук») вважається чоловим ідеологом («політвиховником») українського збройного підпілля ОУН-УПА 40–50-х років ХХ ст. У новітню українську історію він має заслужено увійти як публіцист, автор та редактор багатьох повстанських публікацій. Родом із села Шнирів, що неподалік Бродів на Галичині, де народився в селянській родині 23 лютого 1919 р.Біографія цієї талановитої особистості переповнена неймовірно карколомними подіями: юначий вишкіл у підпільній ОУН від середини 30-х років; від 1939 року — студент медицини Львівського університету, знавець класичних мов. З призовом того ж року на службу в радянську армію пройшов шлях від рядового до офіцера, з початком війни — командир взводу червоноармійців. Воював на фінсько-радянському й німецько-радянському фронтах. Далі — німецький полонений, втеча звідти і — повстанець-підпільник у рядах УПА.Вражає й кар'єрний ріст у підпіллі: від редактора журналу «Юнак» — до заступника голови Генерального Секретаріату УГВР; від рядового повстанця — до полковника УПА, члена її Головного військового штабу. Після загибелі Романа Шухевича обирається заступником Головного Командира УПА (літо 1950).Петро Федун (Полтава) не дожив до свого 33-ліття два місяці — загинув як герой у бою з НКВС у грудні 1951 р. в лісі біля с. Новошин (нині в Жидачівському районі Львівщини).Найбільш відомий твір цього автора, за читання чи поширення якого в радянській Україні у 50-х роках розстрілювали, — брошура «Хто такі бандерівці та за що вони борються». Вона неодноразово перевидавалася в підпільних друкарнях УПА, а також пересилалася на радянські терени з-за кордону. У діаспорі цю книгу назвали безсмертною легендою воюючої нації.Загалом творчий доробок Федуна (Полтави) хоч і невеликий за обсягом, але досить потужний за змістом. Передусім це низка аналітичних статей про ідеологію українського націоналізму. З перших — «Концепція Самостійної України й основна тенденція ідейно-політичного розвитку сучасного світу», «За тип організованої демократії в майбутній незалежній Українській державі», «Хто є справжній націоналіст-революціонер». Особливість таких текстів: написані просто, дохідливо, у розрахунку на читача мало підготовленого в житті й політиці. На противагу, скажімо, текстам на подібну тематику вишуканого естета й літератора високої проби Дмитра Донцова, які краще сприймає вже підготовлений читач.Спонукою до написання статті «Якими повинні бути радіопередачі «Голосу Америки» для Совєтського Союзу» став масовий стихійних рух кінця 40-х років ХХ ст. українців західної діаспори з метою добитися мовлення радіостанції «Голос Америки» українською мовою. Домагання українців увінчалися успіхом наприкінці листопада 1949 р. Однак на початковому етапі українськомовні передачі цієї радіостанції носили здебільше не прихильний або неправдивий щодо українства характер. Причиною було те, що керівником української редакції виявився росіянин Григорьєв — неприхований адепт «русского міра».Факт очолювання української редакції ворогом українців став причиною появи «Меморіялу українців Великої Британії», що надійшов як офіційний документ на ім'я керівництва «Голосу Америки». У «Меморіялі» було висловлено низку побажань та пропозицій. Суть їх зводилася до одного: в українських передачах мала би бути належна увага українським національним ідеалам і національній традиції. Зреалізувати це можна було б включенням час від часу таких тем:- нариси української історії та культури;- розповіді про національних героїв минулого і новітньої епохи;- матеріали про знакові дати національно-визвольних змагань українців; - огляди американської та західної преси, у яких ідеться про Україну та українців. Окрема заувага стосувалася необхідності відмосковлення змісту радіопрограм, адресованих для українців: «Українські радіомовлення повинні бути інакше редаговані, ніж російські. Зміст українських передач повинен бути також інший», — йшлося в документі.Стаття написана підпільним журналістом УПА на території радянської України і виражала думки не лише повстанців, а і значної частини українського населення.Актуальність цього тексту відчувається сьогодні як ніколи. Варто читачеві лише замінити часто повторювані тут словосполучення «московсько-большевицькі гнобителі», «большевицька тиранія», «СССР» на «російська агресія», «російська пропаганда», «путінська Росія». Саме в контексті теперішньої неоголошеної російсько-української війни на сході України в статті зачіпається пласт проблем сучасної гуманітарної політики Української держави загалом та інформаційної зокрема.Уперше опублікована у двотижневику Закордонного Представництва УГВР «Сучасна Україна» (число від 18 березня 1951 р.) — незадовго до загибелі публіциста. Повної підшивки цього видання в жодній книгозбірні України і світу немає. Примірник тексту виявлено автором цих рядків в архіві Української Видавничої Спілки в Лондоні під час наукового стажування у Великій Британії.

The present study, in a politically sensitive manner, narrates and interprets the related facts with the armed conflict between 1998 and 2001, on the sidewalk El Salto, of the municipality of El santuario , located in the subregion of the Near East Antioquia. This territory went to be object of dispute between armed actors, because of their strategic role as a doorway to the corridor transit connecting the region to the North-East and the Magdalena Medio. In the area, the guerrilla and paramilitaries, in addition to making an armed presence, regulated trafficking in narcotic drugs, generated pressure on the reservoirs and extended their presence and instigation on the Medellín-Bogotá motorway, the circulation channel of all economic activity between this important region and the center of the country. Likewise, this subregion has been a high potential of agricultural, tourist and industrial production activities, being the epicenter for air traffic, hosted at José Maria Cordova Airport. The Oriente is one of the areas of the country where the conflict has been heightened and where the systematic violence of the armed actors was concentrated, Massacres, threats, forced displacement, targeted killings and illegal retains along with the incursions to urban helmets, the Operation of each other By. Long periods of time, the population of the area suffered the scourge of war, not counting with the presence of the State, beyond military interventions that increased zozobrae of peasants and locals in a countless municipalities, corrections and sidewalks. While the interest in a political study is to address reality social and political analysis, recognition of the situation in question is imperative for comprehensive political analysis by civil society, called by analysts from the time that this study "population" is dealing with civil", to designate communities of citizens who were not involved in the conflict, but they were his victims. In this spectrum of the study, emphasis was placed and an initial question was chosen: is it? factable to understand, through historical memory, the status of victims of the armed conflicts of citizens who developed their daily lives on a sidewalk? There are many research of high academic value that study fenomenon of the Oriente region, from descriptive, explanatory and interpretative; but there is still a great deal of need for such a discussion as the one proposed in this research: resort to victims of a small village and to know a voice alive; and appealing to historical memory, the experiences experienced by those citizens are not represented in the hegemonic versions of the State. Citizens who were doubly victimized: by the State itself, through the National Army, and by guerrilla and/or the paramilitars. The study also seeks to recognize what effects it has brought to the attention of the Commission these citizens' lives were initially displaced and then uprooted, carrying in his living the imprint of tragedy, after two decades for me, as the author of this study, it was a re-created challenge, in passages. Narratives, my status as a resident of El Salto, when I was a minor i was involved in the war games where I lived and my family environment, and then, When i joined displaced victims. Today, as a student of the master's in Political Studies, I assume the imperative task, as a social communicator and journalist, to give society a testimony from my memories and life history as a victim, seeking to provide it cristalisation of a society that creates and works for peace and reconciliation in times of post-agreements the families of El Salto lived the conflict, seeing how overnight they were violated by force of each of the boots, rifles and authoritarian speeches of the armed actors, who rotated them as "facilitators" of the enemy, without giving space to the narration of the ununderstandable: a forced invasion of their lives and their fields, to their estates and their "animals". After suffering from the pain of deaths from relatives and friends of a lifetime, they had to run away, abandon their properties and, in this way, their peasant life, due to violent and systematic actions that broke the different armies. The terror caused by the locals and the forced movement of families led to uproot that, with time passing, it was a part of their life . No chance to chose, they had to move to another kind of life, the inhospite, modern, and other that they had to fit. In their capacity as victims of the conflict, they only had the memory resource as a mechanism of resistance, non-acceptance, living in melancholy and longing for the place where they were violently expelled. finally, over the years, they aspire to the non-repetition of war and violence from the Colombian armed conflict. ; El presente estudio, de orden politológico, narra e interpreta los hechos relacionados con el conflicto armado ocurridos entre 1998 y 2001, en la vereda El Salto, del municipio de El Santuario, ubicado en la subregión del Oriente cercano antioqueño. Este territorio fue objeto de disputa entre los actores armados, por su papel estratégico como puerta al corredor de tránsito que conectaba la región con el Nordeste y el Magdalena Medio. En la zona, la guerrilla y los paramilitares, además de hacer presencia armada, regulaban el tráfico de estupefacientes, generaban presión sobre los embalses y extendían su presencia e instigación sobre la autopista Medellín-Bogotá, canal de circulación de toda la actividad económica entre esta importante región y el centro de país. Igualmente, esta subregión ha contado con un alto potencial de actividades agropecuarias, turísticas y de producción industrial, siendo epicentro de tráfico aéreo, por alojar el Aeropuerto José María Córdova. El Oriente antioqueño es una de las zonas del país donde el conflicto ha sido álgido y donde se concentró la violencia sistemática de parte de los actores armados, siendo las masacres, las amenazas, los desplazamientos forzados, los asesinatos selectivos y los retenes ilegales, junto con las incursiones a cascos urbanos, el modus operandi de unos y otros. Por largos periodos de tiempo, la población de la zona sufrió el flagelo de la guerra, sin contar con la presencia del Estado, más allá de intervenciones militares que aumentaban la zozobra de campesinos y lugareños de un sinnúmero de municipios, corregimientos y veredas. Si bien el interés en el marco de un estudio de orden político es abordar la realidad social y política, para el análisis político integral es imperativo reconocer la situación vivida por la sociedad civil, llamada por los analistas de la época que aborda este estudio "población civil", para designar a las comunidades de ciudadanos que no hacían parte del conflicto, pero eran sus víctimas. En este espectro del estudio, se hizo énfasis y se optó por una pregunta inicial: ¿es factible comprender, a través de la memoria histórica, la condición de víctimas del conflicto armado de ciudadanos que desarrollaron su vida cotidiana en una vereda? Pues existen un sinnúmero de investigaciones de gran valor académico que estudian el fenómeno de la región del Oriente antioqueño, desde lo descriptivo, explicativo e interpretativo; pero aún hacen mucha falta abordajes como el que se propone en esta investigación: recurrir a las víctimas de un pequeño poblado y conocer de viva voz, y apelando a la memoria histórica, las experiencias vividas por aquellos ciudadanos no representados en las versiones hegemónicas del Estado. Ciudadanos que fueron doblemente victimizados: por el propio Estado, a través del Ejército Nacional, y por la guerrilla y/o los paramilitares. Este estudio tiene, además, la pretensión de reconocer qué efectos trajo para la vida de estos ciudadanos haber sido inicialmente desplazados y luego desarraigados, llevando en su vivir la impronta de la tragedia, luego de dos décadas. Para mí, como autora de este estudio, se constituyó en un reto re-crear, en pasajes narrativos, mi condición de habitante de la vereda El Salto, cuando era una menor de edad envuelta en los juegos de guerra en que vivía mi entorno familiar; y cuando, luego, me sumé a las víctimas desplazadas. Hoy, como estudiante de la maestría en Estudios Políticos, asumo la imperiosa tarea, como comunicadora social y periodista, de entregar a la sociedad un testimonio desde la memoria y la historia de vida como víctima, procurando aportar a la cristalización de una sociedad que crea y trabaje por la paz y la reconciliación en tiempos de los pos-acuerdos. Las familias de El Salto vivieron el conflicto, viendo cómo de la noche a la mañana fueron violentadas por la fuerza de las botas, los fusiles y el discurso autoritario de cada uno de los actores armados, quienes los rotularon como "facilitadores" del enemigo, sin dar espacio a la narración de lo no comprensible: una invasión forzada a sus vidas y a sus campos, a sus fincas y a sus "animalitos". Luego de padecer los vejámenes y el dolor de las muertes de familiares y amigos de la vereda de toda una vida, tuvieron que huir, abandonar sus propiedades y, con ello, su vida campesina, debido a las acciones violentas y sistemáticas que infringieron los diferentes ejércitos. El terror provocado en los lugareños y el obligado desplazamiento de las familias llevó al desarraigo que, con el transcurrir del tiempo, se configuró en sus vidas. Sin oportunidad de elegir, tuvieron que transitar a otro tipo de vida, a la inhóspita urbe, moderna y ajena, a la que tuvieron que adecuarse. En su condición de víctimas del conflicto, solo les quedó el recurso de la memoria como mecanismo de resistencia, de no aceptación, viviendo en melancolía y añoranza del lugar de donde fueron expulsados de manera violenta. Finalmente, con el transcurrir de los años, aspiran a la no repetición de los hechos de guerra y violencia del conflicto armado colombiano. ; Maestría

