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Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Raisabad Hosalli-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 333 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 305 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 25 ha by rock outcrops and about 3 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 54 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to deep (75 - 150 cm) and 38 per cent soils are very shallow to moderately shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 46 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 27 per cent is very low (57 kg/ha) in an area of 27 per cent.  About 72 per cent is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 116(35) 48(14) Guava - 98(29) Maize 53 (16) 112(33) Sapota - 98(29) Bajra 53 (16) 144(43) Pomegranate - 161(48) Groundnut - 116(35) Musambi 50(15) 112(34) Sunflower 63(19) 65(19) Lime 50(15) 112(34) Red gram - 161(48) Amla 65(19) 99(30) Bengal gram 63(19) 101(30) Cashew - 65(19) Cotton 63(19) 101(30) Jackfruit - 65(19) Chilli - 197(59) Jamun - 96(29) Tomato 53 (16) 98(29) Custard apple 81(24) 83(25) Brinjal 128(38) 69(21) Tamarind - 99(29) Onion 108(33) 89(27) Mulberry - 65(19) Bhendi 75(23) 122(37) Marigold - 197(59) Drumstick - 161(48) Chrysanthemum - 197(59) Mango - 63(19)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data on households sampled for socio economic survey indicated that 35 farmers were sampled in Raisabad Hosalli-2 micro-watershed among them 4 (11.43 %) were landless, 12 (34.29 %) were marginal farmers, 11 (31.43 %) were small farmers, 6 (17.14 %) were semi medium farmers and 2 (5.71 %) were medium farmers.  The data indicated that there were 101 (58.05 %) men and 73 (41.95 %) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.25, marginal farmers' was 6.02, small farmers' was 4.54, semi medium farmers' was 4.5 and medium farmers' was 11.  The data indicated that, 19 (10.92 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 95 (54.60 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 45 (25.86 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 15 (8.62 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Raisabad Hosalli-2 had 62.64 per cent illiterates, 8.05 per cent of them had primary school, 2.30 per cent of them had middle school, 13.22 per cent of them had high school education, 5.75 per cent of them had PUC, 1.72 per cent of them had Diploma, 4.02 per cent of them had Degree education and 0.57 per cent of them had Masters education.  The results indicate that, 82.86 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 11.43 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers, 2.86 cent of the household heads were General labourers and 5.71 cent of the household heads were Housewives.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 58.62 per cent of the household members, 5.17 per cent were agricultural labourers, 3.45 per cent were in general labour, 2.30 per cent were private service, 20.69 per cent were Student, 8.05 per cent were housewives and 1.72 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 17.14 per cent of the households possess Thatched house, 65.71 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 17.14 per cent of them possess Pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 57.14 per cent of the households possess TV, 2.86 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 5.71 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 2.86 per cent of the households possess Computer/Laptop, 2.86 per cent of the households possess Landline Phone, 17.14 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 91.43 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 6,275, mixer/grinder was Rs. 5,300, Bicycle was Rs. 3,750, motor cycle was Rs. 63,000, Landline Phone was Rs. 1,500 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,832. 2  About 2.86 per cent of the households possess Bullock Cart, Seed/Fertilizer Drill and Tractor, 20 per cent of the households possess plough, 11.43 per cent of the households possess Sprinkler, 8.57 per cent of them possess Sprayer and 22.86 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 12,000, plough was Rs. 3,528, Seed/Fertilizer Drill was Rs. 4,000, Tractor was Rs. 400,000, sprayer was Rs. 2,900, sprinkler was Rs. 9,250 and the average value of weeder was Rs. 90.  The results indicate that, 11.43 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 17.14 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.86 per cent of the households possess Crossbred cow and Goat, 8.57 per cent of the households possess Buffalo and 5.71 per cent of the households possess Poultry birds.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.39, average own labour (women) available was 1.39, average hired labour (men) available was 11.32 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.61.  The results indicate that, 88.57 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Raisabad Hosalli-2 micro-watershed possess 27.61 ha (69.06 %) of dry land, 12.37 ha (30.94 %) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 418,122.53 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 476,709.19. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 633,479.67 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 247,000 for Irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 401,853.96 for dry land and Rs. 893,239.01 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 247,000 for dry land and Rs. 438,461.54 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 191,878.53 for dry land and Rs. 247,000 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 1 De-functioning and 4 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 11.43 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 8.19 meters.  The results indicate that, small, semi medium farmers and marginal had an irrigated area of 0.85 ha, 2.43 ha and 3.24 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (16.81 ha), green gram (10.84 ha), Paddy (6.72 ha) and red gram (2.09 ha). Marginal farmers have grown red gram, cotton and green gram. Small farmers have grown cotton, red gram, green gram and paddy. Semi medium farmers have grown cotton, paddy and green gram. Medium farmers have grown cotton, paddy and green gram.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Raisabad Hosalli-2 microwatershed was found to be 87.01 per cent. 3  The results indicate that, 48.57 per cent of the households have bank account.  The results indicate that, 48.57 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 26607.26. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 91581.57. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 64974.30. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 3.44.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 25425.80. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 133070.48. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 107644.68. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 5.23.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 19845.66. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 24572.82. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. 4727.16. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.24.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Paddy was Rs. 34785.98. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 209260.05. The net income from Paddy cultivation was Rs. 174474.06. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 6.02.  The results indicate that, 17.14 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 8.57 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 154,283.33for marginal farmers, for small farmers it was Rs. 139,454.55, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 179,458.33 and medium farmers it was Rs. 521,900.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 443,541.67. For marginal farmers it was Rs. 113,833.33, for small farmers it was Rs. 64,875, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 109,833.33 and medium farmers it was Rs. 77,500.  The results indicate that, households have planted 7 Coconut and 5 Mango trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 43 Neem, 1 Acacia, 1 Banyan, 4 Pongamia and 11 tamarind trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 4,242.86 for land development.  The results indicated that, cotton and Green gram was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, Paddy was sold to the extent of 86.57 per cent and Red gram was sold to the extent of 95.45 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 88.57 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 2.86 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants. 4  The results indicated that, 88.57 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation and 2.86 per cent of the households have used Cart as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 82.86 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the households used firewood as a source of fuel and 2.86 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 100 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 28.57 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards.  