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The article argues that political corruption is a system of corruption abuses (political corrupt actions). The research aim is the author's original approach to systematization of political corrupt actions, developing an original "corruption matrix of politics". It is stated that the large number of political corruption manifestations is caused both by the significant range of subjects of potential political corrupt actions (political parties, electoral alliances, election commissions, etc.), and by the spheres in which the corruption abuses may occur (party financing, electoral process, lobbying, judicature, etc.).The author-designed system of political corruption includes: 1) party corruption (violating the financing rules; making party decisions bypassing the mechanisms of intraparty democracy; creating "parties for sale"; selling high positions on party lists, which potentially allow getting a seat in parliament; using "fake donors" to bypass the limits on donations to parties, etc.); 2) electoral corruption (violating the rules of receiving money by electoral funds; various forms of vote buying; using administrative resources in the interests of certain subjects of elections); 3) lobbying corruption (non-transparent, shadow promotion of the interests of interested person in government authorities for remuneration); 4) representative corruption (changing the parliamentary faction by a member of parliament for mercenary motives, other actions in the sphere of political ethics, etc.); 5) patron-client corruption (using state resources to promote the interests of certain individual or collective actors; nepotism, cronyism, favoritism; actions related to the existence of a conflict of interests, etc.); 6) judicial corruption (execution of political orders by the organs of justice). ; Аргументовано, що політична корупція є системою корупційних зловживань (політичнокорупційних дій). Дослідницьким завданням визначено авторську спробу систематизації політичнокорупційних дій, вироблення своєрідної «корупційної матриці політики». Констатовано, що велика кількість проявів політичної корупції зумовлена як значним суб'єктним колом суб'єктів ймовірних політично-корупційних дій (політичні партії, виборчі блоки, виборчі комісії та ін.), так і сферами, в яких можуть проявитися корупційні зловживання (фінансування партій, електоральний процес, лобіювання, судочинство тощо). Сконструйована автором політично-корупційна система охоплює: 1) партійну корупцію (порушення порядку фінансування; прийняття партійних рішень в обхід механізмів внутрішньопартійної демократії; створення «партій на продаж»; продаж місць у потенційно прохідній частині партійного списку; використання «підставних донорів» для обходу лімітів на пожертви партіям тощо); 2) електоральну корупцію (порушення правил надходжень до виборчих фондів; різні форми підкупу виборців і членів виборчих комісій; застосування адміністративного ресурсу в інтересах окремих суб'єктів виборів тощо); 3) лобістську корупцію (непрозоре, тіньове просування в органах влади інтересів зацікавлених осіб за винагороду та ін.); 4) представницьку корупцію (зміна депутатом парламентської фракції з корисливих мотивів, інші дії, які лежать у площині політичної етики тощо); 5) клієнтарно-патронажну корупцію (використання державних ресурсів задля просування інтересів певних індивідуальних чи колективних акторів; непотизм, кронізм, фаворитизм; дії, пов'язані з наявністю конфлікту інтересів тощо); 6) судову корупцію (виконання органами правосуддя політичного замовлення).

En este artículo proponemos la elaboración del paradigma de la diversidad funcional como un nuevo enfoque aplicable a la temática general de la discapacidad en sus dimensiones epistémica y política. Planteamos, primeramente, la reevaluación del paradigma hoy dominante en los estudios sobre la discapacidad, que implica la mezcla de dos modelos explicativos: los llamados "modelo médico" y "modelo social". El objetivo de nuestra propuesta es que el nuevo enfoque pueda resolver las anomalías explicativas de esta mezcla de modelos y ofrecer un nuevo marco discursivo en los ámbitos académico y político, que permita promover las condiciones para un cambio necesario en relación con la interpretación social de la discapacidad. Proponemos que el paradigma de la diversidad funcional reúna los siguientes elementos: el modelo de la diversidad relacionado con el enfoque de capacidades y funcionamientos de Amartya Sen, la reintroducción del cuerpo a través de la bioética, las éticas de la diversidad como crítica al capacitismo, el abandono de la capacidad mediante la elaboración de una noción de funcionamiento acorde al concepto de diversidad funcional y la noción de ecosistemas de funcionamientos. La reinterpretación de la discapacidad como una forma más de la diversidad humana se expresa de manera destacada en la Convención sobre los Derechos de las Personas con Discapacidad, entre cuyos principios generales se establece: "El respeto por la diferencia y la aceptación de las personas con discapacidad como parte de la diversidad y la condición humanas". ; In this paper we propose the development of "functional diversity paradigm" as a new approach applicable to the general theme of disability, both in its epistemic and political dimensions. Firstly, we carry out the re-evaluation of the currently dominant paradigm in Disability Studies, involving the hybridization of two explanatory models, the so-called "medical model" and "social model". The aim of the new paradigm focus on the resolution of the explanatory anomalies of the aforementioned mixture of models and offer a new conceptual framework in the academic and political realms, in order to promote the conditions for a necessary change in relation to the social interpretation of disability. We propose that functional diversity paradigm brings together the following elements: diversity model related to Amartya Sen's capabilities and functionings approach, reintroduction of the body through bioethics, diversity ethics as a critical perspective against ableism, abandonment of ability through the elaboration of a notion of functioning according to the concept of functional diversity and the notion of functioning ecosystems. The reinterpretation of disability as a form of human diversity inspires the 2006 UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, one of his general principles states: "Respect for difference and acceptance of persons with disabilities as part of human diversity and humanity".

