Suchergebnisse

AMÉRICA LATINA Miles de brasileños salen a las calles en protestas masivas. Para más información:http://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2013/06/19/bresil-la-commission-des -droits-de-l-homme-approuve-un-traitement-pour-les-homosexuels_3432430_322 2.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/19/world/americas/brazilian-leaders-brace-for-moreotests.html?ref=world&_r=0&gwh=F5C24ED264CCA38C603BBD13B470C1FBhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-22961874http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/06/18/actualidad/1371580181_ 159118.htmlhttp://edition.cnn.com/2013/06/18/world/americas/brazil-protests/index.htm l?hpt=wo_c2http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/se-aguara-la-revolucion-del-vinagr e-en-brasil_12879971-4http://www.economist.com/blogs/americasview/2013/06/protests-brazil El máximo tribunal de Argentina veta la reforma judicial kirchnerista. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/06/18/actualidad/1371586701_ 459857.html Humala deniega el indulto al ex presidente peruano Fujimori. Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-22823488http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/06/07/actualidad/13706 35226_139709.htmlhttp://edition.cnn.com/2013/06/07/world/americas/peru-fujimori/index.htm l?hpt=wo_bn8http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/82937.htmlhttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/humala-no-concede-indult o-a-fujimori_12853407-4http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-22821052 OEA logra primer consenso para abordar diálogos sobre drogas. Para más información:http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-oas-drugs-20130605, 0,3473482.storyhttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/asamblea-de-la-oea-en-guatema la_12849107-4http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/06/06/actualidad/137055218 6_000263.htmlhttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/oea-abri-va-para-continuar-deb ate-sobre-nuevo-enfoque-de-drogas_12852242-4http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/cambio-de-ruta-en-lucha-contr a-la-droga_12856795-4 Reacción dispar en America Latina tras nombramiento de Rice como nueva asesora de seguridad estadounidense. Para más información:http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/06/05/3435679/reaction-muted-among-lati n-un.html#storylink=cpy Juicio por genocidio en Guatemala a Ríos Montt se reanudará en 2014. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/juicio-a-ros-montt-se-reanudar -en-2014_12847885-4 El miedo llega al corazón de México: la misteriosa desaparición de 12 jóvenes. Para más información:http://edition.cnn.com/2013/06/08/world/americas/mexico-missing-mystery /index.html?hpt=wo_bn8http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-22829581 http://www.latimes.com/news/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-mexico-prison-break -20130609,0,1994844.storyhttp://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/05/31/18651848-teen-among-11-kid napped-in-daylight-from-mexico-city-bar?lite Maduro intenta dirigir Venezuela a pesar del desabastecimiento y rumores de división chavista. Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2013/06/09/world/americas/ap-lt-venezuela -election-audit.html?ref=world&gwh=9F4592A312A5BE45B1B7A3EDFA9F2EDAhttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/1590705-maduro-sube-la-apuesta-y-denuncia-otra -conspiracionhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-22829583 La principal universidad de Venezuela paraliza indefinidamente sus actividades. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/06/07/actualidad/137062596 5_416315.html Según analistas Irán y Hezbollah encuentran en Latinoamérica una mina de ingresos y reclutas. Para más información:http://edition.cnn.com/2013/06/03/world/americas/iran-latin-america/index.html Cuba es escenario de diálogos de paz para Colombia. Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-22853611 La carrera hacia la Casa Rosada irrumpe en el tablero político de Argentina. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/06/07/actualidad/1370624 610_614080.html Nicaragua apuesta a tener su canal interoceánico. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/proyecto-de-canal-interoceanic o-de-nicaragua_12858382-4 Diversos medios hacen referencia a coyuntura económica brasileña. Para más información:http://www.economist.com/news/americas/21579048-feeble-growth-has-for ced-change-course-governments-room-manoeuvre-morehttp://edition.cnn.com/2013/05/30/business/brazil-middle-class-boom/ind ex.html?hpt=wo_bn2 Condenan a cadena perpetua al último líder de Sendero Luminoso en Perú. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/06/08/actualidad/1370666 114_358936.htmlhttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/cadena-perpetua-para-ltimo-ld er-de-sendero-luminoso_12853905-4 Piden abrir juicio contra 35 militares suramericanos por Plan Cóndor Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/juicio-a-militares-por-plan-c ondor_12878566-4 El presidente chino Xi intenta estrechar lazos comerciales con México. Para más información:http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-mexico-china-20130 605,0,221993.story ESTADOS UNIDOS /CANADÁ Espionaje en Estados Unidos: un ex empleado de la CIA filtró la información. Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/09/us/politics/officials-say-congress-was-fu lly-briefed-on-surveillance.html?ref=worldhttp://edition.cnn.com/2013/06/10/world/asia/snowden-what-next/index.htm l?hpt=wo_c1http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-22850901http://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2013/06/10/ed-snowden-le-lanceu r-d-alerte-qui-defie-obama_3427093_3210.htmlhttp://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/site-brinca-com-programa-secreto-de-monitora mento-nos-eua-8642713#ixzz2Vs87O16b http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2013-06/19/content_16635558.htm Obama y Putin juntos en la cumbre del G8. Para más información:http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2013-06/17/content_16628639.htmhttp://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/19/world/americas/extending-a-hand -abroad-obama-often-finds-a-cold-shoulder.html?ref=world&gwh=14C0D96142432B8CB8485A67D02B6380 Obama nombró a Susan Rice como su nueva asesora de seguridad. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/susan-rice-ser-la-nueva-asesora- de-seguridad-de-barack-obama_12846982-4 Estados Unidos relanza las conversaciones de paz con los talibanes en Catar. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/06/18/actualidad/1371566 115_064096.html Obama nombra a Furman como nuevo jefe económico de la Casa Blanca. Para más información:http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2013-06/11/content_16606433.htm Presidentes de Estados Unidos y China abogan por 'nuevo modelo' de relaciones. Para más información:http://www.economist.com/news/china/21579043-president-xi-jinping-shows-inter est-reviving-ties-america-how-far-he-preparedhttp://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-us-china-summit-20130609, 0,5869616.storyhttp://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/09/world/asia/obama-and-xi-try-building-a-new -model-for-china-us-ties.html?ref=worldhttp://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/10/world/asia/obama-and-xi-try-to-avoid-a-col d-war-mentality.html?ref=world Estados Unidos cada vez más cerca de la reforma migratoria. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/reforma-migratoria-podra-ser-apr obada-este-ao_12850708-4http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-22850762http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/82934.html Escándalo en torno al alcalde de Toronto. Para más información:http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2013-06/18/content_16631857.htmhttp://edition.cnn.com/2013/05/30/world/americas/canada-toronto-mayor/in dex.htmlhttp://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/05/30/18634392-embattled-toro nto-mayor-will-run-again-despite-drug-allegations?litehttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-22960593 Diversos medios analizan y cuestionan la postura de Estados Unidos frente a los refugiados, los rebeldes y el conflicto sirio. Para más información:http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/middleeast/la-fg-syria-refugees-20130610,0,6484601.storyhttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/crisis-en-siria_12877505-4http://edition.cnn.com/2013/06/09/politics/white-house-syria/index.html?hpt=wo_c2 EUROPA Rusia bloquea el acuerdo sobre una intervención en Siria. Para más información:http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2013-06/19/content_16635919.htmhttp://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/06/17/actualidad/137150 2103_091990.html Crece la violencia en Turquía por enfrentamientos entre manifestantes y la policía. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/06/18/actualidad/1371555410 _756638.htmlhttp://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2013/06/10/en-turquie-le-processus-de-pai x-kurde-a-l-epreuve-des-manifestations_3426986_3214.htmlhttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/1590256-advertencia-de-erdogan-a-los-manifestanteshttp://edition.cnn.com/2013/06/08/world/pakistan-drones/index.html?hpt=wo_c2http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-police-clash-with-protester s-in-istanbul-20130611,0,6189707.storyhttp://www.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/82969.htmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-22790635http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2013-06/08/content_16594833.htm http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/primeiro-ministro-turco-aceita-receber-manifestant es-8646402http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21579005-protests-against-recep-tayyip- erdogan-and-his-ham-fisted-response-have-shaken-his-rule-and Alemanes y checos vivan las consecuencias de las devastadoras inundaciones. Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/10/world/europe/10iht-flood10.html?ref=worldhttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/1590680-parte-de-alemania-bajo-el-agua#comentarwww.lemonde.fr/europe/video/2013/06/10/la-police-reprime-les-manifestants-a-ankara_3427273_3214.html La centroizquierda italiana logró un triunfo contundente en las municipales. Para más información:http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/centro-esquerda-recupera-roma-nas-urnas-8647380http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1590681-la-centroizquierda-italiana-logro-un-triunfo-co ntundente-en-las-municipales Suiza se encierra en sus miedos y endurece su ley de asilo. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/06/07/actualidad/137063251 4_643009.htmlhttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/ley-de-asilo-en-suiza_12860089-4http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/06/09/actualidad/1370806897_ 177919.html Los programas electorales muestran que los partidos alemanes coinciden en los recortes. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/06/08/actualidad/1370722970_ 157146.html Putin apoyará prohibición de adopción a parejas homosexuales en Rusia. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/prohibicin-de-adopcin-a-parejas-ho mosexuales-en-rusia_12844610-4http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/09/world/europe/trial-sendss.html?ref=wo rld&_r=0 París se plantea disolver los grupos violentos de extrema derecha tras asesinato de militante comprometido en la defensa de los homosexuales. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/pars-se-plantea-disolver-los-grupos -violentos-de-extrema-derecha_12850632-4 http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/06/06/actualidad/1370547 423_977824.htmlhttp://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/06/06/actualidad/13704794 17_014580.html El Asad advierte a Europa de que pagará las consecuencias si arma a los rebeldes. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/06/18/actualidad/13 71546210_225136.html "El País" de España analiza: "Ni Grexit ni Grecovery". Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/06/09/actualidad/1370799 092_688308.html ASIA- PACÍFICO/ MEDIO ORIENTE Elecciones en Irán: apatía y lucha de poder. Para más información:http://www.economist.com/blogs/pomegranate/2013/06/iran-s-electionhttp://edition.cnn.com/2013/06/15/world/meast/iran-rouhani-profile/inde x.html?hpt=wo_c2http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/relaciones-iran-con-estados -unidos_12875543-4http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2013-06/08/content_16591014.htmhttp://edition.cnn.com/2013/06/09/world/meast/iran-nuclear-reactor/index. html?hpt=wo_bn11http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/middleeast/la-fg-iran-elections-20130611,0,3357264.story http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/middleeast/la-fg- iran-elections-20130611,0,3357264.storyCumbre del G8 sin acuerdo sobre guerra en Siria. Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/19/world/europe/g-8-meeting-ends-wit h-cordial-stalemate-on-syria.html?ref=world&gwh=325D51A100831D8E95 A7CDA8915C9A27http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/cumbre-del-g8-evalua-conflicto-en- siria_12877428-4 Continúa la escalada de violencia en Siria. Para más información:http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21579055-fall-qusayr -boost-regime-far-decisive-turning-pointhttp://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/06/10/18883427-reuters-us-wei ghs-arming-syria-rebels?litehttp://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/visuel/2013/05/23/iran-portraits-de-candidats_3386947_3218.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/09/world/middleeast/syria-opposition-won t-attend-talks-unless-rebels-get-arms-commander-says.html?ref=worldhttp://www.miamiherald.com/2013/05/30/3425004/syrias-assad-pledges-to -attend.html#storylink=cpyhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-22852957Mueren 46 personas en atentado contra un funeral en Pakistán. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/atentado-contra-un-funeral-en-pakis tn_12878029-4 Son más de 511000 sirios refugiados en el Líbano. Para más información:http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2013-06/09/content_16600893.htm La ONU pide 3920 millones para ayudar a las víctimas de la guerra en Siria. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/06/07/actualidad/137060 4074_343489.html La premio Nobel de la Paz Suu Kyi reconoce su deseo de ser presidenta de Myanmar. Para más información:http://edition.cnn.com/2013/06/06/world/asia/myanmar-suu-kyi-presidential-aspiration/index.html?hpt=wo_c2http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/06/06/actualidad/13705097 70_497091.html Tras largas conversaciones las dos Coreas acuerdan encuentro. Para más información:http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2013-06/10/content_16602536.htmhttp://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/10/world/asia/north-and-south-korea-to-di scuss-restoring-economic-and-other-ties.html?ref=worldhttp://www.latimes.com/news/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-north-korea-changes- course-20130606,0,2868588.storyhttp://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/06/09/actualidad/137074 4334_514863.htmlhttp://edition.cnn.com/2013/06/08/world/asia/koreas-tensions/index.html?hp t=wo_c2 Ataque suicida en el aeropuerto de Kabul. Para más información:http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2013/06/10/afghanistan-attaque- suicide-d-insurges-pres-de-l-aeroport-de-kaboul_3426919_3216.htmlhttp://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-afghan-bombs-201306 04,0,2665212.storyhttp://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2013-06/10/content_16603337.htmhttp://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/09/world/asia/attacker-in-afghanistan-hid -bomb-in-his-body.html?ref=world&gwh=A020FB85D7BBAF85C119B695F4D126F9 Crisis en Irak: ataques dejan docenas de muertos por día. Para más información:http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/06/10/18887438-day-long-attack s-kill-more-than-70-in-iraq?litehttp://www.latimes.com/news/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-iraq-deadly-bomb-a ttacks-20130610,0,2919168.story La oposición india aprende de sus errores. Para más información:http://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2013/06/india-s-oppositionwww.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2013/06/10/inde-un-nationaliste-hin dou-a-la-tete-de-l-opposition_3426921_3216.htmlhttp://www.latimes.com/news/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-split-indian-opp osition-party-20130610,0,7283558.storyhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-22851915 Austria retirará a sus 380 cascos azules de la zona desmilitarizada en el Golán. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/06/06/actualidad/1370503 365_774581.htmlhttp://www.latimes.com/news/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-syria-golan-un-mission-20130606,0,6454723.story Palestina inaugura gobierno en un momento crítico para el proceso de paz. Para más información:http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/middleeast/la-fg-palestin ian-premier-20130603,0,549411.storyhttp://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/06/09/actualidad/1370 781086_914560.html ÁFRICA Salud de Mandela mantiene al mundo en vilo. Para más información:http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2013-06/11/content_16606127.htmhttp://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2013/06/10/inquietudes-sur-l-etat-de -sante-de-nelson-mandela_3427099_3212.html Reino Unido compensará con 23 millones de euros a los Mau Mau de Kenia. Para más información:http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-britain-kenya-compensate-20130607,0,2322515.storyhttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/africa/reino-unido-pagar-23-millones-de-euros- a-los-mau-mau-de-kenia_12849864-4 Aumenta la presencia de Al Qaeda en África Sahariana. Para más información:http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/05/28/3420983/ap-exclusive-rise-of-al- qaida.html Libia vive violentas protestas. Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/10/world/africa/libyan-violence-threatens-t o-undercut-power-of-militias.html?ref=world Tensión entre Sudán y Sudán del Sur. Para más información:http://edition.cnn.com/2013/06/08/world/africa/sudan-oil/index.html?hpt=wo _bn10+http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2013-06/17/content_16628556.htm OTRAS NOTICIAS El G8 apoya medidas de transparencia financiera y contra la evasión fiscal. Para más información:http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2013-06/18/content_16631685.htmhttp://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/06/18/actualidad/1371568829 _378574.htmlhttp://www.economist.com/news/international/21579452-britains-leader -envisages-world-tax-compliance-and-clear-corporate-ownership Fin de pobreza extrema debe ser nuevo objetivo mundial para 2030: ONU. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/la-onu-dice-que-el-fin-de-l a-pobreza-extrema-debe-ser-nuevo-objetivo-mundial-para-2030_12845943-4 "Los Angeles Times" presenta portal sobre el crecimiento de la población mundial. Para más información:http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/population/ "The Economist" presenta su informe semanal: "Business this week". Para más información:http://www.economist.com/news/world-week/21579066-business-week