The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals and Pulses were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, Oilseed were adequate for 94.29 per cent of the households, Vegetables were adequate for 48.57 per cent, Egg were adequate for 14.29 per cent, Fruits were adequate for 2.86 per cent, Milk was adequate for 85.71 per cent and Meat were adequate for 2.86 per cent.  The results indicated that, oilseeds were inadequate for 5.71 per cent, vegetables and milk were inadequate for 48.57 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 97.14 per cent, Milk were inadequate for 14.29 per cent, Egg were inadequate for 85.71 per cent of the households and Meat was inadequate for 97.14 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil and Frequent incidence of pest and diseases were the constraint experienced by 88.57 per cent of the households, Wild animal menace on farm field (85.71 %), High cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (82.86 %), Lack of marketing facilities in the area (77.14 %), High rate of interest on credit (80 %), Inadequacy of irrigation water (5.71 %), Low price for the agricultural commodities (88.57 %), Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (82.86 %) and Less Rainfall (2.86 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Gajarkot-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 638 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 628 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 10 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 14 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 67 per cent area are very shallow to shallow (150 cm).  About 8 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy, 13 per cent area in loamy and 77 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Maximum of 91 per cent area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 0.75%) in 66 per cent area.  57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus, 17 per area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 80 per area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium and 98 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  About 95 per cent area is deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 160(25) 39(5) Guava - 12(2) Maize - 199(31) Sapota - 4(<1) Bajra - 199(31) Pomegranate - 164(26) Groundnut - 4(<1) Musambi 153(24) 12(2) Sunflower 153(24) 12(2) Lime 153(24) 12(2) Redgram - 164(26) Amla - 199(31) Bengal gram 160(25) 35(5) Cashew - - Cotton 160(25) 35(5) Jackfruit - 4(<1) Chilli - 192(30) Jamun - 160(25) Tomato - 192(30) Custard apple 157(25) 43(7) Brinjal 20(3) 179(28) Tamarind - 160(25) Onion 4(<1) 35(5) Mulberry - 4(<1) Bhendi 24(4) 176(28) Marigold - 199(31) Drumstick - 164(26) Chrysanthemum - 199(31) Mango - 20(3)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE STUDY  The data indicated that there were 73 (53.68%) men and 63 (46.32%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.8, marginal farmers' was 5.78, small farmers' was 6.07, semi medium farmers' was 4.17 and medium farmers' was 6.5.  The data indicated that, 14 (7.25%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 89 (46.11%) were in 16-35 years of age, 76 (39.38%) were in 36-60 years of age and 14 (7.25%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Gajarkot-2 had 51.81 per cent illiterates, 0.52 per cent functional literates, 14.51 per cent of them had primary school education, 1.55 per cent of them had middle school education, 12.44 per cent of them had high school education, 5.70 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.52 per cent of them did ITI, 1.04 per cent did masters and 9.33 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 65.71 per cent of households practicing agriculture, 5.71 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers, 11.43 per cent were general labourers, 2.86 per cent of them had household industry, 2.86 per cent of them were in private service, 2.86 per cent were in trade and business and 5.71 per cent were housewives.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 44.56 per cent of the household members, 2.07 per cent were agricultural labourers, 7.25 per cent were general labourers, 1.04 per cent had household industry, 0.52 per cent were in government service, 7.77 per cent were in private service, 1.04 per cent were in trade and business, 8.29 per cent were students and 23.32 per cent were housewives.  The results show that 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 2.86 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 68.57 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 28.57 per cent of them possess pucca house.  The results show that 91.43 per cent of the households possess TV, 22.86 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 31.43 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, and 94.29 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs.8000, mixer grinder was Rs.1462, motor cycle was Rs.65090, and mobile phone was Rs.2560.  About 22.86 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 20 per cent of them possess plough, and 77.14 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.22000, plough was Rs.14385, and the average value of weeder was Rs.90. 2  The results indicate that, 28.57 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 11.43 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.86 per cent of the households possess goat, and 2.86 per cent of them possess poultry birds.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.47, average own labour (women) available was 1.83, average hired labour (men) available was 11.83 and average hired labour (women) available was 10.30.  The results indicate that, 85.71 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Gajarkot-2 micro watershed possess 28.59 ha (70.45%) of dry land and 12 ha (29.55%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 6.56 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 15.39 ha (95%) of dry land and 0.81 ha (5%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 6.64 ha (60.22%) of dry land and 4.39 ha (39.78%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 6.80 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 388067 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 283333. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 578668 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 370305 for dry land and Rs. 494000 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 240828 for dry land and Rs. 410147 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 176428 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 4 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 11.43 per cent of the farmers, and canal formed the source of irrigation for 5.71 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the average depth of bore well in the micro watershed was found to be 12.19 meters.  The results indicate that, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 2.69 ha and 6.80 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (9.52 ha), greengram (5 ha), groundnut (13.38 ha), paddy (3.24 ha), and redgram (9.46 ha). Marginal and small farmers have grown cotton, Greengram, groundnut and redgram. Semi medium farmers have grown Greengram, groundnut and redgram. Medium farmers have grown cotton and paddy.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Gajarkot-2 micro watershed was found to be 100.06 per cent.  The results indicate that, 91.43 per cent of the households have bank account and savings. 3  The results indicate that, 88.57 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 3.23 per cent of the household availed loan from grameena bank in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, the average amount of credit borrowed in micro watershed by medium farmers was Rs.11250.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Redgram was Rs. 34615.34. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 55667.92. The net income from Redgram cultivation was Rs. 21052.58, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.61.  The total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 31406.67. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 64958.25. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 33551.58. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.07.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 52599.60. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 65137.64. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 12538.05. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.24.  The total cost of cultivation for greengram was Rs. 24014.67. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 60741.53. The net income from greengram cultivation was Rs. 36726.86. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.53.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 42268.34. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 95712.50. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 53444.16. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.26.  The results indicate that, 25.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 11.43 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs.60000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs.184055, for small farmers it was Rs.150269, for semi medium farmers it was Rs.213333, and for medium farmers it was Rs.450000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 17,954.82. For landless households it was Rs. 5,750, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 10,253.09, for small farmers it was Rs. 11,440.34, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 24,777.78, and for medium farmers it was Rs. 105,000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 3 coconuts, 1 guava and 7 mango trees in their fields.  