Cuando se piensa en los conceptos de naturaleza y potencia en Spinoza, generalmente se tiende a dirigir la atención a la política. Pero hay una irreductible perspectiva individual. No todo es una tarea social y política. También está la dimensión personal de la felicidad, algo esencialmente ligado a la naturaleza y la potencia del hombre, como nos revela, sobre todo, la última parte de la Ética1 . Entre la máxima potencia del sabio y la vida impotente del supersticioso hay dos situaciones intermedias, que son capitales para el pensamiento de Spinoza. Cercana a la vida del sabio en el tercer género de conocimiento está la del que disfruta del segundo género de conocimiento, por medio del que puede llegar a la felicidad. Pero también hay un terreno que puede hacer de puente entre la religión supersticiosa y la vida del segundo género de conocimiento: es la práctica de lo que Spinoza piensa es la verdadera religión. Precisamente la principal tarea del Tratado Teológico-político es definir este tipo de vida. Empezaremos hablando de la naturaleza y la potencia de la felicidad en el segundo y tercer género de conocimiento. Seguidamente, mostraremos el agudo contraste entre la vida de esos dos géneros de conocimiento y la de quien vive en la religión supersticiosa. Finalmente veremos la naturaleza y la potencia de la salvación en la verdadera religión y cómo está cercana a la felicidad del que vive del segundo género de conocimiento. ; When the concepts of nature and power in Spinoza are thought, we tend generally to pay attention to politics. But in his philosophy there is an irreducible individual perspective. It is the personal dimension of blessedness, something essentially linked to the nature and the power of man, like the last part of Ethics shows. Between the maximum power of the sage and the impotent life of superstitious people there are two intermediate positions which are fundamental to Spinoza's thought. As people who enjoy the second kind of knowledge can reach blessedness, their life is close to the existence of the sage in the third kind of knowledge. There is, moreover, a space that can act as intermediary between the superstitious religion and the life of the second kind of knowledge: it is the true religion. The main task of the Theologico-Political Treatise just involves defining this type of life. We start by talking about the nature and the power of blessedness in the second and third kinds of knowledge. Secondly, we show the sharp contrast between the life of these two kinds of knowledge and the life of people who practice a superstitious religion. And finally, we examine the nature and the power of the true religion and how close its salvation is to the blessedness of the second kind of knowledge.

Summary in English. ; According to President Thabo Mbeki, the fight against corruption is one of the principal tasks of his new government. Corruption is a central concern for a country that is in a difficult political transition and is facing strong economic demands. South Africa needs an effective government. The focus of this paper is one of the areas where corruption is thriving, the South African Police Service (SAPS). I have chosen for a study within the department of Safety and Security because this is the headquarters of the fight against corruption and the place where the rule of law should be rooted most deeply. If the justice-system is corrupt, the whole state will be polluted. According to the Parliamentary researcher for the Safety and Security Committee 'the current level of corruption within the overall criminal justice system is the factor most negatively influencing efforts to substantially improve safety and security in South Africa', undermining both public confidence and crime prevention strategies (Briefing Committee 1999:1). This is one motivation for writing a thesis on this topic: corruption is a central concern for those involved in South African politics. The theme of corruption is also at the heart of political organization. People organize themselves for certain goals. Whatever these goals are, corruption interferes with their effective pursuance. Studying corruption means studying the nature of government and the tension between the way it should use its power and the way it does. It is about the limits of human organization, the tension between the public and the private, and the slippery way people practice their ethics. This is another motivation for writing on this topic: corruption is a central concern for those involved in political science. In South Africa, there are widespread beliefs in the existence of corruption. In a survey published by Idasa in 1996, 46 percent of the respondents felt that most officials were engaged in corruption and only 6 percent believed there was a clean government (Lodge 1998:157). The police certainly does not have a dean reputation. In a newspaper poll over half of the respondents called the police 'corrupt and having no integrity' (Sowetan 28/3/96, quoted in Syed and Bruce 1997:2). Moreover, an opinion survey at the end of 1998 showed that 60 percent of the respondents thought the government was controlling corruption 'not very well' or 'not at all well' (Mail & Guardian 8/10/99:30). In this thesis, I want to put these figures into perspective. The purpose of the thesis is two-folded. Firstly, to provide for an analysis of the historical, political, social and organizational roots of corruption within the SAPS. Secondly, to confront this analysis - and the policy directions it suggests - with the practice of fighting corruption in South Africa.