Length: 57 minutes Oral history interview of Cheryl Johnson-Odim by Carrie Armbruster

El huracán Ike dejó al menos 64 muertos y miles de damnificados en Haití, cuya fuerza al golpear la isla de La Española fue de 4 en la escala Saffir-Simpson (de un máximo de 5). Con este balance, se eleva a más de 600 el número de víctimas fatales que han provocado entre los cuatro fenómenos, Fay, Hanna, Gustav y Ike en las últimas semanas. En la vecina República Dominicana, Ike obligó a la evacuación de 44 mil personas. Ike avanzaba este lunes frente a la costa sureste de Cuba con categoría 2 y vientos máximos sostenidos de 170 kilómetros por hora. Ante la alarma que han traído sus vientos y sus olas de siete metros, las autoridades cubanas han ordenado la evacuación de un millón de personas, el 10% de la población total del país. "El País" de Madrid: "Ike amenaza Haití, República Dominicana y Cuba convertido en un peligroso huracán: La región, en alerta máxima, ha iniciado evacuaciones preventivas.- Hanna provoca inundaciones en el sureste de EE UU y el área metropolitana de Washington": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Ike/avanza/Bahamas/convertido/peligroso/huracan/categoria/elpepuint/20080906elpepuint_5/Tes "El huracán Ike obliga a evacuar los cayos de Florida tras golpear Cuba: El ciclón avanza hoy frente a la costa sureste de la isla caribeña con categoría 2. -Ha dejado 64 muertos en Haití": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/huracan/Ike/obliga/evacuar/cayos/Florida/golpear/Cuba/elpepuint/20080908elpepuint_4/Tes "Cuba rechaza la ayuda de EE UU por los destrozos del huracán Gustav": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Cuba/rechaza/ayuda/EE/UU/destrozos/huracan/Gustav/elpepuintlat/20080907elpepuint_2/Tes "CNN": "Ike roars over Cuba; 900,000 evacuated": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/US/weather/09/08/hurricane.ike/index.html "Ike's floods kill dozens, cut off aid to parts of Haiti": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/weather/09/07/ike.haiti.ap/index.html "Ike looms as Haiti counts the dead from 3 storms": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/09/06/Haiti.floods.ap/index.html "CNN" publica sitio con links relacionados a la temática: "Hurricanes and Cyclones": http://topics.cnn.com/topics/hurricanes_and_cyclones "La Nación": "El huracán Ike golpea a Cuba: Afecta a las provincias orientales y centrales con vientos máximos sostenidos de 160 kilómetros por hora; inundaciones, evacuados y destrozos": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1047744 "Máxima alerta en Cuba por la llegada del huracán Ike: El ciclón se dirigía anoche hacia la isla; miles de personas fueron evacuadas": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1047645 "BBC": "Cuba hammered by Hurricane Ike": http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7603319.stm "China Daily": "Hurricane Ike weakens to Category 2 over Cuba": http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2008-09/08/content_7008890.htm "Times": "Four killed as Hurricane Ike rakes Cuba": http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article4715379.ece "El Universal": "Abandona Ike Cuba, se dirige al Golfo de México": http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/536977.html "Time": "Haiti Gets No Mercy from Hanna, Ike": http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1839710,00.html "El Tiempo": "La Habana se salvó, pero los daños son enormes en Cuba tras el paso del huracán 'Ike'": http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/home/la-habana-se-salvo-pero-los-danos-son-enormes-en-cuba-tras-el-paso-del-huracan-ike_4519836-1 "El huracán 'Ike' deja cuatro muertos y grandes destrozos en el oriente y centro en Cuba: Con ráfagas de viento de hasta 261 kilómetros se abatió este lunes sobre la isla, lo que obligó a la evacuación de más de un millón de personas. Petroleras del Golfo de México toman medidas.": http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/relaciones/el-huracan-ike-deja-cuatro-muertos-y-grandes-destrozos-en-el-oriente-y-centro-en-cuba_4519213-1 "Embates de 'Ike' someten a La Habana a un "estadio de sitio"": http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/relaciones/embates-de-ike-someten-a-la-habana-a-un-estadio-de-sitio_4519787-1 AMERICA LATINA El pasado Domingo 7 de setiembre, Cristina Kirchner participó junto a Lula de los actos por la independencia de Brasil. La jefa de Estado asiste como "huésped de honor" de Lula a los desfiles militares. Luego de la reunión de los mandatarios, en el Palacio del Planalto, se reunieron para firmar acuerdos comerciales y de cooperación. Llegaron a un acuerdo sobre términos de intercambio en lo que respecta al comercio bilateral: los brasileños podrán utilizar el real y los argentinos el peso, en las importaciones y exportaciones. "La Nación" informa: "Afirmó Lula que el comercio bilateral sin dólares es un avance hacia la integración monetaria regional: El brasileño celebró el acuerdo firmado para que el intercambio entre ambos países se haga en pesos y reales; "es el paso inicial", afirmó; Cristina defendió el modelo económico y abogó por la llegada de capitales del país vecino": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1047751 "JB" anuncia: "Brasil e Argentina farão trocas comerciais em moeda local": http://jbonline.terra.com.br/extra/2008/09/08/e080910876.html "Globo" publica: "Brasil e Argentina assinam convênio para comércio em moeda local": http://oglobo.globo.com/economia/mat/2008/09/08/brasil_argentina_assinam_convenio_para_comercio_em_moeda_local-548127507.asp "El País" de Madrid analiza: "La cuerda floja de las remesas: El dinero de los emigrantes bolivianos supera la inversión extranjera, espantada por la caótica situación, y puede hacer peligrar el crecimiento económico": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/cuerda/floja/remesas/elpepuint/20080908elpepuint_3/Tes "La Nación" informa: "Golpe a una de las mayores organizaciones: Detienen al jefe de un cartel mexicano. Se trata de Alberto "El Tony" Sánchez Hinojosa y se sospecha que controlaba las operaciones del Cartel del Golfo; está acusado de secuestrar y extorsionar a empresarios y policías en Tabasco, en el sudeste de ese país": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1047823 "Time" informa: "Behind Mexico's Wave of Beheadings": http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1839576,00.html "CNN" publica: "Russia, Venezuela may hold joint naval maneuvers": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/09/08/russia.venezuela.ap/index.html "Time" anuncia: "Russia to Send Ships, Planes to Venezuela": http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1839692,00.html "CNN" infroma: "Police seize 2.75 tons of cocaine in Peru": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/09/08/peru.drugs.ap/index.html "La Nación" anuncia: "Prepara Brasil un plan para fortalecer el sector de defensa": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1047647 "El Tiempo" de Colombia informa: "Ingrid Betancourt gana Premio Príncipe de Asturias de la Concordia 2008; se lo dedica a secuestrados": http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/home/ngrid-betancourt-gana-premio-principe-de-asturias-de-la-concordia-2008-se-lo-dedica-a-secuestrados_4521623-1 "El Universal" de México publica: "Reclama Betancourt reconocimiento a víctimas de terrorismo: La ex candidata presidencial colombiana hizo pública esa petición durante su intervención en la primera reunión mundial de víctimas del terrorismo convocada por el secretario general de la ONU": http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/536851.html ESTADOS UNIDOS / CANADA "El País" de Madrid informa: "El primer ministro de Canadá convoca a elecciones anticipadas para el 14 de octubre: El primer ministro Stephen Harper busca afianzar su poder.- Serán los terceros comicios en el país en cuatro años": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/primer/ministro/Canada/convoca/elecciones/anticipadas/octubre/elpepuint/20080907elpepuint_5/Tes Fannie Mae y Freddie Mac son compañías que cotizan en la Bolsa estadounidense y que están patrocinadas por el Congreso para brindar financiamiento en el mercado de la vivienda. Los gigantes hipotecarios, cuyas acciones perdieron casi la mitad de su valor en la bolsa de Nueva York, se encuentran en el corazón del mercado de la vivienda de Estados Unidos. Ellas garantizan o son dueñas del cerca de la mitad del mercado hipotecario de EE.UU., que en total asciende a US$12 billones. El pasado Domingo, en la mayor operación de rescate financiero de la historia del país, el gobierno de Estados Unidos asumió el control directo de los gigantes hipotecarios Fannie Mae y Freddie Mac, y destinó hasta 100.000 millones de dólares a cada una, con el fin de estabilizar el mercado inmobiliario que amenaza con colapsar la economía del país. Varios Medios informan: "El Mercurio" de Chile: "Monto de US$ 200 mil millones es el más grande rescate federal hecho por el país del norte: EE.UU. activa histórico plan de salvataje para las dos mayores hipotecarias": http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/09/08/_portada/_portada/noticias/91BD8ACD-123B-43D2-B988-88E9FBE6C2DC.htm?id={91BD8ACD-123B-43D2-B988-88E9FBE6C2DC} "CNN": "U.S. seizes Fannie and Freddie: Treasury chief Paulson unveils historic government takeover of twin mortgage buyers. Top executives are out.": http://money.cnn.com/2008/09/07/news/companies/fannie_freddie/index.htm?cnn=yes "China Daily": "Fannie and Freddie shares dive, debt rallies": http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2008-09/08/content_7009080.htm "El País" de Madrid: "EE UU inyectará hasta 140.000 millones para salvar a las hipotecarias: Bush evita la quiebra de Freddie y Fannie, que controlan la mitad del mercado": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/EE/UU/inyectara/140000/millones/salvar/hipotecarias/elpepueco/20080908elpepieco_4/Tes "La Nación": "Gigantesco rescate financiero en EE.UU.: El gobierno asumió el control de las empresas hipotecarios Fannie Mae y Freddie Mac; para Bush, suponían un "riesgo inaceptable"": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1047689 Continua la carrera a la Casa Blanca: "El País" de Madrid informa: "El 'efecto Palin' catapulta a McCain en las encuestas: Un sondeo de Gallup sitúa al candidato republicano cuatro puntos por delante de Obama": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/efecto/Palin/catapulta/McCain/encuestas/elpepuint/20080908elpepuint_6/Tes "Le Monde" anuncia: "John McCain repasse devant Barack Obama selon un nouveau sondage": http://www.lemonde.fr/elections-americaines/article/2008/09/08/john-mccain-repasse-devant-barack-obama-selon-un-nouveau-sondage_1092555_829254.html#ens_id=1089564 "La Nación" publica: "McCain supera a Obama por primera vez: Según la última encuesta difundida, el candidato republicano obtendría una ventaja de cuatro puntos": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1047746 "BBC" anuncia: "White House race enters high gear The US presidential rivals have begun campaigning in earnest, as a new opinion poll put Republican John McCain ahead of Democrat Barack Obama": http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7604333.stm "Time" publica sitio con links a artículos relacionados con las elecciones estadounidenses: http://thepage.time.com/ MOISÉS NAÍM analiza para "El País" de Madrid: "La carrera hacia la Casa Blanca: La telenovela más importante del mundo": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/telenovela/importante/mundo/elppgl/20080907elpepiint_2/Tes EUROPA "El País" de Madrid informa: "Los socialdemócratas de Alemania nominan al ministro de Exteriores como candidato a canciller: Frank-Walter Steinmeier enfrentará a Ángela Merkel en las elecciones del próximo año.- Kurt Beck renunciará como presidente del Partido Socialdemócrata (SPD)": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/socialdemocratas/Alemania/nominan/ministro/Exteriores/candidato/canciller/elpepuint/20080907elpepuint_6/Tes "El País" de Madrid publica: "El SPD elige a Steinmeier para competir con Merkel en 2009: El vicecanciller liderará a los socialdemócratas en Alemania": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/SPD/elige/Steinmeier/competir/Merkel/2009/elpepuint/20080908elpepiint_7/Tes "Le Monde" anuncia: "M. Steinmeier sera le candidat du SPD à la Chancellerie contre Mme Merkel": http://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2008/09/08/m-steinmeier-candidat-a-la-chancellerie-contre-mme-merkel_1092518_3214.html#ens_id=1059312 "La Nación" publica: "España: otra noche de incidentes con inmigrantes: Cuatro personas fueron detenidas a raíz de un nuevo enfrentamiento con la Guardia Civil durante una protesta por la muerte de un senegalés": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1047797 "Times" informa: "Gordon Brown to invite Gaddafi to London": http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article4712488.ece "El País" de Madrid informa: "Brown reúne a su Gabinete para relanzar su discutido liderazgo: El primer ministro británico ha convocado a sus ministros en Birmingham, donde la crisis económica será el asunto prioritario": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Brown/reune/Gabinete/relanzar/discutido/liderazgo/elpepuint/20080908elpepuint_9/Tes "El País" de Madrid anuncia: "La UE reconoce a Ucrania como país europeo: Bruselas ofrece a Kiev un Acuerdo de Asociación que no cierra ninguna puerta": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/UE/reconoce/Ucrania/pais/europeo/elpepuint/20080909elpepuint_18/Tes "Times" anuncia: "European Union fails to offer Ukraine membership": http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article4719154.ece Continua el conflicto del Cáucaso: "El Tiempo" de Colombia anuncia: "Rusia amenaza bases de E.U. en Europa del Este y crece tensión en Georgia": http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/home/rusia-amenaza-bases-de-eu-en-europa-del-este-y-crece-tension-en-georgia_4521659-1 "New York Times" publica: "Russia's Recognition of Georgian Areas Raises Hopes of Its Own Separatists": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/10/world/europe/10separatists.html?ref=world "El País" de Madrid informa: "Rusia mantendrá 7.600 soldados en Osetia del Sur y Abajazia: Moscú establece relaciones diplomáticas con los dos territorios independentistas y anuncia que firmará tratados de ayuda militar": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Rusia/mantendra/7600/soldados/Osetia/Sur/Abajazia/elpepuint/20080909elpepuint_15/Tes "El País" de Madrid informa: "Rusia retirará en un mes sus tropas de Georgia: Medvédev y los dirigentes europeos, encabezados por Sarkozy, confirman que unos 200 observadores civiles visitarán la zona de conflicto": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Rusia/retirara/mes/tropas/Georgia/elpepuint/20080908elpepuint_8/Tes "Le Monde" publica: "Moscou accepte une mission de l'UE aux compétences limitées": http://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2008/09/08/la-russie-s-oppose-au-deploiement-d-une-mission-de-l-ue-en-georgie_1092878_3214.html#ens_id=1036786 "CNN" informa: "Russia agrees Georgia withdrawal deadline": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/09/08/russia.georgia.eu.sarkozy/index.html "BBC" anuncia: "Russians 'agree Georgia deadline'": http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7604376.stm "China Daily" publica: "Medvedev: Russia ready for Georgia buffer pullout": http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2008-09/08/content_7009103.htm ASIA – PACÍFICO /MEDIO ORIENTE El viudo de la asesinada Benazir Bhutto, Asif Alí Zardari, ha conseguido auparse a la Presidencia de Pakistán y suceder a Perez Musharraf (quien dimitió el pasado 18 de agosto para evitarse un proceso de destitución) al imponerse con una clara mayoría en una votación parlamentaria. El copresidente del gubernamental Partido Popular de Pakistán (PPP) ha jurado defender la Constitución del país en un acto que se ha desarrollado en inglés. "Que Alá me ayude y me guíe", ha pronunciado el presidente al finalizar de su jura. Varios medios informan al respecto: "Times": "Asif Ali Zardari sworn in as Pakistani President": http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4714467.ece "Time": "Pakistan's Unlikely President": http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1839935,00.html "El Universal" de México: "Jura viudo de Benazir Bhutto como presidente de Paquistán: Asif Ali Zardari ya es oficialmente presidente paquistaní tras una ceremonia realizada en el Palacio Presidencial de Islamabad, el mandatario de Afganistán presenció el evento": http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/536756.html "El Tiempo" de Colombia: "Nuevo presidente de Pakistán, Asif Alí Zardari, asume el poder en un país en pleno caos": http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/otrasregiones/home/nuevo-presidente-de-pakistan-asif-ali-zardari-asume-el-poder-en-un-pais-en-pleno-caos_4519323-1 "New York Times": "Widower of Bhutto Takes Office in Pakistan": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/10/world/asia/10pstan.html?ref=world Corea del Norte ha celebrado el pasado martes su 60 aniversario con múltiples eventos entre los que ha destacado un multitudinario desfile militar, el mayor de su historia, según funcionarios del Gobierno. Corea del Norte cumple 60 años sumida en la hambruna, crisis del proceso de desnuclearización, y ante la incógnita sobre la salud de su líder, Kim Jong-il, quién lleva semanas sin ser visto en público. La salud del máximo mandatario norcoreano, que oficialmente desempeña sólo el cargo de presidente de la Comisión de Defensa Nacional, está íntimamente relacionado con el destino de Corea del Norte, ya que Kim heredó el liderazgo del régimen comunista de su padre, Kim Il-sung. Varios medios informan al respecto: "CNN": "North Korea prepares for 60th anniversary": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/08/north.korea.60th.anniversary.ap/index.html "Los Angeles Times": "North Korea's Kim Jong Il may be gravely ill": http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-kim10-2008sep10,0,7264304.story "Times": "Has anyone seen the Dear Leader Kim Jong Il?": http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4720013.ece "El Universal" de México: "Celebra Corea del Norte 60 años en crisis de hambruna: al menos 60 millones de dólares en los próximos tres meses evitarían que se derive una hambruna generalizada, alerta Programa Mundial de Alimentos": http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/536527.html "Time": "Officials: N Korea's Kim Possibly Ill": http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1839884,00.html "New York Times": "Kim Had Surgery After Stroke, South Koreans Say": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/11/world/asia/11korea.html?ref=world "El País" de Madrid analiza: "Afganistán se hunde en el caos: El elevado número de víctimas civiles de las fuerzas internacionales y la falta de desarrollo del país dificultan la lucha contra los talibanes": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Afganistan/hunde/caos/elpepuint/20080907elpepiint_3/Tes "Le Monde" anuncia: "L'Inde obtient un feu vert international pour importer de la technologie nucléaire": http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2008/09/08/l-inde-obtient-un-feu-vert-international-pour-importer-de-la-technologie-nucleaire_1092682_3216.html#ens_id=1077533 "CNN" publica: "Israeli police recommend charges for PM Olmert": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/09/07/olmert/index.html "New York Times" publica: "Earthquake Shakes Southern Iran": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/11/world/middleeast/11iran.html?ref=world "CNN" informa: "Iran calls for oil output cut ahead of OPEC meeting": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/09/08/opec.meeting.ap/index.html "China Daily" analiza: "Commerce minister: China to top Asian consumer markets in 2009": http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-09/08/content_7008871.htm "Times" anuncia: " Hundreds missing in Chinese landslide": http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4715978.ece AFRICA "CNN" publica: "Death toll from Egypt rockslide reaches 47, expected to climb": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/09/08/egypt.rockslide.ap/index.html "BBC" anuncia: "Cairo rockslide death toll climbs": http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7603690.stm "Le Monde" informa sobre elecciones en Angola: "Le parti au pouvoir en Angola se dirige vers une large victoire aux élections législatives": http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2008/09/07/le-parti-au-pouvoir-se-dirige-vers-une-large-victoire-aux-elections-legislatives_1092437_3212.html#ens_id=1088606 "CNN" publica: "EU: Historic Angolan election 'a disaster'": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/09/05/angola.elections.ap/index.html "BBC" informa sobre situación política en Zimbabwe: "Mbeki bids to save Zimbabwe talks": http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7603532.stm "Los Angeles Times" publica: "Zimbabwe bloggers shine a light on their troubled country": http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-zimblogs10-2008sep10,0,1482204.story "CNN" anuncia: "Mbeki tries to resolve Zimbabwe political deadlock": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/09/08/zimbabwe.mbeki.talks.ap/index.html "CNN" informa sobre visita de Condolezza al continente africano: "Rice meets with Libya leader": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/09/05/libya.us/index.html ECONOMIA "The Economist" publica su informe semanal: "Business this week": http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12073648 "CNN" informa: "Oil flat as mortgage rescue boosts dollar: Investors also worry about slumping global demand ahead of the OPEC meeting and eye Hurricane Ike's threat to Gulf of Mexico production.": http://money.cnn.com/2008/09/08/markets/oil/index.htm?cnn=yes "Times" publica: "Oil falls below $100 a barrel ahead of Opec meeting": http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/natural_resources/article4714253.ece "Miami Herald" anuncia: "Oil prices slip even after inventories US shrink": http://www.miamiherald.com/news/top-AP-stories/story/679959.htmlOTRAS NOTICIAS "CNN" publica: "U.S. cancels nuclear deal with Russia": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/09/08/us.russia.ap/index.html?iref=topnews"La Nación" informa sobre reunión de la OPEP en Viena: "En vísperas de la reunión en Viena: Busca la OPEP estabilizar el precio del crudo: Mañana se reúnen los representantes de la Organización de Países Exportadores de Petróleo en la capital austríaca; podrían recortar la producción para modificar los valores":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1047745 "El Tiempo" de Colombia anuncia: "Tribunal exime a Holanda de responsabilidad en el genocidio de Srebrenica": http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/home/tribunal-exime-a-holanda-de-responsabilidad-en-el-genocidio-de-srebrenica_4521629-1