The results indicate that, households have planted 5 banyan trees, 52 neem trees and 2 peepul trees in their field. 4  The results indicated that, cotton, greengram, paddy and redgram were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Groundnut was sold to the extent of 99.49 per cent.  About 100 per cent of the marginal, small, semi medium and medium famers have sold their produce to local/village merchants.  About 82.86 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce, and 2.86 per cent have used truck as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 100 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Around 91.43 per cent used fire wood, 2.86 per cent used biogas and 5.71 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of domestic fuel.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  About 42.86 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 60 per cent of the landless, 55.56 per cent of the marginal, 23.08 per cent of the small, 33.33 per cent of the semi medium and 100 per cent of the medium farmers.  100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  Around 85.71 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 74.29 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 37.14 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 28.57 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 60 per cent, fruits were adequate for 51.43 per cent, milk was adequate for 100 per cent, eggs were adequate for 100 per cent and meat was adequate for 60 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 25.71 per cent, pulses were inadequate for 65.71 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 71.43 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 40 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 45.71 per cent and meat was inadequate for 40 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 85.71 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (65.71%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (14.29%), inadequacy of irrigation water (22.86%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (80%), high rate of interest on credit (74.29%), low price for the agricultural commodities (62.86%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (74.29%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (80%), less rainfall (14.29%) inadequate extension services (60%), and source of agritechnology information (newspaper/TV/mobile) (2.86%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Forest decline is nowadays a major challenge to management and sustainability of natural ecosystems worldwide. This syndrome is a multifactorial disease influenced by several biotic and abiotic agents such as alien invasive pathogens, changes in land use and management policies, population dynamics driven by economic and politic changes, and climatic perturbations. All these factors changing due to anthropogenic influence, together with others, conformed the so-called global change. Since the 1990's decade, the oak decline has been identified as one of the most important ecological problems in Europe, affecting deciduous and evergreen Quercus species from the continental forests on Central and North Europe, to temperate forests of the Mediterranean basin. In the case of Iberian Peninsula, holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) and cork oak (Quercus suber L.) decline has been detected since the 1980's decade. These two species covered most of the forest surface of the south and central part of the Iberian Peninsula, mainly through "dehesas" and "montados" formations. This area is considered to be one of the worst affected regions in the world by climate change, worsening the effects and the consequences of oak decline in "dehesas". "Dehesas" are Mediterranean savanah-like ecosystems, which provide several economic yields and ecological services. In turn, the holm oak is the most representative tree in the Iberian Peninsula, and the main species conforming the tree layer on the Spanish "dehesas". The loss of this tree layer is a major ecological and economical constraint. The holm oak decline is mainly associated to the action of soil-borne pathogens, especially Phytophtora cinnamomi. Despite the influence of other factors in the decline, there is a strong association between root rot caused by oomycetes and the death of trees. Phytophtora cinnamomi is an aggressive alien plant pathogen widely widespread worldwide, which has been associated with the disease, die-off and death in a large list of different plant hosts. It is able to change trophic relationships with their hosts, becaming biotroph in asymptomatic hosts and hemibiotroph or necrotroph in susceptible hosts. It is considered that holm oak is the most susceptible Quercus sp. to the action of this pathogen. Additionally, other Phytophthora spp. and Pythium spp. have been recorded associated with the holm oak decline in Spain, Portugal, Italy and France. Many scientific efforts have focused to study this important hostpathogen system, obtaining great results and increasing the knowledge of the causes and effects of the interaction, improving management techniques to limit the spread and the symptoms. However, most of the reviewed works are based on empirical approaches, being the underlying mechanisms regulating the interaction between both species mostly unknown. This PhD Thesis covers part of this lack of basic knowledge, focusing on the host-pathogen interaction at histological and physiological level, and exploring the influence of the soil biota in the severity of the disease symptoms. For this purpose, the work was structured in seven chapters. Chapter 1 provides the framework in which the present PhD Thesis has been developed, and the general and specific objectives. Chapter 2 presents the methodology developed to evaluate the colonization and infection of Phytophthora cinnamomi in Quercus ilex seedling through the semi-automated quantification of pathogen structures present in histological sections of fine roots. A workflow was tuned-up testing different fixing solutions, embedding substances and staining methods, and the results allowed the clear differentiation of pathogen structures from host tissues. Furthermore, different indices based on structure location, host tissue classification and specificity of pathogen structures were evaluated to find the easiest and statistically robust indices that are able to explain the progress of the oomycete into the root. In chapter 3, inoculation experiments in growth chamber were carried out to describe the pathogenesis of the Quercus ilex-Phytophthora cinnamomi interaction. Longitudinal sections were analysed for epidermal, cortex, parenchymatous tissue of central cylinder and vascular tissue after 1, 3, 7 and 14 days after inoculation. Total oomycete structures area, intracellular structures area, extracellular structures area, and specific structures area of the pathogen were quantified. The analysis of these data results in the description of the colonization/infection cycle of the pathogen, classified in three different stages related with their trophic behaviour. Moreover, histological changes of the root tissues as a result of the presence of defence responses and the action of the pathogen were described. In Chapter 4, the differential responses of holm oak seedlings to the inoculation with P. cinnamomi, the acute drought and combination of both stressors were assessed. Six-months old seedlings were inoculated and mock-inoculated, and half of each inoculation treatment plans were subjected to acute drought meanwhile the others were well irrigated. Photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and fluorescence were measured weekly, and total biomass and biomass allocation parameters were quantified at the end of the experiment. The resulting data showed differences in the response of seedlings to drought and inoculation, and the influence of the additive effect of both stressors in the seedlings die-off. In Chapter 5, soil samples of "dehesas" were collected and total DNA was extracted and analysed through metabarcoding techniques, to evaluate the specific composition and diversity of the fungal and oomycete communities, and to study their relationship with the disease symptoms. The fungal community included a wide range of pathogens and abundance of ectomycorrhizal key taxa. Phytophthora spp. dominated the oomycete community, but the species related to root rot did not appear as the most abundant, nor were they related directly to defoliation levels. A particular Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU) belonging to the genus Trichoderma was strongly correlated with the scarcity of pathogenic Phytophthora spp. The differences in defoliation were related to changes in the functionality of soil microbiota and diversity levels of pathogenic species. Chapter 6 presents the general discussion of the Thesis, including some aspects limiting the results of the works carried out, ad new work lines deriving from this Thesis, and finally Chapter 7 contains the conclusions of the work. Changes in roots as a consequence of P. cinnamomi inoculation, including defence responses, and the