ABSTRACT Objective: analyzing the motivations of the obstetric nurse for the practice of planned homebirth. Method: an exploratory and interpretative study of qualitative approach, with 22 midwives nurses. The data production was by semi-structured interviews and the speeches were analyzed by thematic categories. The research project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee, CAAE 0137.0.168.000-11. Results: the motivation to serve on planned home childbirth surpasses the professional choice. The art of midwifery is perceived as a mission, a vocation that many professionals already possessed before their academic training. Conclusion: The study revealed that family tradition, mission, vocation, and quality of care are important factors in motivation; midwives in their work encounter obstacles and challenges of social and political nature, but create new coping mechanisms and remain working tirelessly. Descriptors: Household Childbirth; Humanized Birth; Obstetrical Nursing. RESUMO Objetivo: analisar as motivações do enfermeiro obstetra para a prática do parto domiciliar planejado. Método: estudo exploratório e interpretativo de abordagem qualitativa, com 22 enfermeiros obstetras. A produção de dados se deu por entrevistas semiestruturada e os discursos foram analisados em categorias temáticas. O projeto de pesquisa foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa, CAAE 0137.0.168.000-11. Resultados: a motivação para atuar no parto domiciliar planejado ultrapassa a escolha profissional. A arte de partejar é percebida como missão, vocação que muitas profissionais já possuíam antes de sua formação acadêmica. Conclusão: o estudo revelou que tradição familiar, missão, vocação, e a qualidade do atendimento são fatores relevantes na motivação; enfermeiros obstetras em sua atuação se deparam com obstáculos e desafios de natureza social e política, mas criam novos mecanismos de superação e permanecem atuando incansavelmente. Descritores: Parto Domiciliar; Parto Humanizado; Enfermagem Obstétrica. RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar las motivaciones de la enfermera obstétrica para practicar el parto planeado en casa. Método: un estudio exploratorio e interpretativo con enfoque cualitativo, realizado con 22 parteras. Los datos de producción se dieron a través de entrevistas semi-estructuradas y se analizaron los discursos en categorías temáticas. El proyecto de investigación fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética de Investigación, CAAE 0137.0.168.000-11. Resultados: la motivación para actuar en el parto planeado en casa excede la elección profesional. El arte de la partería se percibe como misión, la vocación que muchos profesionales ya poseían antes de su formación académica. Conclusión: el estudio reveló que la tradición de la familia, la misión, la vocación y la calidad de la atención son factores importantes en la motivación; parteras en su actuación se deparan con obstáculos y desafíos de carácter social y político, pero crean nuevos mecanismos de superación y se mantienen trabajando sin descanso. Descriptores: Parto Domiciliario; Parto Humanizado; Enfermería Obstétrica. ; RESUMO Objetivo: analisar as motivações do enfermeiro obstetra para a prática do parto domiciliar planejado. Método: estudo exploratório e interpretativo de abordagem qualitativa, com 22 enfermeiros obstetras. A produção de dados se deu por entrevistas semiestruturada e os discursos foram analisados em categorias temáticas. O projeto de pesquisa foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa, CAAE 0137.0.168.000-11. Resultados: a motivação para atuar no parto domiciliar planejado ultrapassa a escolha profissional. A arte de partejar é percebida como missão, vocação que muitas profissionais já possuíam antes de sua formação acadêmica. Conclusão: o estudo revelou que tradição familiar, missão, vocação, e a qualidade do atendimento são fatores relevantes na motivação; enfermeiros obstetras em sua atuação se deparam com obstáculos e desafios de natureza social e política, mas criam novos mecanismos de superação e permanecem atuando incansavelmente. Descritores: Parto Domiciliar; Parto Humanizado; Enfermagem Obstétrica. ABSTRACT Objective: analyzing the motivations of the obstetric nurse for the practice of planned homebirth. Method: an exploratory and interpretative study of qualitative approach, with 22 midwives nurses. The data production was by semi-structured interviews and the speeches were analyzed by thematic categories. The research project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee, CAAE 0137.0.168.000-11. Results: the motivation to serve on planned home childbirth surpasses the professional choice. The art of midwifery is perceived as a mission, a vocation that many professionals already possessed before their academic training. Conclusion: The study revealed that family tradition, mission, vocation, and quality of care are important factors in motivation; midwives in their work encounter obstacles and challenges of social and political nature, but create new coping mechanisms and remain working tirelessly. Descriptors: Household Childbirth; Humanized Birth; Obstetrical Nursing. RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar las motivaciones de la enfermera obstétrica para practicar el parto planeado en casa. Método: un estudio exploratorio e interpretativo con enfoque cualitativo, realizado con 22 parteras. Los datos de producción se dieron a través de entrevistas semi-estructuradas y se analizaron los discursos en categorías temáticas. El proyecto de investigación fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética de Investigación, CAAE 0137.0.168.000-11. Resultados: la motivación para actuar en el parto planeado en casa excede la elección profesional. El arte de la partería se percibe como misión, la vocación que muchos profesionales ya poseían antes de su formación académica. Conclusión: el estudio reveló que la tradición de la familia, la misión, la vocación y la calidad de la atención son factores importantes en la motivación; parteras en su actuación se deparan con obstáculos y desafíos de carácter social y político, pero crean nuevos mecanismos de superación y se mantienen trabajando sin descanso. Descriptores: Parto Domiciliario; Parto Humanizado; Enfermería Obstétrica.

International audience ; Health systems undergo important transformations, triggered by budgetary pressure and rationalisation. In this context, France and Germany have introduced pay-for-performance (P4P) measures to provide financial incentives for providers meeting certain objectives. While there are similarities in both systems, the nature and timing of these policies differ, which we hypothesised to be related to differences in the collective organisation and institutionalisation of physicians. We used a comparative study design: the introduction of P4P in ambulatory care in France in 2009 and its potential introduction in Germany. We performed a literature review and semi-structured interviews of 23 actors. From an analytical perspective, we blended the approaches of public policy instruments, policy transfer and programmatic actors. We advance two main arguments. First, development of P4P in both countries is intrinsically linked to preceding policies as instruments prolonging the larger, long-term system transformations: the growing role of the State and statutory health insurance (SHI) in parallel to a fragmentation of the medical profession. It was embodied in France by the 2004 reform redefining the mission of SHI. In Germany, in addition, we emphasise the growing role of competition elements since the 1990s. This leads to our second argument: the prolongation of the long-term transformations did not lead to the same results in France and in Germany. In fact, P4P has seen a rapid uptake in France, facilitated by a relatively strong and proactive coalition led by SHI, which suggested that the reform be set within a coherent line of measures and ideas. Arguments of de-professionalization and ethics played a role in the ensuing discussions, with the majority of individual practitioners ultimately opting for P4P in balancing cognitive and material implications. A clear leadership role was assumed by the SHI director, by starting with P4P as individual contracts and then later integrating it in collective agreements. The cognitive focus was on cost containment via generic prescription, with SHI's strategic goal of fostering IT in physician offices. Its backbone was a well-staffed strategy department scanning foreign experience. However, in the case of Germany, the picture is less clear, with many providers remaining reserved towards the idea of P4P and key actors uncertain about the net political gains. One major initiative for P4P in ambulatory care came from physician representatives in self-regulating bodies in a move to regain regulatory edge, hoping also to gain control over data or at least over data collection methods. Yet, it was rejected by its base over concerns about de-professionalization and the allocation of funds. It was followed by long technical debates about quality indicators that may be seen as delay tactics. The ensuing debate concerned issues over data and the balance of power among the self-regulating partners (physicians, SHI, hospitals). A P4P component will be introduced for hospital payment and is likely to yield advantages for SHI and private hospitals. In both countries, these developments challenge established patterns, pointing towards a "divergent convergence" of healthcare arrangements.

