Suchergebnisse

В статье анализируются особенности субъектного состава и содержания договора займа. Обращается внимание на то, что заемные отношения между израильтянами должны были быть безвозмездными. Исполнение заемного обязательства обеспечивалось залогом, существовали ограничения в отношении предмета залога. Общее правило о прощении долга связывалось с наступлением каждого седьмого (субботнего) и пятидесятого (юбилейного) года. В новозаветных установлениях о займе и залоге говорится в свете христианского учения о прощении грехов и Царстве Небесном. ; The different methods of cognition, concerning special social relations, are used in judicial researches. The authors usually refer to the norms of Roman private law, using historic and comparative methods, which value is undeniable for a modern civilistics. However the appropriate biblical settings have a great importance too. The numerous references of debt ratio in the Bible witnessed, that loan agreement was widely spread at the time of the Old and New Testaments. The debt ratio were regulated by law and ethics in details. The learning of the texts of the Bible, which related to the loan agreement, enrich the knowledge of historic development, the essence and elements of debt ratio. We analyze in our article the Bible settings concerning participants of the treaty of loan, about its containing, execution and stopping. The voluntary loan relations between Israels are described in several books of the Bible. The commentators of the Old Testament underline, that the ban for the imposting of loan percents from Israels had the purpose not only to help a man in a hard situation, to save him from becoming a slave, but let him preserve the dignity, as people had to treat him with more honor, than stranger or slave, if they were on his side. The treaty of loan was onerous. For ensuring debenture used bail. The bail had some restrictions. For example, it was banned to take in bail upper or lower millstones. It was banned to take from the widow clothes or an ox. It was established the strict order of passing the things of bail. The term of pledge relations depended on the material position of the debtor, if the debtor was poor, the pledge holder had to return him the thing of the bail before sunset. The general rule was established in the Old Testament in connecting with coming every seventh day (Saturday) and the fiftieth (anniversary) year. Special instruction was made on that case, if the seventh day would come soon. The texts of the Bible are devoted to the Christian doctrines of forgiveness of sins and kingdom of Heaven. Jesus Christ speaks in parables about requirements, which have to hold, we have to forgive the debt, inspite of its size, we must help the man in need. The modern Russian legislation operates a number of biblical concepts, which connected with debt ratio, in particular, in cases, par. 3 article 809 Civil Law RF, established a presumption of gratuitous loan.

Dept. of Medical Law and Ethics/諛뺤궗 ; [�쁺臾�]Noting the increasing public attention on health care maintenance and the following cost under the long-term low economic growth, Korean society has shown greater attention to the significance of the health technology (HT) development. As a result, the HT attracts various interests in Korea as one of economy growth engines of the next generation. In order to promote HT competitiveness, the role of research-based hospitals (RBHs), in producing new ideas as well as utilizing final outcomes, has grown increasingly significant. Despite high quality health care professionals, state-of-the-art equipment, and well developed information technology, few hospitals in Korea are successful leaders in HT development. In order to understand HT research and development (R&D) programs in Korea as well as hospital-based R&D investment performance, this study has analyzed a recent three-year R&D investment of the Korean government. Also, the R&D performance has been reviewed using a numbers of patents, technical transfers and papers. In addition, a survey on how to promote RBHs in Korea has been proceeded through adopting the Delphi method. Several model cases of RBHs abroad have been also studied to understand key success factors in formulating a development model of RBH in Korea.This study proposes suggestions for the promotion of RBHs in Korea based on the survey and case studies: systematic reform related to the hospitals, reinforcement of the infrastructure of the hospitals, empowering human resources and policy framework to support the hospitals. Regarding systematic reform, concrete leadership and strong commitment of all hospital employees who understand of the value of HT R&D within the hospitals are essential. Other priorities include both a strategic management system to encourage hospital-based R&D, and strong multi-disciplinary collaboration via team approach. In terms of strengthening hospital infrastructure, capacity building of technology transfer organization, strategic allocation of hospital resources, researcher-friendly integrated information system, and improving clinical trial facilities are required to be RBHs in Korea. In order to empower human resources, the following measurements are suggested; a dual-track system for physicians in which they can develop their career in both research and medical service, exchange programs with training courses between scientists and physicians, and career management programs for researchers and technicians.The most significant requirement is the full support of the government, the support based in social recognition of the value of RBHs in Korea. With legislative backing for RBHs, deregulatory measurements are necessary. Expanded support of the government grant for HT R&D is also requested not only for increased funding but also allowance of longer-term support for R&D. In addition, an inter-government coordination body is suggested for enhancing the efficiency of HT R&D implementation and formulating R&D investment strategy. ; open