differential response identified with pathogen colonization/inoculation, leads to new insights about the causes of tree death. Holm oak responds to the attack of the pathogen, and their physiological changes differ from the ones caused by water stress, allowing the recovery of plants if no additional stress is present. Moreover, the study of soil microbiome in declined "dehesas" showed the influence of the microbial diversity in the health status of trees, and also presented new species of oomycetes and fungi that must be considered in the management of holm oak decline in Andalusian "dehesas". ; El decaimiento forestal es hoy en día uno de los mayores desafíos para el manejo y la sostenibilidad de los ecosistemas naturales en todo el mundo. Dicho síndrome es una enfermedad multifactorial en la que intervienen diversos agentes bióticos y abióticos como los patógenos invasores, los cambios en los usos del territorio y las políticas de recursos, o las perturbaciones climáticas. El cambio producido en todos estos factores debido a la influencia del hombre entre otros motivos es lo que se ha dado en llamar cambio global. Desde la década de los 90 del siglo XX, el decaimiento de los robles se ha identificado como uno de los problemas ecológicos más relevantes en Europa, afectando a masas de Quercus caducifolios y perennifolios desde los bosques continentales de Centro Europa y Norte Europa, hasta los bosques templados de la cuenca mediterránea. En el caso de la Península Ibérica, el decaimiento de la encina (Quercus ilex L.) y el alcornoque (Quercus suber L.) se identificó en los años 80 del siglo XX. Estas dos especies cubren la mayor parte de la superficie forestal del sur y centro de la Península Ibérica, principalmente formando sistemas de dehesa y "montados". Dicha área geográfica está considerada como una de las regiones a nivel mundial que se verán peor afectadas por el cambio climático, lo que agravaría las consecuencias y los efectos del decaimiento de la encina en las dehesas. Las dehesas son ecosistemas mediterráneos semejantes a la sabana, que proveen de diversos beneficios económicos y servicios ambientales. Por su parte, la encina es el árbol más representativo de la Península Ibérica, y la especie principal del estrato arbóreo de las dehesas. La pérdida de este estrato es un problema ecológico y económico de gran relevancia. El decaimiento de la encina está asociado principalmente a la acción de patógenos de suelo, especialmente Phytophthora cinnamomi. Sin olvidar la influencia de otros factores en el síndrome, existe una fuerte asociación entre la podredumbre radicular causada por los oomicetos y la muerte del arbolado. Phytophthora cinnamomi es un patógeno invasor muy agresivo, ampliamente distribuido por todo el mundo, que ha sido asociado con la enfermedad, la decadencia y la mortalidad de una larga lista de diferentes especies vegetales. Es una especie capaz de cambiar su relación trófica con el huésped, comportándose como un organismo biótrofo en huéspedes asintomáticos, y como hemibiótrofo ó necrótrofo en huéspedes susceptibles. Se considera que la encina es la especie del género Quercus más susceptible a la acción del patógeno. De forma adicional, otras especies de los géneros Phytophthora y Pythium se han encontrado asociadas con el decaimiento de la encina en España, Portugal, Italia y Francia. Para estudiar este sistema patógeno-huésped se han llevado a cabo grandes esfuerzos científicos, que han obtenido resultados muy meritorios y han incrementado el conocimiento de las causas y los efectos de la interacción, mejorando las técnicas de gestión para limitar la dispersión y los síntomas del decaimiento. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los trabajos revisados se basaron en aproximaciones empíricas, desconociéndose gran parte de los mecanismos subyacentes que controlan la interacción entre las dos especies. Esta Tesis cubre parte de esta falta de conocimiento básico, centrándose en la interacción entre el huésped y el patógeno a nivel histológico y fisiológico, así como explorando la influencia de la biota del suelo en la severidad de los síntomas de la enfermedad. Para dicho propósito, el trabajo se estructuró en 7 capítulos. El Capítulo 1 proporciona el marco teórico en el que se desarrolla esta Tesis Doctoral, así como los objetivos generales y específicos. El Capítulo 2 muestra la metodología desarrollada para evaluar la colonización e infección de Phytophthora cinnamomi en plántulas de Quercus ilex a través de la cuantificación semiautomática de las estructuras del patógeno presentes en secciones histológicas de raíces finas. El flujo de trabajo fue puesto a punto probando diferentes soluciones de fijación, sustancias de inclusión y métodos de tinción, y los resultados permitieron la diferenciación clara de las estructuras del patógeno y de los tejidos del huésped. Además, distintos índices basados en la localización y especificidad de las estructuras del patógeno y en el tejido del huésped, se evaluaron con el fin de buscar la manera más sencilla y estadísticamente robusta de explicar el progreso del oomiceto en la raíz a través de índices. En el capítulo 3, se llevaron a cabo experimentos en cámara de crecimiento para describir la patogénesis de la interacción entre P. cinnamomi y Q. ilex. Se analizaron secciones longitudinales de epidermis, córtex, tejido parenquimático del cilindro central y tejido vascular, a los 1, 3, 7 y 14 días después de la inoculación. Se cuantificó el área total de estructuras, estructuras intracelulares, estructuras extracelulares y estructuras específicas del patógeno. El análisis de estos datos proporcionó una descripción del ciclo de colonización/infección del patógeno, clasificada en tres etapas diferentes relacionadas con su comportamiento trófico. Asimismo se describieron los cambios histológicos resultantes de la presencia del patógeno o de las respuestas desencadenadas por la planta. En el capítulo 4 se analizó la respuesta diferencial de plántulas de encina ante la inoculación con P. cinnamomi, ante la sequía severa y ante ambos estreses combinados. Plántulas de seis meses de edad fueron inoculados y sometidos a falsa inoculación, y la mitad de cada uno de estos tratamientos fue sometida a sequía severa, mientras que el resto fue regada de manera óptima. Semanalmente se midieron los valores de fotosíntesis, conductancia estomática y fluorescencia, y la biomasa total así como la compartimentación de la biomasa fueron cuantificadas al final del experimento. Los datos resultantes mostraron la existencia de diferencias en la respuesta de las plántulas ante la sequía y la inoculación, así como el efecto aditivo de ambos estreses en la muerte de las plántulas. En el Capítulo 5 se colectaron muestras de suelo de dehesas y se extrajo el ADN total, que se analizó a través de técnicas de metabarcoding, con el fin de evaluar la composición específica y la diversidad de las comunidades fúngica y de oomicetos, y para estudiar sus relaciones con los síntomas de la enfermedad. La comunidad fúngica presentó una gran variedad de patógenos y abundancia de taxones clave de ectomicorrizas. Phytophthora spp. apareció como el taxón dominante dentro de la comunidad de oomicetos, pero las principales especies relacionadas con la podredumbre radicular no fueron las más abundantes, ni presentaron relación directa con los niveles de defoliación. Una unidad taxonómica operacional (OTU) particular, perteneciente al género Trichoderma, presentó correlaciones significativas con la escasez de especies patógenas de Phytophthora spp. Las diferencias en defoliación se correlacionaron con cambios en la funcionalidad de la microbiota del suelo y con los niveles de diversidad de las especies patógenas. El Capítulo 6 presenta la discusión general de la Tesis, incluyendo algunos aspectos que limitan los resultados de los trabajos realizados, y nuevas líneas de trabajo que se derivan de esta Tesis, y finalmente, el Capítulo 7 contiene las conclusiones del trabajo. Los cambios que se producen en la raíz a consecuencia de la inoculación con P. cinnamomi, incluyendo las respuestas defensivas, así como la respuesta diferencial identificada con la colonización/infección, conducen a nuevas apreciaciones sobre la causa de la muerte del arbolado. La encina responde al ataque del patógeno, presentando variaciones en la fisiología diferentes de las causadas por el estrés hídrico, las cuales permiten la recuperación de las plantas si no se superpone un estrés adicional a la inoculación. Adicionalmente, el estudio del microbioma del suelo en dehesas con decaimiento del encinar mostró la influencia de la diversidad microbiana en el estado sanitario del arbolado, así como mostró nuevas especies de oomicetos y hongos que deben tenerse en consideración en el manejo del decaimiento de las dehesas de encina en Andalucía.