International audience ; Health systems undergo important transformations, triggered by budgetary pressure and rationalisation. In this context, France and Germany have introduced pay-for-performance (P4P) measures to provide financial incentives for providers meeting certain objectives. While there are similarities in both systems, the nature and timing of these policies differ, which we hypothesised to be related to differences in the collective organisation and institutionalisation of physicians. We used a comparative study design: the introduction of P4P in ambulatory care in France in 2009 and its potential introduction in Germany. We performed a literature review and semi-structured interviews of 23 actors. From an analytical perspective, we blended the approaches of public policy instruments, policy transfer and programmatic actors. We advance two main arguments. First, development of P4P in both countries is intrinsically linked to preceding policies as instruments prolonging the larger, long-term system transformations: the growing role of the State and statutory health insurance (SHI) in parallel to a fragmentation of the medical profession. It was embodied in France by the 2004 reform redefining the mission of SHI. In Germany, in addition, we emphasise the growing role of competition elements since the 1990s. This leads to our second argument: the prolongation of the long-term transformations did not lead to the same results in France and in Germany. In fact, P4P has seen a rapid uptake in France, facilitated by a relatively strong and proactive coalition led by SHI, which suggested that the reform be set within a coherent line of measures and ideas. Arguments of de-professionalization and ethics played a role in the ensuing discussions, with the majority of individual practitioners ultimately opting for P4P in balancing cognitive and material implications. A clear leadership role was assumed by the SHI director, by starting with P4P as individual contracts and then later integrating it in collective agreements. The cognitive focus was on cost containment via generic prescription, with SHI's strategic goal of fostering IT in physician offices. Its backbone was a well-staffed strategy department scanning foreign experience. However, in the case of Germany, the picture is less clear, with many providers remaining reserved towards the idea of P4P and key actors uncertain about the net political gains. One major initiative for P4P in ambulatory care came from physician representatives in self-regulating bodies in a move to regain regulatory edge, hoping also to gain control over data or at least over data collection methods. Yet, it was rejected by its base over concerns about de-professionalization and the allocation of funds. It was followed by long technical debates about quality indicators that may be seen as delay tactics. The ensuing debate concerned issues over data and the balance of power among the self-regulating partners (physicians, SHI, hospitals). A P4P component will be introduced for hospital payment and is likely to yield advantages for SHI and private hospitals. In both countries, these developments challenge established patterns, pointing towards a "divergent convergence" of healthcare arrangements.

This thesis analyses the construction of the risk environment with the emergence of a harm reduction policy in Macao, which, I propose acts as a regulatory regime to address the HIV/AIDS epidemic among injecting drug users (IDUs). On the one hand, the policy has endeavoured to address the various levels of the risk environment on the IDUs; on the other hand, it is also portrayed as a bio-political project situated in the history of drug control and public health surveillance in Macao. With harm reduction imperatives such as the methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) and needle and syringe programme (NSP), addict citizens are refashioned and made up to be a particular form of drug using subject – health conscious citizens who rationally and calculatingly perform in the use of drugs in a controlled manner in order to minimise drug-related harm to themselves as well as the general society. With the conferral of neoliberal subjectivity, they are offered political benefits in symbolic and material resources, such as recognition, trust and legitimate status, to obtain welfare. However, the tradeoffs are their freedom and mobility in being constrained by the methadone treatment, which is metaphorically represented as "liquid handcuffs". The study utilises ethnographic research methods, such as video-recording, photo-taking, field observations and in-depth interviews, as its data sources. The data analysis is informed by a thematic approach, especially discourse and content analyses. Inspired by risk governmentality, IDUs are not passively subjugated to the surveillance of the treatment regime. Contrarily, they actively display modest amounts of agency, which they assert themselves by developing various streetwise risk strategies to handle overdosing. A code of ethics with regards to moral economy and responsibility are cultivated in the drug user community under the impacts of harm reduction (expert) discourses. In the face of entrenched double stigma around drug addiction and HIV/AIDS which shape their risk environment and spoiled identity as junkies, the drug users in this study endeavour to innovate strategies of resistance with the use of harm reduction measures to properly manage their spoiled identity and reclaim their citizenship. This gives them more freedom, autonomy and pleasure in their life experiences through the negotiation process that is embedded in the risk environment. The theoretical implications of this study include: the integration of risk governmentality with risk environment, and an assessment of harm reduction imperatives, including their effect as a newer form of governance on IDUs, which might conceal the material constraints that they face. In short, harm reduction requires a critical focus on the benevolence of biopolitical projects, such as the MMT and NSP, which, while not intentional, might legitimise the repressive measures directed at drug users – who ultimately are not willing to trade their freedom to take part in ―healthy self-care‖ projects under a neoliberal drug policy. ; published_or_final_version ; Sociology ; Doctoral ; Doctor of Philosophy