학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 대학원 :농업생명과학대학 농생명공학부,2020. 2. 최영진. ; 현대사회에서 인간의 평균수명은 지속적으로 증가하고 있으며, 이에 따른 행복과 건강에 대한 관심이 크게 증가하고 있다. 전세계적인 이러한 현상은 자연스럽게 진단기술의 개발을 촉진시켰다. 특히, 바이오센서는 현장 진단용 기술로 큰 기대를 받고 있다. 분석물을 생체 인식 시스템을 이용하여 분석하는 장치인 바이오센서는 일반적으로 감지기, 변환기, 신호 분석 시스템 세 가지 요소로 구성된다. 바이오센서의 목표는 생물학적인 감지를 높은 민감도와 선택도로 구현하는 것이다. 의료 및 현장검사(point-of-care testing, POCT) 용을 시작으로 발전한 바이오센서의 진단기술은 식품안전, 군사, 환경 모니터링 등의 다양한 분야로 확대·응용되었다. 식품안전 분야에서의 바이오센서의 개발은 큰 어려움이 존재하는데, 그 이유로는 식품이 가지는 매우 다양하고 복잡한 matrix 때문이다. 즉, 식품은 종류도 다양하며, 그 안의 구성 matrix도 매우 복잡·다양해서 바이오센서의 작동을 어렵게 한다. 따라서, 식품 안전분야의 바이오센서의 개발은 식품에 대한 이해를 토대로 연구개발되어야 한다. 즉, 식품안전분야에서는 전처리 과정이 적으며, 식품의 matrix에 영향을 많이 받지 않으면서, 많은 양의 샘플을 처리할 수 있는 현장적용이 가능한 바이오센서의 개발이 필요하다. 또한, 현장 적용에 최적화되기 위해서는 장치의 소형화, 자동화, 간편화 등이 동반되어야 한다. 금 나노입자의 응집을 이용한 비색반응은 육안으로 신호분석을 할 수 있어서 특별한 분석장비가 필요하지 않다는 이유로 현장적용에 적합한 기술로 평가받고있다. 하지만 이 반응은 약 1010 ea/mL이상의 농도의 금 나노입자를 이용해야만 하는 점과 분석물의 감지와 신호분석이 동시에 일어나는 특성이 맞물려서 민감도가 좋지 않다는 한계점이 존재한다. 이에 따라서, 이중기능링커(bi-functional linker), 동일한 의미인 스위치어블 링커(switchable linker)를 사용한 새로운 금 나노입자의 응집 시스템은 금 나노입자의 응집과 분석물과의 반응을 서로 독립시켜서 이러한 문제점을 해결함으로써, 현장 적용에 적합한 바이오센서로서 대두되었다. 본 연구에서는 이중기능링커를 활용한 금 나노입자의 응집반응으로 토마토에서 살모넬라 균(Salomonella Typhimurium)을 간단한 조작으로 45분 이내에 10 cells/mL 이하로 검출할 수 있음을 보임으로서 식품산업현장에 적용가능성을 입증하였다. 또한, 1/10 희석한 serum에서 단백질 바이오마커인 prostate-specific antigen을 100 fg/mL의 수준까지 검출 가능함을 보임으로서 다양한 분석물에 적용할 수 있음을 보였다. 마지막으로, 3-way valve chamber와 주사기 필터를 적용한 소형화된 검출 장치를 통하여 살모넬라 균(Salomonella Typhimurium)을 검출함으로서, 이중기능링커의 금 나노입자 응집반응 시스템이 현장에 적용할 수 있음을 보였다. 물론 본 전략이 식품현장에서 사용하기 위해서는 자동화, 대량화, 안정성 등의 문제를 해결해야 할 것이다. 하지만, 간편하고, 민감하며, 매우 빠르게 분석물을 진단할 수 있다는 점에서 현장적용의 잠재력이 높다고 판단된다. ; The average human life span is continuously increasing as are efforts worldwide to improve health and happiness, which has spurred the development of diagnostic technologies. In particular, great advances are being made in biosensors that enable on-site diagnosis. Biosensors, i.e., devices that examine analytes using biometric systems, typically consist of three components: detectors, transducers, and signal analysis systems. The goal for biosensors has evolved to enable biological sensing with high sensitivity and selectivity. The use of biosensor diagnostic technology developed for medical and point-of-care testing has been expanded and is now applied in various fields, including food safety, the military, and environmental monitoring. The development of biosensors in the field of food safety presents significant challenges because of the very diverse and complex matrices that characterize food. In other words, foods come in many varieties, and their composition matrices are complex and diverse, which makes it difficult for biosensors to operate. Therefore, biosensors in the field of food safety must be researched and developed based on our current understanding of food. Such a biosensor must require minimal pretreatment and be able to process a large number of samples without being affected by the food matrix. In addition, to be optimized for field application, the device must be miniature in size, automated, and simple to use. Colorimetric methods that employ the strategy of gold nanoparticle (Au NP) aggregation have been determined to be suitable for field application because they can perform signal analysis using only the naked eye and require no specialized analytical equipment. However, these methods are limited by their poor sensitivity for the following reasons: First, color can be distinguished by the naked eye only when using Au NPs at a concentration of about 1011 ea/mL or more. Second, in general, Au NPs facilitate both detection and signal analysis. As a result, high concentrations of Au NPs require high concentrations of analytes for signal analysis. Accordingly, a novel Au NP aggregation system is proposed that uses a bi-functional linker (BL), which has the same function as a switchable linker, and thus solves this problem by separating the signal analysis step from the analyte detection step by the aggregation of Au NPs. In addition, a BL-based assay, which has advantages such as simple operation and requiring no washing step, has emerged as a biosensor suitable for application in the food industry. In this study, the aggregation strategy of using Au NPs as a BL showed that Salmonella Typhimurium could be detected in tomatoes at concentrations of less than 10 cells/400 μL within 45 minutes through simple manipulation. This indicates that this strategy is applicable to the food industry. In addition, prostate-specific antigen, a protein biomarker, was detected at a concentration of 100 fg/mL in a serum diluted to 1/10, which indicates that this strategy could be applied to various analytes. Finally, by detecting Salmonella Typhimurium using a miniaturized detection device with a 3-way valve chamber and a syringe filter, the BL-based assay could be applied in the field. Of course, to qualify this strategy for use in the food field, issues related to automation, sample bulk-up, and stability must be addressed. However, the potential for field application is high due to this strategy's simplicity, sensitivity, and rapid diagnosis of analytes. ; Chapter I. Introduction: 1 I-1. Biosensors 2 I-1-1. Background of biosensors 2 I-1-2. Biosensors in the food field 5 I-1-3. Biosensors for on-site detection 5 I-2. Colorimetric assay in the food safety field 8 I-2-1. The methods for the identification of food-borne pathogens 7 I-2-2. Au NP-based colorimetric biosensing strategy 7 I-2-3. Au NP-based colorimetric biosensing in the food safety 11 I-3. Bi-functional linker-based assay 16 I-4. References 17 Chapter II. A bi-functional linker based immunoassay for ultrasensitive visible detection of Salmonella in tomatoes 20 II-1. Introduction 21 II-2. Materials and Methods 24 II-2-1. Chemicals, reagents, and instruments 24 II-2-2. Preparation of streptavidin-coated Au NPs 25 II-2-3. Bacterial strain and culture conditions 25 II-2-4. Artificial inoculation of tomato samples with Salmonella 26 II-2-5. Comparision of homogenization methods 27 II-2-6. Time for large-scale aggregation using st Au NPs and b-Ab 28 II-2-7. Selectivity of b-Ab as a BL 28 II-2-8. BL-based immunoassay 29 II-2-9. Validation test 32 II-2-10. Statistical Analysis 32 II-3. Results and Discussion 34 II-3-1. The principle of BL-based immunoassay 34 II-3-2. Optimization of the conditions for the BL-based immunoassay 35 II-3-2-1. The range of BL concentration 35 II-3-2-2. The reaction time for creating large-scale aggregates 38 II-3-2-3. Selectivity 40 II-3-3. Detection of Salmonella using the BL-based immunoassay 42 II-3-4. The use of an BL-based assay with contaminated tomato samples 45 II-4. References 48 II-5. Appendix: Optimization of BL-based assay 50 II-5-1. Evaluation of the degree of shift in REVC 50 II-5-2. Detection of a single bacterium 51 II-5-3. Confirmation of the effectiveness of homogenization 52 II-5-4. Quantification of Color Change by Precipitation 52 Chapter III. Colorimetric bi-functional linker based bioassay for ultrasensitive detection of prostate-specific antigen as a protein target 53 III-1. Introduction 54 III-2. Materials and Methods 57 III-2-1. Chemicals, reagents, and instruments 57 III-2-2. Nanoparticle fabrication 58 III-2-3. Au NP surface functionalization 58 III-2-4. Detection of streptavidin and PSA using BL-based assay 61 III-2-5. Selectivity of b-antibody as a BL 61 III-2-6. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) 62 III-2-7. Statistical Analysis 63 III-3. Results and Discussion 64 III-3-1. BL-based assay scheme: characteristics of the BL and its construction 64 III-3-2. Determination of the concentration of Au NPs 68 III-3-3. Ultra-sensitive performance of the immunoassay 71 III-3-4. Selectivity of the BL-based immunoassay 75 III-3-5. Detection of PSA in serum 77 III-3-6. Comparison of colorimetric biosensors and ELISA method 79 III-3-7. Sensitivity difference with respect to the BL design 79 III-4. References 81 III-5. Appendix: Optimization of BL-based assay for detection of protein targets 84 III-5-1. Optimization of degree of REVC shift 84 III-5-2. Optimization of shift in REVC differences 85 III-5-3. Shift in REVC of the BL-based assay for detecting streptavidin 86 III-5-4. Schematic representation of the switching off process 87 Chapter IV. Development of a portable lab-on-a-valve device for the primary diagnostic fields based on gold nanoparticle aggregation induced by bi-functional linker 88 IV-1. Introduction 89 IV-2. Materials and Methods 92 IV-2-1. Chemicals, reagents, and instruments 92 IV-2-2. Preparation of colloidal streptavidin-coated Au NPs 93 IV-2-3. Fabrication of the portable kit 95 IV-2-4. Optimization of the syringe filter 97 IV-2-5. Detection procedure 99 IV-2-6. Optimization of secondary reaction time for filteration 100 IV-2-7. Statistical Analysis 100 IV-3. Results and Discussion 101 IV-3-1. Optimization of 3-way valve chamber (3-VC) 101 IV-3-2. The BL-based immunosensing mechanism by 3-VC 101 IV-3-3. System stability of pH and salt conditions 101 IV-3-4. Determination of reaction time (first reaction time) for targets to crosslink with bi-functional linkers 105 IV-3-5. Determination of reaction time (second reaction time) for producing the REVC signal using the filter 107 IV-3-6. Evaluation experiments 109 IV-4. References 110 국문 초록 112 ; Doctor

The editorial board of the Ukrainian Information Space opens a new section entitled "Documents from Diaspora Archives" with an article by Petro Fedun (Poltava), a former head of the Information Bureau of the Ukrainian Supreme Council (UHVR), UPA main journalist and publicist. We plan to bring back from oblivion those texts completely unknown to Ukrainian researchers and journalists, the semantic accents of which are in line with the current realities of the development of the national information space.Petro Fedun (pseudo "Poltava", "Volianskyi", "Sever", "Zenon", "P. Savchuk") is considered the main ideologue ("political educator") of the Ukrainian armed underground OUN-UPA of 40–50s of the twentieth century. He should deservedly enter the recent Ukrainian history as a publicist, author and editor of many insurgent publications. Originally from the village of Shnyriv, not far from Brody in Galicia, where he was born in a peasant family on February 23, 1919.The biography of this talented person is full of incredibly shocking events: youth training in the underground OUN from the mid-30s; from 1939 — medical student of Lviv University, an expert in classical languages. With the conscription of the same year for service in the Soviet army, he went from private to officer, with the beginning of the war — the commander of a platoon of the Red Army soldiers. He fought on the Finnish-Soviet and German-Soviet fronts. Then he was a German prisoner, after happened an escape from there, and finally he became an underground insurgent in the ranks of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army.The career growth in the underground was also impressive: from the editor of the magazine "Yunak" ("Youth") — to the Deputy Head of the General Secretariat of the UHVR; from an ordinary insurgent to a UPA colonel, a member of its General Military Staff. After Roman Shukhevych's death, he was elected as a Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (summer 1950).Petro Fedun (Poltava) was two months away from his 33rd birthday — he died as a hero in a battle with the NKVD (People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs) in December 1951 in the woods near the village Novoshyn (now in the Zhydachiv district of Lviv region).The most famous work of this author, for the reading or distribution of which people were shot in Soviet Ukraine in the 1950s, is the brochure "Who are the Banderites and what are they fighting for?". It was repeatedly republished in underground printing houses of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army and was also sent to Soviet territories from abroad. In the diaspora, this book was called the immortal legend of a warring nation.Despite the fact that Fedun's (Poltava) creative contribution is small in volume, but quite powerful in content. First of all, this is a series of analytical articles on the Ukrainian nationalism ideology. Among the first — "The concept of Independent Ukraine and the main trend of ideological and political development of the modern world", "For the type of organized democracy in the future independent Ukrainian state", "Who is a true nationalist-revolutionary". The main feature of such texts: they are written simply, intelligibly, and oriented on the reader who is not prepared in life and politics. In contrast to texts on a similar subject, written by the refined esthete and high standard writer Dmytro Dontsov, which are better perceived by an already prepared reader.The fact that Ukrainian editorial board was headed by an enemy of Ukrainians led to the appearance of the "Memorial of Ukrainians in Great Britain", which came as an official document addressed to the leadership of the "Voice of America".A number of wishes and suggestions were expressed at the Memorial. Their essence was reduced to one thing: Ukrainian programs should pay due attention to Ukrainian national ideals and national traditions. This could be achieved by including the following topics from time to time:- outlines on Ukrainian history and culture;- stories about national heroes of the past and modern era;- materials about the significant dates of Ukrainians' national liberation struggle;- reviews of the American and Western press, which deal with Ukraine and Ukrainians.Particular attention was paid to the need to separate the content of radio programs addressed to Ukrainians from Moscow ones: "Ukrainian radio broadcasts should be edited differently than Russian ones. The content of Ukrainian programs should also be different," — the document said.The impetus for writing the article "What should be 'Voice of America' radio programs for the Soviet Union" was the mass spontaneous movement of the Western Diaspora Ukrainians in the late '40s of the twentieth century in order to get the "Voice of America" radio broadcast in Ukrainian. The Ukrainians' demands became successful at the end of November 1949. However, at the initial stage, the Ukrainian-language broadcasts of this radio station were mostly unfavorable or untrue towards Ukrainians. The reason was that the head of the Ukrainian editorial office was a Russian Hryhoriev — an outspoken follower of the "Russian world".The article was written by an underground UPA journalist on the territory of Soviet Ukraine and expressed the views not only of the insurgents but also of a large part of Ukrainian population.The relevance of this text is felt today as never before. The reader only needs to replace the often-repeated phrases "Moscow-Bolshevik oppressors", "Bolshevik tyranny", "USSR" with "Russian aggression", "Russian propaganda" and "Putin's Russia". Within the context of the current undeclared Russian-Ukrainian war in the East of Ukraine, the article touches on a layer of problems of the modern humanitarian policy of the Ukrainian state in general and information policy in particular.First published in the biweekly of the Foreign Office of the UHVR "Modern Ukraine" (dated March 18, 1951) — shortly before the death of the publicist. There is no complete folder of this edition in any book collection of Ukraine and the world.A copy of the text was found by the author of these lines in the archives of the Ukrainian Publishing Union in London during a research internship in Great Britain. ; Статтею колишнього керівника Бюро інформації Української Головної Ради (УГВР), чолового журналіста й публіциста УПА Петра Федуна (Полтави) редакція «Українського інформаційного простору» відкриває нову рубрику «Документи з діаспорних архівів». Плануємо повертати із небуття ті зовсім невідомі українським дослідникам-журналістикознавцям тексти, змістові акценти яких суголосні нинішнім реаліям розвитку національного інформаційного простору.