Forming in the first months after the February Revolution, sections of the extremely leftist branch of the Polish Socialist Party, the Polish Socialist Party – Left and the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania almost immediately made contact with Polish soldiers dispersed in the Russian Army, as well as serving in the Polish Rifle Division being part of the Army. Promoted in Russia after the Bolshevik revolution the idea of creating "Polish workers and peasants formations" initially received moderate attention from Polish military circles. This attitude was observed both among those who were still in active service, as well as among their demobilized companions. The widespread pacifist attitude among Polish military was a serious obstacle in attracting people ready to serve in revolutionary formations. It was previously infused by the very same emigrant radicals who, after November 7, 1917, for a change, had encouraged armed support for the revolution. In such a situation without the support of the Soviet civil and military authorities, any organizational initiatives from the Polish communist circles in Russia had no chance to be implemented. ; Translation and edition co-financed by Faculty of History and Sociology & Institute of History and Political Sciences of University of Bialystok ; adam.miodowski@uwb.edu.pl ; Adam Miodowski - historian since 1994 associated with the Institute of History and Political Sciences of the University of Bialystok. His research interests focus primarily on the political and military history of the 19th and 20th centuries. A parallel field of interest is women's history and press studies. In the territorial dimension, he directs his research towards Central and Eastern Europe, primarily Poland, as well as the space of his small homeland defined by the borders of the contemporary Podlasie Voivodeship. Apart from dozens of articles and publications of source materials, he also published five book monographs: -Wychodźcze ugrupowania demokratyczne wobec idei polskiego wojska w Rosji w latach 1917-1918, Białystok 2002; - Przewłaszczenia dóbr dojlidzkich na tle kampanii politycznej przełomu lat 1921/1922, Białystok 2003; - Związki Wojskowych Polaków w Rosji (1917-1918), Białystok 2004; - Polityka wojskowa radykalnej lewicy polskiej (1917-1921), Białystok 2011; - Wspólnota doświadczeń i odrębność historii ziem województwa podlaskiego. Wybrane zagadnienia z XIX i XX- wiecznych dziejów Białostocczyzny, Suwalszczyzny i Łomżyńskiego, Białystok 2016. ; Wydział Historyczno-Socjologiczny Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku ; Alexandrowicz Stanisław, Karpus Zbigniew, Rezmer Waldemar (eds), Zwycięzcy za drutami: jeńcy polscy w niewoli (1919–1922). Dokumenty i materiały, Toruń 1995. ; Bagiński Henryk, Dokumenty z okresu organizacji i walk wojska polskiego na wschodzie 1917–1918. 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l'Italia è un territorio ricco di testimonianze e bellezze artistiche e archeologiche. Questa tesi va ad inserirsi in un'ottica di conservazione del nostro patrimonio culturale; in questa si vanno ad inserire anche le problematiche di carattere sismico del nostro costruito. In tale ambito di studio è stata focalizzata l'attenzione sulla Certosa di Pisa, un edificio monumentale che costituisce un patrimonio di inestimabile valore e incomparabile bellezza. Il complesso, nato nel 1366, nel corso della sua lunga vita ha visto avvicendarsi periodi fiorenti seguiti da periodi di decadenza, l'ultimo dei quali condusse al definitivo abbandono della Certosa nel 1969 da parte dei suoi monaci. Agli inizi del Novecento, la comunità certosina era ormai ridotta a poche unita e furono costretti a convivere con le istituzioni di passaggio. In questo periodo la Certosa infatti fu occupata dai militari come un ospedale per i prigionieri feriti. Nel 1972, gli ultimi due monaci lasciarono definitivamente la Certosa di Calci, che gradualmente si andò sempre più degradando, al punto che, per la sua sopravvivenza, si decise nel 1979 di destinare alcuni degli spazi dell'ala occidentale del monastero alla realizzazione del Museo di Storia Naturale e del Territorio, inaugurato nel 1986, affidandoli al dipartimento universitario pisano di Scienze della Terra. Questo momento risulta essere molto importante per il mantenimento dell'intero complesso monastico; rimangono però alcune aree attualmente chiuse al pubblico, fortemente degradate, che necessitano di urgente restauro, sia architettonico che strutturale. Si pongono cosi le basi per uno studio e analisi sul tema del recupero, restauro e riqualificazione del Bene, finalizzato a valutare le condizioni di conservazione e la vulnerabilità sismica evidenziando gli elementi di maggiore criticità e fornendo spunti per indagini più approfondite. Tra le aree maggiormente degradate è stata individuata la zona di ambito di studio: il chiostro delle foresterie; Il chiostro delle foresterie, anche detto granducale o del priore, ha avuto una forte trasformazione nel corso tempo. Nel 1384 venne costruito il piano terra del chiostro, andandosi ad inserire in un contesto già delineato e realizzato; La parte superiore fu costruita nel 1471; Nel 1606 cominciarono i lavori di ammodernamento anche nella parte orientale del monastero, con la costruzione della foresteria nuova e di una cisterna. Al piano terra venne realizzata una pilastratura a sostegno del percorso aereo del piano superiore. Questa conformazione, oltre a comportare una diversa organizzazione degli spazi monastici, comporta una nuova distribuzione degli sforzi. Nel 1614 fu eseguito il tamponamento del livello inferiore del chiostro. Nel 1769 sotto il suo priorato fu realizzata la foresteria granducale; per l'esecuzione della foresteria furono demoliti i muri che dividevano una sala ed una camera e costruire tre maschi murari per separare gli spazzi. Venne realizzata la "galleria dei quadri" e una piccola stanza attigua, la cappellina e il terrazzo coperto. Dopo questi lavori si instaurano nuove distribuzioni degli sforzi e un comportamento completamente diverso della fabbrica nei confronti di azioni esterne. Altro problema è stata la realizzazione del terrazzo coperto; essendo un vero e proprio ampliamento della fabbrica realizzato successivamente rispetto alle altre parti del monastero, funziona da "perno" che si oppone alla spinta della parete frontale delle foresterie. Presumibilmente potrebbero essere nati quindi dei cinematismi di rotazione o ribaltamento della facciata laterale che ha come vincolo l'intersezione tra la foresteria nobile e il terrazzo coperto; questo cinematismo potrebbe essere anche parte delle cause delle lesioni nella foresteria granducale localizzate in corrispondenza dell'ammorsamento dei maschi murari di separazione delle sale con la facciata laterale. È stata sviluppata l'analisi dello stato di fatto con la relativa caratterizzazione dei materiali Come strutture verticali sono state individuate le pareti portanti di spessore variabile dai 15 ai 90 cm. Sono presenti due diverse tipologie di muratura; muratura mista in pietre e mattoni e muratura in mattoni pieni; come strutture orizzontali sono presenti solai piani e diversi tipi di volte: volte a crociera, a botte, a padiglione e unghiate. È stato sviluppato anche un rilievo del degrado, il quale ha permesso di individuare le zone più alterate e degradate classificandole. Il Chiostro della Foresteria presenta un esteso degrado su gli elementi costituenti la struttura, sia che siano pareti intonacate, volte a crociera, o colonne in pietra serena. L'intonaco è in buona parte deteriorato con patine, distacchi e mancanze, fino a portare in luce la sottostante struttura. In alcuni casi il degrado è imputabile ad infiltrazioni d'acqua derivanti dalle coperture, mentre in altri punti è dovuto ad interventi di manutenzione realizzati con poca cura, oltre che ad un normale deperimento dei materiali. Il degrado degli ambienti interni, attigui al chiostro, è dovuto principalmente a problemi di umidità ed infiltrazioni di acqua dalle coperture, che stanno provocando evidenti danni sulle superfici affrescate e stuccate delle volte oltre che agire negativamente sulle strutture lignee, provocando marcescenza delle travi. Per tali motivi le zone maggiormente degradate risultano essere quelle prossime alle strutture di copertura. Il degrado si manifesta con macchie di umidità e nei casi più gravi con distacco di intonaco, con efflorescenze ed ossidazioni delle superfici in laterizio, con marcimento dei travicelli e travi. Risulta necessario operare urgenti ristrutturazioni delle coperture per scongiurare maggiori danni, che possono condurre alla perdita definitiva degli affreschi o ad oneri eccessivi per il loro restauro. Questo parte del rilievo, oltre a farci capire quali siano gli interventi più urgenti, ha permesso di individuare possibili meccanismi locali da analizzare. Le Norme Tecniche per le Costruzioni consentono di eseguire per le costruzioni in muratura analisi statiche o dinamiche, lineari o non lineari. L'analisi ritenuta più opportuna per la caratterizzazione della risposta strutturale del complesso architettonico è l'Analisi Dinamica Modale con spettro di risposta. L'analisi dinamica modale dell'edificio è stata eseguita su modello tridimensionale ad elementi finiti ed è stata condotta con l'ausilio del software di calcolo SAP 2000 v.14. Nel modello sono stati distinti e modellati gli elementi costituenti la struttura portante dell'edificio: pareti, pilastri e colonne, orizzontamenti piani e voltati, strutture di copertura e fondazioni. Le pareti in muratura sono state schematizzate con elementi bidimensionali tipo "shell". La modellazione strutturale prevede di rappresentare solamente le porzioni di pareti aventi funzione strutturale, e cioè i maschi murari e le travi di accoppiamento. Gli elementi portanti verticali quali pilastri in mattoni e colonne in pietra sono stati modellati con elementi monodimensionali di tipo "frame", ad ognuno dei quali viene assegnata la sezione e il