ABSTRACT Objective: apprehending the representations of the professionals of the CAPS about the families and their inclusion in the design of therapeutic services users. Method: a qualitative study with semi-structured interviews whose findings were submitted to discourse analysis and grouped into categories and subcategories. The study had the research project approved by the Research Ethics Committee, Protocol 0272/06. Results: confirm the importance of the inclusion of families in therapeutic design of users of CAPS, emphasize the fragility at the expense of their therapeutic potential, suggest that the difficulties of the service to promoting the strengthening of the link and partnership with families. Conclusion: it was highlighted the need to contemplate the specificities of the families, the greater commitment of the Government in the provision of resources, network of joint attention in mental health to promote the role of the family and building new social spaces carrier validation of mental disorder. Descriptors: Mental Disorder; Family; Psychosocial Rehabilitation; Everyday Life. RESUMO Objetivo: apreender as representações dos profissionais dos CAPS acerca das famílias e inclusão delas no desenho terapêutico dos usuários dos serviços. Método: estudo qualitativo com entrevistas semiestruturadas cujos achados foram submetidos à Análise do Discurso e agrupados em categorias e subcategorias. O estudo teve aprovado o projeto de pesquisa pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa, protocolo 0272/06. Resultados: confirmam a importância da inclusão das famílias no projeto terapêutico dos usuários do CAPS, enfatizam a fragilidade em detrimento do seu potencial terapêutico, evidenciam que as dificuldades do serviço para promover o fortalecimento do vínculo e parceria com as famílias. Conclusão: evidenciou a necessidade de contemplar as especificidades das famílias, maior compromisso do poder público na provisão de recursos, articulação da rede de atenção em saúde mental para promover o protagonismo da família e construção de novos espaços de sociais de validação do portador de transtorno mental. Descritores: Transtorno Mental; Família; Reabilitação Psicossocial; Cotidiano. RESUMEN Objetivo: aprehender las representaciones de los profesionales de los CAPS de las familias y su inclusión en el diseño de los usuarios de servicios terapéuticos. Método: estudio cualitativo con entrevistas semiestructuradas cuyos resultados fueron sometidos a análisis del discurso y agrupados en categorías y subcategorías. El estudio había aprobado el proyecto de investigación por la Comisión de ética de investigación, protocolo 0272/06. Resultados: confirman la importancia de la inclusión de las familias en diseño terapéutico de los usuarios del CAPS, enfatizan la fragilidad a expensas de su potencial terapéutico, sugieren que las dificultades del servicio para promover el fortalecimiento del vínculo y colaboración con las familias. Conclusión: destacó la necesidad de contemplar las especificidades de las familias, el mayor compromiso del gobierno en la provisión de recursos, red de atención conjunta en salud mental para promover el papel de la familia y construir nuevos espacios sociales de validación del portador de trastorno mental. Descriptores: Trastorno Mental; Familia; Rehabilitación Psicosocial; Todos los Días. ; RESUMO Objetivo: apreender as representações dos profissionais dos CAPS acerca das famílias e inclusão delas no desenho terapêutico dos usuários dos serviços. Método: estudo qualitativo com entrevistas semiestruturadas cujos achados foram submetidos à Análise do Discurso e agrupados em categorias e subcategorias. O estudo teve aprovado o projeto de pesquisa pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa, protocolo 0272/06. Resultados: confirmam a importância da inclusão das famílias no projeto terapêutico dos usuários do CAPS, enfatizam a fragilidade em detrimento do seu potencial terapêutico, evidenciam que as dificuldades do serviço para promover o fortalecimento do vínculo e parceria com as famílias. Conclusão: evidenciou a necessidade de contemplar as especificidades das famílias, maior compromisso do poder público na provisão de recursos, articulação da rede de atenção em saúde mental para promover o protagonismo da família e construção de novos espaços de sociais de validação do portador de transtorno mental. Descritores: Transtorno Mental; Família; Reabilitação Psicossocial; Cotidiano. ABSTRACT Objective: apprehending the representations of the professionals of the CAPS about the families and their inclusion in the design of therapeutic services users. Method: a qualitative study with semi-structured interviews whose findings were submitted to discourse analysis and grouped into categories and subcategories. The study had the research project approved by the Research Ethics Committee, Protocol 0272/06. Results: confirm the importance of the inclusion of families in therapeutic design of users of CAPS, emphasize the fragility at the expense of their therapeutic potential, suggest that the difficulties of the service to promoting the strengthening of the link and partnership with families. Conclusion: it was highlighted the need to contemplate the specificities of the families, the greater commitment of the Government in the provision of resources, network of joint attention in mental health to promote the role of the family and building new social spaces carrier validation of mental disorder. Descriptors: Mental Disorder; Family; Psychosocial Rehabilitation; Everyday Life. RESUMEN Objetivo: aprehender las representaciones de los profesionales de los CAPS de las familias y su inclusión en el diseño de los usuarios de servicios terapéuticos. Método: estudio cualitativo con entrevistas semiestructuradas cuyos resultados fueron sometidos a análisis del discurso y agrupados en categorías y subcategorías. El estudio había aprobado el proyecto de investigación por la Comisión de ética de investigación, protocolo 0272/06. Resultados: confirman la importancia de la inclusión de las familias en diseño terapéutico de los usuarios del CAPS, enfatizan la fragilidad a expensas de su potencial terapéutico, sugieren que las dificultades del servicio para promover el fortalecimiento del vínculo y colaboración con las familias. Conclusión: destacó la necesidad de contemplar las especificidades de las familias, el mayor compromiso del gobierno en la provisión de recursos, red de atención conjunta en salud mental para promover el papel de la familia y construir nuevos espacios sociales de validación del portador de trastorno mental. Descriptores: Trastorno Mental; Familia; Rehabilitación Psicosocial; Todos los Días.