El Huracán Gustav se formó en el Caribe la mañana del 25 de agosto al sureste de Puerto Príncipe, Haití. Rápidamente se intensificó en una tormenta tropical esa misma tarde y en un huracán en las primeras horas del día siguiente. Con su paso afectó gravemente a poblaciones de Haití, Republica Dominicana, Jamaica y esta última semana, Cuba y los Estados Unidos. Varios medios informan sobre este suceso y sus repercusiones en diferentes ámbitos: "MSNBC": "Cuba digs out after Gustav's winds hit 212 mph: Homes destroyed and flooded, but no deaths; hurricane set wind record":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26486029/"New Orleans mayor: Don't come home yet: Nagin says it's too early to return after massive hurricane evacuation":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26501363/"MSNBC" presenta sitio con links a noticias relacionadas al paso del huracán: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21134540/vp/22886841#22886841"Gustav may trigger $10B in insurance claims: 'More of a wind event, than a flood event,' says insurance spokesman": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26510099/"Le Monde":"L'ouragan Hanna fait 10 morts à Haïti, déjà frappé par Gustav":http://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2008/09/02/l-ouragan-hanna-fait-10-morts-a-haiti-deja-frappe-par-gustav_1090770_3222.html#ens_id=1088297"A Lafayette, en Louisiane, "rien n'a changé depuis Katrina"":http://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2008/09/02/a-lafayette-en-louisiane-rien-n-a-change-depuis-katrina_1090733_3222.html#ens_id=1088297"El Mercurio" de Chile: "Fueron canceladas todas las actividades políticas: Republicanos dedican su primera jornada de convención a los afectados por el huracán":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/09/02/internacional/_portada/noticias/3D183F6E-D62D-469D-892E-8DFD8DA361E1.htm?id={3D183F6E-D62D-469D-892E-8DFD8DA361E1}"Gustav pierde fuerza, pero deja siete muertos al golpear a Nueva Orleáns":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/09/02/internacional/_portada/noticias/4AC9C805-D662-43B7-BDCF-9E76B1708AB5.htm?id={4AC9C805-D662-43B7-BDCF-9E76B1708AB5}"Miami Herald":"Hurricane Gustav largely spares New Orleans, floods parts of La., Miss.":http://www.miamiherald.com/569/story/668225.html"Los Angeles Times":"After Gustav, Louisiana begins process of recovering":http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-gustav3-2008sep03,0,3455205.story"New Orleans levees hold against Hurricane Gustav":http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-gustav2-2008sep02,0,2668771.story"Republicans scale back convention due to Hurricane Gustav":http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-gop1-2008sep01,0,1600658.story"Hurricane Gustav bears down on empty New Orleáns: Thousands have taken to the highways before the storm, expected to make landfall today as a Category 3.":http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-gustav1-2008sep01,0,1882337.story"The Economist": "Half-empty streets: New Orleans is recovering its energy, but not its people":http://www.economist.com/world/unitedstates/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12009922"The trailers that smelt bad: After the storm, the poisoning"http://www.economist.com/world/unitedstates/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12009914"New York Times":"Powerful Hurricane Lashes Gulf Coast":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/02/us/02gustav.html?ref=us"Party's Plans Are Unsettled; McCain Visits Gulf":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/01/us/politics/01repubs.html?ref=us"CNN":"CNN" presenta sitio con links a noticias relacionadas al paso del huracán: http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2008/news/hurricane.gustav/"Oil prices fall sharply as hurricane weakens":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/09/01/oil.prices.ap/index.html"Gustav hits U.S. economy: Storm is weaker than Katrina three years ago. But it hits an economy that is at greater risk.":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/US/weather/09/01/gustav/index.htmlAMERICA LATINA"CNN" informa: "Bolivia's Morales visits Iran":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/09/01/bolivia.iran/index.html"La Nación" informa: "Bolivia: sorpresivo giro de la Corte Electoral contra Evo Morales: El organismo rechazó realizar el referéndum constitucional porque "no fue convocado por ley sino sólo por un decreto"":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1045579"New York Times" informa: "Chávez Threatens to Expel American Ambassador": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/01/world/americas/01venez.html?ref=world"El Mercurio" de Chile anuncia: "Chávez podría controlar los blogs y sitios de internet como Facebook": http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/09/02/internacional/_portada/noticias/981BC888-A155-4AAB-8EE8-0ACA5CC4D76D.htm?id={981BC888-A155-4AAB-8EE8-0ACA5CC4D76D}New York Times" anuncia: "Drug Violence Alters the Flow of Life in Mexico": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/31/world/americas/31mexico.html?ref=world"El País" de Madrid publica: "'Marcha blanca' contra el crimen en México: Cientos de miles de ciudadanos reclaman más seguridad ante la imparable ola de violencia": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Marcha/blanca/crimen/Mexico/elpepiint/20080901elpepiint_7/Tes"Los Angeles Times" anuncia: "Calderon presents Mexico's annual report in written form: A new law allows President Felipe Calderon to give his state of the nation report without having to appear before Congress, a move that avoids disturbances.":http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-informe2-2008sep02,0,772815.story"La Nación" informa: "Un coche bomba dejó cuatro muertos en Cali: El gobierno de Uribe atribuyó el atentado a las FARC": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1045503"El País" de Madrid informa: "Un coche bomba mata a cinco personas en Colombia: La explosión se produce cerca del Palacio de Justicia de Cali.- La Policía sospecha de las FARC": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/exodo/Nueva/Orleans/paraliza/campana/EE/UU/elpepuint/20080901elpepiint_1/Tes"La Nación" publica: "Betancourt reclamó un espacio político para las FARC: Sin embargo le pidió a la guerrilla que deje de actuar en forma "terrorista"":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1045634"La Nación" informa: "Ingrid Betancourt, con el Papa": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1045502"El País" de Madrid publica: "Un caso de espionaje agita de nuevo las instituciones de Brasil: Lula promete investigar un escándalo de escuchas telefónicas ilegales al presidente del Supremo y a un senador": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/caso/espionaje/agita/nuevo/instituciones/Brasil/elpepuint/20080901elpepuint_10/Tes"MSNBC" analiza: "Brazil's spy chief removed over bugging scandal: Wiretaps found on phones of Supreme Court justice, senior politicians": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26505995/"The Economist" analiza: "Brazil: A funny kind of reward. Just when production from Petrobras's big new oilfields gets going, the government ponders changing the rules on oil exploration": http://www.economist.com/world/americas/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12009864"CCN": "Cuban musician guilty of public disorder":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/08/29/cuba.punkrocker.ap/index.html"La Nación": "Advirtió Lugo sobre un plan golpista liderado por Oviedo: Involucró también a Duarte Frutos": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1045500"El Mercurio" de Chile informa: "Fernando Lugo denuncia conspiración golpista":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/09/02/internacional/internacional/noticias/335949BE-6966-42F4-8C2A-4FEB762D4672.htm?id={335949BE-6966-42F4-8C2A-4FEB762D4672}"Le Monde" publica: "L'Argentine va rembourser sa dette au Club de Paris": http://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2008/09/02/l-argentine-va-rembourser-sa-dette-au-club-de-paris_1090779_3222.html#ens_id=1090782"La Nación"analiza: "Primera jugada fuerte de Cristina: el Gobierno cancela la deuda con el Club de París con reservas del BCRA: Como ocurrió con el FMI, la Presidenta afirmó que saldará los compromisos de 6700 millones de dólares con fondos del Banco Central ; "esto reafirma una vez más la voluntad de pago de la Argentina", señaló; justificó que este pasivo "no es de carácter financiero" y dijo que el país "necesita confianza"":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1045593"El País" informa sobre gira de Vázquez : "Corea del Sur pidió más apoyo a sus inversiones":http://www.elpais.com.uy/08/09/01/ultmo_367240.aspEl Portal de "Terra" publica: "Vázquez impulsa la exportación de carne a Corea del Sur":http://actualidad.terra.es/nacional/articulo/vazquez-corea-sur-2715888.htESTADOS UNIDOS / CANADA"The Economist" analiza: "John McCain: No surrender. The gnarled maverick outpolls his party and might even beat Barack Obama. But what sort of president would he be?": http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12001775"The Economist" informa. "The Democratic convention: Flags, cheers, discipline and doubt. Barack Obama struggled this week to unite his party": http://www.economist.com/world/unitedstates/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12010827"Time" presenta sitio con links a artículos sobre las elecciones estadounidenses: http://thepage.time.com/"Time" anuncia: "Day One at the Republican National Convention": http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1838049,00.html"El Universal" de México publica: "Reanudan Convención Republicana con mensaje de Bush: El presidente Bush, hablará desde la Casa Blanca en una videoconferencia que se transmitirá en el Xcel Energy Center de esta capital de Minnesota": http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/534973.html"BBC" informa: "Republican convention to resume": http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7594149.stm"Le Monde" informa: "Après un faux départ, la convention républicaine revient au premier plan": http://www.lemonde.fr/elections-americaines/article/2008/09/02/apres-un-faux-depart-la-convention-republicaine-revient-au-premier-plan_1090781_829254.html#ens_id=1089564"La Nación" publica: "Inesperado giro en la campaña republicana: Palin reveló que su hija adolescente está embarazada": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1045463"MSNBC" anuncia: "Palin disclosures raise questions about vetting: Alaskans say no one from McCain camp asked them about eventual VP pick": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26501863/"El País" de Madrid publica: "La convención demócrata no ayuda a Obama en las encuestas: Un sondeo realizado por CNN al finalizar la reunión de Denver revela que mantiene el empate con el republicano John McCain en las preferencias": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/convencion/democrata/ayuda/Obama/encuestas/elpepuint/20080901elpepuint_18/TesEUROPAVarios medios informan sobre desarrollo del conflicto entre Rusia y Georgia: "New York Times": "E.U. Meets on Georgia Crisis Response": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/02/world/europe/02georgia.html?ref=world"El País" de Madrid: "La UE presiona a Rusia para que retire sus tropas de Georgia a niveles previos a la guerra: Sarkozy, Solana y Barroso viajarán a Moscú y Tbilisi la próxima semana para verificar el cumplimiento del acuerdo de alto el fuego.- Medvédev avisa que no dará marcha atrás sobre el reconocimiento de Osetia del Sur y Abjazia": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/UE/condiciona/nuevas/negociaciones/asociacion/Rusia/retiro/efectivo/tropas/Georgia/elpepuint/20080901elpepuint_11/Tes"La UE busca una posición común frente a Rusia: Brown advierte que "ningún país puede tener el dominio energético de Europa"": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/UE/busca/posicion/comun/frente/Rusia/elpepuint/20080901elpepiint_5/Tes"CNN":"EU warns Russia against isolation": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/09/01/russia.georgia.summit.sanctions/index.html"La Nación": "Las inversiones europeas en Rusia alejan las sanciones: Alemania, Italia y Francia se oponen a cualquier castigo y abogan por un incremento del diálogo con el Kremlin":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1045585"Cumbre europea: Dividida, la UE evita sancionar a Rusia. Le exigió que se retirara de Georgia":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1045504"MSNBC":"Putin vows 'an answer' to NATO ships: Russia has repeatedly complained of Black Sea build-up after Georgia war":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26508298/"EU delays economic, political talks with Russia: Sarkozy says Moscow needs to pull its troops back from Georgia, first": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26497101/"Time""Putin Vows 'Answer' to NATO Ships":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1837975,00.html"EU Talks Tough on Russia": http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1837863,00.html"China Daily":"Georgia formally breaks ties with Russia":http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2008-09/02/content_6991967.htm"The Economist" "Russia and Georgia: Put out even more flags: Russia's recognition of South Ossetia and Abkhazia will reverberate for a long time—not least at home": http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12009856"Time" informa: "Italy Pays Reparations to Libya":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1838014,00.html"La Nación" informa: "Pronostican una recesión en Gran Bretaña: La OCDE que el crecimiento será negativo en los dos últimos trimestres del año, pero indicó que será positivo en 2009; lanzan un paquete para adquirir la primera vivienda": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1045588ASIA – PACÍFICO /MEDIO ORIENTE"New York Times" informa: "Japan's Prime Minister Resigns":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/02/world/asia/02japan.html?ref=world"EL País" de Madrid publica: "Dimite el primer ministro de Japón: Yasuo Fukuda, que atravesaba una grave crisis de popularidad, considera que es lo mejor para el país": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Dimite/primer/ministro/Japon/elpepuint/20080901elpepuint_13/Tes"MSNBC" anuncia: "Japan's unpopular prime minister resigns: Move throws world's second-largest economy into political confusion": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26495149/"Time" informa: "In Japan, A Strategic Resignation": http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1837919,00.html"CNN" anuncia: "Beleaguered Japanese PM resigns":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/01/japan.pm/index.html"La Nación" publica: "Presentó su dimisión el premier de Japón: Yasuo Fukuda era resistido por el Senado": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1045465"New York Times" publica: "Thai Protesters Target Utilities": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/02/world/asia/02thailand.html?ref=world"MSNBC" informa: "Violence sparks Bangkok state of emergency: Thai premier bans gatherings of more than 5 people after deadly protests": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26498577/"La Nación" informa: "Tailandia: declaran el estado de emergencia por la ola de violencia: La crisis política, que derivó en los fuertes enfrentamientos entre oficialistas y opositores, se cobró su primera víctima; el ejército tomó el control de las calles": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1045580"The Economist" publica: "Thailand: No compromise: A three-year political conflict grinds on, as protesters besiege the government": http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12009966"Los Angeles Times" anuncia: "Thai army takes to streets": http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-thai2-2008sep02,0,2452625.story"Time" informa: "Thai PM Refuses to Step Down":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1837805,00.html"CNN" informa: "Indian flood leaves 3 million needing help":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/01/india.floods.relief.dead/index.html"MSNBC" analiza: "Disease feared at India flood refugee camps: 250,000 in shelters now, but that could double; cholera, diarrhea feared": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26497562/"CNN" anuncia: "Dalai Lama discharged from Indian hospital": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/01/india.dalai.lama.ap/index.html"Time" analiza: "The Lessons of the Beijing Olympics":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1835582,00.html"China Daily" publica: "China set to raise poverty line":http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-09/03/content_6992004.htm"The Economist" analiza: "Pakistan. Man of the hour: From demented jailbird to president-in-waiting: Asif Zardari's metamorphosis": http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12010369"CNN" informa: "Iraqi troops take control of key province": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/09/01/iraq.anbar.handover.coalition/index.htmlAFRICA"New York Times" informa: "Zimbabwe Lifts Ban on Aid Groups, but Its Effects Linger":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/30/world/africa/30zimbabwe.html?ref=world"CNN" publica: "Police seize opposition MPs in Zimbabwe": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/08/27/zimbabwe.arrests/index.html"El País" de Madrid anuncia: "Mauritania forma su primer Gobierno tras el golpe: El nuevo Ejecutivo está formado por 28 miembros, en su mayoría tecnócratas sin experiencia política": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Mauritania/forma/primer/Gobierno/golpe/elpepuint/20080901elpepuint_8/Tes"CNN" informa: "Nigerian militants claim 29 soldiers dead; military disagrees": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/08/30/nigeria.attack/index.html"MSNBC" anuncia: "17 feared dead after aid plane crashes in Congo: No sign of survivors as humanitarian flight operated by U.S. firm goes down": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26505815/"CNN" informa: "Sudan hijackers surrender":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/08/27/sudan.plane.hostages/index.htmlECONOMIA"The Economist" publica su informa semanal: "Business this week": http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12011210"CNN" anuncia: "Iraq signs $3 billion oil deal with China":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/08/30/iraq.china.oil.deal/index.html"The Economist" informa: "The second browser war: Google's new web browser is its most direct attack on Microsoft yet": http://www.economist.com/opinion/displayStory.cfm?story_id=12039759&source=features_box_main"MSNBC" publica: "Oil industry tallies the damage from Gustav: Early indications that storm caused little damage to Gulf's facilities":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26509771/"MSNBC" analiza: "The world's most powerful women: Business and political leaders on Forbes list control $26 trillion worldwide": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26426065/"Time" publica: "Google Enters the Browser Wars": http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1837914,00.html