Transformation of philosophical education touches upon the generalcourses and the whole system of philosophical disciplines provided both thefuture specialists in Philosophy and other specialties. Regarding the last group,it is worth of suggesting the course of Philosophy depending on the specialty, e.g.Philosophy of Law, Philosophy of Economics, Philosophy of Language. It isalso necessary to take into consideration the individual choice of student-magisters in choosing special courses, which they can listen together with the students of philosophical specialty. In the prospect, there is a need to provide thegeneral course of Philosophy in the upper secondary school and gymnasiumsphilosophical education is concentrated on the block of theoretical and practical Philosophy. The first one covers Metaphysics, Ontology, PhilosophicalAnthropology, Gnoseology, Phemenology, Methodology (philosophy) ofScience and, in particular, Philosophy of Humanitarian Science. The block ofpractical Philosophy is especially important one: Ethics, Philosophy of Law,Political Philosophy, Philosophy of Culture, Philosophy of Language,Philosophy of History, Ecological Philosophy, Philosophy of Education, etc.The institutional andnon-institutional factors, which should be regarded likeinfrastructural ones, are playing an important role in the contemporary philosophical education. The level of the professional philosophical education is getting lower due to the weak language preparation (especially in the field ofancient languages), lack of the classical texts in the libraries and academic institutions. One of the most essential indicators of educational possibilities is thequality of the domestic philosophical research (the area of which has achievedthe critical measure recently in our country) and also publicity of philosophicallife, prevalence of discussions in philosophical and popular science periodicals.Their unsatisfactory state has a negative impact on the motivational backgroundof philosophical education perception, its reasonability. ; Трансформація філософської освіти торкаєтьсязагальних курсів і всієї системи викладанняфілософських дисциплін, як для майбутніх фахівців,так і для нефілософів. Для останніх не вартообмежуватись загальними курсами, а залежно відфаху пропонувати філософію права, філософіюекономіки, філософію мови і т.ін. Потрібно розраховувати на можливість індивідуального виборустудентами-магістрами спецкурсів, які вони можуть слухати разом з вихованцями філософських факультетів. У перспективінеобхідно орієнтуватися на викладання філософських курсів загальногохарактеру вже в старших класах гімназій (шкіл), як це робиться у Європі.Перебудова фахової філософської освіти зосереджується, в першу чергу, наблоках теоретичної і практичної філософії. Перший охоплює метафізику,онтологію, філософську антропологію, гносеологію, феноменологію, методологію (філософію) науки і, зокрема, філософію гуманітарних наук. Надзвичайноважливим є блок дисциплін практичної філософії: етика, філософія права,соціальна філософія, політична філософія, філософія культури, філософія мови,філософія історії, філософія освіти, екологічна філософія тощо. Велику роль усучасній філософській освіті відіграють інституціональні та позаінституціональні чинники, які можна вважати інфраструктурними. Рівень професійноїфілософської освіти особливо потерпає від слабкої мовної підготовки (особливов царині давніх мов), незадовільного забезпечення класичними текстамибібліотечних і академічних установ. Суттєвим індукуючим щодо освітніхможливостей можна вважати якість вітчизняних філософських досліджень,ареал яких звузився до критичної межі, а також пов'язану з цим публічністьфілософського життя, розповсюдженість дискусій на сторінках філософськоїі науково-популярної періодики. Їх незадовільний стан негативно впливає намотиваційне тло сприйняття філософської освіти, її резонансність.

Purpose
Despite advances in Environmental and Sustainability Education (ESE) scholarship and practice, ESE has not yet contributed to mitigate the sustainability-related problems it is meant to remedy. As part of an explanation, some scholars have argued that current ESE scholarship and practice overemphasizes intellectual and neglects (intra-)personal competencies as envisaged learning outcomes of ESE learning programs and activities. To date, however, such personal competencies have not been systematically specified in terms of the challenges they are meant to respond to. This paper aims to derive personal competencies from an analysis of inner challenges individuals face when engaging with the cause of sustainable consumption.


Design/methodology/approach
The study is conceptual and proceeds in two steps: In the first step, it analyzes existing research on challenges individuals experience when intending to change their consumer behavior and engaging in consumption-related learning activities. In a second step, a set of personal competencies for sustainable consumption are derived from the analysis of challenges. Based on the set of competencies, suggestions for future research empirically corroborating the reflections of this paper are made.


Findings
The discussion of challenges indicates that both sustainable consumption and consumption-related learning activities can come along with a series of affective-motivational challenges. In contrast to established competency frameworks, personal competencies emphasize the importance of affective-motivational learning outcomes instead of intellectual ones. They are defined here as abilities, proficiencies or skills related to inner states and processes that can be considered necessary to engage with the cause of sustainability. Personal competencies responding to the inner challenges of engaging with sustainable consumption include ethics, self-awareness, emotional resilience, self-care, access to and cultivation of ethical qualities and mindsets for sustainability.


Research limitations/implications
Given that this paper is conceptual, further research is needed to empirically inquire into the importance of personal competencies for sustainable consumption and corroborate the provided reflections. Furthermore, the study has not responded to some of the concerns a few ESE experts have expressed concerning the concept of (intra-)personal competencies more generally. To address these concerns, future research should be dedicated to empirically validating and operationalizing personal competencies, eventually leading to tools allowing for a systematic assessment of these competencies. Based on such assessment tools, pedagogical formats should be elaborated and evaluated with regard to their potential to stimulate personal sustainability competencies.