Recommended readings (Machine generated): 1. John E. Roemer (1986), 'Equality of Resources Implies Equality of Welfare', Quarterly Journal of Economics, 101 (4), November, 751-84 -- 2. Marc Fleurbaey (1995), 'Three Solutions for the Compensation Problem', Journal of Economic Theory, 65 (2), April, 505-21 -- 3. Julian Le Grand (1990), 'Equity versus Efficiency: The Elusive Trade-off', Ethics, 100 (3), April, 554-68 -- 4. James Konow (2003), 'Which Is the Fairest One of All? A Positive Analysis of Justice Theories', Journal of Economic Literature, XLI (4), December, 1188-239 -- 5. Hal R. Varian (1975), 'Distributive Justice, Welfare Economics, and the Theory of Fairness', Philosophy and Public Affairs, 4 (3), Spring, 223-47 -- 6. Amartya Sen (1979), 'Equality of What?', The Tanner Lecture on Human Values, Delivered at Stanford University, May 22nd, 1979, Salt Lake City, UT, USA: University of Utah Press, i-ii, 197-220 -- 7. Matthew Rabin (1993), 'Incorporating Fairness into Game Theory and Economics', American Economic Review, 83 (5), December, 1281-302 -- 8. Elizabeth Hoffman, Kevin McCabe and Vernon L. Smith (1996), 'Social Distance and Other-Regarding Behavior in Dictator Games', American Economic Review, 86 (3), June, 653-60 -- 9. Ernst Fehr and Klaus M. Schmidt (1999), 'A Theory of Fairness, Competition, and Cooperation', Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114 (3), August, 817-68 -- 10. James Konow (2000), 'Fair Shares: Accountability and Cognitive Dissonance in Allocation Decisions', American Economic Review, 90 (4), September, 1072-91 -- 11. Armin Falk, Ernst Fehr and Urs Fischbacher (2008), 'Testing Theories of Fairness - Intentions Matter', Games and Economic Behavior, 62 (1), January, 287-303 -- 12. Alexander W. Cappelen, Astri Drange Hole, Erik Ø. Sørensen and Bertil Tungodden (2007), 'The Pluralism of Fairness Ideals: An Experimental Approach', American Economic Review, 97 (3), June, 818-27 -- 13. Gary E. Bolton and Axel Ockenfels (2000), 'ERC: A Theory of Equity, Reciprocity, and Competition', American Economic Review, 90 (1), March, 166-93 -- 14. Gary Charness and Matthew Rabin (2002), 'Understanding Social Preferences with Simple Tests', Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117 (3), August, 817-69 -- 15. Elizabeth Hoffman, Kevin McCabe, Keith Shachat and Vernon Smith (1994), 'Preferences, Property Rights, and Anonymity in Bargaining Games', Games and Economic Behavior, 7 (3), November, 346-80 -- 16. Dirk Engelmann and Martin Strobel (2004), 'Inequality Aversion, Efficiency, and Maximin Preferences in Simple Distribution Experiments', American Economic Review, 94 (4), September, 857-69 -- 17. James Andreoni and Lise Vesterlund (2001), 'Which is the Fair Sex? Gender Differences in Altruism', Quarterly Journal of Economics, 116 (1), February, 293-312 -- 18. Raymond Fisman, Shachar Kariv and Daniel Markovits (2007), 'Individual Preferences for Giving', American Economic Review, 97 (5), December, 1858-76 -- 19. Ernst Fehr and Simon Gächter (2000), 'Fairness and Retaliation: The Economics of Reciprocity', Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14 (3), Summer, 159-81

In the first decades of the 20th century, the beginnings of a new concept appeared in managerial discourse and practice: quality. Since then, the concept and its implications have been attracting attention. It worries customers, intrigues quality specialists and concern researchers. People want to know more, to better understand the ins and outs of quality and its management. This is how quality inspection was born at the beginning of the 20th century. A century after pioneering research and the accumulation of experience, the concept has moved on to other stages, metamorphosing to give rise to new perspectives, notably ethics, social responsibility and even participatory democracy. In this article, we trace the evolution of definitions and approaches to quality through a presentation and analysis of the historical review of quality. We consider it useful to examine the meaning of the term by exploring its history and its variations, to map the concepts related to the notion of quality, to expose the different paradigms that have marked the quality movement. In fine, we relate the questions in the new millennium on the trends of quality with a prospecting of the concerns of the future. We conclude with a discussion of the consensual or controversial nature of the notion of quality. We conclude with a discussion of the consensual or controversial nature of the notion of quality. JEL Classification: O15 Paper type: Theoretical Research ; Dans les premières décennies du XXe siècle, les prémices d'un nouveau concept apparaissent dans le discours et pratiques managériales : la qualité. Depuis ce temps, le concept et ses implications captivent l'attention. Ils inquiètent les clients, intriguent les qualiticiens et préoccupent les chercheurs. On veut mieux connaître, mieux cerner les tenants et les aboutissants de la qualité et de son management. Ainsi naît l'inspection de la qualité au début du XX siècle. Un siècle après des recherches pionnières et des accumulations d'expériences, le concept traverse d'autres stages, se métamorphose pour donner naissance à de nouvelles perspectives notamment l'éthique, la responsabilité sociale et même la qualité de vie au travail (TQV) et la démocratie participative. Dans cet article, nous retraçons l'évolution des définitions et des approches de la qualité à travers une présentation et analyse de la revue historique de la qualité. Nous jugeons en effet utile de s'arrêter sur le sens du terme en explorant son histoire et ses déclinaisons, de dresser une cartographie des concepts liés à la notion de la qualité, d'exposer les différents paradigmes qui ont marqué le mouvement de la qualité. In fine, nous relatons les questions, au nouveau millénaire, sur les tendances de la qualité avec une prospection des préoccupations du futur. Nous terminons avec une discussion sur le caractère consensuel ou controversé de la notion de la qualité. Classification JEL: O15 Type de l'article: article théorique.