materiale costituente. Le volte presenti ad ogni piano nel fabbricato hanno geometria molto varia e talvolta complessa, per cui, date le finalità a cui è volta l'analisi, si è preferito fare ricorso alla trattazione delle volte equivalenti proposta da Lagomarsino; sono state rappresentate con elementi piani (shell) di rigidezza equivalente. Le coperture lignee sono state modellate schematizzando gli elementi portanti (travi e travicelli) mediante elementi "frame" di opportuna sezione disposti a rappresentare le orditure (doppie o triple) delle strutture portanti. Infine l'interfaccia terreno-struttura è stata modellata adottando una schematizzazione elastica del suolo alla Winkler con molle di adeguata rigidezza disposte nelle tre direzioni. Come azioni forzanti sono stati inseriti gli spettri di progetto dell'azione sismica in accelerazione orizzontale nelle due direzioni principali x e y. Gli effetti sulla struttura sono stati valutati combinando gli effetti dei primi 150 modi di vibrare con il metodo CQC. I risultati ottenuti dall'analisi dinamica modale mostrano che i primi due modi di vibrare mobilitano una quota rilevante di massa partecipante nelle direzioni x ed y, ed a questi modi sono associate delle forme modali flessionali. Ai modi successivi sono associate forme modali torsionali. Il raggiungimento del'85% di massa partecipante per entrambe le direzioni si ottiene oltre il 100° modo di vibrare. Gli studi svolti sulla struttura in termini di rilievo geometrico, rilievo strutturale ed analisi storico-critica, hanno permesso di acquisire una buona conoscenza del manufatto in esame; Tuttavia, la presenza in molti ambienti di affreschi di notevole pregio storico-artistico ha reso problematica l'esecuzione di saggi necessari a caratterizzare il materiale in opera ed ad identificare la qualità degli ammorsamenti tra pareti; per la natura esclusivamente geometrica delle informazioni in possesso, si dovrebbe rientrare nella classe LC1, tuttavia l'esecuzione di un qualsiasi intervento su una struttura di tale pregio storico, comporterà necessariamente una preventiva campagna di saggi, pertanto in quest'ottica si è scelto di eseguire un'analisi più complessa e porci in classe LC2, adottando il relativo fattore di confidenza pari a 1,20. Le verifiche agli Stati Limite Ultimi sono state effettuate sia in condizione statica che sismica. Le verifiche SLU in condizione statica per carichi gravitazionali ed in assenza di sisma sono state svolte riferendosi alle sollecitazioni derivate dalla combinazione fondamentale; le verifiche SLV (per TR = 712 anni) in condizione sismica sono state effettuate sottoponendo la struttura ad un sisma proveniente sia dalla direzione X che dalla direzione Y, facendo riferimento alle sollecitazioni ricavate dalle combinazioni sismiche. Le verifiche previste per gli Stati Limite Ultimi (sia statici che simici) sono: • pressoflessione nel piano della parete; • pressoflessione fuori piano; • taglio per azioni nel piano della parete (taglio-trazione diagonale e taglio-scorrimento orizzontale). Le verifiche agli SLU eseguite in condizione statica risultano in genere soddisfatte con eccezione di alcuni elementi. La verifica a pressoflessione nel piano può essere ritenuta adeguatamente soddisfatta ad ogni livello della struttura, con alcune singolarità in elementi di piccole dimensioni. Tali punti non sono da ritenersi critici per la sicurezza globale statica. Anche la verifica a pressoflessione fuori piano risulta adeguatamente soddisfatta tranne nei maschi murari che già non soddisfano le limitazioni di snellezza, e risultano quindi maggiormente vulnerabili all'instabilizzazione fuori piano. La verifica a taglio invece presenta un più alto numero di elementi che, in misura maggiore o minore, non verificano le condizioni di scorrimento. Le maggiori criticità si riscontrano nel fronte del chiostro, dove le aperture seriali riducono la sezione netta resistente, ed all'ultimo piano della struttura, dove si localizzano le azioni orizzontali più rilevanti. Le verifiche condotte ad SLV per sisma X e sisma Y mostrano una situazione più gravosa rispetto alla condizione statica. Riferendoci al caso di pressoflessione nel piano si nota che il piano terra e il primo piano riescono a soddisfare adeguatamente le verifiche imposte, in quanto le pareti sono soggette a tensioni normali di una certa entità e momenti sollecitanti non eccessivi. Maggiori problemi si riscontrano al secondo piano dove la combinazione di sforzo normale minore ed elevato momento flettente comporta il non soddisfacimento della verifica. La verifica di pressoflessione fuori piano condotta con il metodo semplificato suggerito da norma mostra in maniera evidente come i maggiori problemi di stabilità fuori piano siano attribuibili agli elementi con elevata snellezza. Inoltre non risultano verificate tutte le pareti dell'ultimo piano poiché, trovandosi a quota elevata rispetto al piano delle fondazioni, su queste agiscono forze sismiche rilevanti. Tuttavia la situazione più critica si instaura nella verifica a taglio delle pareti: la quasi totalità dei maschi murari non riesce a soddisfare le condizioni di scorrimento imposte da norma, sia nel caso di azione sismica proveniente dalla direzione X che dalla direzione Y, denotando una sostanziale inadeguatezza dell'intero complesso ad assorbire le azioni orizzontali generate da un terremoto tipo con periodo di ritorno pari a 712 anni. Le verifiche sui solai piani sono state condotte separatamente rispetto al modello tridimensionale della struttura, facendo ricorso a schemi statici bidimensionali rappresentativi della situazione in esame. Le misure fatte per i solai del lato frontale sono state estese anche per gli altri (attualmente inaccessibili). Sono stati ipotizzati quindi travicelli di dimensione pari a 6x8 cm con interasse di 30 cm, sorretti dalle travi principali di dimensione 20x27cm. Per il travicello è stato adottato uno schema di trave semplicemente appoggiata con carico distribuito, mentre la trave principale è stata schematizzata come trave semplicemente appoggiata con carichi concentrati in corrispondenza dell'appoggio dei travicelli. Per questi schemi sono state effettuate la verifica a flessione deviata, la verifica a taglio e la verifica a deformazione. Le seguenti verifiche risultano generalmente soddisfatte; I travicelli costituenti l'orditura secondaria risultano ovunque verificati, sia in termini di resistenza che di deformabilità. Anche le travi principali soddisfano i requisiti di sicurezza. Tuttavia è da far presente che le verifiche sono state condotte riferendosi alle sezioni degli elementi rilevati in opera supposte interamente reagenti, cioè in condizioni di buono stato di conservazione. Alcuni elementi lignei mostrano un elevato stato di marcescenza a causa delle continue infiltrazioni d'acqua, per cui la sezione resistente dell'elemento risulta notevolmente ridotta. Per questi elementi in avanzato stato di degrado le verifiche condotte non possono essere considerate rappresentative dello stato di fatto. Nelle costruzioni esistenti in muratura il collasso è determinato, più che dalla resistenza ultima della muratura, dalla carenza dei vincoli, da difetti costruttivi, dalla presenza di discontinuità non sempre visibili. Da qui la necessità di affiancare all'analisi sismica globale realizzata con l'ausilio dei software di calcolo, un analisi locale dei possibili meccanismi di collasso. Dall'esame del quadro fessurativo è stato possibile riconoscere meccanismi di ribaltamento composto della facciata; sulle pareti di controvento si individuano lesioni diagonali, con origine in prossimità del fronte e terminanti in corrispondenza delle porte. In corrispondenza delle intersezioni murarie sono presenti lesioni verticali. Il calcolo viene effettuato assumendo lo schema di corpo rigido, e confrontando il valore del momento stabilizzante, dovuto all'azione dei carichi verticali ed alle reazioni esercitate in corrispondenza dei ritegni orizzontali con quello ribaltante dovuto alle azioni orizzontali. Il valore dell'accelerazione orizzontale che porta all'attivazione del meccanismo è di 0.120g, contro un valore di riferimento della PGA (valutata per SLV con TR= 712 anni) di 0.138g. In queste condizioni è quindi possibile l'attivazione di questo meccanismo. L'analisi dello stato di fatto ed i risultati ottenuti dalle verifiche sul fabbricato hanno evidenziato alcune problematiche; saranno quindi indispensabili studi più approfonditi sui materiali degli elementi portanti e sulle loro proprietà meccaniche; si necessita inoltre si indagini inerenti ad una precisa definizione dei carichi gravanti sulla struttura. Lo stato di degrado in cui versa il complesso generato da uno stato di incuria è evidente; Sono presenti infiltrazioni d'acqua in vari punti della struttura; sono pertanto di primaria urgenza provvedimenti volti a consolidare le coperture al fine di non protrarre oltre le perdite subite; in alcune zone infatti sono già in atto i lavori. Dalle analisi svolte seguendo sia un approccio globale, che locale sono emersi elementi di vulnerabilità della struttura; problematiche sono riscontrabili in tutta l'area analizzata; ai piani superiori, dove gli elementi sono soggetti a ridotte compressioni ed elevati momenti flettenti, i maschi risultano eccessivamente snelli e suscettibili ai fenomeni di instabilità fuori piano. Il comportamento nei confronti dell'azione tagliante, in particolar modo nella condizione sismica, risulta abbastanza critico per l'intera struttura. D'altronde questo risultato era prevedibile, essendo questa la maggiore problematica che affligge gli edifici storici in muratura. In relazione alle questioni riscontrate risulta evidente come sia necessario effettuare degli interventi sulle fabbriche al fine di garantirne una migliore risposta strutturale. Un intervento su un edificio tutelato può risultare molto complesso da svolgersi: deve infatti essere in grado di conciliare le esigenze di conservazione con quelle di sicurezza, evitando l'esecuzione di opere invasive; Saranno quindi preferibili interventi di tipo locale che conducano al soddisfacimento dei requisiti richiesti per le azioni simiche.