Esta Semana: Comunicado de Departamento del Tesoro de los EE.UU. El 13 de julio el titular del Departamento del Tesoro de Estados Unidos, Henry M. Paulson, Jr, emitió un comunicado sobre la caída y rescate de los gigantes inmobiliarios Fannie Mae y Freddy Mac. Les acercamos el comunicado extraído del Departamento de Prensa del Tesoro americano. El pasado 25 de julio se produjo la Cumbre Unión Europea - Sudáfrica. En la oportunidad y como resultado de la misma los participantes emitieron una declaración conjunta. Véala aquí Les acercamos este informe del Alto Comisionado de Derechos Humanos de la ONU sobre Derechos Humanos y Terrorismo que nos pareció de gran interés. Véalo aquíRadovan Karadzic en La Haya.Responsable por uno de los genocidios mas sangrientos de la historia reciente, Radovan Karadzic, el ex jefe político de los serbobosnios comparecerá ante el Tribunal Penal Internacional para ex Yugoslavia. Karadzic fue trasladado en la noche del pasado martes a La Haya. Horas antes del traslado, tenía lugar una manifestación organizada por la oposición nacionalista serbia en el centro de Belgrado, que degeneró al final en altercados entre unos centenares de jóvenes y la policía. Varios medios informan al respecto: "El Mercurio" de Chile: "Masiva protesta antes de su traslado en las calles de Belgrado: Karadzic fue extraditado a La Haya":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/07/30/internacional/internacional/noticias/B46C4AF2-02E3-4C90-823E-ECC1FC5E98D2.htm?id={B46C4AF2-02E3-4C90-823E-ECC1FC5E98D2}"El País" de Madrid: "Karadzic llega al Tribunal de La Haya: Serbia envía de noche al presunto criminal de guerra a las dependencias penitenciarias internacionales.- Será juzgado por genocidio y otros crímines por el Tribunal Penal Internacional para la ex Yugoslavia": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Karadzic/llega/Tribunal/Haya/elpepuint/20080730elpepuint_4/Tes"New York Times": "Karadzic Arrives in Hague After Protest by Loyalists":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/31/world/europe/31hague.html"CCN": "Karadzic set to make first court appearance":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/07/30/karadzic.deportation/index.html"Karadzic appeal not received by court"http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/07/28/karadzic.deportation/index.html"Karadzic to defend himself in war crimes court":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/07/23/serb.arrest/index.html"Thousands protest Karadzic arrest":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/07/29/karadzic.deportation/index.html"Time":"Karadzic Wants No Lawyer":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1827424,00.html"Le Monde": "Radovan Karadzic comparaîtra jeudi devant le TPI"http://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2008/07/30/radovan-karadzic-est-arrive-a-la-haye_1078522_3214.html#ens_id=1075781"Los Ángeles Times": "War crimes suspect Karadzic extradited to The Hague":http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-serbs30-2008jul30,0,2903253.story"MSNBC": "Karadzic in U.N. custody in Netherlands: Ex-fugitive flown to the Netherlands following violent protest in Belgrade":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25887949/"Thousands protest in Belgrade for Karadzic: U.S. Embassy warns Americans to avoid protest amid fears of violence":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25890371/"Paper: Karadzic lawyer tries to stop extradition: Appeal meant to prevent war-crime suspect from being sent to U.N. court":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25859649/"Times":"Radovan Karadzic extradited to The Hague":http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article4427730"La Nación": "Está acusado de genocidio: Radovan Karadzic, a disposición de La Haya. El ex líder serbio llegó a Holanda para ser juzgado en el Tribunal Penal Internacional":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1034845"Avanza su extradición: Karadzic será llevado a La Haya en secreto": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1034388"El Tiempo" de Colombia: "Radovan Karadzic fue llevado a La Haya, Holanda, para ser juzgado por crímenes de guerra":http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/home/radovan-karadzic-fue-llevado-a-la-haya-holanda-para-ser-juzgado-por-crimenes-de-guerra_4416080-1"The Economist":"Arrest of a bearded man": http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11792314"El Universal" de Méjico: "Karadzic queda en poder de la ONU en Holanda":http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/526234.htmlAMERICA LATINA"El Mercurio" publica: "Reclaman la restitución del Ejército: Ex militares haitianos ocupan un antiguo cuartel":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/07/30/internacional/internacional/noticias/B0B07BB4-211D-4F05-9FEB-6704AF47278D.htm?id={B0B07BB4-211D-4F05-9FEB-6704AF47278D}"La Nación" publica: "Uribe pide "discreción"":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1034424"MSNBC" informa: "Woman suspected of being FARC's Europe link: Maria Remedios Garcia Albert, 57, was the alleged rebel liaison":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25873981"The Economist" analiza: "Energy reform in México: Crude and oily. A controversial referendum and the future of the state oil company":http://www.economist.com/world/americas/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11791596"MSNBC" anuncia: "Mexican military losing drug war support: Border residents report abuse, violence by soldiers sent to curb narcotics": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25851906/"El País" de Madrid publica: "El presidente electo de Paraguay ya no es sacerdote: El Papa ha suspendido definitivamente a Fernando Lugo porque las profesiones de obispo y gobernante de un país no son compatibles http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/presidente/electo/Paraguay/sacerdote/elpepuint/20080730elpepuint_8/Tes"El País" de Madrid informa: "Chávez: "Bush quiere revivir la guerra fría". El presidente venezolano dice, en una carta enviada a Fidel Castro, que EE UU planea agredir a Cuba http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Chavez/Bush/quiere/revivir/guerra/fria/elpepuint/20080728elpepuint_14/Tes"The Economist" anuncia: "Argentina: Et tu, Julio? :The president suffers a heavy defeat at the hands of her number two":http://www.economist.com/world/americas/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11791614"La Nación" informa: "Bolivia: ratifican el referéndum. Pese a los pedidos de suspensión, la Corte Electoral dijo que se celebrará el 10 de agosto":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1034389ESTADOS UNIDOS / CANADA"New York Times" informa: " U.S. Military Says Soldiers Fired on Civilians":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/28/world/middleeast/28iraq.html?ref=world"El País" de Madrid anuncia: "La Casa Blanca pronostica un déficit presupuestario récord para 2009: Sería de 482.000 millones de dólares, aproximadamente el 3,5% de la economía": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/Casa/Blanca/pronostica/deficit/presupuestario/record/2009/elpepueco/20080728elpepueco_8/Tes"La Nación" publica: "La economía enfrenta a Obama y McCain: El candidato demócrata advirtió que Estados Unidos está en "emergencia económica"; fuertes críticas de su rival republicano":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1034414"The Economist" analiza: "It's the economy again, stupid.John McCain and Barack Obama are offering profoundly different prescriptions, though economic and political realities will limit their ambitions": http://www.economist.com/world/unitedstates/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11792500"El País" de Madrid informa: "Republicanos y demócratas se enfocan en la economía: Barack Obama convoca a un panel de lujo para revisar sus propuestas.- John McCain mantiene contactos con las autoridades monetarias": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Republicanos/democratas/enfocan/economia/elpepuint/20080728elpepuint_13/Tes"El Mercurio" de Chile anuncia: "Le queda menos de un mes antes de ser proclamado oficialmente en la Convención Demócrata: Obama entra en la recta final para decidir quién será su candidato a Vicepresidente":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/07/30/internacional/_portada/noticias/CAE4A8B7-3485-4112-8844-D31E89023938.htm?id={CAE4A8B7-3485-4112-8844-D31E89023938}"Time" informa: "Obama's Vice-Presidential Dilemma":http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1827714,00.html"Time" publica su sitio con links sobre las elecciones en los Estados Unidos: http://thepage.time.com/EUROPA"El País" de Madrid informa: "Erdogan llama a la unidad tras los atentados de ayer en Turquía: La explosión consecutiva de dos bombas sacude un barrio obrero de Estambul.- La cifra de muertes sube a 17 y hay unos 150 heridos, una decena de ellos de gravedad.- La policía sospecha de los independentistas kurdos": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Erdogan/llama/unidad/atentados/ayer/Turquia/elpepuint/20080728elpepuint_4/Tes"New Yorrk Times2 anuncia: "Police Investigate Istanbul Bombings":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/29/world/europe/29turkey.html?ref=world"Time" publica: "Fatal Bombings in an Edgy Turkey":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1827056,00.html"El País" de Madrid informa: "Comienza el proceso para ilegalizar el partido de Erdogan": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Comienza/proceso/ilegalizar/partido/Erdogan/elpepuint/20080728elpepiint_6/Tes"El País" de Madrid anuncia: "El Tribunal Constitucional de Turquía rechaza ilegalizar al partido de Gobierno":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Tribunal/Constitucional/Turquia/rechaza/ilegalizar/partido/Gobierno/elpepuint/20080730elpepuint_9/Tes"Le Monde" publica: "Turquie : la justice n'interdit pas le parti au pouvoir":http://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2008/07/30/turquie-la-justice-n-interdit-pas-le-parti-au-pouvoir_1078861_3214.html"Time" analiza: "Who Was Behind the Turkish Blasts?":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1827398,00.htmlEl País" de Madrid informa: "Las peores inundaciones en Ucrania en 100 años se cobran la vida de 13 personas. Las fuertes lluvias han destruido más de 21.000 casas y 20.000 hectáreas de cultivos, y han dejado inutilizadas 2.020 kilómetros de carreteras y más de un centenar de puentes": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/peores/inundaciones/Ucrania/anos/cobran/vida/personas/elpepuint/20080728elpepuint_5/Tes"MSNBC" publica: "Ukraine floods kill 22, force 20,000 to flee: Damages estimated at $800 million, but few funds available to clean up":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25887744/"Time" informa: "Thousands of British Passports Stolen": http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1827501,00.html"La Nación" publica: "Los que huyen de la miseria. Actos desesperados de los ilegales en España para no ser deportados: Viajes riesgosos y casamientos arreglados":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1034426"MSNBC" informa: "7 jailed for genocide over Srebrenica massacre. War crimes court orders Bosnian Serbs to serve sentences of up 42 years":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25908708/"The Economist" analiza: "France: The reformist president. Quietly but determinedly, Nicolas Sarkozy is pressing ahead with reforms in France-all without provoking huge strikes and street protests":http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11792306ASIA – PACÍFICO /MEDIO ORIENTE"New York Times" informa: "Bomb Attacks in Baghdad and Kirkuk Kill Dozens": HTTP://WWW.NYTIMES.COM/2008/07/29/WORLD/MIDDLEEAST/29IRAQ.HTML?REF=WORLD"El País" anuncia: "Tres mujeres suicidas causan al menos 28 muertos en Bagdad. Miles de peregrinos llenan Bagdad con motivo de una importante festividad chií.- En Kirkuk, otro atentado suicida deja 22 muertos": HTTP://WWW.ELPAIS.COM/ARTICULO/INTERNACIONAL/MUJERES/SUICIDAS/CAUSAN/28/MUERTOS/BAGDAD/ELPEPUINT/20080728ELPEPUINT_9/TES"La Nación" publica: "Cuatro mujeres suicidas atacaron en Irak:: Hicieron detonar los explosivos que llevaban y mataron a 57 personas; hay por lo menos 300 heridos":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1034419"MSNBC" informa: "Female suicide bombers kill 57, wound dozens. Attackers target Shiite pilgrimage in Baghdad, Kurdish rally in Kirkuk": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25880699/"New York Times" anuncia: "Olmert to Resign After September Vote": HTTP://WWW.NYTIMES.COM/2008/07/31/WORLD/MIDDLEEAST/31MIDEAST.HTML?_R=1&HP&OREF=SLOGIN"CNN" publica: "Ahmadinejad: The big powers are going down":HTTP://EDITION.CNN.COM/2008/WORLD/MEAST/07/29/IRAN.AIDS.AP/INDEX.HTML"Time" informa: "Ahmadinejad: 'Powers' Going Down": HTTP://WWW.TIME.COM/TIME/WORLD/ARTICLE/0,8599,1827377,00.HTML"The Economist analiza: "Iran: Who runs it?": http://www.economist.com/world/mideast-africa/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11792348"La Nación" anuncia: "Irán criticó a la ONU ante los Países No Alineados. Ahmadinejad aseguró en la cumbre de cancilleres que el organismo actúa "a favor de las grandes potencias"; pidió crear un fondo para financiar proyectos del bloque":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1034530"CNN" informa: "Pakistani militants abduct 30 police": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/07/29/pakistan.abductions/index.html"Time" anuncia: "Cambodia Reelects Longtime Leader": http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1827054,00.html"MSNBC" publica: "Typhoon slams Taiwan, triggering floods, slides: At least one killed, air traffic disrupted; Typhoon Fung Wong heads to China": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25881000/"The Economist" analiza: "The Beijing Olympics:Five-ring circus": http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11792915"El Mercurio" publica: "Denuncias a días de la inauguración de los Juegos Olímpicos: China no cumple promesas y mantiene censura a la prensa y faltas a DD.HH.": HTTP://DIARIO.ELMERCURIO.COM/2008/07/30/INTERNACIONAL/_PORTADA/NOTICIAS/CB8049AE-EDCE-4C33-AF25-F7337A8C08B6.HTM?ID={CB8049AE-EDCE-4C33-AF25-F7337A8C08B6}"El País" informa: "Ni los Juegos Olímpicos pueden con la censura en China: El COI no logra convencer al país asiático para que los periodistas tengan acceso libre a Internet": HTTP://WWW.ELPAIS.COM/ARTICULO/INTERNET/JUEGOS/OLIMPICOS/PUEDEN/CENSURA/CHINA/ELPPGL/20080730ELPEPUNET_3/TES"New York Times" anuncia: "China to Limit Web Access During Games":HTTP://WWW.NYTIMES.COM/2008/07/31/SPORTS/OLYMPICS/31CHINA.HTML?HP"China Daily" publica: "WTO talks collapse amid farm row": HTTP://WWW.CHINADAILY.COM.CN/CHINA/2008-07/30/CONTENT_6887475.HTM"CNN" informa: "China rebuffs human rights report":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/07/29/china.humanrights/index.html"CNN" publica: "India: Police defuse 18 bombs at market":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/07/29/india.bombs.ap/index.html+"Time" anuncia: "India: The Terrorists Within": http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1826950,00.htmlAFRICA"New York Time" informa: "Sudan Rallies Behind Leader Reviled Abroad":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/28/world/africa/28sudan.html?ref=world"CNN" publica: "U.S. expands Zimbabwe sanctions":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/07/25/zimbabwe.sanctions/index.html"MSNBC" publica: "Officials say Zimbabwe talks break off: Mugabe insists he remain president":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25887595/"MSNBC" informa: "Cash crisis, inflation worsen in Zimbabwe: Bank chief plans new currency reforms to tackle inflation and shortages":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25869792/"CNN" anuncia: "Nigerian militants: We'll destroy oil pipelines":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/07/23/nigeria.oil/index.htmlECONOMIA"The Economist" analiza: "World trade: Dried up. Talks over the Doha round of global trade talks have collapsed":http://www.economist.com/finance/displayStory.cfm?story_id=11831960&source=features_box_main"The Economist" publica su informe semanal: "Business this week":http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11793527&CFID=15321684&CFTOKEN=24001901"New York Times" informa: "Stock Indexes Continue to Slip":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/29/business/29stox.html?_r=1&ref=business&oref=slogin"El País" de Madrid informa: "El FMI alerta del empeoramiento de la crisis crediticia: La institución internacional achaca este empeoramiento a la ralentización de la economía mundial.- Subraya la caída de los precios de la vivienda en España": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/FMI/alerta/empeoramiento/crisis/crediticia/elpepueco/20080728elpepueco_7/Tes"CNN" publica: "Global trade deal falls apart":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/07/29/wto.collapse.ap/index.html"CNN" informa: "High oil price boosts BP profit":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/07/29/bp.profit.ap/index.html"La Nación" publica: "La liberalización del comercio mundial. Anunciaron el fracaso de la Ronda de Doha. El director general de la Organización Mundial del Comercio, Pascal Lamy, confirmó que las negociaciones quedaron truncas; declaró estar "profundamente consternado"":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1034531La caída del crudo impulsa a Wall Street: "La Bolsa de Nueva York muestra fuertes avances; el petróleo bajó más de tres dólares y se negocia en US$ 121 el barril en el mercado estadounidense": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1034574OTRAS NOTICIAS"Time" publica: "Beijing Cites Many Olympic Threats": http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1827353,00.html"MSNBC" publica: "Olympic threats fuel unease about security: China says heavy defense will secure Games, but clampdown is smothering":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25890371/"Time" informa: "A Video Threat to the Olympics?":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1826953,00.html"The Economist" analiza: "Global Islam: Unusual guests, a most unusual host. A new breeze may be blowing very softly from the Saudi sands":http://www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11792340