[Introduction] Despite the increasing importance of infections due to multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs), there is a lack of comprehensive information about the burden of disease and outcomes of key infections caused by these pathogens. The aim of the ABOUT-MDRO (A systematic review on the burden and outcomes of infections due to multidrug resitant organisms) project is to provide estimations of the burden of some key infections and their outcomes caused by the target MDROs. ; [Methods and analysis] A systematic literature search will be performed using MEDLINE/PubMed, Elsevier's SCOPUS, Cochrane library, Clinical trials and Web of Science, as well as the Surveillance Systems from Public Health Institutions and Scientific Societies for Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare-Associated Infections in Europe database of European surveillance systems, for data on prevalence/incidence, mortality and length of stay of target infections in hospitalised patients (including ventilator-associated pneumonia, hospital-acquired pneumonia, complicated intra-abdominal infections, complicated urinary tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections and bloodstream infections) and in specific populations (children, hospital wards, neutropenic patients) caused by cephalosporin-resistant or carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp., methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. The information retrieved will be tabulated and pooled estimates and 95% CIs calculated of rates and outcomes, using random effects models. Relationships between rates and outcomes in randomised control trials and epidemiological studies, and data of proportions and incidence/prevalence rates will also be analysed. The information collected in this study will be useful for identifying gaps in our knowledge in terms of incidence/prevalence and clinical outcomes of infections caused by MDROs, and for informing priorities in infection control and the research and design of appropriate studies. ; [Ethics and dissemination] This study will be based on published data so we did not require ethical approval. Formal consent is not required. The results of this review will be reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses statement. Data will be presented at international conferences and published in peer-reviewed journals. ; [Registration details] PROSPERO (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/) (CRD42019124185). ; The ABOUT-MDRO Study is part of the COMBACTE-MAGNET project (Combatting Bacterial Resistance in Europe - Molecules against Gram-negative Infections), Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI), European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) and EFPIA companies' in-kind contribution, Grant agreement 115737. ZRP-B and JR-B received funding for research from Plan Nacional de I+D+i 2013‐2016 and the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Subdirección General de Redes y Centros de Investigación Cooperativa, Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD16/0016/0001), co-financed by the European Development Regional Fund 'A way to achieve Europe', Operative Programme Intelligent Growth 2014‐2020.

This thesis work adopts the point of view of educational political philosophy to contemplate a metamorphosis of authority in democratic modernity, in the light of the principle of individualist legitimacy. In this context, we acknowledge the major changes which occurred in modern democracies since 1945, as well as the path of the notion of authority over the same period of time. Then, we consider the syntagmatic articulation of authority and kindness concepts, to turn them into means serving autonomy of individuals. This conceptualization of benevolent authority allows to reconsider, from the very beginning, the link between authority, and the positioning in time and relationships between the beings within democratic modernity, that is to say redesigning the roman trinity authority – religion – tradition. Hence, one can also investigate jointly the questions of authority acknowledgment in its legitimacy, and of the role of authority relationships in everyone's quest for individual reconnaissance. Thus, the praxis of benevolent authority in education can be explored, allowing to highlight its fruitfulness to face contemporary educational challenges. Considering authority in education as a praxis means renouncing to propose a frozen model of authority, applicable to any situation and for anyone. This approach can only strengthen the assumption of a place of authority. Setting individual authority as a goal of education requires this ethics to be neither moralistic, nor paternalistic nor abstentionist. ; Ce travail de thèse adopte le point de vue de la philosophie politique de l'éducation pour penser une métamorphose de l'autorité dans la modernité démocratique, à l'aune du principe de légitimité individualiste. Nous y prenons acte des transformations majeures ayant traversé les démocraties occidentales après 1945 et de la trajectoire de la notion d'autorité dans cette même période. Il s'agit ensuite d'envisager l'articulation syntagmatique des concepts d'autorité et de bienveillance pour en faire des moyens au service de l'autonomie des individus. Cette conceptualisation de l'autorité bienveillante permet alors de reprendre à nouveaux frais la question de l'articulation de la notion d'autorité avec le mode de positionnement dans le temps et le mode de liens entre les êtres que peuvent être ceux de la modernité démocratique, soit une refonte de la trinité romaine autorité-religion-tradition. Il devient également possible de traiter de concert les questions de la reconnaissance de l'autorité dans sa légitimité et de la contribution des relations d'autorité à la quête par chacun de la reconnaissance individuelle. Ainsi envisagée, la praxis de l'autorité bienveillante dans l'éducation peut être explorée, et sa fécondité pour faire face aux défis éducatifs contemporains être mise en lumière. Penser l'autorité en éducation comme une praxis signifie renoncer à prétendre proposer un modèle figé d'autorité, valable en tout, pour tout et pour tous. La dimension éthique de l'assomption d'une place d'autorité ne peut qu'en être renforcée. Faire de l'autonomie individuelle le but de l'éducation implique que cette éthique ne soit ni moraliste, ni paternaliste, ni abstentionniste.