Hushållens bidrag av tvättvatten från textiltvätt till de kommunala avloppsreningsverken uppskattas till ca 2% av det totala volymflödet. Registerdata över kemikalier som används vid tillverkning av textilier/kläder samt analyser av tvättvatten visar att textilfibrer, mikroplastfibrer och många miljöstörande ämnen når våra reningsverk via textiltvätt. Dessa fibrer och kemiska ämnen kan bidra till förorening av avloppsreningsslam som används för gödsling av åkermark eller av vattenmiljö nedströms reningsverken. Ett av Sveriges miljömål är En Giftfri Miljö och dess delmål innefattar bl.a. information om farliga ämnen i varor (Ds 2012:23). Textilier är en av de varugrupper som Miljömålberedningen föreslagit (SOU 2012:38) bli föremål för ett regeringsuppdrag avseende innehåll av farliga ämnen och riskbegränsande åtgärder samt frivillig miljömärkning. I det svenska miljömålsystemet ingår också generationsmål om att materialkretsloppen skall vara så fria från farliga ämnen som möjligt och att våra konsumtionsmönster av varor ska ge så små hälso- och miljöproblem som möjligt även i varornas tillverkningsländer utanför Sverige. Generationsmålet innebär att svensk politik behöver ta hänsyn till den miljö- och hälsopåverkan som svensk konsumtion orsakar i andra länder. EU:s ramdirektiv för avfall (2008/96/EG) har vidare slagit fast en avfallshierarki som sätter återanvändning av uttjänta varor, t. ex. kläder, före materialåtervinning av avfall. Syfte Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka i vilken utsträckning som vattentvätt av fem klädtyper (t-tröjor av bomull med plasttryck, bomullsjeans, arbetsbyxor, fleecetröjor samt allvädersjackor) bidrar till förekomsten av miljögifter i slam samt i utgående vatten från representativt utvalda svenska reningsverk. Utförande Kläder av fem olika klädtyper, enligt specifikation från naturvårdsverket (baserat på en tidigare studie av Swerea) köptes in från affärer i Umeå under januari 2014. Det var 8 st t-tröjor av bomull med plasttryck, 3 st bomullsjeans, 2 st arbetsbyxor, 8 st fleecetröjor samt 3 st allvädersjackor. Kläderna tvättades i en vanlig tvättmaskin 2 gånger efter varandra utan att torka mellan och allt tvättvatten samlades upp. Delprov av tvättvattnet togs ut och analyserades för 126 utvalda ämnena på tre olika laboratorier (Miljökemiska Laboratoriet, Umeå Universitet, Svenska Miljöinstitutet (IVL) och Stockholms Universitet (ACES)). Ämnena var processkemikalier såsom pentaklorfenol, och triklosan, funktionskemikalier såsom ftalater och organofosfater samt oönskade kemikalier såsom dioxiner, klorfenoler och klorbensener. 2 Resultat Studien visar på att det mängdmässigt främst är funktionskemikalier som släpper från kläderna vid tvätt. Det här var väntat då dessa kemikalier är avsiktligt och oftast inte kemiskt bundet till tyget. Processkemikalier avges i mindre mängd och oönskade kemikalier såsom till exempel klorerade fenoler och bensener hittades i väldigt små mängder i tvättvattnet oavsett vilken typ av klädesplagg som tvättats. Vare sig processkemikalierna eller de oönskade kemikalierna borde finnas i plaggen och därför var det väntat att dessa kemikalier inte skulle hittas i samma utsträckning som funktionskemikalierna. Om man ser till detektionsfrekvensen, d.v.s. hur ofta de ämnen som ingår i en ämnesklass påträffas, blir bilden delvis en annan. Mer än 75% av de funktionskemikalier (38 av 50), ca 50% av funktionskemikalierna (26 av 49) och ca. 30% av processkemikalierna (8 av 27) detekterades i tvättvattenproverna. T-tröjor och skaljackorna var de klädtyper som avgav störst mängd kemikalier per kg 47 mg/kg (0.005% w/w) för t-tröjor följt av 23 mg/kg (0.002% w/w) för skaljackor. Jeans, arbetsbyxor och fleecetröjor släppte mycket mindre mängd kemikalier 0.001, 0.001 and 0.0005% vid tvätt till tvättvattnet. De fem klädtyperna släppte alla bisfenol AF, organofosfater, ftalater, formaldehyd, bromerade och klorerade fenoler samt klorerade bensener till tvättvattnet vid de två första tvättarna. Några föreningar som inte kunde detekteras i tvättvattnet var 4 stycken siloxaner, 9 stycken olika aniliner och majoriteten av de 17 dioxinerna och furanerna som ingick i studien. T-tröjor släppte mer textilfibrer (0,85 mg/kg) jämfört med de andra klädtyperna. De andra klädtyperna släppte betydlig mindre fibrer vid tvätt: jeans 0,46 mg/kg, skaljackor 0,02 mg/kg, arbetsbyxor 0,07 mg/kg och fleecetröjor 0,1 mg/kg. Diskussion Om man tar hänsyn till den årliga användningsvolymen av de olika klädestyperna avger t-tröjorna den största mängden kemikalier (469 kg funktionella kemikalier, 0,5 kg processkemikalier och 0,07 kg oönskade kemikalier) vid de två första tvättarna av plaggen. Arbetsbyxor var den klädestyp som släppte minst kemikalier (30 kg funktionella kemikalier, 7 kg processkemikalier och 0,9 g oönskade kemikalier). Ftalater och organofosfater frigjordes i stora mängder från kläderna (302 kg och 7,6 kg) och bidrar med 50% respektive 5% vardera till vad som återfinns i utgående vatten och slam från avloppsreningsverken. Klorfenoler och perfluorerade ämnen frigjordes i betydligt mindre mängder (430 g och 300 g) men bidrar i teorin med mer (167% respektive 223%) än vad som återfinns i utgåendevatten och slam från avloppsreningsverken för respektive grupp, vilket är orealistiskt. Brister i dataunderlaget eller degradering av föroreningar i reningsprocessen kan vara möjliga orsaker till överskattningen. Det är dock klart att tvätt av kläder ger ett betydande bidrag till vad som återfinns i reningsverksvatten och slam. 3 Slutsatser Kemikalier som är förbjudna enligt t ex Reach ska naturligtvis inte förekomma i kläder. Trots det så hittas de ändå ibland vid inspektion. Det är ett stort problem eftersom kemikalierna fortfarande kan vara lagliga att använda i visa länder. Exempelvis är det förbjudet att använda arylaminer inom EU, ändå återfinner vi en av dessa 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane i tvättvatten från alla typer av kläder i denna studie. Idag sker produktion av kläder över hela världen och det är svårt att få information om vilka kemikalier som har använts för ett visst plagg. Denna spårbarhet skulle behöva förbättras. I den här studien har vi hittat 72 av 126 föreningar, alla icke-naturliga föreningar, i tvättvattnet. De föreningar som frigjordes i störst mängder till tvättvattnet i den här studien var BPS, ftalater (DBP, BBP, DEHP, DINP, DIDP), DINCH, organofosfater (TPP, TCEP, TCPP, TEHP, TBEP) och formaldehyd. Med hänsyn taget till nettotillförseln av nya kläder kommer den mängden kemikalier på årlig basis som avges från nya kläder som tvättas de två första gångerna att vara betydande. Även om en del av de föreningar som avges från kläderna kommer att brytas ner under behandlingen av avloppsvattnet i avloppsreningsverken så kommer många av dem att hamna i det utgående vattnet eller i slammet. Dessa kommer hamna i recipienten eller där slam används för att tillföra näringsämnen. Fortsatt arbete För att få en ännu bättre bild av hur mycket kemikalier som frigörs från kläder vid tvätt skulle det vara intressant att studera fler klädtyper. Det skulle också vara av intresse att analysera kläderna i sig för att kunna avgöra hur stor andel av det som finns i kläderna som avges vid tvätt, men också vad som finns kvar i kläderna när de så småningom blir textilavfall. Slutligen skulle det vara intressant att genom så kallad "non-target analysis" av både kläder och tvättvatten få veta vilka andra föreningar som förekommer i både kläder och tvättvatten. Rätt använt skulle "non-target anaysis" kunna fånga upp ett brett spektrum av kemikalier och ge en "totalbild" av substansflödet från textilier, via tvättvatten och reningsverk, till olika recipienter. ; Water from household laundry has been estimated to make up about 2% of the total volume flowing into municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Records of the chemicals used in the manufacture of textiles/clothing and analyses of both washed clothes and laundry wastewater indicate that a large number of environmentally harmful substances can potentially reach treatment plants. These substances, including fibers and micro plastics fromlaundry, may contribute to the pollution of sewage sludge used for fertilization of arable land, or pollute the receiving waters downstream of wastewater treatment plants. Textiles are one of the groups of consumer goods that the Environmental Objectives Committee proposed (SOU 2012: 38) be subject to a government mandate regarding the use of hazardous chemicals, environmental risk reduction measures and voluntary eco-labeling. The government has also decided (Ds 2012: 23) on interim measures aimed at removing toxic material from the