The virulent strain of nativist, anti-establishment, anti-corporatist and anti-immigrant sentiment is rocking the foundations of traditional party systems in all industrialized democracies. Its causes are many, but in broad terms it is safe to say they surfaced right after the 2008-09 economic collapse, an era that was characterized by intense polarization and confrontational approaches against governments, corporations and financial institutions which crossed party lines and traditional political cleavages. The sweeping changes brought about by globalized capital and corporate interests, and the blurring of national borders that accompanied them, have alienated big swathes of the population and given rise to new forms of strident populism everywhere.In the United States the main manifestation of this phenomenon is taking the form of a populist revolt, a singular form of class warfare inside the Republican Party, between the established party hierarchy and the Tea Party movement.As the next legislative election approaches, the internecine feud within the Republican Party continues to create challenges for its top candidates who must veer more right-wing to secure the nomination and then turn back to the center of American politics to win the general election. Before 2012, the GOP tried to co-opt the extreme right and used their rhetoric, but after the 2012 election losses, the party took uncertain steps to distance itself from the movement. Today, the movement rather than the establishment seems to be dictating the party line, so there is paralysis in Washington once again. The leadership will still have to govern and legislate on some central issues-increase the debt limit, fund the government, and renew the authorization charter of the Export-Import Bank, among other things, and in so doing, further alienate Tea Party voters. The Republican-dominated House will no doubt stay away from the avoidable taboos, such as considering immigration reform (for which the Senate already passed its own bill one year ago!) and in consequence, one more time unintentionally secure the Latino vote for the Democratic Party. They will continue blocking the minimum wage raise and the Fair Paycheck Act, thereby losing the minorities and women's vote. In this context, the 2016 presidential horizon looks brilliantly promising for Democrats and their two presidential hopefuls, Hillary Clinton and Elizabeth Warren.The defeat of Virginia Representative and House Majority Leader Eric Cantor in the June 10th Republican primary for the seventh Congressional district is symptomatic of deep divisions not only within the Republican Partybut in the electorate at large. Eric Cantor, a Republican with impeccable conservative credentials who had been re-elected seven times and who was first in line for House Speaker,lost by ten solid points to a little known college professor who ran against him by portraying him as the pro-Wall Street, pro-K Street typical Washington insider, indifferent from Main Street needs and demands. This race is very significant for several reasons. For starters, the anti-Washington, anti "corporate welfare" and anti-Wall Street sentiment is widespread among independent voters and those GOP legislators that have been "pro-bailout, pro-Obama stimulus spending and pro-immigration," as articulated by Tea Party leaders, live in fear of being chastened by voters.That is why this week Republicans in Congress who were holding their breath, are exhaling with a sense of relief as Senator Thad Cochran wins the primary runoff against Tea Party challenger ChrisMcDaniels who ran on a promise to voters that he would add his voice to the fight against Obamacare and big government spending. It appears then that the anti-incumbent sentiment has not been strong enoughto become a sustained trend: so far, only two sitting representatives have not won re-nomination in the House and all 18 Senate races have been won by those holding the seats, including Lindsay Graham of South Carolina, who was a leader in favor of Immigration Reform in the Senate, but has been vocal in confronting Obama with his dismal record in foreign policy, from Benghazi to Syria to Ukraine, and now all the way back to Iraq. But even pollsters have been taken by surprise in most cases, whether as to the narrowness of results (such as the one is Mississippi, which required a runoff election) or to the unfathomable upsets (Cantor's represents a historical defeat: no Majority leader had been voted out in a primary election since the nineteenth century). There are many reasons why nobody saw this coming, first among them the constant problem of voter turnout, especially in primaries, followed by new strategies by candidates (David Bratt, the college professor that beat Cantor, did door -to -door canvassing, taking time to speak to prospective voters, and he beat a competitor who had outspent him 40 to 1) and by the strong commitment of a small group of activists that mobilized the grassroots against Cantor's pro-business stance. The outcome of these races is further complicated by the fact that many Democrats are taking part in open primaries, which makes them even more unpredictable. Democrats participated in both races, voting against the incumbent, Cantor, in Virginia (he was perceived as the main obstacle for bringing to the floor a vote on immigration bills that apparently would have had the votes to pass) and in favor of incumbent, veteranSenator Thad Cochran in Mississippi (he courted the African American vote, pointing out the amount of federal funds he had brought to the state in his 36 years as Senator, and they acquiesced, fearing Mc Daniels would be a worse choice for their interests in such a red state as Mississippi).These idiosyncratic variations and distortions should not distract us from the fact that the defeat of ultra-conservative House Majority leader from a white, affluent Richmond suburb is extremely significant and will have many ramifications in the near future. First and foremost, it has led to an immediate reshuffle of the party internal House leadership, as Cantorresigned his post as Majority leader. The first in line to fill his post, House whip Kevin McCarthy from California, used his insider skills to mobilize his contacts and call in his favors fast enough to pre-empt a challenge by a Tea Party congressman from Idaho, Raul Labrador, in a secret, internal party ballot. He has thus become Majority leader only eight years after he was first elected to Congress for California 23rd district. If re-elected in November, he will be first in line for House Speaker when Rep. Boehner gives up his post. This coveted position would have been Cantor's crowning achievement after a solid career of 14 years in Congress: he had hoped to become the first Jewish Speaker of the House.In spite of McCarthy's success in pre-empting challenges from outside the party leadership, the next one in line to move into McCarthy's whip position, deputy whip Peter Roskam from Illinois, lost the ballot to Tea Party challenger Steve Scalise from Louisiana, who mobilized the vote of Southern legislators and won, thereby establishing a presence for the movement inside the GOP hierarchy. Scalise, who was elected to Congress in 2008, has also risen rapidly through the ranks, as chairman of the ultra-conservative Republican Study Group and as a vocal advocate against big government.Party Whips in Congress are in charge of counting votes for and against legislation. They are enforcers, offering incentives and doling out punishments for votes among their caucus members. Their role becomes particularly important in close votes. The whip is also the main liaison between the party leadership and the rank and file.Primaries are proving to be much more dangerous for establishment Republicans than a prospective national election at the end of this year, in which they are poised to win both some Senate and House seats, mainly due to slow economic growth and low support for Obama, but more pointedly due to the opportunity created by the retirement of a significant number of long-serving senior legislators. Rather than the November election challenge against Democrats, primaries have become the main obstacle to surmount and the main focus of funding for incumbents and party establishment candidates. Memories of seats lost due to Tea party primary winners in the national 2010 and 2012 election still loom heavily in GOP minds. Karl Rove's words of advice to both the Tea Party activists and the GOP leadershipin February of 2010 still resonate in the halls of Congress:"If Tea party groups are to maximize their influence on policy, they must now begin the difficult task of disassociating themselves from cranks and conspiracy nuts. This includes 9/11 deniers, "birthers" who insist Barack Obama was not born in the U.S., and militia supporters espousing something vaguely close to armed rebellion.""The GOP is also better off if it foregoes any attempt to merge with the tea party movement. The GOP cannot possibly hope to control the dynamics of the highly decentralized galaxy of groups that make up the tea party movement. There will be troubling excesses and these will hurt Republicans if the party is formally associated with tea party groups" (Wall Street Journal, Feb. 18 2010).Because they are extremely vocal as well as media favorites (whether to disparage or to endorse them) and have made some undeniable inroads into the halls of power, the Tea Partiers have indeed made a splash in US politics, and they have re-shaped the agenda on issues of taxes and spending (with mixed success). But so far this term, 273 of 275 House incumbents and 18 out of 18 Senators have won re-nomination, even if in most House cases these contests were won by small margins. This is evidence that there is still somediscipline in party ranks, and newcomers are forced to follow the party leadership. For example in Kentucky, Sen. Rand Paul, largely recognized as the presidential candidate for Tea-Partiers and libertarians alike, did not campaign in favor of the Tea Party candidate who was running against Senate Minority leader Mitch McConnell, and gave the former only lukewarm support. Senator McConnell, a tough, seasoned veteran, was reported to have had a private, one-on-one, closed-doors conversation with Rand Paul before the primary campaign started…It then becomes clear that membership still has its privileges, and the Tea Partiers' disdain for insider politicking and the compromises required by politics in general won't take them very far. That is the stuff of politics, so now these political neophytes are getting into the fray, they will have to learn a few organizational lessons from the savvy insiders they are trying to replace. Nonetheless, one of the first comments made by Kevin McCarthy Fox News as he moved into Cantor's position was that "Yes, he would let the Export-Import Bank (reauthorization) to expire because it is something the private sector can do better". This represents a reversal from his 2012 position, and one that distances him from the business community and the party establishment, who want the Bank to remain. (Tea Partiers want to do away with the Ex-Im, the IRS and the Department of Education, among other institutions they find superfluous). In another interview, McCarthy asserted that the GOP had more to gain (politically) if it moved closer to libertarian ideas. So it has become apparent then, that the Tea Party as a movement and as a faction of the Republican Party is here to stay, at least for the near future. Its strength will depend on how they can accommodate their desires to the realities of governing the United States of America in the XXI century.María Fornella-Oehninger - Comparative Politics Professor, Old Dominion University in Norfolk, Virginia.