Originality/value
The concept of personal competencies explicitly acknowledges that current unsustainability is associated with the experience of inner, affective-motivational challenges. ESE learning programs and activities should prepare learners for these challenges. However, a specification of these inner challenges and corresponding personal competencies has not yet been undertaken. The set of personal competencies outlined in this paper can serve as a first starting point for specifying personal sustainability competencies and makes a case why their consideration is important when it comes to designing and evaluating ESE learning programs and activities.

Jaroslav Kacetl,1 Petra Marešová,2 Raihan Maskuriy,3,4 Ali Selamat5,6 1Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; 2Department of Economics, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; 3Malaysia Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; 4Department of Architecture, Faculty of Design and Architecture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Malaysia; 5Media and Games Center of Excellence (MagicX), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia; 6School of Computing, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, MalaysiaCorrespondence: Petra Marešová Email petra.maresova@uhk.czBackground: Rare or orphan diseases have become an important target of healthcare activities all over the world. The study aims to identify ethical questions linked to rare diseases and orphan drugs and ethical principles or approaches applied to solve them.Methods: Relevant peer-reviewed articles were identified by means of a systematic review. The literature was searched from 20 May 2020 to 20 June 2020. The search included the databases PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science (2010 – April 2020). A total of 4,139 papers related to rare diseases were identified; with 1,205 papers obtained from Scopus; 2,476 papers from PubMed; and 458 from Web of Science with keyword search "ethics" AND "rare" AND "disease", "ethical" AND "orphan", "ethical" AND "orphan" AND "drug", and "ethical" AND "rare" AND "disease". Finally, XX studies were chosen for further analysis.Results: The main findings reveal five main ethical issues. The most essential one shows that funding research and development in the field of orphan drugs poses an almost impossible dilemma. Other issues include the significance of non-economic values like compassion and beneficence in decision-making related to orphan drugs and rare diseases; the identification of limits to labelling diseases as rare; barriers to global, supranational and international cooperation; and last but not least, determining and establishing panels of decision-makers.Conclusions: A strictly global approach would be the most appropriate way to deal with rare diseases. Nonetheless, international, let alone global, cooperation seems to be completely beyond the reach of the current international community, although the EU, for instance, has a centralized procedure for labelling orphan drugs. This deficit in international cooperation can be partly explained by the fact that the current technologically globalized world still lacks globally accepted ethical values and rules. This is further aggravated by unresolved international and intercultural conflicts. In addition, the sub-interests of various parties as well as the lack of desire to deal with other people's problems need to be taken into account. The aforementioned problems are difficult to avoid. Nevertheless, let us be cautiously optimistic. At least, there are people who raise ethical questions about rare diseases and orphan drugs.Keywords: ethical aspects, ethical principles, rare disease, orphan drugs