Петро Миколайович Федун (псевдо «Полтава», «Волянський», «Север», «Зенон», «П. Савчук») вважається чоловим ідеологом («політвиховником») українського збройного підпілля ОУН-УПА 40–50-х років ХХ ст. У новітню українську історію він має заслужено увійти як публіцист, автор та редактор багатьох повстанських публікацій. Родом із села Шнирів, що неподалік Бродів на Галичині, де народився в селянській родині 23 лютого 1919 р.Біографія цієї талановитої особистості переповнена неймовірно карколомними подіями: юначий вишкіл у підпільній ОУН від середини 30-х років; від 1939 року — студент медицини Львівського університету, знавець класичних мов. З призовом того ж року на службу в радянську армію пройшов шлях від рядового до офіцера, з початком війни — командир взводу червоноармійців. Воював на фінсько-радянському й німецько-радянському фронтах. Далі — німецький полонений, втеча звідти і — повстанець-підпільник у рядах УПА.Вражає й кар'єрний ріст у підпіллі: від редактора журналу «Юнак» — до заступника голови Генерального Секретаріату УГВР; від рядового повстанця — до полковника УПА, члена її Головного військового штабу. Після загибелі Романа Шухевича обирається заступником Головного Командира УПА (літо 1950).Петро Федун (Полтава) не дожив до свого 33-ліття два місяці — загинув як герой у бою з НКВС у грудні 1951 р. в лісі біля с. Новошин (нині в Жидачівському районі Львівщини).Найбільш відомий твір цього автора, за читання чи поширення якого в радянській Україні у 50-х роках розстрілювали, — брошура «Хто такі бандерівці та за що вони борються». Вона неодноразово перевидавалася в підпільних друкарнях УПА, а також пересилалася на радянські терени з-за кордону. У діаспорі цю книгу назвали безсмертною легендою воюючої нації.Загалом творчий доробок Федуна (Полтави) хоч і невеликий за обсягом, але досить потужний за змістом. Передусім це низка аналітичних статей про ідеологію українського націоналізму. З перших — «Концепція Самостійної України й основна тенденція ідейно-політичного розвитку сучасного світу», «За тип організованої демократії в майбутній незалежній Українській державі», «Хто є справжній націоналіст-революціонер». Особливість таких текстів: написані просто, дохідливо, у розрахунку на читача мало підготовленого в житті й політиці. На противагу, скажімо, текстам на подібну тематику вишуканого естета й літератора високої проби Дмитра Донцова, які краще сприймає вже підготовлений читач.Спонукою до написання статті «Якими повинні бути радіопередачі «Голосу Америки» для Совєтського Союзу» став масовий стихійних рух кінця 40-х років ХХ ст. українців західної діаспори з метою добитися мовлення радіостанції «Голос Америки» українською мовою. Домагання українців увінчалися успіхом наприкінці листопада 1949 р. Однак на початковому етапі українськомовні передачі цієї радіостанції носили здебільше не прихильний або неправдивий щодо українства характер. Причиною було те, що керівником української редакції виявився росіянин Григорьєв — неприхований адепт «русского міра».Факт очолювання української редакції ворогом українців став причиною появи «Меморіялу українців Великої Британії», що надійшов як офіційний документ на ім'я керівництва «Голосу Америки». У «Меморіялі» було висловлено низку побажань та пропозицій. Суть їх зводилася до одного: в українських передачах мала би бути належна увага українським національним ідеалам і національній традиції. Зреалізувати це можна було б включенням час від часу таких тем:- нариси української історії та культури;- розповіді про національних героїв минулого і новітньої епохи;- матеріали про знакові дати національно-визвольних змагань українців; - огляди американської та західної преси, у яких ідеться про Україну та українців. Окрема заувага стосувалася необхідності відмосковлення змісту радіопрограм, адресованих для українців: «Українські радіомовлення повинні бути інакше редаговані, ніж російські. Зміст українських передач повинен бути також інший», — йшлося в документі.Стаття написана підпільним журналістом УПА на території радянської України і виражала думки не лише повстанців, а і значної частини українського населення.Актуальність цього тексту відчувається сьогодні як ніколи. Варто читачеві лише замінити часто повторювані тут словосполучення «московсько-большевицькі гнобителі», «большевицька тиранія», «СССР» на «російська агресія», «російська пропаганда», «путінська Росія». Саме в контексті теперішньої неоголошеної російсько-української війни на сході України в статті зачіпається пласт проблем сучасної гуманітарної політики Української держави загалом та інформаційної зокрема.Уперше опублікована у двотижневику Закордонного Представництва УГВР «Сучасна Україна» (число від 18 березня 1951 р.) — незадовго до загибелі публіциста. Повної підшивки цього видання в жодній книгозбірні України і світу немає. Примірник тексту виявлено автором цих рядків в архіві Української Видавничої Спілки в Лондоні під час наукового стажування у Великій Британії.

Maps and visual representations in general are powerful tools of propaganda and construction of the "other" that perpetrators of genocide employ in different ways and in different contexts and depending on audience, purpose, and stage of genocide. Maps and visual representations are also powerful tools to denounce genocide and are used by the victims to relate, remember, and communicate their experience. These topics will be discussed in the context of the Holocaust and focusing specifically on cartographic design. The role of propaganda, semiotics, the concept of "myth," and iconography will be briefly discussed to frame the theoretical context of the presentation. These topics are part of a broader research agenda on the geographies and cartographies of genocide that I have been engaged in for several years. In particular, I am interested in how cartography, geography and GIScience may contribute to defining, studying, and understanding past genocides, and, hopefully, help preventing future ones. As the majority of my past and current research has been on the Holocaust, the examples discussed in my presentation are relative to that specific genocide. To start with, it is useful to review and define what genocide is and who its perpetrators are. Genocide has been defined in various ways. According to the United Nations (1951), genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: (a) killing members of the group; (b) causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; (c) deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; (d) imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; (e) forcibly transferring children of the group to another group. This definition stresses the physical destruction of the group targeted by direct or indirect methods, such as the prevention of births by members of the group or the forcible transfer of children from the targeted group to another group. Harff and Gurr (1988) highlight the role of the State and the policy dimensions of genocide: "by our definition, genocide… is the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group." Katz (1994) remarks the fact that it is the perpetrator that defines who the targeted victims and groups: ".the actualization of the intent, however successfully carried out, to murder in its totality any national, ethnic, racial, religious, political, social, gender or economic group, as these groups are defined by the perpetrator, by whatever means." However defined, genocide is carried out in stages that may vary temporally and geographically, as well as in the methods used to commit it, and this is especially the case when acts of genocide are committed over a long period of time and over a large area, as the Holocaust as well as the Armenian genocide, on which I have also worked, show well. Hampton (1986) has proposed a model of the stages of genocide – later modified and redefined, by Stanton (2013) and others – that identifies eight steps, more or less in succession, that include classification ("us vs them"), symbolization ("Jews", "Germans", "Tutsi", swastikas, yellow stars), dehumanization (one group denies the humanity of members of another group and calls them "vermin," rats," or "cockroaches"), organization (as a group crime, as opposed to an individual act, genocide needs to be organized, usually by the State), polarization (this is when rhetoric is ramped up, legislation is introduced, extremists emerge, and political moderates are silenced), preparation (victims are forced to wear identifying symbols, lists are made, victims separated from rest of population, for example in ghettos), extermination (words such as "extermination" or "cleansing" are typically used since the victims are explicitly defined as not fully humans by the perpetrators), and denial (this is always present and starts as soon as during and immediately after the extermination stage, and can outlive the perpetrators themselves; denial includes the destruction of evidence, the destruction of the reputation and credibility of the survivors or witnesses, the claim that deaths were due to famine, migration, disease or, as in the Armenian genocide, all of the above plus the effects of WW1, and – as an ultimate insult – the blaming of the victims themselves). Once genocide is defined and its stages are identified, a third element is crucial to its understanding: why people commit genocide. Doing so is needed to determine what role maps play in genocide from the perspective of both perpetrators and victims. Several models have been proposed to try and explain why seemingly normal individuals engage in genocide, and models have even been proposed to estimate the likelihood of genocide happening in a given society at a certain time. Waller's model (2005) is perhaps the most influential and, in my opinion, the most convincing. I will discuss Waller's work in more detail during my presentation; here, let just say that the model identifies "ultimate influences" (human nature) as well as "proximate influences" as the reasons why people commit genocide. Most interesting in the context of my research are the "proximate influences," which include the cultural construction of worldviews, the psychological construction of the "other," and the social construction of cruelty. In turn, these "proximate influences" are historicized, i.e., they take different forms in different places at different times depending on the specific context. Thus, the indoctrination of SS members during the Holocaust included collectivistic values, authority orientation, and social dominance ( cultural influences ); "us vs. them" mentality, moral disengagement, and the blaming of the victims ( psychological influences ); professional socialization, group identification, and the identification of binding factors for the group ( social influences ). Maps, and images in general (including posters, paintings, movies and other forms of mass communications), can and do play a role in all of the "proximate stages" in Waller's model. In my presentation, as an illustration and for brevity, I will show examples of psychological proximate influences, including the construction of the "other," and in particular I will discuss strategies for the definition, communication, and mass diffusion of an "us vs. them" mentality, the gradual construction and spreading of "moral disengagement" among the perpetrators, and, also among the perpetrators (but also among the bystanders of genocide), the gradual development of a "blaming the victim" mentality to justify active participation, or at least acquiescence, to genocide. In general, to understand the role maps play in this context it is useful to refer to the literature on propaganda and on semiotics, and cartographers have traditionally written about these topics. Perhaps less studied, although not less useful general and specifically in the context of genocide and the definition of the "other," is an iconographical (or iconological) approach; borrowed from art history, this is an especially complex and difficult technique to apply to the interpretation and study of maps, but a promising one. In my presentation I will touch on semiotics, propaganda, and iconography as well as reference and discuss Roland Barthes and his definition of the concept of "myth," which I believe play a central role, one that overlaps all "proximate influences" as defined above, to explain how maps and images relate to genocide. In the final part of my presentation, I will show examples of the use of maps by perpetrators and victims of genocide. From the perpetrators' perspective, myth and propaganda work together in the service of the State; crucial to the effectiveness of genocide, propaganda and the creation of myths have to be monopolies of the State or they will not work effectively. Nazi Germany was especially effective and efficient from this point of view, with a body of work that I will introduce that include both images and writings from Nazi leaders and propagandists. Referring back to the stages of genocide discussed above, I will make the case that different cartographic design principles are applied for the first six stages ( classification, symbolization, dehumanization, organization, polarization, and preparation ) of genocide – as well as the psychological construction of the "other" – as opposed to the seventh ( extermination ) stage. Interestingly, from the point of view of cartographic design, there is a distinct similarity between the maps and images produced by the victims and those produced by the perpetrators, at least as far as the first six stages of genocide are concerned. As I will show in the presentation, this argument is better made via examples, tables, and direct comparisons of design elements, but to briefly summarize my point, depending on their purpose and audience, genocide maps are intended to be alternatively unambiguous or euphemistic, for the masses or for the military and/or political elites, impressionistic or emotional rather than rational and scientific, for public consumption or for private and secret use. In terms of specific elements of design, it is possible to identify the intended audience, purpose, and genocide stage in terms of the use of muted vs. saturated colors, the presence or absence of a legend, the use or not use of graduated symbols and arrows, the scale of the map, how visual contrast is employed to highlight certain elements, the use of black and white, etc. As concerns more specifically the seventh stage of genocide – extermination – this is when the application of the methods and tools of scientific cartography become the urgent preoccupation of the perpetrators, as many examples from the Nazi archives prove; hence, the search for accuracy and precision in the representation of places, times, and themes, including the insistence on the exactness of measurements, the standardization of design elements, and in general the teaching and application of clear, unambiguous, and replicable designs and methods to make maps. Briefly put, maps produced for the extermination of the victims are characterized as the triumph of denotation and technology, while in the previous six stages connotation and the creation of "myth" are guiding principles by which maps are designed and produced, and their effectiveness is measured. In my conclusions, I will remark on the fact that as much as maps (and, by extension and in the present time, GIS) have been used and will continue to be used to commit genocide, they can also be effectively used to counteract and denounce genocide. To do so, one should learn how to exploit propaganda techniques and how to use the theories of semiotics and iconography and the idea of myth to counter-map and resist genocide.