NATO's Article 5 has been invoked once… in support of the US shortly after September 11, 2001. Donald Trump wasn't the first president to complain about NATO. Nor was he the first to call out NATO members who fall short of their commitment to spend 2% of their gross domestic product (GDP) on national defense. George W. Bush often used NATO summits to demand that member nations meet their obligations. Barack Obama once referred to those who didn't as "free riders."When US presidents (and others) criticize nations that fall short of the 2% commitment, they aren't being petty or shrill. Taken together, the defense budgets of NATO members go to the heart of the alliance's ability to deter attacks, which, after all, is the very reason for NATO's existence. It provides tangible proof of what NATO could do if its Article 5 provision (which states that if any NATO ally is attacked, it is considered a defendable attack against all NATO allies) were invoked. In 2006, NATO defense ministers agreed that each member nation would spend a minimum of 2% of its GDP on defense… though only a handful would follow through. At the 2014 NATO summit, held not long after Russia's illegal annexation of the Crimean Peninsula, member heads of state formally reaffirmed the 2% commitment. At the time, NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen said, "the security of our countries and citizens is too important for us to cut corners, or to cut still more funds, and without security, we can have no prosperity." By the end of 2014, the number of member countries giving the full 2% rose to 10. In 2022, in the wake of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, the number of member nations meeting the 2% standard increased again and reached 18 by 2024. And, as NATO officials were quick to point out, when the new contribution levels of all European NATO members are counted together, it adds up to 2% of their combined GDP. NATO's overall membership has grown since Russia launched its war on Ukraine. Finland and Sweden are now members, increasing the number of NATO allies to 32, bringing both additional defense dollars and strategic assets to NATO's defense capabilities. Bosnia & Herzegovina, Georgia, and Ukraine (already "NATO partners") have also declared their intent to join the alliance. While the nearly two-decades-old 2% commitment is fundamental to NATO's deterrence effect, by itself it's not enough. Deterrence only works if foes and potential foes believe that the alliance and its members are ready and willing to mobilize after Article 5 is invoked. One day after the horrific 9/11 terrorist strikes that killed thousands in New York, Pennsylvania, and our nation's capital, the North Atlantic Council met and announced its intention to invoke Article 5. Secretary General Lord Robertson declared the move a "reaffirmation of a solemn treaty commitment." This marked the first time in NATO's 52-year history—and the only time since—that Article 5 has been invoked. And to its credit, NATO went beyond mere words. In the months and years that followed, even though the US had by far the largest military and defense budget of any NATO member, others in the alliance still stepped forward to defend America and by extension, the alliance. NATO launched operation "Eagle Assist," its first anti-terror operation, and the first deployment of NATO military assets. Seven NATO AWACS (the world-renowned radar aircraft) were flown by 830 crew members of 13 nationalities to patrol and protect American skies. A second operation to deter terrorist activities on the waters of the Eastern Mediterranean, dubbed "Operation Active Endeavor," soon followed. In addition, the North Atlantic Council unanimously adopted eight measures to promote intelligence-sharing, increase security, backfill assets, and provide further support against terrorist activities. Just as Russia's 2022 invasion brought NATO new members and greater compliance with the 2% commitment, it also changed how alliance members mobilized their own military resources against an increasingly aggressive, increasingly hostile Russia. Article 5's promise of collective security likely emboldened members to send arms to Ukraine—they knew it wouldn't diminish their own ability to respond to an attack. Allies pledged $700 million in aid, from body armor and transport vehicles to medical supplies and combat rations. If you visit NATO headquarters in Brussels, you'll find that a part of the World Trade Center's North Tower rests on a gleaming silver pedestal… a somber reminder of American lives lost. But it also serves as a clear symbol of Article 5's importance to its members, even the member with the largest military and defense budget. In his reflection on the memorial, Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg reaffirmed: "To bring an end to conflicts which fuel terrorism, we need political, diplomatic, and economic efforts. And we need military might." Stoltenberg's words ring true for battles past and future against terrorism, and our current battle against a dictatorship on the march. This article was researched and drafted with the assistance of Katherine Schauer.

NATO's Article 5 has been invoked once… in support of the US shortly after September 11, 2001. Donald Trump wasn't the first president to complain about NATO. Nor was he the first to call out NATO members who fall short of their commitment to spend 2% of their gross domestic product (GDP) on national defense. George W. Bush often used NATO summits to demand that member nations meet their obligations. Barack Obama once referred to those who didn't as "free riders."When US presidents (and others) criticize nations that fall short of the 2% commitment, they aren't being petty or shrill. Taken together, the defense budgets of NATO members go to the heart of the alliance's ability to deter attacks, which, after all, is the very reason for NATO's existence. It provides tangible proof of what NATO could do if its Article 5 provision (which states that if any NATO ally is attacked, it is considered a defendable attack against all NATO allies) were invoked. In 2006, NATO defense ministers agreed that each member nation would spend a minimum of 2% of its GDP on defense… though only a handful would follow through. At the 2014 NATO summit, held not long after Russia's illegal annexation of the Crimean Peninsula, member heads of state formally reaffirmed the 2% commitment. At the time, NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen said, "the security of our countries and citizens is too important for us to cut corners, or to cut still more funds, and without security, we can have no prosperity." By the end of 2014, the number of member countries giving the full 2% rose to 10. In 2022, in the wake of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, the number of member nations meeting the 2% standard increased again and reached 18 by 2024. And, as NATO officials were quick to point out, when the new contribution levels of all European NATO members are counted together, it adds up to 2% of their combined GDP. NATO's overall membership has grown since Russia launched its war on Ukraine. Finland and Sweden are now members, increasing the number of NATO allies to 32, bringing both additional defense dollars and strategic assets to NATO's defense capabilities. Bosnia & Herzegovina, Georgia, and Ukraine (already "NATO partners") have also declared their intent to join the alliance. While the nearly two-decades-old 2% commitment is fundamental to NATO's deterrence effect, by itself it's not enough. Deterrence only works if foes and potential foes believe that the alliance and its members are ready and willing to mobilize after Article 5 is invoked. One day after the horrific 9/11 terrorist strikes that killed thousands in New York, Pennsylvania, and our nation's capital, the North Atlantic Council met and announced its intention to invoke Article 5. Secretary General Lord Robertson declared the move a "reaffirmation of a solemn treaty commitment." This marked the first time in NATO's 52-year history—and the only time since—that Article 5 has been invoked. And to its credit, NATO went beyond mere words. In the months and years that followed, even though the US had by far the largest military and defense budget of any NATO member, others in the alliance still stepped forward to defend America and by extension, the alliance. NATO launched operation "Eagle Assist," its first anti-terror operation, and the first deployment of NATO military assets. Seven NATO AWACS (the world-renowned radar aircraft) were flown by 830 crew members of 13 nationalities to patrol and protect American skies. A second operation to deter terrorist activities on the waters of the Eastern Mediterranean, dubbed "Operation Active Endeavor," soon followed. In addition, the North Atlantic Council unanimously adopted eight measures to promote intelligence-sharing, increase security, backfill assets, and provide further support against terrorist activities. Just as Russia's 2022 invasion brought NATO new members and greater compliance with the 2% commitment, it also changed how alliance members mobilized their own military resources against an increasingly aggressive, increasingly hostile Russia. Article 5's promise of collective security likely emboldened members to send arms to Ukraine—they knew it wouldn't diminish their own ability to respond to an attack. Allies pledged $700 million in aid, from body armor and transport vehicles to medical supplies and combat rations. If you visit NATO headquarters in Brussels, you'll find that a part of the World Trade Center's North Tower rests on a gleaming silver pedestal… a somber reminder of American lives lost. But it also serves as a clear symbol of Article 5's importance to its members, even the member with the largest military and defense budget. In his reflection on the memorial, Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg reaffirmed: "To bring an end to conflicts which fuel terrorism, we need political, diplomatic, and economic efforts. And we need military might." Stoltenberg's words ring true for battles past and future against terrorism, and our current battle against a dictatorship on the march. This article was researched and drafted with the assistance of Katherine Schauer.

The
legal gymnastics have begun for the political left to delay the inevitable
long enough to seat an extra Democrat into Congress from Louisiana for 2024.

Just
days after a number of Louisianans sued over the state's new congressional map,
arguing that it violated the 14th and 15th Amendments of
the Constitution, the special interests behind the litigation that had
encouraged the Legislature in special session to produce that map attempted a
pair of legal maneuvers to slow the new case's progress. One, filed in the
Western District where the new case Callais v. Landry resides, alleges
that the same deep-pocketed national interests that bankrolled and provided the
primary legal assistance to the plaintiffs in the case against the old
districts should be enrolled as defendants along with the state of Louisiana.
The other, filed in the Middle District with the same judge Shelly Dick who
has presided over the original consolidated Robinson v. Landry and Galmon
v. Landry cases, tries to transfer the new case to her jurisdiction.

The reasons given are essentially the same. The
motion to intervene comes under a claim that the issues argued in the new and
the old cases are similar enough, but that the state, even as it has been defendant
both times, is switching sides on arguments and so need involved the plaintiffs-now-defendants
who have maintained the same argument. The motion to transfer asserts because of
the supposed similarity the judge who handled the old case should try to new
one.

And, the motive is the same – knowing the new map
is in fact constitutionally defective and eventually will be invalidated, the
special interests need to find ways to slow the day of reckoning, at
least until the end of May when if the new lines haven't been wiped out then
basically these will be set in stone for 2024 elections. They are likely to
succeed.

Not because they have good legal arguments. Conspicuously
absent in their pleadings are two crucial facts: the injury in the Western
District case differentiates it enough from the Middle District case and its
basis for redress rests on entirely different legal bedrock.

Placement of the case in the Western District is
entirely appropriate (contrary to the risibly hypocritical remarks of the original
plaintiffs and legal team who called it "judge-shopping," as they engaged in
that very tactic by filing their case in the district in which they thought they
could get the most favorable treatment with all of its judges Democrat Pres. Barack
Obama appointees, and hit the jackpot with random assignment to the partisan
left-wing Dick). All five of the District's courthouses – in Shreveport,
Monroe, Alexandria, Lake Charles, and Lafayette – are in cities torn apart by
the new plan. The Middle District has just one split up, Baton Rouge (the remaining
Eastern District has the cities of New Orleans, Kenner, and Hammond also all
split between two districts). Further, the lead counsel in the case as well over
half of the plaintiffs reside in the Western District.

Nor do the cases closely resemble each other. The
old case to this point has been adjudicated under Section 2 of the Voting
Rights Act, because that was the only avenue available as the original Alabama
case that opened the door to giving race preferred treatment in reapportionment
followed this path. By contrast, the new case rests on constitutional, not
statutory, issues – a direction the old plaintiffs desperately resist, not only
because the new case doesn't deviate much from Hays v. Louisiana that
declared maps like those unconstitutional but also due to the Kavanaugh
concurrence in the Alabama case that signals a constitutional challenge would
make the preferential treatment of race in reapportionment short-lived.

The home run strategy for the special interests
would be to transfer the case to Dick's court to keep a lid on either case
being used as a device that wends it way to the Supreme Court to vacate their
temporary win. Regardless. ultimately they can't stop a constitutional challenge
from happening, either from the new case or one from somewhere else. Nor ultimately can
they force the new case into the old, and it's even doubtful they can force
themselves onto the defense.

None of that is the point. The point is to delay,
delay, and delay through motions like these and potentially in appeals to other
courts, aided particularly if allowed to intervene in the new case, to ensure
the new lines are in effect for 2024 and as many elections afterwards as they
can manage, for the new map highly favors picking up a seat for Democrats.

While the public might get an earful from this crowd about how they
allegedly are defending voting rights, never forget that this is a smokescreen disguising
their true intent of trying to notch political victories and empowering the
left. It'll be worth it to them even if all they can squeeze out is one extra
seat for one election, and now they have confirmed they'll litigate to that end
as long as their large
bankroll allows.