This examination had 3 objectives of which are listed as follows: (1) to study the perception of society progression stationed on Buddhist principles, (2) to study the problems in advancing a community with Wang Saphung District, (3) to study the Wang Saphung District Buddhist-style community development model. Data was analyzed with inductive and descriptive analysis methods. The outcome of the examination found the following: 1) Concepts, theories and principles were consistent with community-oriented development Buddhists of Wang Saphung Municipality, Loei Province. Protocol that met the obligations of appropriate development, led to there being consistent communities There are observable changes in the process, ideas and communities that were carried out to behave. For there to be growth and development in terms of skills in understanding life as well as efficiency and creative effectiveness; the results of the development would of have to show that there was progression within each community following Buddhist principles and morals. 2) The position in the advancement of Buddhist-style communities, led to the discover of people in the community of Wang Saphung Municipality of wisdom being mainly divided into 5 areas, primarily (1) social aspects, for example, the lack of prudence in consumption, factor 4 (2) The economy is lacking vigor. (3) The environmental aspect demonstrated the scarcity of stigma on the result of the work that would satisfy himself. (4) The government can't carry out action, with lack of composure, atonement, morals and ethics in governance (5) The moral principles showed the absence of attention of favorable results in the management of traditions, good culture, etc 3) The Buddhist-style community development model of Wang Saphung District Loei Province, applied the four development theory principles such as physical development, precepts development, mental development and the development of such wisdom by evolution of discipline and coordinating activities To promote knowledge, the knowledge of the proper understanding way to live life, would lead to the change concept and behavior patterns changing. Furthermore, in order to improve and apply the theory integration should be implemented into progression and development. Lastly, to properly behave and act in the municipal community, the city of Wang Saphung would have to do things morally and ethically. ; การวิจัยครั้งนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์ 3 ประการ คือ (1) เพื่อศึกษาแนวคิดการพัฒนาชุมชนแบบมี ส่วนร่วมตามหลักธรรมทางพระพุทธศาสนา, (2) เพื่อศึกษาสภาพปัญหาในการพัฒนาชุมชนแบบมี ส่วนร่วมของเทศบาลเมืองวังสะพุง จังหวัดเลย, (3) เพื่อศึกษารูปแบบการพัฒนาชุมชนแบบมีส่วนร่วม เชิงพุทธของเทศบาลเมืองวังสะพุง วิเคราะห์ข้อมูลด้วยอุปนัยวิเคราะห์และการพรรณนาความเรียง ผลจากการวิจัยพบว่า 1) แนวคิด ทฤษฎี และหลักธรรมที่สอดคล้องกับการพัฒนาชุมชนแบบมีส่วนร่วมเชิง พุทธของเทศบาลเมืองวังสะพุง จังหวัดเลย ผู้วิจัยพบว่า แนวทางที่ตอบสนองความต้องการในการ พัฒนาชุมชนที่เหมาะสมและสอดคล้องกันนั้น มีผลต้อการเปลี่ยนแปลงเชิงพฤติกรรม ในกระบวนการ ความคิดและชุมชนมีการนําไปประพฤติปฏิบัติ เพื่อให้มีความเจริญขึ้นทั้งในด้านทักษะ ด้านความ เข้าใจในการดําเนินชีวิต เพื่อเพิ่มประสิทธิภาพและทําให้เกิดประสิทธิผลในการพัฒนาตนและส่งผลให้เกิดความสําเร็จผลต่อการพัฒนาชุมชนแบบมีส่วนร่วมเชิงพุทธ 2) สภาพปัญหาในการพัฒนาชุมชนแบบมีส่วนร่วมเชิงพุทธ พบว่า เกิดจากตัวคนใน ชุมชนเทศบาลเมืองวังสะพุงเป็นหลัก สามารถแบ่งสภาพป่ญญาได้เป็น 5 ด้าน คือ (1) ด้านสังคม ได้แก่ ขาดความรอบคอบในการบริโภคปัจจัย 4 (2) ด้านเศรษฐกิจ ได้แก่ ขาดความขยันหมั่นเพียร และขาดการอดออมทรัพย์ (3) ด้านสิ่งแวดล้อม ได้แก่ การขาดความละอายต่อผลของการทําที่จะมาสนองตน (4) ด้านการปกครอง ได้แก่ การขาดความอดทนและขาดการเสียสละ ขาดคุณธรรมและ จริยธรรมในการปกครอง (5) ด้านวัฒนาธรรม ได้แก่ ขาดการพิจารณาถึงผลดีต่อการอนุรักษาประเพณี และวัฒนธรรมที่ดีงาม เป็นต้น 3) รูปแบบการพัฒนาชุมชนแบบมีส่วนร่วมเชิงพุทธของเทศบาลเมืองวังสะพุง จังหวัด เลย โดยการนําหลักทฤษฎีการพัฒนาทั้ง 4 ประการ ได้แก่ การพัฒนากาย การพัฒนาศีล การพัฒนา จิตและการพัฒนา ปัญญา ขั้นตอนการพัฒนาดังกล่าวโดยการผ่านการฝึกอบรมและการจัดกิจกรรม เพื่อส่งเสริมความรู้ความ เข้าใจในการดําเนินชีวิตอย่างถูกต้อง เพื่อปรับเปลี่ยนแนวคิดและพฤติกรรม ให้ดีขึ้นและนําเอาทฤษฎี ดังกล่าวมาบูรณาการในการพัฒนา เพื่อประพฤติและปฏิบัติในชุมชนเทศบาล เมืองวังสะพุงไปในสิ่งที่ถูกต้องดีงามต่อไป

The Thematic Workshop entitled "Cyberlaw, Cyber Security Law, Internet of Things and Emerging Global Trends" will aim to examine the current status of Cyberlaw as emerging discipline as also the emergence of cyber security law as prominent sub-discipline emerging within the Cyberlaw umbrella. More and more countries are increasingly coming up with new cyber security legislations and policies which have a direct impact upon all stakeholders. The advent of Internet of Things and increasing cyber security breaches means that various legal, policy and regulatory concerning the Internet of Things need to be appropriately addressed. This Thematic Workshop will also look at emerging global trends in the context of Cyberlaw and Cyber Security Law and what further needs to be done to strengthen the cyber ecosystem. The Thematic Workshop will also examine the contribution of global events like International Conference on Cyberlaw, Cybercrime & Cybersecurity for the purposes of identifying Cyberlaw and Cyber Security trends. The Thematic Workshop will also examine the current global Cyberlaw responses that need to be evolved, pursuant to the Wannacry ransomware attacks and Adylkuzz miniming malware attacks. He further highlighted the lack of a focused approach adopted by younger generation in not understanding the significance and relevance of cyber security and their ultimate contribution towards strengthening the cyber ecosystem. He further highlighted the challenges that youth of the world are currently facing and highlighting the significance of younger generation for the further growth of Internet. Saakshar Duggal highlighted that there is a need for various stakeholders including nations and legislatures to keep in mind the specific expectation of the younger generation, while they go ahead and legislate about various issues and activities in cyberspace. He further highlighted the need for proactive and tremendous capacity building and awareness programmes to be undertaken amongst the youth on emerging paradigm in Cyberlaw, Cyber Security Law, Internet of Things and other emerging technologies. Mr. Alfredo Ronchi, Secretary General, EC MEDICI Framework gave holistic approach that is emerging in the European context towards Cyberlaw and Cyber Security Law. He called for far more harmonization of existing conflicting and somewhat contradictory trends that are beginning to emerge concerning cyber security regulation. He pointed out that we live in a world in which there are already countless sensors and smart objects around us, all the time and thus , the concept of "private" becomes far more ephemeral. He further highlighted that this is not enough, what it is not collected by APPs it will be collected in a seamless mode by IoT; of course IoT will add a lot to our life but this will cost us a significant part of our privacy. He highlighted the need for consultation with all stakeholders for the purposes of going forward in the area of Cyberlaw, Cyber Security Law and Internet of Things. Other debated issues included the following:-  "Appification" of society  Information ownership  Information property  Data protection  Ethics in cyber society  Sensitive data and Privacy