Maps and visual representations in general are powerful tools of propaganda and construction of the "other" that perpetrators of genocide employ in different ways and in different contexts and depending on audience, purpose, and stage of genocide. Maps and visual representations are also powerful tools to denounce genocide and are used by the victims to relate, remember, and communicate their experience. These topics will be discussed in the context of the Holocaust and focusing specifically on cartographic design. The role of propaganda, semiotics, the concept of "myth," and iconography will be briefly discussed to frame the theoretical context of the presentation. These topics are part of a broader research agenda on the geographies and cartographies of genocide that I have been engaged in for several years. In particular, I am interested in how cartography, geography and GIScience may contribute to defining, studying, and understanding past genocides, and, hopefully, help preventing future ones. As the majority of my past and current research has been on the Holocaust, the examples discussed in my presentation are relative to that specific genocide. To start with, it is useful to review and define what genocide is and who its perpetrators are. Genocide has been defined in various ways. According to the United Nations (1951), genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: (a) killing members of the group; (b) causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; (c) deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; (d) imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; (e) forcibly transferring children of the group to another group. This definition stresses the physical destruction of the group targeted by direct or indirect methods, such as the prevention of births by members of the group or the forcible transfer of children from the targeted group to another group. Harff and Gurr (1988) highlight the role of the State and the policy dimensions of genocide: "by our definition, genocide… is the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group." Katz (1994) remarks the fact that it is the perpetrator that defines who the targeted victims and groups: ".the actualization of the intent, however successfully carried out, to murder in its totality any national, ethnic, racial, religious, political, social, gender or economic group, as these groups are defined by the perpetrator, by whatever means." However defined, genocide is carried out in stages that may vary temporally and geographically, as well as in the methods used to commit it, and this is especially the case when acts of genocide are committed over a long period of time and over a large area, as the Holocaust as well as the Armenian genocide, on which I have also worked, show well. Hampton (1986) has proposed a model of the stages of genocide – later modified and redefined, by Stanton (2013) and others – that identifies eight steps, more or less in succession, that include classification ("us vs them"), symbolization ("Jews", "Germans", "Tutsi", swastikas, yellow stars), dehumanization (one group denies the humanity of members of another group and calls them "vermin," rats," or "cockroaches"), organization (as a group crime, as opposed to an individual act, genocide needs to be organized, usually by the State), polarization (this is when rhetoric is ramped up, legislation is introduced, extremists emerge, and political moderates are silenced), preparation (victims are forced to wear identifying symbols, lists are made, victims separated from rest of population, for example in ghettos), extermination (words such as "extermination" or "cleansing" are typically used since the victims are explicitly defined as not fully humans by the perpetrators), and denial (this is always present and starts as soon as during and immediately after the extermination stage, and can outlive the perpetrators themselves; denial includes the destruction of evidence, the destruction of the reputation and credibility of the survivors or witnesses, the claim that deaths were due to famine, migration, disease or, as in the Armenian genocide, all of the above plus the effects of WW1, and – as an ultimate insult – the blaming of the victims themselves). Once genocide is defined and its stages are identified, a third element is crucial to its understanding: why people commit genocide. Doing so is needed to determine what role maps play in genocide from the perspective of both perpetrators and victims. Several models have been proposed to try and explain why seemingly normal individuals engage in genocide, and models have even been proposed to estimate the likelihood of genocide happening in a given society at a certain time. Waller's model (2005) is perhaps the most influential and, in my opinion, the most convincing. I will discuss Waller's work in more detail during my presentation; here, let just say that the model identifies "ultimate influences" (human nature) as well as "proximate influences" as the reasons why people commit genocide. Most interesting in the context of my research are the "proximate influences," which include the cultural construction of worldviews, the psychological construction of the "other," and the social construction of cruelty. In turn, these "proximate influences" are historicized, i.e., they take different forms in different places at different times depending on the specific context. Thus, the indoctrination of SS members during the Holocaust included collectivistic values, authority orientation, and social dominance (cultural influences); "us vs. them" mentality, moral disengagement, and the blaming of the victims (psychological influences); professional socialization, group identification, and the identification of binding factors for the group (social influences). Maps, and images in general (including posters, paintings, movies and other forms of mass communications), can and do play a role in all of the "proximate stages" in Waller's model. In my presentation, as an illustration and for brevity, I will show examples of psychological proximate influences, including the construction of the "other," and in particular I will discuss strategies for the definition, communication, and mass diffusion of an "us vs. them" mentality, the gradual construction and spreading of "moral disengagement" among the perpetrators, and, also among the perpetrators (but also among the bystanders of genocide), the gradual development of a "blaming the victim" mentality to justify active participation, or at least acquiescence, to genocide. In general, to understand the role maps play in this context it is useful to refer to the literature on propaganda and on semiotics, and cartographers have traditionally written about these topics. Perhaps less studied, although not less useful general and specifically in the context of genocide and the definition of the "other," is an iconographical (or iconological) approach; borrowed from art history, this is an especially complex and difficult technique to apply to the interpretation and study of maps, but a promising one. In my presentation I will touch on semiotics, propaganda, and iconography as well as reference and discuss Roland Barthes and his definition of the concept of "myth," which I believe play a central role, one that overlaps all "proximate influences" as defined above, to explain how maps and images relate to genocide. In the final part of my presentation, I will show examples of the use of maps by perpetrators and victims of genocide. From the perpetrators' perspective, myth and propaganda work together in the service of the State; crucial to the effectiveness of genocide, propaganda and the creation of myths have to be monopolies of the State or they will not work effectively. Nazi Germany was especially effective and efficient from this point of view, with a body of work that I will introduce that include both images and writings from Nazi leaders and propagandists. Referring back to the stages of genocide discussed above, I will make the case that different cartographic design principles are applied for the first six stages (classification, symbolization, dehumanization, organization, polarization, and preparation) of genocide – as well as the psychological construction of the "other" – as opposed to the seventh (extermination) stage. Interestingly, from the point of view of cartographic design, there is a distinct similarity between the maps and images produced by the victims and those produced by the perpetrators, at least as far as the first six stages of genocide are concerned. As I will show in the presentation, this argument is better made via examples, tables, and direct comparisons of design elements, but to briefly summarize my point, depending on their purpose and audience, genocide maps are intended to be alternatively unambiguous or euphemistic, for the masses or for the military and/or political elites, impressionistic or emotional rather than rational and scientific, for public consumption or for private and secret use. In terms of specific elements of design, it is possible to identify the intended audience, purpose, and genocide stage in terms of the use of muted vs. saturated colors, the presence or absence of a legend, the use or not use of graduated symbols and arrows, the scale of the map, how visual contrast is employed to highlight certain elements, the use of black and white, etc. As concerns more specifically the seventh stage of genocide – extermination – this is when the application of the methods and tools of scientific cartography become the urgent preoccupation of the perpetrators, as many examples from the Nazi archives prove; hence, the search for accuracy and precision in the representation of places, times, and themes, including the insistence on the exactness of measurements, the standardization of design elements, and in general the teaching and application of clear, unambiguous, and replicable designs and methods to make maps. Briefly put, maps produced for the extermination of the victims are characterized as the triumph of denotation and technology, while in the previous six stages connotation and the creation of "myth" are guiding principles by which maps are designed and produced, and their effectiveness is measured. In my conclusions, I will remark on the fact that as much as maps (and, by extension and in the present time, GIS) have been used and will continue to be used to commit genocide, they can also be effectively used to counteract and denounce genocide. To do so, one should learn how to exploit propaganda techniques and how to use the theories of semiotics and iconography and the idea of myth to counter-map and resist genocide.

En este proyecto se realizará el diseño y simulación en software de un algoritmo de ensamble y coordinación de arquitecturas para un sistema compuesto por un conjunto de agentes robots que permitan a un sistema colaborativo multi-agente lograr dos diferentes arquitecturas (1D y 2D) para alcanzar el objetivo. Este algoritmo estará enfocado al desarrollo de tres actividades principales: primero el análisis y planificación de la trayectoria a ejecutar con las arquitecturas más eficientes para lograrlo, segundo el desplazamiento de cada módulo (en una posición inicial aleatoria) y su integración con los demás para formar una configuración, y por último (posteriormente) la configuración integrada se desplazará hasta un punto final definido por el usuario atravesando un entorno no estructurado (evasión de obstáculos), durante este recorrido el robot podrá re-armarse en una segunda configuración cuando sea necesario para evadir los obstáculos presentes. Cada configuración obtenida será considerada como un agente compuesto de la unión de múltiples módulos robóticos MECABOT, los cuales fueron diseñados y construidos previamente por el grupo de investigación DAVINCI del Programa de Ingeniería en Mecatrónica de la Universidad Militar Nueva Granada. Con el propósito de aumentar la robustez del sistema robótico modular ante eventos no esperados en el ambiente de operación y/o posibles fallas en componentes de los agentes, se propone desarrollar una lógica de comando distribuida bajo la cual cada unidad contará con un control independiente, siempre liderados por el módulo principal, a modo que se pueda reconocer tales eventos y adaptar su plan de operación de forma autónoma. La validación del funcionamiento del sistema robótico se realizará mediante dos etapas: la simulación de cada unidad y luego del sistema colectivo utilizando un software diseñado. Se desarrollará una estrategia de armado y desarmado eficiente para coordinar los módulos utilizando técnicas de inteligencia artificial la cual otorgará al sistema la capacidad de tomar decisiones automáticamente a fin de optimizar el rendimiento del mismo, llegando a reducir el tiempo de operación y consumo energético. ; RESUMEN 23 ABSTRACT 24 CAPÍTULO I. INTRODUCCIÓN 25 1.1. Planteamiento del Tema 27 1.2. Objetivos 29 1.2.1. Objetivo General 29 1.2.2. Objetivos Específicos 29 1.3. Justificación 30 1.4. Metodología 30 CAPÍTULO II. MARCO REFERENCIAL 33 2.1. Marco teórico 33 2.1.1. Robótica 33 2.1.2. Robótica Móvil 33 2.1.3. Robótica Modular 34 2.1.4. Clasificación de los Robots Modulares 36 2.1.5. Conexiones y Movimientos de los Robots Modulares 38 2.1.6. Tipos de Mecanismos de Acople en los Sistemas Robóticos Modulares 41 2.1.7. Categorías de las Arquitecturas 43 2.1.8. Campos de Aplicación para Robots Modulares Autoconfigurables 45 2.1.9. Sistemas de Control para Sistemas Robóticos Modulares 47 2.1.10. Planificación de Trayectorias en la Robótica Móvil 48 2.1.11. Simulación en la Robótica 51 2.1.12. Software de Simulación Webots 52 2.2. Antecedentes del Proyecto 54 2.2.1. Sistemas Robóticos Modulares Autoconfigurables Representativos 56 2.2.2. Sistemas Robóticos Modulares realizados en la Universidad Militar "Nueva Granada" MECABOT Versión 1 a 4 65 2.2.3. Descripción Módulo MECABOT 4 en Software Webots 68 2.2.4. Conclusiones del Capítulo 68 CAPÍTULO III. DISEÑO Y DESARROLLO DE HERRAMIENTAS Y ALGORITMOS PARA EL CONTROL INDIVIDUAL DE LOS MÓDULOS MECABOT 4 JUNTO CON LOS DISPOSITIVOS ASOCIADOS A CADA UNO 70 3.1. Diseño de Control para el Desplazamiento de cada Módulo Individual 71 3.1.1. Definición de cero de coordenadas absoluto módulo MECABOT 71 3.1.2. Actuadores y conectores definidos para controlar cada módulo MECABOT 72 3.1.3. Dispositivo ROTATIONAL MOTOR para controlar desplazamiento de cada módulo MECABOT 74 3.1.4. Dispositivos GPS y COMPASS para controlar posicionamiento de cada módulo MECABOT 76 3.1.5. Algoritmo y Pseudocódigo para el control de desplazamiento del módulo MECABOT 1 81 3.2. Diseño de Control para la Conexión de Módulos entre sus Ruedas de Acople 86 3.2.1. Dispositivo CONNECTOR para controlar los puntos de acople de cada módulo MECABOT 86 3.2.2. Definición puntos de bordeo y de acercamiento a cada rueda de acople por módulo MECABOT 90 3.2.3. Algoritmo y Pseudocódigo para el control de desplazamiento de los módulos MECABOT 2 hasta el 15 por los puntos de bordeo y de acercamiento hasta las ruedas deseadas del módulo a acoplar 93 3.3. Diseño de Control y Protocolo de Comunicación entre Módulos 96 3.3.1. Dispositivos EMITTER y RECEIVER para controlar comunicación de cada módulo MECABOT 96 3.3.2. Protocolo de comunicación entre módulos MECABOT con base a sistema maestro – esclavo 102 3.3.3. Integración código de programación para la ejecución del protocolo de comunicación entre módulos MECABOT con los otros dispositivos integrados 108 3.4. Conclusiones del Capítulo 109 CAPÍTULO IV. DISEÑO Y DESARROLLO DE ALGORITMO PARA EL ARMADO Y DESARMADO DE ARQUITECTURAS ORUGA Y HEXÁPODO PARA SISTEMA ROBÓTICO MODULAR MECABOT 4 110 4.1. Estrategia de Armado Arquitectura ORUGA 110 4.1.1. Secuencia de armado arquitectura ORUGA 111 4.1.2. Algoritmo y Pseudocódigo para controlar el armado arquitectura ORUGA 111 4.1.3. Coordinación de ORUGA para desplazamiento hacia adelante 113 4.1.4. Coordinación de ORUGA para posición de reposo 115 4.2. Estrategia de Armado Arquitectura HEXÁPODO 116 4.2.1. Secuencia de armado arquitectura HEXÁPODO 117 4.2.2. Algoritmo y Pseudocódigo para controlar el armado arquitectura HEXÁPODO 120 4.2.3. Coordinación de HEXÁPODO para desplazamiento hacia adelante 126 4.2.4. Coordinación de HEXÁPODO para giro a la derecha 130 4.2.5. Coordinación de HEXÁPODO para giro a la izquierda 133 4.2.6. Coordinación de HEXÁPODO para posición de reposo 135 4.2.7. Coordinación de HEXÁPODO para posición inicial 136 4.3. Estrategia de Desarmado Arquitectura ORUGA 137 4.3.1. Secuencia de desarmado arquitectura ORUGA 137 4.3.2. Algoritmo y Pseudocódigo para controlar el desarmado arquitectura ORUGA 138 4.4. Estrategia de Desarmado Arquitectura HEXÁPODO 141 4.4.1. Secuencia de desarmado arquitectura HEXÁPODO 141 4.4.2. Algoritmo y Pseudocódigo para controlar el desarmado arquitectura HEXÁPODO 142 4.5. Conclusiones del Capítulo 145 CAPÍTULO V. DISEÑO Y DESARROLLO DE ALGORITMO DE BÚSQUEDA PARA PLANIFICACIÓN DE TRAYECTORIAS Y DE AUTOCONFIGURACIÓN DE LAS ARQUITECTURAS ORUGA Y HEXAPODO PARA RECORRER LAS RECTAS OBTENIDAS 146 5.1. Caracterización de escenario en Software WEBOTS como espacio de trabajo para desarrollo de algoritmo de búsqueda A* 147 5.2. Condiciones y restricciones del escenario y puesta de obstáculos 149 5.3. Algoritmo y Pseudocódigo para ejecutar el método de búsqueda y planificación de trayectorias A* 150 5.4. Segmentación de rectas sobre la trayectoria planificada 152 5.5. Algoritmo y Pseudocódigo de Autoconfiguración de Arquitecturas para ejecutar el Recorrido de la Trayectoria Obtenida por el Método de Búsqueda A* 154 5.5.1. Cuando la arquitectura armada para recorrer la recta es hexápodo 154 5.5.2. Cuando la arquitectura armada para recorrer la recta es oruga 156 5.5.3. Ejecución de arquitecturas y movimientos disponibles para cada morfología 157 5.6. Interfaz usuario – máquina para ejecución de trayectoria con las arquitecturas escogidas 158 5.7. Integración en función principal del módulo 1 los Algoritmos de Autoconfiguración de Arquitecturas para el Recorrido de la Trayectoria obtenida con la interfaz del menú de usuario 159 5.8. Conclusiones del Capítulo 159 CAPÍTULO VI. PRUEBAS Y RESULTADOS 161 6.1. Pruebas de funcionamiento del algoritmo desarrollado 161 6.1.1. Adaptación de los dispositivos asociados 161 6.1.2. Condiciones iniciales de simulación – ubicación de módulos y obstáculos 165 6.1.3. Búsqueda y planificación de trayectorias – metodología A* (A-Star) elección de arquitecturas para recorrido de la ruta obtenida 167 6.1.4. Armado de la arquitectura hexápodo 169 6.1.5. Desarmado de la arquitectura hexápodo 171 6.1.6. Armado de la arquitectura oruga 173 6.1.7. Desarmado de la arquitectura oruga 175 6.2. Resultados obtenidos para diferentes puntos finales ingresados por el usuario 176 6.2.1. Resultado 1 – Trayectoria de 14 Nodos con 2 Cambios de Arquitectura 177 6.2.2. Resultado 2 – Trayectoria de 14 Nodos con 2 Cambios de Arquitectura 177 6.2.3. Resultado 3 – Trayectoria de 30 Nodos con 2 Cambios de Arquitectura 178 6.2.4. Resultado 4 – Trayectoria de 30 Nodos con 2 Cambios de Arquitectura 179 6.2.5. Resultado 5 – Trayectoria de 32 Nodos con 4 Cambios de Arquitectura 180 6.2.6. Análisis a los resultados obtenidos 181 CAPÍTULO VII. CONCLUSIONES 185 CAPÍTULO VIII. RECOMENDACIONES Y TRABAJOS FUTUROS 188 CAPÍTULO IX. BIBLIOGRAFÍA 190 CAPÍTULO X. ANEXOS 197 ; In this project we will design and simulate in software an algorithm for the assembly and coordination of architectures for a system composed of a set of robot agents that allow a multi-agent collaborative system to achieve two different architectures (1D and 2D) to reach the objective. This algorithm will be focused on the development of three main activities: first the analysis and planning of the trajectory to be executed with the most optimal architectures to achieve it, second the displacement of each module (in a random initial position) and its integration with the others to form a configuration, and finally (later) the integrated configuration will move to a final point defined by the user going through an unstructured environment (avoidance of obstacles), during this journey the robot can be re-armed in a second configuration when necessary to evade the present obstacles. Each configuration obtained will be considered as an agent composed of the union of multiple MECABOT robotic modules, which were previously designed and constructed by the DAVINCI research group of the Mechatronics Engineering Program of the New Granada Military University. In order to increase the robustness of the modular robotic system in the event of unexpected events in the operating environment and / or possible failures in components of the agents, it is proposed to develop a distributed command logic under which each unit will have independent control, always led by the main module, so that you can recognize such events and adapt your operation plan autonomously. The validation of the operation of the robotic system will be done through two stages: the simulation of each unit and then the collective system using a software designed. An efficient arming and disarming strategy will be developed to coordinate the modules using artificial intelligence techniques which will give the system the ability to automatically make decisions in order to optimize the performance of the same, reducing operating time and energy consumption.