This thesis work adopts the point of view of educational political philosophy to contemplate a metamorphosis of authority in democratic modernity, in the light of the principle of individualist legitimacy. In this context, we acknowledge the major changes which occurred in modern democracies since 1945, as well as the path of the notion of authority over the same period of time. Then, we consider the syntagmatic articulation of authority and kindness concepts, to turn them into means serving autonomy of individuals. This conceptualization of benevolent authority allows to reconsider, from the very beginning, the link between authority, and the positioning in time and relationships between the beings within democratic modernity, that is to say redesigning the roman trinity authority – religion – tradition. Hence, one can also investigate jointly the questions of authority acknowledgment in its legitimacy, and of the role of authority relationships in everyone's quest for individual reconnaissance. Thus, the praxis of benevolent authority in education can be explored, allowing to highlight its fruitfulness to face contemporary educational challenges. Considering authority in education as a praxis means renouncing to propose a frozen model of authority, applicable to any situation and for anyone. This approach can only strengthen the assumption of a place of authority. Setting individual authority as a goal of education requires this ethics to be neither moralistic, nor paternalistic nor abstentionist. ; Ce travail de thèse adopte le point de vue de la philosophie politique de l'éducation pour penser une métamorphose de l'autorité dans la modernité démocratique, à l'aune du principe de légitimité individualiste. Nous y prenons acte des transformations majeures ayant traversé les démocraties occidentales après 1945 et de la trajectoire de la notion d'autorité dans cette même période. Il s'agit ensuite d'envisager l'articulation syntagmatique des concepts d'autorité et de bienveillance pour en faire des moyens au service de l'autonomie des individus. Cette conceptualisation de l'autorité bienveillante permet alors de reprendre à nouveaux frais la question de l'articulation de la notion d'autorité avec le mode de positionnement dans le temps et le mode de liens entre les êtres que peuvent être ceux de la modernité démocratique, soit une refonte de la trinité romaine autorité-religion-tradition. Il devient également possible de traiter de concert les questions de la reconnaissance de l'autorité dans sa légitimité et de la contribution des relations d'autorité à la quête par chacun de la reconnaissance individuelle. Ainsi envisagée, la praxis de l'autorité bienveillante dans l'éducation peut être explorée, et sa fécondité pour faire face aux défis éducatifs contemporains être mise en lumière. Penser l'autorité en éducation comme une praxis signifie renoncer à prétendre proposer un modèle figé d'autorité, valable en tout, pour tout et pour tous. La dimension éthique de l'assomption d'une place d'autorité ne peut qu'en être renforcée. Faire de l'autonomie individuelle le but de l'éducation implique que cette éthique ne soit ni moraliste, ni paternaliste, ni abstentionniste.

This thesis work adopts the point of view of educational political philosophy to contemplate a metamorphosis of authority in democratic modernity, in the light of the principle of individualist legitimacy. In this context, we acknowledge the major changes which occurred in modern democracies since 1945, as well as the path of the notion of authority over the same period of time. Then, we consider the syntagmatic articulation of authority and kindness concepts, to turn them into means serving autonomy of individuals. This conceptualization of benevolent authority allows to reconsider, from the very beginning, the link between authority, and the positioning in time and relationships between the beings within democratic modernity, that is to say redesigning the roman trinity authority – religion – tradition. Hence, one can also investigate jointly the questions of authority acknowledgment in its legitimacy, and of the role of authority relationships in everyone's quest for individual reconnaissance. Thus, the praxis of benevolent authority in education can be explored, allowing to highlight its fruitfulness to face contemporary educational challenges. Considering authority in education as a praxis means renouncing to propose a frozen model of authority, applicable to any situation and for anyone. This approach can only strengthen the assumption of a place of authority. Setting individual authority as a goal of education requires this ethics to be neither moralistic, nor paternalistic nor abstentionist. ; Ce travail de thèse adopte le point de vue de la philosophie politique de l'éducation pour penser une métamorphose de l'autorité dans la modernité démocratique, à l'aune du principe de légitimité individualiste. Nous y prenons acte des transformations majeures ayant traversé les démocraties occidentales après 1945 et de la trajectoire de la notion d'autorité dans cette même période. Il s'agit ensuite d'envisager l'articulation syntagmatique des concepts d'autorité et de bienveillance pour en faire des moyens au service de l'autonomie des individus. Cette conceptualisation de l'autorité bienveillante permet alors de reprendre à nouveaux frais la question de l'articulation de la notion d'autorité avec le mode de positionnement dans le temps et le mode de liens entre les êtres que peuvent être ceux de la modernité démocratique, soit une refonte de la trinité romaine autorité-religion-tradition. Il devient également possible de traiter de concert les questions de la reconnaissance de l'autorité dans sa légitimité et de la contribution des relations d'autorité à la quête par chacun de la reconnaissance individuelle. Ainsi envisagée, la praxis de l'autorité bienveillante dans l'éducation peut être explorée, et sa fécondité pour faire face aux défis éducatifs contemporains être mise en lumière. Penser l'autorité en éducation comme une praxis signifie renoncer à prétendre proposer un modèle figé d'autorité, valable en tout, pour tout et pour tous. La dimension éthique de l'assomption d'une place d'autorité ne peut qu'en être renforcée. Faire de l'autonomie individuelle le but de l'éducation implique que cette éthique ne soit ni moraliste, ni paternaliste, ni abstentionniste.