The research analyses the development of internal control systems in German and Italian municipalities. The modernization process of public administrations promoted by the New Public Management movement has implied worldwide the adoption of private sector derived techniques and tools in order to improve public management. According to the literature, the adoption of internal control systems, together with the improvement of accounting and auditing techniques, can help to increase the level of efficiency, effectiveness, accountability and transparency of public sector organizations. Moreover, internal control systems are a useful tool for the ethical execution of operations and for corruption prevention, which are two keystone for public sector. The reform trajectories followed by the countries have been different. In particular, the reform process was slow in "Rechtsstaat" or legal state countries, like Germany and Italy. The reform process in these two countries, which are the object of this study, started later as in the other OECD countries and implied the adaptation of the proposed tool and techniques to the existing administrative system. Moreover, in the two countries the process of innovation started and has been more advanced at the local government level. The municipality level was therefore chosen as the object of the study. A second reason for this choice lies in the fact that the municipality level allowed a homogeneous comparison between the two countries. Indeed, they have a different state structure, Italy is a unitary state and Germany is a federal republic; the lowest level of government is the one that allows a homogeneous comparison. The study is aimed at: a) describing the characteristics (objectives and components) of internal control systems in German and Italian municipalities, compared to private sector standards concerning internal control systems; b) comparing the internal control systems of the two countries in order to identify their similarities and differences. Considering that the ethical execution of operations and the prevention of corruption are two keystones for public sector, one additional purpose was to ascertain if these need produce effects on the internal control system adopted. The research is mainly based on the analysis of the laws and regulations issued on this topic and uses an internationally accepted standard – the CoSO model for internal control systems – as a framework for the analysis and the comparison between the two countries. As in both countries the municipalities have a high level of autonomy, two case study, two towns, were selected to complete the general analysis and to deal with the third objective of the research. The selected towns, one Italian and one German, have in fact undergone a process of restructuring and of improvement of their administration, which is aimed at dealing with the problem of ethics (Italian town) and corruption (German town). The analysis conducted shows that both countries are with different approaches and different solutions moving towards the international standards.

More than ten years ago, the Club of Rome published its much discussed report The First Global Revolution which stressed that our world possesses a promising opportunity, one unlikely to be provided again, to shape a new understanding and new attitudes towards the world as a whole. Whilst contemporary societies are much confused about morals and ethics, whilst we experience much social, educational, personal and environmental chaos, the Club of Rome report argued that it is essential for humanity to respond to this unique opportunity for a global revolution and find the wisdom needed to deal with it in the right way. But how can we find such wisdom? How can we deal with our personal, social and ecological predicaments? Traditionally, religions have fostered wisdom and morality, have shaped individuals and groups, yet their teachings have shown few outward signs of success because their loftiest ideals have rarely been put fully into practice. For the Club of Rome to appeal to inherited wisdom was a momentous step; it was an appeal to our global religious and philosophical heritage, but also to the task of analysing the powers of spirituality for contemporary society and culture, and to discern the different cultural and historical expressions of spirituality whilst assessing their significance for contemporary ecological thinking and concerns. More recently, the American ecological thinker Thomas Berry, much shaped by his deep knowledge of American native traditions, of eastern religions, and the work of the French thinker Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, also spoke about the need to draw on the resources of wisdom in his seminal book The Great Work. Our Way into the Future. The great work, which is the work of all the people, is "to create a mutually enhancing mode of human dwelling on the planet Earth". Thomas Berry speaks of the need to rediscover the spiritual sense of the universe and the need "to reinvent the human". To create a viable earth community, to develop the new world vision required for building a viable human future, the politics, education and financial arrangements around the globe – or governance, universities and corporations – need fundamental restructuring. This task is impossible to achieve if humankind does not creatively draw on what Berry calls the "four wisdoms": 1. the wisdom of the classical traditions, that is to say the wisdom of traditional religions and philosophies; 2. the wisdom of native peoples; 3. the wisdom of women; 4. the much more recent and newer wisdom of science. This is a profound insight, for we have so far little explored the spiritual resources of science and nature. The convergence of traditional spiritual perspectives of a religious consciousness with some of the spiritual insights that modern science yields is a truly exciting development for human consciousness and community. So how can we relate ecology, spirituality and our global religious heritage?