Check this story out, so a Marine Gunnery Sergeant goes on a life-threatening mission in the middle of Afghanistan, loses one of his men because he was obese, goes into depression because he was responsible of his men's fitness, and then a Korean doctor helps him out of his condition, gives him tips and instructions for weight loss, that he later turned into one of the best fat decimator systems that helps over 50,000 people get fit again! Can be made into a movie, right? What if I tell you it's actually true, and you're reading the program's review right now? Keep on reading to know how this amazing story turned out to be very useful later on, and you can actually purchase the book right now and make use of it! Contents 1- The Truth Behind The Fat Decimator System 2- Who Created This System? 3- Is It Good For Me? 4- What Will Be Added To Your Cart 5- A Sneak Peak Inside 6- Advantages of Using Fat Decimator System 7- Things We Liked About It 8- Things We Didn't Like About It 9- See The Results For Yourselves 10- Conclusion The Truth Behind The Fat Decimator System The Fat Decimator System is an all-inclusive approach towards healthy and quick weight loss. It's a combination of dieting hacks, motivation secrets, tips, and workout plans. The good part of it is that it was created for military men, so it's meant to be a quick way to lose weight with a good effect on the body's energy. The Fat Decimator System is an Ebook, it's also available for download in PDF format. It's also accompanied with an audiobook if you're not a fan of reading like many people are. Through the book, you will know everything about the system and how it was formed and the inspiration that shaped it out. Keep on reading this Fat Decimator System review to find out all the data you need about this book! The Complete Fat Decimator System is divided into three parts: Fat Decimator System Diet Plan That section in the book is all about the importance of cleansing and detoxifying the body before you start on a diet that you're willing to lose a lot of weight on. Toxic substances in the body are known to slow down the natural metabolism rate and so the fat burning comes to a halt. The book states that it's better to follow a detoxifying system before following the Fat Decimator System in order to get the best output out of it. In addition, it gives advice about energy nutritional foods that will increase your metabolic rate. Fat Decimator System Exercise Plan That part of the book is designed specifically to aid in balancing out the diet and perfecting it by working out and exercising. It contains a full workout plan that is designed to help you lose weight faster and burn body fat faster along with the diet. That's why it's considered the best fat decimator system out there. So if you are a fan of working out, follow this plan alongside the diet in order to have quick and effective results that you didn't at all expect. Willpower, Motivation, and Mindset And now the third part, that is used in the book to reveal the truth behind a lot of the common lies and myths about how willpower and motivation affect your weight loss process. This part, in particular, may be one of your favorites parts in the book because it helps you understand your mindset and motivate yourself for weight loss, so you don't get tired in the middle of the process and lose hope like what happens to all of us while dieting. Who Created This System You're gonna find this weird. But the man who created The Complete Fat Decimator System is a Marine Gunnery Sergeant! Kyle Cooper is now a retired Marine Gunnery Sergeant who is also a husband and a father of two kids. Since the discovery of the best Fat Decimator System, he has become one of the gurus in the fitness and health category. He has become as far as being labeled one of the top international body transformation experts. He gained that through helping a lot of people shaping their body and their future, and saving their lives. Kyle Cooper tells his story which is quite interesting when you hear it, it's a 'bizarre' story as he himself says. The story is about how a dangerous, deadly mission in the depths of Afghanistan leads to the discovery of an amazing weight loss system that would later save the life of an obese 43-year-old woman, who nearly dropped dead after an intense running session. Interesting, I told ya! While on a mission in Afghanistan, a member of Kyle's team called Olsen, died because he was overweight and couldn't escape an explosion fast enough to save his life.Kyle was in charge of the fitness of his team, and he was already trying to get them in shape, so he blamed himself for the death of Olsen because he could have saved himself out if he had been in a fit shape. Kyle was still recovering from the bad news when he met a Korean medical student called Sam Pak. He knew what was wrong with Kyle, and began to explain a few weight loss facts that may be your first time to hear. He explained a condition called Metabolic Acidosis that can be the reason people above 30 and 40 find it a bit hard to lose weight. Metabolic Acidosis is an acidic buildup in the body which results in a slow metabolism and weak immune system, and it prevents fat burning in the stomach area. Afterwise, Sam gave Kyle a list of tips and herbs for weight loss that can be of great help to anyone over 30 and trying to lose weight, Kyle then turned those tips and herbs into the Complete Fat Decimator System book. Start Losing Weight Now!Is It Good For Me? That depends on a lot of givens. Firstly, your age. Losing weight becomes hard as we age. As mentioned before, this cheap Fat Decimator System becomes at its optimum when you are above 30. As you don't have the luxury of failing diets and dysfunctional weight loss programs that aren't actually made for your age group. Fat Decimator System also works for you if you're younger than that. Secondly, your mindset. The mindset is the most important thing when dieting. Because if you're not willing to change your lifestyle, then no diet will work for you. It's very important to have the will to become fit and safe on the health side. Knowing everything about this cheap Fat Decimator System will help you to determine whether it's a good choice for you or not. Reading this Fat Decimator System review is a good start for you. What Will Be Added To Your CartBefore you make the purchase, you need to know exactly what you're getting alongside the main book:List of herbs and minerals to remove toxins from the bodyRecipes of healthy smoothies,List of fruits and vegetables that should not be part of your diet.List of nutritious and healthy appetizersEffective techniques to lose 5 pounds in the first week3 Minute Belly Shrinker Video Series Then, of course, the Bonus part that you won't pay for! Fat-Burning Ice Cream Samples from Fit FreezeThe Fastest Weight Loss Week Action Plan100 Great-Tasting Green Smoothie Fat Loss RecipesPowerful Sex Foods and Stimulants3 Minute Belly Shrinker Video SeriesFree Copy of How to Reverse ArthritisFree Copy of The Calcium Lie 2 A Sneak Peak Inside Here is the part you've been reading this Fat Decimator System Review for! It's cheating but it's good if you wanna have a good idea about components of the book you're buying. High-Quality Protein Foods Protein is the main element in any diet, in fact, it's the base of many weight loss programs. Due to its fat burning and metabolism fastening properties. Your lucky protein is present in so many natural foods, but having a guide on what to eat and what to stay away from always helps. Also, high-quality protein is always preferred. This cheap Fat Decimator System includes a list of high-quality protein that boosts metabolism and builds muscle, so your fit body stays for the long term, and your body burns fats even when you're not moving or working out. Healthy Fats Fats is a scary word when you are trying to lose weight, that's sure. But fats are actually vital for the body in order to keep going, the healthy ones of them. The author of the best fat decimator system made sure to include a list of foods that contain healthy fats that should be included in the diet. Don't worry, all the foods are easily affordable and available in all countries. Vitamins And Nutrients The diet was originally made for soldiers, so the author made sure to provide more than enough information about vitamins and nutrients that will keep you sharp and focused, in order to avoid the normal energy downfall that happens to people when they diet. The book shows you all the foods that are rich in vitamins and nutrients, and they are not expensive at all. No Low-Carb Diet Yes, you read it right. No more of those low carb diets that make you go hungry when you look at a piece of bread! One of the most important aspects of the best Fat Decimator System is keeping you healthy, and cutting off carbs is not the way to do that. The only way to get energy for the body to function correctly is through carbs, it's just important to get them from the right source and in the right amounts. That's what the book shows you. Chapters of the Fat Decimator System : Rapid Weight LossWhy 3 Weeks?21 Days to make a HabitThe Truth About Weight LossHow We Get FatHow to Get ThinNutrientsFiberFruits and VegetablesThe Miracle FiberProtein, Fat and CarbohydratesWaterMetabolismWays to Rapidly Accelerate Fat LossRules of Fat LossHow to Increase Catecholamines and Lower InsulinReducing Calories the Right WayReduced Carbohydrate IntakeStarvation ModeExerciseStubborn Body FatFat Burning Supplements Excited yet? Order your Fat Decimator System now for an exclusive offer and a handful of free bonuses! —> www.fatdecimator.com

[spa] - Introducción. Este trabajo versa sobre todo lo vinculado a la Intendencia del ejército y reino de Mallorca dentro del marco cronológico que va desde el reinado de Felipe V hasta el final del de Carlos III, dando a conocer tanto su funcionamiento y problemática como a los individuos vinculados a ella, siempre conectados al contexto administrativo, económico, militar y social insular. - Contenido de la investigación En esta tesis se estudia la implantación de la intendencia, con el proceso de tránsito y la imbricación de las nuevas piezas en el espacio de Mallorca e Ibiza y pasando después al estudio de la evolución de la institución a lo largo del siglo, estableciendo etapas y analizando su funcionamiento y la coordinación de sus distintos elementos. Asimismo, se estudian las áreas jurisdiccionales del intendente, con sus respectivas competencias, incluyendo su faceta como corregidor y valorando su débil implicación en el Ayuntamiento, así como el papel y el funcionamiento de la Contaduría y la Tesorería del ejército, conectadas a las cuestiones presupuestarias y relacionadas con la economía del territorio insular, incluyendo los distintos modelos de gestión y los agentes económicos que intervienen. Los protagonistas también son presentados, tanto intendentes como contadores y tesoreros, y otros agentes cuyo papel es fundamental, valorando los problemas a los que se enfrentaron y los conflictos que se desarrollaron con otras instituciones, así como las relaciones sociales y de poder que se dieron. - Conclusiones. La intendencia de Mallorca puede considerarse de segundo orden y un destino poco atractivo. Entre 1715 y 1788 dieciséis individuos diferentes se encargaron de la intendencia ( y del corregimiento entre 1718 y 1772). De ellos, tan sólo 9 fueron titulares, mientras que los demás ejercieron como interinos, y de hecho tan sólo el 60% de los intendentes nombrados llegaron a ocupar esta intendencia, porcentaje similar al de los contadores y tesoreros, los otros dos componentes del tridente gestor. La mayor parte de lo ingresado en las arcas de la tesorería se destinaba al mantenimiento de la militarización de Mallorca e Ibiza y provenía fundamentalmente de dos rentas: Tabaco y Real Patrimonio, seguidas por un grupo más variable como era el formado por Aduanas, Salinas, Talla y Aguardiente. Los impuestos más polémicos, la talla y el de utensilios fueron objeto de quejas, retrasos e impagos. Desde la década de los años 60 los ingresos mejoraron debido a factores como la tranquilidad institucional, la gestión por administración directa de las rentas, los beneficios generados por la renta del tabaco y la existencia de movimientos económicos positivos en las islas. El nuevo sistema borbónico sistema guardará en su interior algunos signos de identidad anteriores, y de hecho, la endogamia administrativa, la formación de sagas familiares que controlaban la gestión económica de las rentas y el desarrollo de alianzas entre los delegados de la Administración central y algunos linajes insulares provocaron que con el paso de los años se viesen más similitudes de las esperadas respecto a las redes sociales y de poder que se tejieron en el período de los Austrias. La opción de la estabilidad frente a la transparencia fue la escogida por la Administración central, y el mejor paradigma lo encontramos en Ibiza, espacio relegado a un plano residual hasta la década de los ochenta, donde se permitió que un linaje asumiese la subdelegación de la intendencia y la gestión económica de la isla desde 1718 y hasta entrado el siglo XIX. ; [eng] - Introduction. This doctoral thesis deals with everything related to the Administration of the intendancy of the army and kingdom of Mallorca, within the timeframe that runs from the reign of Philip V to the end of Carlos III one, revealing both its operation and problematic as well as the individuals linked to it, always connected to the insular administrative, economic, military and social context. - Research content. This work studies the implementation of the intendancy system, with the process of transition and the overlapping of the new parts in the space of Majorca and Ibiza, going then to the study of the evolution of the institution throughout the century, establishing stages and analyzing their functioning and the coordination of its elements. Also, it evaluates the jurisdictional areas, with their respective powers, including his role as corregidor and reviewing his weak involvement in the Town Hall matters. The role and function of the Accountant's Office and of the Army Treasury as well as the budget issues regarding to them are also discussed, linking all of it to the economy of the island territory, including different management models and economic agents involved in them. The protagonists are also presented: intendants, main accountants and army treasurers, as well as other agents whose role was essential. Finally, it analyses the problems to they faced and the conflicts that were developed with other institutions, as well as social relations and power that existed. - Conclusions. The intendancy of Mallorca can be considered of second-order and an unattractive destination. Between 1715 and 1788 sixteen different individuals took care of it (and also of the corregimiento, from 1718 to 1772). Of these, only 9 were titular, while the others exercised as interim, and in fact, only the 60% of those destined to this intendancy came to occupy it, a similar percentage to accountants and treasurers, the other two components of the trident that took care of the intendancy management. Most of what entered into the coffers of the treasury was spent on the maintenance of the militarization of Majorca and Ibiza, and came mainly from two incomes: Tobacco and Real Heritage, followed by a more variable group as was the formed by customs, salt, the talla, and brandy. The most controversial taxes, the talla and the utensils tax, were the subject of complaints, delays and defaults. Since the early 60's, the revenue improved due to factors