One may wonder what has prompted the US government to become so heavily involved in the war in Ukraine after the defeats in Iraq and Afghanistan.     According to a geopolitical explanation that I have echoed in other posts, the conflict arose from the expansion of NATO to ex-communist countries, contrary to initial promises, with the aim of blocking any attempt by Russia to return to be a major world power. The list of new NATO members after the Cold War includes the former East Germany, three former members of the Soviet Union and five former members of the Warsaw Pact.     It is also well known that some de facto powers in the US have a private financial interest in the war industry. President and General Dwight Eisenhower, who knew what he was talking about, warned citizens in his farewell address in 1961 to "guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex" and predicted that "the potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist."
I already mentioned in another post my modest testimony of how some warmongering think-tanks in Washington pushed to arm Ukraine after the Russian occupation of Crimea. The lesson of the defeats in the Middle East is that the business is to sell arms without sending soldiers. They didn't make it then, but they have made it now.     In any case, private geopolitical and economic interests for the foreign conflict need a favorable internal political situation, as I analyze in my book Constitutional Polarization: A critical review of the U.S. political system, soon to be published. In a large and powerful country like the United States, domestic policy and foreign policy are negatively related.     When the country was under internal construction during the 19th century, it had no foreign policy. The issues at that time were territorial expansion from the thirteen independent colonies, the structure of new territories and states and the layout of their boundaries. Only since the early 20th century, when the United States established fixed continental borders and became internally organized as a more stable federation, has it been able to pursue an independent foreign policy.     However, American foreign policy is heavily clouded by the ineffectiveness of the domestic political system. The constitutional formula for the separation of powers between a legislative Congress and an executive President with only two political parties tends to produce deadlocks between the two institutions, leading to legislative paralysis, frequent government shutdowns, and presidential impeachments.    Bipartisan cooperation and the consequent working together of the White House and Capitol Hill only flourish when an existential threat from an outside enemy is felt, as was the case during World War II and the Cold War. The call for war in the 1940s, the Red Scare in the 1950s and its second edition in the 1980s were accompanied by popular feelings of fear and national unity, as well as low electoral participation and widespread political apathy.    On the contrary, during the last thirty years of relative peace abroad, unresolved internal political issues and new demands have emerged in health, climate, immigration, race, religion, gender, sex, family, education, gun control and voting rights, which have generated mobilizations, protests and a harsh confrontation and partisan polarization. External fear has been replaced by internal anger.    When President Bill Clinton was under siege from Republicans on all sides, he confessed, "I would have preferred to be president during World War II" and "I was envious that Kennedy had an enemy." President George W. Bush also longed for the past when he launched the fight against a new "Axis" of evil and Islamist terrorism that, according to his nonsense, "followed the path of fascism, Nazism and totalitarianism." President Barack Obama was paralyzed by the suspicion that ending those wars might open up too many divisive domestic issues. It was Trump who started the withdrawal of troops from the Middle East and the first president in many years who did not start a new war; as a result, he faced an inner hell.    Joe Biden and the Democrats know that now the Republicans can again block any initiative on economic, social and cultural issues in the House of Representatives. To attract their cooperation in this new context of divided government, they may once again shift the emphasis to foreign policy with a belligerent orientation. A bipartisan foreign policy could satisfy the geopolitical interest of expanding NATO to the limits of Russia and the private economic interests in the military industry.    Russia is the welcome common foreign enemy. The dilemma between internal anger and external fear once again creates a political tension. Yet, we are not living the nationalist hysteria of the Cold War, but a flimsy bad copy of it. Security and military chiefs, including former Moscow ambassador and current CIA director William Burns and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Mark Milley, remember Eisenhower's warning, are more aware of the human costs of war, they have no overriding interest in another long-running conflict, and are pushing for peace negotiations.

In a terminally polarized America, it can sometimes seem like there's nothing that diehards of both major parties can agree on. Yet at both the party conventions this year there were signs that Americans are ready for a new U.S. foreign policy — even if they had very different ideas of what that change should be. Speaking to delegates and attendees at the Republican National Convention (RNC), again and again I heard the sentiment that the United States is too involved overseas, and that the treasure being invested in foreign wars should be reinvested back home. "America is overstretched. We're trying to do too much all over the world," Michigan Trump delegate and sheet-metal union worker Ken Crider told me. His friend, James Hooper, agreed about the folly of foreign intervention. "You can't predict what will happen when you involve yourself that way," he said. Shalira Taylor-Jackson, a disillusioned Barack Obama volunteer and an alternate delegate from Cleveland, complained to me about the massive military aid bill passed earlier this year for Ukraine, Israel, and Taiwan. "You sent $100 billion over there," she said. "If you just gave some of that to the inner cities." It was the same thing I heard from another attendee, a convention volunteer who had also once voted for Obama, who felt too much money was being given away to foreign governments."What about our people, our veterans, our health care?" she said. Attendees consistently expressed favorable opinions about the idea of speaking with adversarial states. "You have to talk," said Don Hammell from Dallas, whose daughter-in-law is Ukrainian. When I asked him how he felt about Ukraine potentially having to give up territory as part of a peace deal, he said "that's between them." Stopping by the Turning Point USA stage, Rep. Marjorie Taylor-Greene (R-GA) spread baseless conspiracy theories about Trump's near-assassination, but also expressed skepticism about reports of an Iranian plot on his life. "Is this the next country the Deep State wants to bomb?" she said. "We are not going to accept the weapons of mass destruction explanation fed to us."Later in the week, Sen. Ron Johnson (R-WI) stopped by a "Serbs for Trump" event, receiving a good reception for an anti-war, anti-foreign entanglement message, warning against the "demonization" of foreign people, and urging people to read Dwight Eisenhower's famous farewell address denouncing the growing military-industrial complex. The event's organizer, Sasha Jovicic, said that such messaging resonated with the Serbian-American crowd because conscription had killed so many men in the old country. It was not always a coherent anti-interventionist sentiment. Those who expressed caution about foreign entanglements also praised former President Donald Trump's reckless assassination of Iranian General Qasem Soleimani. There was universal disdain for President Joe Biden's withdrawal from Afghanistan. Israel's war in Gaza and U.S. support for it got widespread, enthusiastic support, with Israeli flags rife throughout the convention. Much of this was reflected in the televised programming, with speeches — like those from Trump and J.D. Vance, or Tucker Carlson and David Sacks — that tended to express skepticism about continuing U.S. involvement in Ukraine and praising Trump as a peacemaker. Others, however, consistently emphasized Trump's purported toughness, his support for pouring more money into the military, and making hawkish noises about Iran. It was a different scene at the Democratic National Convention (DNC) this week, where there was far less enthusiasm for Israel's war, but commitment to Ukraine was ironclad. The view that Trump was beholden to Russian President Vladimir Putin, and concern that his win would mean handing Ukraine over to Russia, was widespread throughout the convention. Putin was bent on reconstituting the Soviet Union, Michigan delegate Barry Lepler told me, and the world was in a World War II-like moment that couldn't afford appeasement. "There's always been people in rural areas who are more isolationist," said talk radio host Joel Heitkamp, who had earlier that week appeared on a panel focused on winning back rural Americans. When I asked about the widespread resentment in rural and other parts of the country toward military aid that wasn't being invested in communities back home, he questioned whether it was a necessarily organic view. People opposed further aid to Ukraine because of Trump, he said, not the other way around. This was all consistent with the four nights' speeches, which tended to stress the same themes on foreign policy that Biden had come to lean into the past few years, and which have become familiar Democratic rhetoric now: enthusiasm for NATO, commitment to Ukraine, and a foreign policy based on the idea of defending democracy. At one point, the packed arena waved flags and sang joyfully along to Bruce Springsteen's "Born in the USA," entirely missing the point of the famously bitter anti-war anthem. This reached its apogee with Vice President Kamala Harris' acceptance speech closing out the convention, where she vowed to "ensure America always has the strongest, most lethal fighting force in the world," promised to "take whatever action is necessary" against Iran, assured people she would "stand strong with Ukraine and our NATO allies," and "always stand up for Israel's right to defend itself," while expressing sympathy for the devastation suffered by Gazans as a result of that Israel policy. Coupled with a party platform that expresses remarkably hawkish views on the Middle East, including attacking Trump for being insufficiently hawkish on Iran, the weeks' proceedings were, as Responsible Statecraft's Blaise Malley has pointed out, a major leap backward from the 2020 Biden campaign's denunciation of "forever wars" and promise to craft a "foreign policy for the middle class." But that's not to say there were no signs of change. The biggest foreign policy story of the DNC was the ongoing rift over the Gaza war, and over the Biden administration's policy of unconditional support for Israel to carry out what a growing cohort of experts and informed observers are calling a genocide. But its significance lay not so much in the presence at the convention of 30 "uncommitted" delegates seeking an end to arms transfers to Israel to bring the war to a close, but in the fact that they had widespread support within the party establishment for their goal. Rep. Ro Khanna (D-CA) told me that the movement's efforts were having an effect inside the party, and said Harris "should pivot [on the war] like Hubert Humphrey in 1968."Uncommitted delegates, pro-Palestinian activists, and even anti-war protesters consistently told me that they received a friendly reception from Harris delegates and other attendees, and often got words of explicit support to keep up the pressure. They succeeded in getting 300 Harris delegates to sign a petition calling for an arms embargo, in what one of the movement's leaders called "some of the easiest organizing they've had to do." References to a ceasefire were some of the biggest applause lines of the event, with Harris' pro-Palestinian statement getting a raucous ovation. All of this should make undeniably clear, to both Democratic politicians and viewers at home, how mainstream a position ending this war is. "Israel is our partner," Florida delegate William Aristide told me. But 40,000 people had been killed, he said, many of them children. "What did they do to deserve that?" He asked me what the difference was between Israel's actions and what Russia was doing in Ukraine. "We need to cut them off," he concluded. Both parties' views on foreign policy continue to exist along a partisan gulf. But there are signs, as halting and contradictory as they are, that each is looking for a major shift from business as usual in its own particular way.

Campaigning for president in 2020, Joe Biden promised to resume Barack Obama's policy of normalizing relations with Cuba "in large part." But Democrats lost big in Florida, partly because Cuban American voters made a sharp turn to the right. That setback made the Biden White House reluctant to reverse the draconian economic sanctions Donald Trump imposed on the island, despite a mounting humanitarian crisis.As foreign policy, the results have been counter-productive. The Trump-Biden sanctions have catalyzed the largest migration crisis since 1959, with nearly 500,000 Cubans arriving in the United States in the past two years. The sanctions have angered Latin American and European allies, driven Cuba closer to U.S. global rivals Russia and China, and done nothing to improve human rights or the prospects for a democratic opening. Such are the consequences of foreign policy becoming a domestic political football.Sixteen elections and countingAs I outline in a new brief for the Quincy Institute, few countries have figured as prominently in U.S. elections over the years as Cuba. From the first campaign after the 1959 triumph of the revolution to the 2020 contest, candidates have raised the issue either to criticize their opponent for being soft on foreign policy, or to appeal to Cuban American voters in the battleground state of Florida. In election years, sitting presidents have frequently tightened sanctions or backed away from diplomatic engagement to boost their party's electoral prospects:In 1960, Dwight D. Eisenhower imposed the first trade sanctions on Cuba, urged on by Richard Nixon;In 1964, Lyndon Johnson abandoned John F. Kennedy's incipient dialogue with Havana, and successfully pressured the Organization of American States to adopt mandatory sanctions;In 1976, Gerald Ford halted Henry Kissinger's normalization negotiations when Ronald Reagan attacked the talks as appeasement;In 1980, Jimmy Carter back away from normalization when Zbigniew Brzezinski convinced him that it made him look soft;In 1992, George H. W. Bush signed the Cuban Democracy Act after Bill Clinton endorsed it.In 1996, Clinton signed the Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act (Helms-Burton) at the urging of White House political advisers;In 2004, George W. Bush imposed limits on travel and family remittances to defuse criticism from Cuban American hard-liners;In 2020, Donald Trump did the same in hopes of mobilizing the same Cuban American constituency.In campaigns from the 1960s to the 1980s, Cuba was framed as a proxy for the Soviet Union, and a tough policy toward Cuba was seen as the hallmark of a strong foreign policy generally. No national politician wanted to be branded "soft on Cuba." The collapse of the Soviet Union and end of the Cold War coincided with the emergence of Cuban Americans as a significant voting bloc, shifting how U.S. presidential candidates dealt with the issue. Instead of focusing Cuba as a national security issue, candidates from the 1990s onward appealed to Cuban American voters on issues of democracy and human rights.Before 1992, Democrats saw Florida as solidly Republican, but Bill Clinton aimed to compete there by appealing to Cuban Americans with a Cuba policy tougher than George H. W. Bush's. Although Clinton did not carry Florida in 1992, he did in 1996, establishing Florida as a battleground state. Al Gore's narrow loss in 2000 after Clinton's Justice Department returned six-year old Elián González to his father in Cuba convinced Democrats that Cuba was the third rail of Florida politics.Obama broke with this conventional wisdom in 2008 by appealing to moderate Cuban Americans with a policy of engagement. To the surprise of many, he won half the Cuban American vote in 2012, setting the stage for his dramatic decision to normalize relations with Havana in 2014. Then Trump, in a bid to mobilize Cuban American conservatives, turned back the clock, undoing most of what Obama had achieved. A shift to the right in Cuban American opinion in response to Trump's leadership and a new wave of disaffected immigrants reconfigured politics in south Florida, once again triggering Democrats' fear of Florida.Biden has responded with a bizarre hybrid policy, relaxing some of Trump's sanctions but leaving most in place—an impossible compromise between Obama's policy of coexistence and Trump's policy of regime change. The administration's watchword has been to be "tough on the regime" while "supporting the Cuban people" — as if it were possible to bankrupt the government without immiserating the population. The electoral landscapeMost of the electoral map of the United States is pre-determined. In 2020, there were only eight states in which the winner's margin of victory was less than 5 percentage points, totaling 123 electoral votes. Apart from these battleground states, Democrats begin the race likely to win 226 of the 270 electoral votes needed for majority; Republicans begin with 187. To win the election, Republicans have to win more than two-thirds of the electoral votes in the battlegrounds. Florida's importance is magnified by its size. If Republicans lose Florida's 29 electoral votes, they can only afford to lose one other small swing state.This is why Republicans see Florida as a must-win state and Democrats continue to contest it, despite their flagging prospects there. Ironically, despite the intensity with which both parties have focused on the state for the past 30 years, Florida has rarely been decisive in determining who wins the White House. Since 1960, Florida's electoral votes have made the difference only twice — in 2000 (the infamous Bush v. Gore contest), and 2004. Moreover, Cuban Americans have rarely decided the outcome in Florida. Prior to 1992, there were so few Cuban American voters that the margins of victory in the presidential election were frequently larger than the entire Cuban American electorate. Since then, Florida elections have been close enough that Cuban Americans could claim to have provided the decisive margin in just three contests: 1992, 2000, and 2012. In short, in 16 U.S. elections since Fidel Castro rode into Havana in 1959, there has been only a single occasion when Cuban American votes decided Florida and Florida decided the presidency: 2000.The national interestA Cuba policy that serves the national interests of the United States rather than the parochial interests of conservative Cuban Americans in Miami, or the political fortunes of would-be presidents, would start by acknowledging that the policy of hostility is not going to depose the Cuban government — something that ought to be self-evident after 65 years of trying in vain. A realist approach would identify and build on common interests, while managing areas of disagreement like human rights. In the field of national security, the United States and Cuba share a common interest in combatting transnational crime — narcotics, human trafficking, and terrorism — and on a wide range of other issues as well — transnational problems that near-neighbors have to tackle together, like environmental protection, the impacts of climate change and public health. Finally, the United States and Cuba have deep cultural ties that have grown more profound as the Cuban American diaspora has expanded.In 2024, a policy like this seems a bridge too far, but during the last two years of the Obama presidency, the United States took the first steps down this path. The progress made in just 24 months was substantial, though not without its setbacks. Asked what made Obama's dramatic break with past possible after so many decades of hostility, Ben Rhodes, who led the U.S. negotiating team, gave a surprisingly simple answer: leadership and political will. The normalization of relations with Cuba happened, he said, because it was something the president was determined to do.For a deeper dive into how the electoral ambitions of U.S. politicians have shaped policy toward Cuba from 1960 to 2024, see Professor LeoGrande's new Quincy Institute paper, Cuba's Role in U.S. Presidential Elections.