PurposeCyber-enabled crimes are on the increase, and law enforcement has had to expand many of their detecting activities into the digital domain. As such, the field of digital forensics has become far more sophisticated over the years and is now able to uncover even more evidence that can be used to support prosecution of cyber criminals in a court of law. Governments, too, have embraced the ability to track suspicious individuals in the online world. Forensics investigators are driven to gather data exhaustively, being under pressure to provide law enforcement with sufficient evidence to secure a conviction.Yet, there are concerns about the ethics and justice of untrammeled investigations on a number of levels. On an organizational level, unconstrained investigations could interfere with, and damage, the organization's right to control the disclosure of their intellectual capital. On an individual level, those being investigated could easily have their legal privacy rights violated by forensics investigations. On a societal level, there might be a sense of injustice at the perceived inequality of current practice in this domain.This paper argues the need for a practical, ethically grounded approach to digital forensic investigations, one that acknowledges and respects the privacy rights of individuals and the intellectual capital disclosure rights of organizations, as well as acknowledging the needs of law enforcement. The paper derives a set of ethical guidelines, and then maps these onto a forensics investigation framework. The framework to expert review in two stages is subjected, refining the framework after each stage. The paper concludes by proposing the refined ethically grounded digital forensics investigation framework. The treatise is primarily UK based, but the concepts presented here have international relevance and applicability.Design/methodology/approachIn this paper, the lens of justice theory is used to explore the tension that exists between the needs of digital forensic investigations into cybercrimes on the one hand, and, on the other, individuals' rights to privacy and organizations' rights to control intellectual capital disclosure.FindingsThe investigation revealed a potential inequality between the practices of digital forensics investigators and the rights of other stakeholders. That being so, the need for a more ethically informed approach to digital forensics investigations, as a remedy, is highlighted and a framework proposed to provide this.Research limitations/implicationsThe proposed ethically informed framework for guiding digital forensics investigations suggests a way of re-establishing the equality of the stakeholders in this arena, and ensuring that the potential for a sense of injustice is reduced.Originality/valueJustice theory is used to highlight the difficulties in squaring the circle between the rights and expectations of all stakeholders in the digital forensics arena. The outcome is the forensics investigation guideline, PRECEpt: Privacy-Respecting EthiCal framEwork, which provides the basis for a re-aligning of the balance between the requirements and expectations of digital forensic investigators on the one hand, and individual and organizational expectations and rights, on the other.

This article displays the results of an investigation carried out by the Social Work Department of UCSH between the years 2003 -2005. In this research, the evolution of three situations of public interest selected for the accomplishment of the study is approached, that is to say, the conflict generated around the Santa Marta Sanitary Rubbish Damp - Metropolitan Region - the crisis of the Public Health and the previous debate to the promulgation of the Law of Divorce. The reconstruction of these situations was made with the intention of making possible the recognition to us of actors of the civil society - individual and organizations - that assumed an active roll in the conflict, demonstrated by the joint and diffusion of a public speech with respect to the subject. Soon, it was necessary to deepen in this information by means of the recollection of the speech of different actors from the civil society tied to the three situations of public interest. The selection criteria of these informants were: one, those strategic actors, in terms of representing a position defined in the situation (most of the interviewed people appeared to be mentioned in the consulted sources) and two, that those actors had will and disposition to participate in the investigation. Thus, in order to reconstruct the first, maximum ethical (A. Cortina) contents in their positions, and then, from the characterization of those maximums, look for common elements (minimum) that allowed us to reflect on the possibilities of the constitution of civic ethics. ; Este artí­culo presenta los resultados de una investigación llevada a cabo por el Departamento de Trabajo Social de la UCSH en el perí­odo 2003-2005. En ella, se aborda la evolución de tres situaciones de interés público seleccionadas para la realización del estudio, a saber, el conflicto generado en torno al Relleno Sanitario Santa Marta ""Región Metropolitana"" la crisis de la Salud Pública y el debate previo a la promulgación de la Ley de Divorcio. La reconstrucción de estas situaciones se realizó con el objeto de posibilitarnos el reconocimiento de actores de la sociedad civil ""individuos y/u organizaciones""que asumieron un rol activo en el conflicto, evidenciado por la articulación y difusión de un discurso público respecto al tema. Luego, se buscó profundizar en esta información mediante la recolección del discurso de distintos actores de la sociedad civil vinculados a las tres situaciones de interés público. Los criterios de selección de estos informantes fueron: que se tratara de actores estratégicos en términos de representar una posición definida en la situación (la mayorí­a de los entrevistados aparecen mencionados en las fuentes consultadas) y dos, que tuvieran voluntad y disposición a participar en la investigación. Ello, con el propósito de reconstruir primero, los máximos éticos (A. Cortina) contenidos en sus posiciones, para luego, a partir de la caracterización de esos máximos, buscar elementos comunes (mí­nimos) que nos permitieran reflexionar sobre las posibilidades de constitución de una ética cí­vica.