such as institutional peace, the income management by direct administration method, the profits generated by the tobacco and the existence of positive economic movements in the islands. The new Bourbon system will save inside itself some signs of previous identity, and in fact, the administrative inbreeding, the formation of family sagas that controlled the economic management of the revenues and the development of partnerships among the delegates of the central government and some lineages of the islands meant over the years more similarities than expected, regarding social and power networks that were woven into the period of the Hapsburgs. The stability was chosen by the central government in front of the transparency: the best paradigm is found in Ibiza, a space relegated to a residual level until the eighties, where it was also allowed that a family assume the subdelegation of the intendancy and the economic management of the island since 1718 and even into the nineteenth century. ; [cat] - Introducció. Aquest treball versa sobre tot el vinculat a la Intendència de l'exèrcit i regne de Mallorca dins el marc cronològic que va des del regnat de Felip V fins al final del de Carles III, donant a conèixer tant el seu funcionament i problemàtica com als individus vinculats a ella, sempre connectats al context administratiu, econòmic, militar i social insular. -Contingut de la investigació. En aquesta tesi doctoral s'estudia la implantació de la intendència, amb el procés de trànsit i la imbricació de les noves peces a l'espai de Mallorca i Eivissa, passant després a l'estudi de l'evolució de la institució al llarg del segle, establint diferents etapes, analitzant el seu funcionament i la coordinació dels seus elements. Així mateix, s'estudien les àrees judicials de l'intendent, amb les seves respectives competències, incloent la seva faceta com a corregidor i valorant la seva implicació a l'Ajuntament, així com el paper i el funcionament de la Comptadoria i la Tresoreria de l'exèrcit, amb les qüestions pressupostàries relacionades amb l'economia del territori insular, incloent els diferents models de gestió i els diversos agents econòmics que hi intervenen. També es presenta als protagonistes, tant intendents com comptadors i tresorers, i a altres agents el paper dels quals és fonamental, valorant els problemes als quals es van enfrontar i els conflictes que es van desenvolupar amb altres institucions, així com les relacions socials i de poder que es varen donar. - Conclusions. La intendència de Mallorca pot considerar-se de segon ordre i un destí poc atractiu. Entre 1715 i 1788 setze individus diferents s'ocuparen de la intendència de l'exèrcit i regne de Mallorca (i del corregiment entre 1718 i 1772), bé com a titulars o bé de forma interina. D'ells, tan sols 9 van ser titulars, mentre que els altres van exercir com a interins, i de fet tan sols el 60% dels intendents nomenats van arribar a ocupar aquesta intendència, percentatge similar al dels comptadors i tresorers, els altres dos components del trident gestor. La major part del que s'ingressava en les arques de la tresoreria es destinava al manteniment de la militarització de Mallorca i Eivissa i provenia fonamentalment de dues rendes: Tabac i Reial Patrimoni, seguides per un grup més variable com era el format per Duanes, Salines, Talla i Aiguardent. Els impostos més polèmics, la talla i el de utensilis van ser objecte de queixes, retards i impagaments. Des de la dècada dels anys 60 els ingressos van millorar a causa de factors com la tranquil·litat institucional, la gestió per administració directa de les rendes, els beneficis generats per la renda del tabac i l'existència de moviments econòmics positius a les illes. El nou sistema borbònic guardarà en el seu interior alguns signes d'identitat anteriors, i de fet, l'endogàmia administrativa, la formació de sagues familiars que controlaven la gestió econòmica de les rendes i el desenvolupament d'aliances entre els delegats de l'Administració central i alguns llinatges insulars van provocar que amb el pas dels anys es veiessin més similituds de les esperades respecte a les xarxes socials i de poder que s'havien teixit en el període dels Àustries. L'opció de l'estabilitat enfront de la transparència va ser l'escollida per l'Administració central i el millor paradigma el trobem a Eivissa, espai relegat a un pla residual fins a la dècada dels vuitanta, on es va permetre que un llinatge assumís la subdelegació de la intendència i la gestió econòmica de l'illa des de 1718 i fins entrat el segle XIX.

David J. Caswell (" Analysis of National Strategies to Counter a Country's Nuclear Weapons Program ") is an officer in the U.S. Air Force and a research affiliate with the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University. David has served in various positions ranging from operational simulation development to operations analysis for national intelligence. He currently serves as an operations analyst in support of regional air and space employment in the Pacific. David received his Ph.D. in management science and engineering at Stanford University. His current research continues to apply computer science and operations research methods for gaining insights for nuclear policy and other international security issues. Address: http://www.stanford.edu/group/ERRG/davidc1.htm ; e-mail: david.caswell33@gmail.com . Kjell Hausken (" Governments' and Terrorists' Defense and Attack in a T-Period Game ") has since 1999 been a professor of economics and societal safety at the University of Stavanger, Norway. His research fields are strategic interaction, risk analysis, reliability, conflict, and terrorism. He holds a Ph.D. (thesis: "Dynamic Multilevel Game Theory") from the University of Chicago (1990–1994), and was a postdoc at the Max Planck Institute for the Studies of Societies (Cologne) from 1995 to 1998 and a visiting scholar at Yale School of Management from 1989 to 1990. He holds a doctorate program degree in administration from the Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, and an M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from the Norwegian Institute of Technology. He completed military service at the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, has published 110 articles, and is on the editorial board for Theory and Decision and Defence and Peace Economics. Address: Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Stavanger, N-4036 Stavanger, Norway; e-mail: kjell.hausken@uis.no . Ronald A. Howard (" Analysis of National Strategies to Counter a Country's Nuclear Weapons Program ") is a professor of management science and engineering in the School of Engineering at Stanford University. Professor Howard directs teaching and research in the Decision Analysis Program of the department, and is the director of the Decisions and Ethics Center, which examines the efficacy and ethics of social arrangements. He defined the profession of decision analysis in 1964 and has supervised more than 80 doctoral theses in decision analysis and related areas. His experience includes dozens of decision analysis projects that range over virtually all fields of application, from investment planning to research strategy, and from hurricane seeding to nuclear waste isolation. He has been a consultant to several companies and was a founding director and chairman of Strategic Decisions Group. He is president of the Decision Education Foundation, which he and colleagues founded to teach decision skills to young people. He has written four books, dozens of technical papers, and provided editorial service to seven technical journals. His society affiliations have included the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (Fellow); The Institute of Management Sciences, which he served as president, and the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS) (Fellow). Continuing research interests are improving the quality of decisions, life-and-death decision making, and the creation of a coercion-free society. In 1986 he received the Frank P. Ramsey Medal "for Distinguished Contributions in Decision Analysis" from the Decision Analysis Special Interest Group of the Operations Research Society of America (the predecessor to the Decision Analysis Society of INFORMS). In 1998 he received from INFORMS the first award for the Teaching of Operations Research/Management Science Practice. In 1999 he was elected to the National Academy of Engineering. Address: Management Science and Engineering, Huang Engineering Center, 475 Via Ortega, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4121; e-mail: rhoward@stanford.edu . Joseph B. ("Jay") Kadane (" Partial-Kelly Strategies and Expected Utility: Small Edge Asymptotics ") is Leonard J. Savage University Professor of Statistics and Social Sciences, Emeritus, at Carnegie Mellon University. He received a B.S. in mathematics from Harvard and a Ph.D. in statistics from Stanford. He was recently elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. His theoretical interests center on subjective Bayesian theory. His current applied interests include Internet security, medicine, law, physics, marketing, and air pollution. He serves as an expert witness in legal cases. His most recent book is Principles of Uncertainty, which is scheduled to be released in May 2011 by Chapman and Hall and will be available free on the Web for any noncommercial purpose. Address: Department of Statistics, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; e-mail: kadane@stat.cmu.edu . Konstantinos V. Katsikopoulos (" Psychological Heuristics for Making Inferences: Definition, Performance, and the Emerging Theory and Practice ") holds a Ph.D. in industrial engineering and operations research from the University of Massachusetts Amherst and is currently a senior research scientist at the Center for Adaptive Behavior and Cognition of the Max Planck Institute for Human Development. He has been a visiting assistant professor of operations research at the Naval Postgraduate School and of systems engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He has made contributions to the theory of bounded rationality and its applications to decisions "in the wild" in fields such as engineering design and medicine. Address: Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195 Berlin, Germany; e-mail: katsikop@mpib-berlin.mpg.de . L. Robin Keller (" Investment and Defense Strategies, Heuristics, and Games: From the Editor … ") is a professor of operations and decision technologies in the Merage School of Business at the University of California, Irvine. She received her Ph.D. and M.B.A. in management science and her B.A. in mathematics from the University of California, Los Angeles. She has served as a program director for the Decision, Risk, and Management Science Program of the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF). Her research is on decision analysis and risk analysis for business and policy decisions and has been funded by NSF and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Her research interests cover multiple attribute decision making, riskiness, fairness, probability judgments, ambiguity of probabilities or outcomes, risk analysis (for terrorism, environmental, health, and safety risks), time preferences, problem structuring, cross-cultural decisions, and medical decision making. She is currently Editor-in-Chief of Decision Analysis, published by the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS). She is a Fellow of INFORMS and has held numerous roles in INFORMS, including board member and chair of the INFORMS Decision Analysis Society. She is a recipient of the George F. Kimball Medal from INFORMS. She has served as the decision analyst on three National Academy of Sciences committees. Address: The Paul Merage School of Business, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3125; e-mail: lrkeller@uci.edu . Jeryl L. Mumpower (" Playing Squash Against Ralph Keeney: Should Weaker Players Always Prefer Shorter Games? ") is Director of the Master of Public Service and Administration Program at the Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas A&M University, where he holds the Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long Chair in Business and Public Policy. Previously he was at the Nelson A. Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and Policy, State University of New York at Albany, where he was a professor of public administration, public policy, public health, and information science and served in a variety of University-level administrative positions. His previous experience includes six years as a program director and policy analyst at the National Science Foundation. Mumpower received his B.A. from the College of William and Mary and his Ph.D. in social and quantitative psychology from the University of Colorado, Boulder. He is author or editor of nine books and more than 50 book chapters and articles. His research has addressed basic and applied topics in negotiation and bargaining, environmental policy, individual and group decision-making processes, the use of scientific expertise in public policy making, and risk analysis and management. Address: Bush School of Government and Public Service, Texas A&M University, 1092 Allen Building, 4220 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4220; e-mail: jmumpower@bushschool.tamu.edu . M. Elisabeth Paté-Cornell (" Analysis of National Strategies to Counter a Country's Nuclear Weapons Program ") is the Burt and Deedee McMurtry Professor and Chair, Department of Management Science and Engineering at Stanford University. Her specialty is engineering risk analysis with application to complex systems (including space systems and medical systems). Her research has focused on explicit consideration of human and organizational factors in the analysis of failure risks and, recently, on the use of game theory in risk analysis. Applications in the last few years have included counterterrorism and nuclear counterproliferation problems. She is a member of the National Academy of Engineering and of several boards (Aerospace, Draper, InQtel, etc.). She was a member of the President's Intelligence Advisory Board until December 2008. She holds an engineer degree (Applied Math/CS) from the Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble (France), and an M.S. in Operations Research and a Ph.D. in Engineering-Economic Systems, both from Stanford University. Address: Management Science and Engineering, Huang Engineering Center, 475 Via Ortega, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4121; e-mail: mep@stanford.edu . Jun Zhuang (" Governments' and Terrorists' Defense and Attack in a T-Period Game ") is an assistant professor of industrial and systems engineering at the University at Buffalo, the State University of New York. He has been a faculty member at SUNY Buffalo since he obtained his Ph.D. in summer 2008 from the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Dr. Zhuang's long-term research goal is to integrate operations research and game theory to better prepare for, mitigate, and manage both natural and man-made hazards. Other areas of interests include health care, transportation, logistics and supply chain management, and sustainability. Dr. Zhuang's research has been supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation, and by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security through the Center for Risk and Economic Analysis of Terrorism Events. Address: Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, 403 Bell Hall, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260; e-mail: jzhuang@buffalo.edu .