Rusia es un país que se ha especializado en los últimos años en causar problemas. Ya se ha dicho bastante sobre la multiplicidad de acciones de su gobierno en el ámbito internacional. Sin embargo, vale la pena resumirlas juntas, de modo que el patrón resulte indiscutible:El apoyo diplomático a Irán y Corea Comunista en Naciones Unidas para permitirles desarrollar bombas nucleares.La venta de uranio y armas a Irán para asegurarse de que complete su carrera nuclear y no resulte fácil un ataque estadounidense o israelí. Un asesor cercano a Putin ve el tema de la siguiente manera: "Irán es una manía estadounidense. Quizá se remonta a su miedo de los indios. No lo sabemos. Irán es un problema de ustedes, no nuestro".La venta de armas al régimen dictatorial de Hugo Chávez o al genocida de Sudán.La reaparición súbita de patrullas de bombarderos nucleares en aguas internacionales, idénticas a las de la Guerra Fría.La invasión de Georgia y posterior anexión de facto de dos de sus regiones.El asesinato de numerosos opositores al gobierno, incluido el envenenamiento en Londres de Aleksandr Litvinenko con una dosis letal de polonio-210.La amenaza de atacar con misiles nucleares a países como Polonia, República Checa o Ucrania, además de numerosas manipulaciones del suministro de gas a esos países en los momentos más duros del invierno europeo (durante varios años seguidos).La lista continúa, pero no deja dudas de que el gobierno ruso se ha propuesto imponer su presencia a nivel internacional. Casi todas se enmarcan en los mismos principios: aplastar a cualquier líder regional opuesto a reconocer un papel imperial a Rusia, sabotear el poder estadounidense, intimidar o sobornar a los gobiernos europeos, y en general repeler a la democracia liberal. Vladimir Putin loresumió de forma hitleriana al decir que "O bien Rusia retornará al grupo de naciones líderes o desaparecerá".Sin embargo, esta ambiciosa agenda rupturista parece no concordar con la realidad que, detrás de tanta violencia, se asoma sigilosamente. En ese sentido, resulta muy oportuno un informe reciente del importante académico estadounidense Nicholas Eberstadt. Se trata de un estudio sobre las tendencias demográficas de la Federación Rusa, cuyos resultados se clavan como una estaca en los planes de Vladimir Putin y sus secuaces, los siloviki.Los principales hallazgos de Eberstadt y su colega, Apoorva Shah, se resumen de la siguiente manera. En primer lugar, Rusia está perdiendo población en términos absolutos: cada vez hay menos rusos. En segundo lugar, a diferencia de países como Italia o Japón, en los cuales esto responde solo a una tasa de natalidad excesivamente baja, Rusia muestra la particularidad de tener una tasa de mortalidad excesivamente alta. En efecto, el problema no es que nazcan pocos rusos, sino que mueren demasiados. Desde el colapso de la Unión Soviética hasta hoy, la población total de la Federación Rusa se ha reducido en siete millones de personas. De aquí a 2030 Rusia perderá aún más: tendrá veinte millones menos de personas en edad de trabajar.El tercer dato de Eberstadt es muy revelador. Si Rusia tan sólo hubiese logrado mantener sus propios estándares de salud de otras épocas, tanto imperiales como soviéticas, no habría tenido unos 6,6 millones de muertes "excesivas". Si la comparación se hace con el sistema de un país como Francia, la estadística pasa a ser 18 millones. La cuarta estadística es más específica: en Rusia mueren demasiadas personas en parte por incidencia de enfermedades como el SIDA o la tuberculosis, pero la mayor diferencia con países del mismo ingreso en otras regiones del mundo refiere a enfermedades cardiovasculares. El estudio dice que "prácticamente ninguna población humana ha llegado alguna vez a los niveles de enfermedad cardiovascular que tiene la Rusia moderna". Las explicaciones son múltiples: los malos hospitales, la vodka, el descuido en general.El desastre que es Rusia sigue revelándose en más datos. La tasa de muertes por "factores externos", como lesiones, accidentes y envenenamientos, la pone al mismo nivel que Angola, Congo, Liberia y Sierra Leona. El autor del informe no podría dejarlo más claro: "Quizá a veces sea injusto referirse a la situación sanitaria en Rusia como 'de tercer mundo' – injusto, en realidad, para los países del Tercer Mundo. A juzgar por su tasa de mortalidad por causas violentas, Rusia hoy en día se ve decididamente más de 'cuarto mundo' que de tercer mundo".Rusia es un caso único de una sociedad que colapsa en sí misma. Los rusos adultos en 2005 tenían una tasa de mortalidad cuatro veces mayor a la de personas de iguales características en 1965. De hecho, según las tasas actuales de mortalidad, solamente el 45% de los hombres rusos de veintiún años "pueden esperar sobrevivir hasta los sesenta y cinco años". Los rusos de hoy en día vivirán menos no ya que sus padres de la era soviética, sino sus abuelos de la época del golpe bolchevique.Es llamativo, entonces, que un país de estas características pretenda imponer una presencia tal como la que se expuso inicialmente. Sin embargo no es sorprendente, ya que la conducta del régimen ruso responde exclusivamente a las convicciones ideológicas y necesidades financieras del reducido grupo de hombres que la gobiernan.Por eso fue tan refrescante que, en medio de la nebulosa política exterior de la Administración Obama, el Vicepresidente Joseph Biden mencionase esta contradicción de forma explícita – y en Moscú.Es que la frustración de alguien como Biden con este tema resulta muy comprensible. Ya era hora de que alguien de importancia dijera esas verdades, puesto que Barack Obama parece seguir o intensificar la pésima política hacia Rusia de su predecesor. Tiene que haber un punto en el cual no se tolerarán más los espasmos imperiales de Rusia, y si hay alguien que lo puede decir con firmeza es un representante de un país muy poderoso, como Estados Unidos.Resta por preguntar qué pasará con Rusia. Se trata de un actor, en términos de política internacional, que no tiene una estrategia clara. No aspira a una bipolaridad, pero tampoco a un concierto multipolar de naciones. Sus gobernantes no tienen dudas en generar titulares como "Tanques rusos invaden Georgia" en pleno siglo XXI. En general, exhibe el comportamiento de un rogue state, pero con la diferencia de que tiene el tamaño de una (ex) superpotencia.Esto es lo que hace a Rusia tan peligrosa: su nerviosismo, su inseguridad. Su falta de democracia y libertades aseguran que el único decisor, el grupo que rodea a Vladimir Putin, no consulte sus decisiones con nadie, ni que éstas sean sometidas a controles políticos. Constantemente emanan de Rusia informes sobre cómo Putin (ya promocionado como judoka y cazador de tigres) niega rotundamente haber bailado a la música de ABBA, o de cómo a partir de ahora será un crimen federal expresar versiones de la historia que no sean la oficial. El régimen vive en una burbuja de propaganda y fantasías revanchistas.Quizá, en términos históricos, se trate del último revoloteo de un país que ha causado muchos problemas durante más de un siglo. Putin y su pandilla son los encargados de pilotar un avión oxidado cuyos tripulantes no saben que carece de alas, ventanillas y tren de aterrizaje. Como señala Eberstadt, Rusia pronto dejará de tener una población capaz de soportar una potencia nuclear, agrícola o energética. Los recursos estarán ahí, como siempre lo han estado, pero no habrá suficiente cantidad, salud ni capacitación en los trabajadores rusos como para permitir otro despegue. Quizá ese agotamiento genere un cambio de actitud en la clase gobernante de ese importante país. Lic. en Estudios Internacionales. Universidad ORT - Uruguay

Dos de los siguientes titulares no pertenecen al mundo de la sátira:"Aliens Cause Global Warming""Do they really think the earth is flat?""PLANE MISSING SINCE 1939 LANDS WITH SKELETON AT THE CONTROLS""Finally: The Obama inauguration UFO""El Golem y la Lucha de Clases"Basta con emitir al espacio público una afirmación ridícula para que alguien, en algún lado, la crea. El problema es que demasiado a menudo se trata de más de unalguien. Cuando los crédulos suman millones de personas esas falsedades pueden volverse realmente dañinas.Cuando se estudia un fenómeno preocupante en la agenda internacional se suelen ofrecer explicaciones convencionales y que, mayoritariamente, son razonables. Por ejemplo, suele hablarse de los intereses de seguridad de los países más poderosos, de la capacidad de cabildeo de las grandes empresas internacionales o de las motivaciones perversas del terrorismo y el totalitarismo.Sin embargo, de vez en cuando suele evidenciarse un fenómeno prácticamente olvidado: la ignorancia. La ignorancia como problema internacional parecería ser una cuestión anacrónica, particularmente para el occidental acostumbrado a estándares de educación y periodismo, así como a los beneficios del progreso tecnológico. Este fenómeno sugeriría una tendencia a la feliz supresión de la ignorancia básica. Lamentablemente, los hechos demuestran que esto no es así, y que incluso los avances técnicos han servido para difundir un mal radioactivo: la desinformación.Algunos casos parecen paródicos. Uno de los titulares vistos más arriba resume el pináculo de la ignorancia moderna: la creencia, en pleno siglo XXI en Estados Unidos o el Reino Unido, en que la Tierra es plana. Para estos flat-earthers, la plétora de evidencia que indica lo contrario, incluidas fotografías de la NASA que muestran al planeta como realmente es, son simplemente falsificaciones. Claro está que donde hay falsificaciones hay conspiraciones, y eso lleva a otra manifestación insólita de ignorancia.Más particular a Estados Unidos, se trata del convencimiento de que la historia universal narrada en el Génesis es verídica. Aún cuando la propia Iglesia Católica ha establecido el sentido alegórico del texto creacionista, muchos cristianos en ese país conciben a la Tierra y a la humanidad como creaciones de unos pocos miles de años de antigüedad. A simple vista esto puede parecer apenas necio e inofensivo, pero el hecho es que no es así. Existe todo un movimiento que milita a favor de la incorporación de estas ideas y sus peligrosas consecuencias a los programas escolares de ciencias.Entre las áreas donde más daño provoca es en el de la evolución, ya que el creacionismo no admite la cronología que separa por miles de años a los dinosaurios, por ejemplo, de los homínidos. Las soluciones que se plantean a esta disonancia cognitiva son dos. Algunos creacionistas sostienen que el homo sapiensconvivió con los dinosaurios. Otros directamente afirman, como los flat-earthers, que todos los fósiles prehistóricos fueron falsificados y "colocados" en sus lugares por conspiradores ateos.Estos son sólo algunos ejemplos de países "avanzados" que, en realidad, no estánuniformemente avanzados. Sin embargo, y afortunadamente, estos fenómenos suelen reducirse a una minoría pintoresca y molesta.Es cuando la ignorancia se torna generalizada y conduce a la violencia que ésta se vuelve un problema de política exterior. Un ejemplo típico es el Once de septiembre.Este ataque terrorista se trata probablemente del incidente más documentado de todos los tiempos. Existen horas de filmaciones desde múltiples ángulos del hecho mientras ocurría, así como de las reacciones de muchos de los actores involucrados. Se han visto públicamente a los sobrevivientes del ataque, las familias de los asesinados, las confesiones repetidas de los perpetradores y los restos de los aviones y sus contenidos.Sin embargo, esto no es suficiente para algunas personas. En el mundo occidental es común ver presentaciones de PowerPoint con afirmaciones sin sentido sobre el derretimiento del acero o misiles misteriosos. Algunos son más audaces y directamente afirman que no hubo aviones, o que éstos viajaban vacíos y los pasajeros estaban (¿están?) secuestrados en bases militares estadounidenses. Al igual que los flat-earthers y los creacionistas, quienes niegan la realidad de esta manera son una minoría con poca influencia.El problema es lo que en Occidente no se publicita tanto: la opinión en el mundo islámico sobre el Once de septiembre. Es bien sabido que esa región del mundo, que se extiende desde Marruecos hasta Indonesia, tiene serios problemas con la simpatía por la jihad en el seno de sus sociedades. Ante los esfuerzos de muchas personas por cambiar esa situación, tanto de musulmanes como de no musulmanes, casi siempre surge el mismo muro: la negación.En efecto, hay cantidades alarmantes de musulmanes que opinan que un correligionario literalmente no habría podido cometer esos ataques terroristas, ya que la violencia indiscriminada no sería compatible con el Islam. En vez de confrontar esa posibilidad, estas personas –que suman cientos de millones en todo el mundo- hacen como los excéntricos en Occidente y crean teorías alternativas. La diferencia es que su preferencia es por decir que se trató de una conspiración judeo-israelí, cuyo objetivo es justificar agresiones al mundo islámico. De esa manera, con una operación intelectual frustrantemente simple, el agresor se vuelve la víctima. Según una encuesta mundial realizada por el proyecto multilateralWorld Public Opinion, en Turquía un tercio de la población opina que el Once de septiembre fue un "auto atentado" del gobierno de Estados Unidos; mientras tanto el 43% de los egipcios y el 31% de los jordanos asignan la culpa a Israel.Son innumerables los casos en el ex Tercer Mundo en los cuales una combinación de ignorancia con propaganda antisemita, antiamericana y antioccidental genera estas nuevas "verdades". Una "medida activa" del KGB durante la Guerra Fría se ha vuelto una convicción real para millones de habitantes de África: que el virus del VIH es una creación de la ingeniería genética estadounidense, cuyo objetivo sería sencillamente exterminar a la población negra del mundo.Como con los flat-earthers, muchas veces estas ideas rayan el límite de la credulidad. Como explicase la famosa refugiada Ayaan Hirsi Ali en su libro Infidel, durante su infancia en la Somalia rural era normal pensar que los judíos eran humanos con cuernos y otras cualidades aberrantes. La pregunta clave es: ¿qué puede esperarse de millones y millones de personas que son educadas bajo esas consignas? ¿Cómo explicar si no la adhesión real de millones de personas al antisemitismo y la violencia contra civiles como método válido de "defensa"?Cuando no se parte de las mismas premisas, como por ejemplo que lo verdadero es lo que se puede observar y no lo que se afirma arbitrariamente, es imposible llegar a un acuerdo. Mientras tantos musulmanes piensen que los actos de terrorismo que cometen sus correligionarios son falsificaciones o conspiraciones contra el Islam nunca se podrá contar con mayorías sólidas que detengan ese terrible mal. Mientras en algunos lugares de América Latina todavía se piense que el gobierno de Estados Unidos no es democrático, sino un cabal corporativo-militar, será muy difícil tener un diálogo sensato y maduro. Si persiste en Japón la insistencia en minimizar el papel de sus militares imperiales en masacres a gran escala en China y Corea durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, esos países difícilmente podrán superar su desconfianza mutua.Es bien sabido que la educación, tanto moral como científica, es el principal antídoto contra la ignorancia. Sin embargo no es suficiente, ya que es una solución a largo plazo y de aplicación general. Para minimizar lo más posible el problema de la desinformación y la ignorancia, es importante que los medios de comunicación y gobiernos de países sensatos expresen claramente los hechos. Un paso importante lo ha dado Barack Obama, al dedicar un segmento de su discurso en El Cairo a dejar claro que tanto el Once de septiembre como la Shoah son hechos históricos irrefutables, y que no es admisible la epidemia de negación que los rodea en muchas partes del mundo. Lic. en Estudios Internacionales. Universidad ORT - Uruguay

Length: 154 minutes Oral history interview of George Schmidt by Melena Grace Nicholson