Este texto elabora un análisis metodológico y político de lo que implica pensar el discurso de los movimientos sociales en Colombia como lugar para comprender el conflicto político (en su pluralidad y heterogeneidad). Ello implica comenzar por una reflexión sobre lo que está juego en la política del lenguaje en la coyuntura histórica de lo que se ha dado en llamar la posverdad. Ante el reto de esta coyuntura, se propone la perspectiva de una ontología de lo político de corte posestructuralista como vía para articular otros modos de comprender y ejercitar la veracidad y la responsabilidad en las prácticas del lenguaje. Siguiendo una relectura de la polémica dirigida por Habermas en contra de Foucault, y luego una interpretación de la lectura de Marx elaborada por Derrida, se propone una figura de la promesa, inseparable de la historicidad del lenguaje, como clave para pensar otros modos de la veracidad y la responsabilidad ético-política (más allá de las figuras metafísicas de la verdad como adecuación entre lenguaje y realidad, y de la ética como soberanía de un sujeto transparente ante sí sobre los efectos de sus palabras y acciones). Es desde esta otra figura de la promesa como configuradora de lo político, que se define la necesidad de una práctica teórico-filosófica del pensar-con las formas de enunciación (y de agencia) de los movimientos y colectivos populares. ; This article develops a methodological and philosophical analysis regarding some implications of approaching the discursive production of social movements in Colombia as a distinctive place for thinking political conflict (in its plurality and heterogeneity). This requires an initial reflection on what is at stake in relation to the politics of language in the historical juncture of what has been called the post-truth era. Facing the challenges of this juncture, the article proposes the perspective of a political ontology derived from post-structuralism as a way for conceiving of and practicing other forms of truthfulness and responsibility in our practices of language. Revisiting the polemics addressed by Habermas against Foucault, and following some threads of Derrida's reading of Marx's thought, the article proposes another ethical and political figure of the promise, inseparable from the historicity of language, as a key to start thinking other modalities of truthfulness and of ethico-political responsibility (beyond the metaphysical figures of truth as correspondence between language and reality, and of ethics as the sovereignty over its words and deeds of a self-transparent subject). It is from this other figure of the promise as constitutive of the space and the time of the political, that the field for a theoretical and philosophical practice delineates itself: that of a distinctive thinking-with the forms of political enunciation and agency performed by social movements and popular collectives.

"Humangenetik, Nanotechnik, Präimplantationsdiagnostik, genetische Fingerabdrücke, Molekularelektronik, Genomentschlüsselung, Neuroimplantate - Begriffe, die in den Ohren einer nicht naturwissenschaftlich ausgebildeten Öffentlichkeit zunächst befremdlich - eventuell auch bedrohlich - klingen. Zugleich stehen sie jedoch für Entwicklungen, die in nächster Zeit Teil des Lebens vor allem in westlichen Gesellschaften werden bzw. bereits geworden sind. Die Entwicklungen in den Life Sciences haben unmittelbare und nachhaltige Auswirkungen auf die gesellschaftliche Entwicklung wie auch auf uns persönlich und sollten daher auch zum Gegenstand einer breiteren wissenschaftlichen und politischen Diskussion werden. Die Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften beginnen gerade erst, die Relevanz des Themas für den eigenen Forschungshorizont zu erkennen." (Textauszug).