El presente trabajo investiga las relaciones exteriores del Estado tarasco en el occidente de México en el postclásico tardío. Por medio del estudio de los contactos exteriores, la naturaleza del Estado tarasco mismo puede ser determinada de manera más detallada, especialmente la cuestión si forma parte del área cultural de Mesoamérica y qué tan intensos fueron los intercambios con otras regiones mesoamericanas. Aparte del análisis de los contactos con grupos y regiones dentro de Mesoamérica – tal como otras regiones del occidente, los mexicas y regiones mesoamericanas más alejadas – es importante también incluir los contactos con Aridoamérica y Centro- y Sudamérica. En general, el conocimiento sobre el Estado tarasco, especialmente comparándolo con el mexica, es aún fragmentario. Ya que también en cuanto a los contactos exteriores, la disponibilidad de datos y fuentes es difícil, en el presente trabajo se elige un enfoque interdisciplinario. Se utilizan datos y métodos de la historia y arqueología, además de conocimientos y datos de la lingüística, y, en menor medida, de la geografía. El trabajo se basa principalmente en un análisis extenso de literatura, fuentes históricas y reportes de excavación. Se discute de manera amplia la a veces difícil compatibilidad de los discursos que generan las diferentes fuentes. A pesar de unas críticas fundamentales, sobre todo en cuanto a la operacionalización, la teoría del sistema mundo en su modificación por Smith y Berdan se califica como el mejor acercamiento. Después de una primera parte introductoria, en la parte central los contactos exteriores del Estado tarasco son analizados separados por región y se incluye también un capítulo acerca de las relaciones entre los diferentes grupos dentro del Estado. A seguir, las implicaciones de éstos análisis son expuestas y antes de las conclusiones se presentan algunas perspectivas para la época de la conquista española. El trabajo trae algunos resultados nuevos y confirma algunos hipótesis que ya habían sido formuladas de manera aislada desde antes. Así, la unidad política en Michoacán en el postclásico tardío puede ser definida como un Estado imperial y hegemonial con algunas tendencias territoriales, y podría también ser denominado como sistema arcáico de bienes de prestigio según Breuer. La fuerte fragmentación sociocultural y lingüística del Estado se percibe claramente en las fuentes; en cuanto a esto se discute de manera crítica si los diferentes grupos realmente pueden ser denominados como grupos étnicos y/o si otras percepciones de pertenencia fueron mucho más importantes. En cuanto a las relaciones exteriores, el Estado tarasco sigue una larga tradición del occidente de México de intercambios con Aridoamérica y el Centro de México además de las relaciones entre las diferentes regiones occidentales. Particularmente las relaciones con el Estado mexica (en términos político-militares) y con otras regiones del occidente de México (sobre todo en cuanto a la economía) tenían especial importancia para el Estado tarasco. Los contactos con otras regiones mesoamericanas fueron mucho menos intensos. Los contactos con Centro- y Sudamérica hasta ahora no pueden ser probadas de manera definitiva, a pesar de que existen numerosos indicios, sobre todo para el preclásico. Sin embargo, los datos apuntan a que en el postclásico tardío su importancia directa disminuyó notablemente. No obstante, tenían una importancia indirecta para el Estado tarasco, ya que probablemente aún antes de la emergencia del Estado tarasco, llegó por esta vía la metalurgia al occidente de México. Las relaciones con otros grupos y regiones fueron interdependientes entre sí. El análisis de los contactos exteriores muestra que tanto la élite tarasca como otros grupos en el Estado tarasco pueden ser denominadas claramente como mesoamericanos. El Estado tarasco fue parte del multicéntrico mundo mesoamericano del postclásico en los aspectos culturales, políticos y económicos. Para concluir se puede afirmar que el presente trabajo es el primer análisis completo y detallado de los contactos exteriores del Estado tarasco. Por medio de la colección, análisis y evaluación de un gran número de datos de diferentes tipos de fuentes que a menudo es de difícil acceso y que no ha sido publicado no sólo se ha aumentado y reevaluado el conocimiento de este aspecto particular del Estado tarasco sino también en cuanto a otros aspectos más generales. ; Außenkontakte des taraskischen Staates: Einflüsse von ausser- und innerhalb Mesoamerikas Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die Außenbeziehungen des westmexikanischen taraskischen Staates in der späten Postklassik. Durch die Untersuchung der Außenkontakte kann die Beschaffenheit des taraskischen Staates selbst genauer bestimmt werden, insbesondere die Frage, ob es sich hierbei um einen Teil der Kulturregion Mesoamerikas handelte und wie stark der Austausch mit anderen mesoamerikanischen Regionen war. Neben der Analyse der Kontakte zu Gruppen und Regionen innerhalb Mesoamerikas, etwa weiteren Regionen in Westmexiko, den Azteken und entfernteren Regionen Mesoamerikas, ist hierbei auch die Einbeziehung der Kontakte nach Aridamerika sowie Zentral- und Südamerika von Bedeutung. Insgesamt ist der Kenntnisstand über den taraskischen Staat, insbesondere im Vergleich zu den Azteken, noch fragmentarisch. Da die Daten- und Quellenlage auch in Bezug auf die Außenkontakte schwierig ist, wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit eine interdisziplinäre Herangehensweise gewählt. Es werden Daten und Methoden der Geschichte und Archäologie genutzt, die durch Erkenntnisse und Daten der Linguistik und, in geringerem Maße, der Geografie ergänzt werden. Im Zentrum steht dabei eine umfassende Literaturrecherche, die Auswertung von historischen Quellen sowie von Grabungsberichten. Die teils schwierige Vereinbarkeit der von den unterschiedlichen Quellen generierten Diskurse wird ausführlich diskutiert. Trotz einiger grundsätzlicher Kritikpunkte, insbesondere im Bereich der Operationalisierung, wird die Weltsystemtheorie in der Modifikation nach Smith und Berdan als die beste Herangehensweise bewertet. Nach einem ersten einführenden Teil werden im Hauptteil die Außenkontakte des taraskischen Staates getrennt nach Region untersucht, wobei auch die Beziehungen zwischen verschiedenen Gruppen innerhalb des Staates ein Kapitel einnehmen. Anschließend werden die Implikationen der Analyse dargelegt und vor dem Fazit ein Ausblick auf die Zeit nach der spanischen Eroberung gegeben. Die Arbeit liefert einige neue Erkenntnisse und bestätigte bereits vereinzelt formulierte Hypothesen. So ließ sich die politische Einheit in Michoacán in der späten Postklassik als imperialer Hegemonialstaat mit einigen territorialen Tendenzen bestimmen, der auch als archaisches Prestigegütersystem im Sinne von Breuer bezeichnet werden könnte. Die starke soziokulturelle und sprachliche Fragmentierung des Staates tritt in der Quellenanalyse klar zutage, wobei kritisch hinterfragt wird, ob die unterschiedlichen Gruppen tatsächlich als ethnische Gruppen bezeichnet werden können und ob nicht anders definierte Zugehörigkeitsvorstellungen wesentlich wichtiger waren. In Bezug auf die Außenbeziehungen steht der taraskische Staat in Westmexiko in einer langen Austauschtradition mit Aridamerika und Zentralmexiko sowie innerhalb westmexikanischer Regionen. Besonders die Beziehungen zum aztekischen Staat (in politisch-militärischer Hinsicht) und in andere Teile Westmexikos (vor allem bezüglich der Ökonomie) waren für den taraskischen Staat von besonderer Bedeutung. Kontakte in andere Regionen Mesoamerikas waren wesentlich schwächer ausgeprägt. Die Kontakte nach Zentral- und Südamerika lassen sich trotz vieler Hinweise, insbesondere in der Präklassik, bislang nicht eindeutig belegen, die Datenlage lässt jedoch den Schluss zu, dass sie in der späten Postklassik an direkter Bedeutung verloren haben. Sie waren jedoch indirekt für den taraskischen Staat wichtig, als sie vermutlich bereits vor dessen Entstehung die Kenntnisse der Metallverarbeitung nach Westmexiko brachten. Die Beziehungen zu den verschiedenen Gruppen und Regionen waren interdependent. Die Analyse der Außenkontakte zeigt, dass sowohl die taraskische Elite als auch andere Gruppen im taraskischen Staat eindeutig als mesoamerikanisch zu bezeichnen sind. Der taraskische Staat war kulturell, politisch und ökonomisch Teil der multizentrischen postklassischen mesoamerikanischen Welt. Abschließend lässt sich sagen, dass die vorliegende Arbeit die erste umfassende und detaillierte Untersuchung der Außenkontakte des taraskischen Staates darstellt. Durch die Sammlung, Bewertung und Einordnung einer sehr großen Anzahl von Daten aus verschiedenen, oft unveröffentlichten und schwer zugänglichen Quellentypen wurde nicht nur das Wissen über diesen Aspekt des taraskischen Staates stark erweitert, sondern auch der Kenntnisstand zu anderen Teilaspekten erhöht und neu bewertet. ; External contacts of the Tarascan State: influences from Mesoamerica and beyond The present study examines the external relations of the West Mexican Tarascan State in the late postclassic. Through the analysis of the external contacts, the nature of the Tarascan State itself can be defined more precisely, in particular the question whether it formed part of the culture area Mesoamerica and how important the exchange with other Mesoamerican regions was. Besides the investigation of the contacts to other groups and regions inside Mesoamerica – as for example other regions in Westmexico, the Aztecs and more distant regions of Mesoamerica – the contacts to Arid America and Central and South America are also included due to their importance. Overall, the state of knowledge about the Tarascan State, especially in comparison to that of the Aztecs, is still fragmentary. Since the current state of source and data material is difficult also regarding the external contacts, the present study chooses an interdisciplinary approach. Data and methods of history and archaeology are used and are supplemented by data and knowledge from the field of linguistics, and, to a lesser degree, geography. The focus lays upon an extensive research in secondary literature, evaluation of historical sources and excavation reports. The sometimes difficult reconciling of the discourses generated by the different sources is discussed in detail. Despite some fundamental criticism, particularly regarding the aspect of operationalisation, the world system theory as modified by Smith and Berdan is seen as the best approach. After a first introductory section, the main part examines the external contacts of the Tarascan State separately by region, also dedicating one chapter to the relations between the different groups within the State. Subsequently, the implications of the analysis and an outlook to the period of the Spanish Conquest are presented and precede the conclusion. The thesis provides some new insights and confirms some hypotheses that already have been formulated sporadically. Thus the political unit in Michoacan in the late Postclassic can be defined as an imperial and hegemonial state with some territorial tendencies which could also be described as an archaic system of prestige goods as defined by Breuer. The strong socio-cultural and linguistic fragmentation of the state is clearly evident in the analysis of the sources; whereby it is discussed critically whether the different groups can actually be described as ethnic groups and whether or not otherwise defined notions of belonging were more important. With regard to the external relationships, the Tarascan State stood in a long West Mexican tradition of exchanges with Central Mexico and Arid America as well as within different West Mexican regions. Particularly relations with the Aztec State (in military-political terms) and with other parts of West Mexico (especially regarding the economy) were of special importance for the Tarascan State. Contacts to other regions of Mesoamerica were far less significant. The contacts to Central and South America can until now not be proven with certainty, despite a great number of indicators, especially for the preclassic. However, the data indicate that they lost direct relevance in the late postclassic. Though, they were indirectly important for the Tarascan State, as they probably brought metallurgy to West Mexico before the emergence of the Tarascan State. Relations with the different groups and regions were interdependent. The analysis of the external contacts shows that both the Tarascan elite and other groups in the Tarascan State can be clearly identified as Mesoamerican. The Tarascan State was culturally, politically and economically part of the multicentric postclassic Mesoamerican world. In conclusion, the present study represents the first comprehensive and detailed analysis of the external contacts of the Tarascan State. Through the collection, evaluation and classification of a very large number of data from different, often unpublished sources of difficult access, not only the knowledge about this special aspect is greatly expanded, but also the state of knowledge about other sub-issues is raised and re-evaluated.

AMÉRICA LATINA Sismo de 7 grados sacude a Perú.Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-08/25/content_13187018.htm http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2090225,00.html http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/sismo-de-per_10216084-4 http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/44259858/ns/world_news-americas/ http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1400434-alarma-en-peru-por-un-poderoso-sismo-de-7-grados http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/25/world/americas/25briefs-chile.html?ref=world La huelga nacional en Chile comienza con barricadas, violencia y cierres de avenidas.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-14660857 http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/huelga/nacional/Chile/comienza/barricadas/cierres/avenidas/elpepuint/20110824elpepuint_8/Tes http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/centenares-de-detenidos-en-chile_10220686-4 http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/788578.html http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/44257541/ns/world_news-americas/ http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2090306,00.htmlCentroamérica y el Caribe debaten un frente común contra el crimen.Para más información: http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Centroamerica/Caribe/debaten/frente/comun/crimen/elpepiint/20110820elpepiint_7/TesTrinidad y Tobago declara estados de emergencia por violencia.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-14627050 http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/25/world/americas/25trinidad.html?ref=worldNicaragua arranca una campaña electoral marcada por la tensión.Para más información: http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Nicaragua/arranca/campana/electoral/marcada/tension/elpepiint/20110822elpepiint_4/TesHugo Chávez ordena nacionalizar la explotación de oro en Venezuela.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/chvez-ordena-nacionalizar-la-explotacin-de-oro-en-venezuela_10211748-4 Escuchas telefónicas de ex presidente colombiano son centro de investigación.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/americas/08/18/colombia.wiretapping.hearing/index.htmlCosta Rica hace frente a bandas de narcotraficantes.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-14627046Correa culmina la depuración de la policía de Ecuador.Para más información: http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Correa/culmina/depuracion/policia/Ecuador/elpepiint/20110818elpepiint_4/TesColombia y Honduras unen esfuerzos contra el narcotráfico.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-14605759"Miami Herald" analiza cómo los cambios en la economía mundial podrían modificar el escenario brasileño.Para más información: http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/08/18/2365534/global-economic-slowdown-may-prompt.html#ixzz1W4RHr4nnNicaragua daría asilo a Gadafi si lo pide, dice asesor presidencial.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/africa/nicaragua-y-ecuador-apoyan-a-gadafi_10214224-4 Más de mil evacuados en República Dominicana por huracán Irene.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/huracn-irene_10207286-4ESTADOS UNIDOS / CANADÁ Costa este de Estados Unidos es sacudida por sismo de magnitud 5,9.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-14662468 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/temblor-en-estados-unidos_10210064-4Estado de emergencia en Estados Unidos por el huracán Irene.Para más información: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/788573.html http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/08/24/2374165/11amupdate-irene-hurricane-watch.html http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1400404-el-huracan-irene-amenaza-la-costa-este-de-eeuu http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/americas/08/24/tropical.weather/index.html http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/paso-de-irene-por-bahamas-y-llegada-a-ee-uu_10221984-4 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-14641567Estados Unidos y la Unión Europea piden a la ONU sanciones para Siria.Para más información: http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/EE/UU/UE/piden/ONU/sanciones/Siria/elpepuint/20110824elpepuint_1/Tes"The Economist" analiza situación de la oposición canadiense tras la muerte de Jack Layton.Para más información: http://www.economist.com/node/21526900 Pentágono advierte posibles problemas con una China militarmente cada vez más fuerte.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/US/08/24/pentagon.china/index.html http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/25/world/25military.html?ref=world http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2011/08/24/la-chine-renforce-son-arsenal-nucleaire-selon-le-pentagone_1563127_3216.html http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-china-military-20110825,0,4831402.story http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-14661027 EUROPALa Unión Europea impone sanciones a Irán y Siria.Para más información: http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-iran-eu-sanctions-20110825,0,7642543.story http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/25/world/middleeast/25syria.html?ref=worldSarkozy propone nuevas medidas impositivas para hacer frente a la crisis.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/25/world/europe/25france.html?ref=world"The Economist" presenta artículo sobre la situación económica en España.Para más información: http://www.economist.com/blogs/newsbook/2011/08/spains-economyEl temor regresa con fuerza a los mercados bursátiles europeos.Para más información: http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/temor/regresa/fuerza/mercados/bursatiles/europeos/elpepueco/20110818elpepueco_3/TesEl dictador norcoreano Kim Jong Il visita Rusia y se reúne con Medvedev.Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-08/23/content_13178765.htm http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/44252494/ns/world_news-asia_pacific/ http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-08/24/content_13187015.htm http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/europe/08/24/russia.north.korea.talks/index.html http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-north-korea-russia-20110825,0,793378.storyMerkel encabeza la lista de las mujeres más poderosas del mundo.Para más información: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/44231768/ns/business-forbes_com/El ex director del FMI Strauss-Kahn queda en libertad.Para más información: http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Strauss-Kahn/queda/libertad/elpepiint/20110824elpepiint_11/Tes http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/europe/08/23/france.dsk.reaction/index.html http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/08/25/dsk-la-justice-americaine-n-est-pas-si-folle_1563198_3232.htmlSe conmemoran dos décadas de la independencia rusa.Para más información: http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2090122,00.html#ixzz1W3exzdLC http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Desilusion/frustracion/decadas/despues/elpepuint/20110819elpepuint_11/TesDetenido un ex alto cargo de la Policía rusa por su implicación en el asesinato de la periodista Anna Politkovskaya.Para más información: http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Detenido/ex/alto/cargo/Policia/rusa/implicacion/asesinato/Anna/Politkovskaya/elpepuint/20110824elpepuint_3/Tes http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/44246475/ns/world_news-europe/Enfrentamiento político entre socialistas y conservadores en Grecia. Para más información: http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-greece-politics-20110818,0,3290734.storyCriminal de guerra se enfrenta al Tribunal Penal Internacionalpara la exYugoslavia.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/europe/08/24/netherlands.war.crimes.suspect/index.htmlItalia enfrenta obstáculos para implementar plan gubernamental de recortes.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/25/world/europe/25iht-italy25.html?ref=worldRusia suspende lanzamientos de cohetes Soyuz tras accidente.Para más información: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/788476.html http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/europe/08/24/russia.rocket/index.html http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/25/science/space/25space.html?ref=worldMultimillonarios franceses piden que les suban los impuestos.Para más información: http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/Multimillonarios/franceses/piden/les/suban/impuestos/elpepueco/20110823elpepueco_5/Tes ASIA- PACÍFICO/ MEDIO ORIENTE La ONU investiga las persistentes violaciones a los Derechos Humanos en Siria.Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-08/24/content_13187012.htm http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-syria-un-20110824,0,3072207.story Imágenes de satélite localizan fosas comunes en Siria.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/08/24/sudan.mass.graves/index.htmlLa oposición siria se une para reforzar la lucha contra El Asad.Para más información: http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/oposicion/siria/une/reforzar/lucha/Asad/elpepiint/20110824elpepiint_10/Tes http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14665113En peligro la frágil tregua entre Hamas e Israel.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/desmoronamiento-de-un-dbil-alto-el-fuego_10220384-4La oposición siria busca crear un Consejo Nacional para dirigir el país.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/meast/08/23/syria.un.resolution/index.html Varios medios analizan el futuro incierto de las revueltas de la "Primavera Árabe".Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/25/world/africa/25arab.html?_r=1&ref=world http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2011/08/25/aux-printemps-arabes-succederont-des-transitions-douloureuses_1563229_3212.htmlAyuno masivo como protesta a corrupción en India.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/08/24/india.protests/index.html http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/44260204/ns/world_news-south_and_central_asia/ http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/26/world/asia/26india.html?ref=world http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2090312,00.html#ixzz1W3fFQmvs http://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2011/08/indian-protests http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/788506.html Cuatro integrantes de las "Camisas Rojas" son encarcelados en Tailandia.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-14661034Corea del Norte y su desarrollo nuclear.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/25/world/europe/25siberia.html?ref=world http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-08/25/content_13187021.htm Desacuerdo político en Corea del Sur por implementación de políticas sociales.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/25/world/asia/25korea.html?ref=worldIrán sentencia a 2 estadounidenses a 8 años de prisión.Para más información: http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-0821-iran-hikers-20110820,0,996797.story http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/08/20/2367651/iran-sentences-2-american-men.html#ixzz1W4RBzQXeCoche bomba mata a 7 personas en Irak.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/25/world/middleeast/25ramadi.html?ref=worldLíder de la oposición de Myanmar se reúne con enviado estadounidense.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/25/world/asia/25briefs-Myanmar.html?ref=world Queman vivos a 10 pasajeros en autobús en Nueva Delhi, India.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/queman-vivos-a-10-pasajeros-en-autobs-en-nueva-delhi-india_10201684-4ÁFRICAEl fin de 40 años de dictadura en Libia.Para más información: http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/aviacion/OTAN/rastrea/todo/pais/busca/fuerzas/gadafistas/elpepiint/20110824elpepiint_3/Tes http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2090341,00.html http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/08/21/2368918/libyan-rebels-push-to-outskirts.html http://www.lemonde.fr/libye/article/2011/08/25/hotel-rixos-un-journaliste-raconte_1563615_1496980.html http://www.economist.com/node/21526892 http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/26/world/africa/nato-joins-hunt-for-qaddafi-gadhafi-gaddafi.html?ref=world http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/08/25/libya.war/index.html http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/africa/combates-en-libia_10221404-4 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14661783 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14662780Enfrentamientos tribales en Sudán del Sur dejan 600 muertos.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/africa/enfrentamientos-en-sudn_10206644-4 http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/44231022/ns/world_news-mideast_n_africa/ http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/enfrentamientos/tribales/Sudan/Sur/dejan/600/muertos/mes/despues/independencia/elpepuint/20110823elpepuint_7/TesContinúan los nefastos efectos de la hambruna en África.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-146599418 soldados son asesinados en Yemen.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/meast/08/23/yemen.attack/index.html OTRAS NOTICIASSegún informe de la ONU hay más de 12 millones de personas apátridas.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-14654066"El Universal" presenta su portal dedicado al cambio climático.Para más información: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/coberturas/cobertura3.html"The Economist" presenta su informe semanal: "Business this week".Para más información: http://www.economist.com/node/21526960

Over the last twenty years, there has been a large increase both in terms of number of interconnected hosts and in terms of link capacities. At the beginning of the ARPANET in 1969, more than forty years ago, there were four nodes, all located in the USA and connected with a link speed of 50 kilobits per second. In 1986, when the NSFNET, the network of the US universities, was created, the number of hosts was over a few thousands, but the backbone links' speeds were still of 56 kilobits per second. From that moment on, the growth in number of interconnected hosts and in link capacity has been exponential, thanks to the success of popular applications like the WWW and technological advances like SDH, SONET or DWDM in the fiber optics networks domain or like ATM and the DSL technologies derived from it. The current-day Internet interconnects billions of users (half a billion hosts in late 2006) all around the world, has a cumulated core links speed over several Terabits per second and access links up to 10 Gbps. Another fundamental technological change is also that nowadays, access links start having speeds in the same order of magnitude as the backbone link's speed. For instance, it is common to find data centers where the nodes are interconnected with 1 Gbps or 10 Gbps links and have a connection to the outside with a similar speed. This change is important as only a few connections would be necessary to cause saturation in the backbone. This situation is likely to spread as DSL technologies are gradually replaced by Fiber-To-The-Home (FTTH). 5 Mbps connections aggregated on OC48 (2.5 Gbps) links will then be replaced by 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps links aggregated over 10 Gbps links or less depending on the actual optical technology used in the access network. In such environments, high congestion levels might not be rare and might cause disruption to high-end applications. Lots of promising applications have emerged and would benefit from this increase in capacity like Video On Demand (VoD) that allows end-users to host their own high-definition movie entertainment whenever they want or scientific experiments that gather huge volumes of data (e.g. LHC) that need to be transported to computational facilities scattered all around the globe. The interaction of users with remote objects through the use of communication networks, also known as Telepresence, starts to have a paramount role in a variety of domains ranging from medical or military applications to space exploration. But these applications are still built on top of the very successful softwares or protocols like TCP and IP that were designed a long time ago for a context of low-speed networks. Their design was dictated by one goal: providing a robust and fair interconnection between existing networks. Now put in a high-speed networks context, these extremely robust and scalable protocols are still able to deliver but they are starting to show their limits in terms of performance, security, functionalities and flexibility. The most typical example is the quasi ``one-size-fits-all'' TCP protocol at the transport layer. This protocol was designed to provide a connection-oriented ``virtual circuit'' service for applications like remote login or file transfer. These two applications have two nearly conflicting sets of requirements: the first one needs a low delay and has low requirements for bandwidth while the second one mostly requires high bandwidth. Both require reliable transmissions. TCP was designed as a ``one-size-fits-all'' protocol but as the capacity of the links increased in the wired networks, as the intrinsic characteristics changed for the wireless networks and as the application requirements diverged, TCP is no longer able to scale up in performance. Multiple solutions have been proposed over time, but today's protocol designers have a large disadvantage over those forty years ago: making four similar computers interact is not exactly the same thing as designing a communicating software or protocol fit to be used by billions of vastly heterogeneous computers. Introducing change in a system of such a scale is problematic: it makes it very improbable to make a complete overnight migration of every element in the network, especially if it requires an upgrade of all physical equipments. Thus the change can only be gradual and as software updates in the end-hosts at the very edge of the networks, as it would be easier than changing core hardware elements. The fear to see congestion collapse events in the Internet as in the late 80s is coming back. Caused by too much traffic on crowded links leading to poor performance for everybody over long periods of time, it had advocated for the introduction of a congestion control mechanism in the transport protocol. If the new solutions are behaving selfishly when sharing the common resources (the links), this fear is grounded. It is then necessary to provide ways to assert if a given solution has the appropriate properties before allowing it to roam freely over a large-scale shared system. ; Au cours des vingt dernières années, c'est une évolution très rapide non seulement en termes de nombre d'éléments inter-connectés mais surtout en termes de capacités des liens qui a pu être constatée au sein des réseaux de communications. A la création du réseau ARPANET en 1969, il y a plus de quarante ans, quatre ordinateurs, tous situés aux États-Unis étaient connectés avec des liens avec un débit de 50 kilobits par seconde. En 1986, à la création du réseau des universités américaines, le NSFNET, le nombre de machines dépassait déjà plusieurs milliers mais le débit des liens de coeur était encore de 56 kilobits par seconde. A partir de ce moment, la croissance à la fois en termes de nombre d'éléments inter-connectés et de capacités des liens a été exponentielle, grâce au succès de nouvelles applications populaires comme le WWW ou les avancées technologiques comme SDH, SONET ou DWDM dans le domaine des réseaux de fibres optiques et ATM et les protocoles DSL qui en dérivent. L'Internet actuel interconnecte des milliards d'utilisateurs (un demi-milliard de machines fin 2006) répartis partout dans le monde, pouvant utiliser des liens de coeur dont les débits cumulés sont supérieurs à plusieurs Térabits par seconde et dont les liens d'accès peuvent atteindre jusqu'à 10 Gigabits par seconde. Une autre évolution technologique fondamentale est que, aujourd'hui, certains liens d'accès ont des débits du même ordre de grandeur que les débits des liens de coeur auxquels ils sont connectés. Il est aujourd'hui courant de trouver des fermes de serveurs où les noeuds sont interconnectés avec des liens à 1 Gbps ou 10 Gbps et qui ont une connexion vers l'extérieur avec un débit similaire. Cette modification est importante car désormais quelques connexions suffisent à provoquer une saturation des liens de coeur. Cette situation risque d'empirer au fur et à mesure du remplacement des technologies DSL par la Fibre-Jusqu'à-La-Maison (FTTH). Des connexions à 5 Mbps agrégées sur des liens OC48 (2.5 Gbps) vont alors être remplacées par des connexions à 100 Mbps, voire 1 Gbps, agrégées sur des liens à 10 Gbps, voire moins suivant la technologie optique utilisée sur le réseau d'accès. Il est fort probable que dans de tels environnements des niveaux de congestion élevés ne soient pas rares, engendrant des perturbations pour de nombreuses applications. Un grand nombre d'applications prometteuses ont émergé et pourraient bénéficier de capacités de communication accrues, comme par exemple la Vidéo-à-la-Demande (VoD) qui permet aux utilisateurs de regarder des films en haute définition chez eux quand ils le désirent ou les expériences scientifiques générant des quantités massives de données (comme le LHC) qui doivent être acheminées dans des centres de calcul répartis tout autour du globe. L'interaction d'utilisateurs avec des objets distants via un réseau de communication ou Téléprésence commence également à prendre un rôle prépondérant dans de nombreux domaines allant du médical au militaire en passant par l'exploration spatiale. Mais ces applications sont encore construites au dessus de logiciels ou de protocoles à succès comme TCP et IP, conçus il y a longtemps pour un contexte de réseaux bas-débit. Le conception était dirigé par un but principal: fournir une interconnexion robuste entre des réseaux existants. Plongés maintenant dans un contexte de réseaux très haut-débit, ces protocoles extrêmement robustes et capables de passer à l'échelle sont toujours en activité mais commencent à montrer leurs limites en termes de performance, sécurité, fonctionnalités et flexibilité. L'exemple le plus typique est TCP au niveau de la couche de transport. TCP a été conçu comme un protocole ``à tout faire'' mais à mesure que la capacité des liens augmente dans les réseaux fixes, que les caractéristiques intrinsèques changent pour les réseaux sans fils et que les besoins des applications divergent, TCP n'est plus capable de permettre une utilisation performante pour tous des capacités nominales des liens du réseau. De nombreuses solutions ont été proposées, mais les concepteurs de protocoles d'aujourd'hui ont un large désavantage par rapport à ceux d'il y a quarante ans. Faire fonctionner ensemble quatre machines identiques n'est pas exactement pareil que concevoir un logiciel de communication ou protocole susceptible d'être utilisé entre des milliards de machines hétérogènes. Apporter du changement dans un système d'une telle ampleur est problématique: il n'est pas possible d'envisager une migration massive du jour au lendemain surtout si des équipements physiques sont concernés. Le changement ne peut être que graduel et via des mises à jour logicielles dans les hôtes d'extrémité. La peur d'un effondrement de l'Internet dû à la congestion comme à la fin des années 80 resurgit. Causés par une surabondance de trafic réseau sur des liens saturés, ces troubles ont mis en avant la nécessité d'introduire un mécanisme de contrôle de congestion dans les protocoles de transport. Si les nouvelles solutions introduites se comportent de façon égoïste quand elles partagent une ressource commune (un lien), alors cette peur est fondée. Il est donc nécessaire de fournir des moyens de vérifier si une solution donnée possède les propriétés adéquates avant de l'introduire dans un système partagé à très large échelle.