Chapter 1. Introduction -- Chapter 2. Journalism is Software -- Chapter 3. News Recommendation and Information Cocoons: the Impact of Algorithms on News Consumption -- Chapter 4. Environmental Issues Raised in the Forum Pages of a Newspaper in Singapore -- Chapter 5. Towards an Inclusive Journalism: a Review of Ethical Norms and Accountability Systems -- Chapter 6. On the Framing of the Zika Virus Outbreak in Singapore by a Newspaper -- Chapter 7. Journalism in Practice Studies: a Systematic Review -- Chapter 8. A Toolkit for Journalists for More Informed Reporting of Stories About Muslims and Islam -- Chapter 9. Emotional Education: Incorporating Emotional Labor Instruction Into Journalism Training -- Chapter 10. Some Problems of Bridge-building -- Chapter 11. Entrepreneurialism in Digital Journalism Education: the Niche Model -- Chapter 12. Sámi Journalism in the Context of the Sámi Mediascape: Current Trends and Research Agendas -- Chapter 13. Transnational Networks in Global Collaborative Journalism: Mapping Opportunities and Challenges in Africa -- Chapter 14. Media and Democracy: Can the News Media Rightfully Claim Its Role as the Fourth Estate in Zimbabwe Politics? -- Chapter 15. Psychological Aid and Training for Journalists Who Face Continued Emotionally Demanding Environments: the Case of Venezuelan Journalists -- Chapter 16. Reclaiming the Social Legitimacy of Journalism in Polarised Environments: Lessons From Chile and Bolivia -- Chapter 17. Digital Shift Towards What? Implications of Digital Transformation for Professional Journalism Practice in Morocco -- Chapter 18. Brazilian Journalists' New Media Arrangements: Journalism Made in the Periphery -- Chapter 19. The Pros and Cons of Online Journalism Practice in Egypt -- Chapter 20. Australian Journalist Practice and News Reporting in Relation to First Nations -- Chapter 21. Press Coverage of Yellow Vest Protests in France: a Critical Approach -- Chapter 22. Vietnamese Online Journalism: Vnexpress and Vietnamplus' Responses to the Big Data and AI Boom -- Chapter 23. Looking for Constructive Journalism Principles in Arab Journalism Codes of Ethics: a Study on UAE, KSA, and Qatar -- Chapter 24. Exploring Environmental Journalism Practices in Singapore: the Case of a National Newspaper -- Chapter 25. Migrating From the Advocacy of Personality Cult to a Vibrant Democratic Landscape: Four Decades of Iraqi Journalism Practice -- Chapter 26. Pivoting on Their Writerly Skills: How Australian Freelance Journalists Fared During the Pandemic -- Chapter 27. Beyond the Bias: the Hegemony of Corporatizing Journalism -- Chapter 28. Ethical Blindness in Journalism -- Chapter 29. Journalists and Editors in an Online Environment: the Case of Croatia -- Chapter 30. Cold War or Inner Unity? How a New Generation of Journalists Challenge Persistent Bias in Reporting East Germany in Die Zeit -- Chapter 31. Cultural Journalism: the Theatre Review -- Chapter 32. We Are the New(S)!: Reporting Experiences of Young Journalists in Albania -- Chapter 33. Fixers as Co-creators of Foreign Reporting: Focus on Hungary -- Chapter 34. "No One is Going to Silence Me": a Comparison of the Conditions for Press Freedom and Independent Journalism as a Prerequisite for Democracy in the United States, Sweden, and Egypt.

The study proves the necessity of internal control in order to optimize the aleatory effects of business entities' activity. The main provisions of the comparative approach are proposed, the purpose of which is to organize a system of compliance control within business entities on the example of the United States and Great Britain. Emphasized that in recent years business entities that are related to big business pay attention to comply with corporate ethics and compliance procedures. The last mentioned is not only aimed to ensure compliance with exterritorial legislation while doing business but also aimed to ensure stability of economic relationships on international level, sustainability of economic development on national level and good statement of a particular business entity. The above mentioned is confirmed and has a specific statistics data in regard violation of internationally accepted compliance requirements that resulted in objectively applied sanctions against business entities. As an objectively existing risk these violations are became visible by the inconsistency of different business entities to compliance requirements that affects the entire complex of economic and production, organizational and economic and internal economic relations. All of that shall be an object of permanent attention and strict control from top-management and those who are responsible for particular company's business directions. Amendments to the current legislation of Ukraine in regard compliance-measures of business entities are proposed. The characteristics of compliance and certain aspects of compliance-measures as a common form of internal control are provided. A system of «informative and preventive» indicators for correlation analysis of application of compliance control within business entities is proposed. ; У дослідженні доводиться необхідність реалізації внутрішнього контролю з метою оптимізації алеаторних наслідків діяльності суб'єктів господарювання. Пропонуються отримані в результаті компаративістичного підходу основні положення, метою яких є організація системи внутрішнього комплаєнс-контролю суб'єктів підприємницької діяльності на прикладі США та Великобританії. Наголошується на тому, що за останні роки доволі розповсюдженим явищем є увага, яка приділяється з боку суб'єктів господарювання, що відносяться до великого бізнесу, дотриманню процедур корпоративної етики та коплаєнсу. Останній не лише покликаний забезпечувати екстериторіальні вимоги до ведення бізнесу, а й покликаний забезпечити стабільність економічних зв'язків на міжнародному рівні, а також сталість економічного розвитку в національному вимірі та good statement конкретного суб'єкта господарювання. Зазначене підтверджується та має цілком конкретизовані статистичні дані про порушення загально визнаних у світовій практиці норм комлаєнс, що призвели до об'єктивно покладених санкцій на суб'єктів господарювання. Ці порушення абсорбувались невідповідністю різних комплаєнс-норм як об'єктивний ризик, що впливає на весь комплекс господарсько-виробничих, організаційно-господарських та внутрішньо-господарських відносин. Усе це має бути об'єктом постійної уваги і жорсткого контролю з боку управлінської ланки як топ-менеджменту, так і відповідальних за окремі напрямки діяльності компанії. Пропонуються зміни до чинного законодавства України стосовно комплаєнс-заходів суб'єктів господарювання. Надається характеристика комплаєнсу та окремим аспектам комплаєнс-заходів як розповсюдженій формі внутрішнього контролю. Пропонується система «інформативно-превентивних» покажчиків для кореляційного аналізу застосування комплаєнс-контролю суб'єктів господарювання.