environment, including providing information on hazardous substances in clothing. The Swedish environmental objectives system also includes the so-called "Generation target", that states that material life cycles should be as free as possible from hazardous substances and that consumption of goods should produce as few health and environmental problems as possible, including in all the countries where they were manufactured. The Generation target means that the Swedish government needs to take into account environmental and health impacts that Swedish consumption may cause in other countries. The EU Waste Framework Directive (2008/96 / EC) defines a waste hierarchy that puts the recycling of old products, such as clothing, before the recycling of waste. This study may inform those working on developing such directives. Aim The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which laundering of five types of clothing (cotton t-shirts, cotton jeans, work trousers, fleece sweaters and weatherproof jackets) contributes to the presence of toxic pollutants in sludge and effluent water from a representative sample of treatment plants. Experimental The choice of clothing was based on the study "Kartläggning av kemikalieanvändning i kläder" (Swerea IVF, Report 09/52) and were purchased in Umeå during January 2014. The different categories of clothing were washed twice in a washing machine, without drying them in between and all wastewater was collected from the washer. Immediately after washing, samples of this water were transferred into 2 L glass containers and were analyzed for 126 compounds by three different laboratories (Miljökemiska Laboratoriet, Umeå Universitet, Svenska Miljöinstitutet (IVL) och Stockholms Universitet (ACES)). 5 Results The results show that the main types of chemicals that were released when the clothing was washed, regardless of the type of clothing, were process and functional chemicals. This was expected since functional chemicals are added to the garment and are usually not chemically bonded to the fabric, whilst the process chemicals should not be present in the final product at all. Chemicals belonging to the group unwanted chemicals were released in very small amounts to the wastewater whatever type of clothing washed. The functional chemicals represented 30 % of the analyzed target compounds but accounted for up to 99% (for t-shirts) of the release when the clothing was washed. The lowest contribution of functional chemicals to the total release of chemicals was from weatherproof jackets. Process chemicals dominated those released from weatherproof jackets (90%) and fleece sweaters (72%); for working pants, the contribution was 41%. The unwanted chemicals were present in much lower amounts in the laundry wastewater than the functional and process chemicals: they represented 1% or less of the chemicals detected. T-shirts is estimated to release the largest amount of chemicals (469 kg functional chemicals, 0.5 kg process chemicals and 0.07 kg unwanted chemicals) based on the yearly net supply and the first two washing cycles. Fleece sweaters released the least amount of chemicals; 1.8 kg functional chemicals, 2.9 kg process chemicals and 3 g unwanted chemicals. Phthalates, DINCH (a phthalate substitute), bisphenols, formaldehyde, and organophosphates were the groups of chemicals estimated to be released in largest amounts from the five types of clothing included in the study, contributing 47%, 25%, 12%, 12%, and 3%, respectively, to the total amount. Based on the yearly net supply of clothing included in this study, the estimated release of textile fibers varies between 100 kg for fleece sweaters up to 8,500 kg for t-shirts. T-shirts released 0.85 mg fibers per kg, jeans released 0.46 mg/kg, weatherproof jackets 0.02 mg/kg, working pants 0.07 mg/kg and fleece sweaters 0.1 mg/kg. Discussion Phthalates and organophosphates were estimated to be released in large amounts (302 kg and 7.6 kg) contribute with 50% and 5% respectively to the amounts found in effluents from wastewater treatment plants. Chlorophenols and perfluorinated compounds were estimated to be released in very low amounts (430 g and 300 g respectively). This is however still more, 167% and 223% respectively, than what is found annually in the effluents and sewage sludge of all Swedish WWTPs. The estimated contribution to sewage sludge for the different compound classes was far higher than the calculated contribution to effluent. The estimation produced a contribution figure of over 100% for some compound groups. Short chain chloroparaffins and chlorophenols were estimated to contribute to the amount found in sewage sludge to such a large degree that it exceeded what is actually found in the sewage sludge. Chlorophenols are distributed between both effluent and sewage sludge, but reference data was only found for sludge, so this could be the reason for the overestimation of the amount that ends up in the sewage sludge. It can also not be excluded that the selection of clothing was not representative of what is on the market. 6 Conclusions Chemicals that are banned according to legislation such as Reach should, in principle, not be present in clothing. Even so, they are sometimes found during inspections of manufacturing facilities and analyses of clothing. This is a large problem since the use of a chemical can be banned in some countries but not in others. Arylamines are, for example, forbidden within the EU, but one of those 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane could still be detected in all types of clothing. Now, the clothing that we wear comes from all over the world, and it is difficult to find information on which chemicals have been used in its production since that can take place in many different countries. This tractability needs to be improved. In this study, we detected 72 out of 126 compounds that are non-naturally occurring compounds, in the laundry wastewater. Among the compound groups that could not be detected were anilines, triclosan, triclocarban, and siloxanes. The compounds released in large amounts into the laundry wastewater in this study were the process chemical bisphenol S (BPS), and the functional chemicals phthalates (DBP, BBP, DINP, DIDP), DINCH, organophosphates (TPP, TCEP, TCPP, TEHP, TBEP) and formaldehyde. Considering the net supply of new clothing to Sweden, the estimated annual contribution of the release of such compounds from new clothing being washed for the first time will be substantial. Even though some of these chemicals will be degraded during the treatment process in the WWTP, many of them will end up in effluent or sewage sludge and, to different degrees, contribute to the compounds that risk ending up in WWTPs or where nutrients are recycled from sewage sludge. Future work To obtain a better picture of the volume of chemicals flowing to the WWTPs and, potentially, the environment, originating from the laundering of clothing, it would be of interest to study the release of chemicals from a broader range of clothing types. It would also be interesting to include analysis of the fabric to see what proportion of chemicals are released during laundry, and what proportion remain and are then potentially released during later washing or enter the textile waste stream. It would also be of great interest to carry out non-target analysis on both the textiles and the wastewater to form an even broader picture of which chemicals are present in the textiles and the wastewater.

This thesis is a compendium of scientific works and engineering specifications that have been contributed to a large community of stakeholders to be copied, adapted, mixed, built upon and exploited in any way possible to achieve a common goal: Integrating Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Language Resources Using Linked Data The explosion of information technology in the last two decades has led to a substantial growth in quantity, diversity and complexity of web-accessible linguistic data. These resources become even more useful when linked with each other and the last few years have seen the emergence of numerous approaches in various disciplines concerned with linguistic resources and NLP tools. It is the challenge of our time to store, interlink and exploit this wealth of data accumulated in more than half a century of computational linguistics, of empirical, corpus-based study of language, and of computational lexicography in all its heterogeneity. The vision of the Giant Global Graph (GGG) was conceived by Tim Berners-Lee aiming at connecting all data on the Web and allowing to discover new relations between this openly-accessible data. This vision has been pursued by the Linked Open Data (LOD) community, where the cloud of published datasets comprises 295 data repositories and more than 30 billion RDF triples (as of September 2011). RDF is based on globally unique and accessible URIs and it was specifically designed to establish links between such URIs (or resources). This is captured in the Linked Data paradigm that postulates four rules: (1) Referred entities should be designated by URIs, (2) these URIs should be resolvable over HTTP, (3) data should be represented by means of standards such as RDF, (4) and a resource should include links to other resources. Although it is difficult to precisely identify the reasons for the success of the LOD effort, advocates generally argue that open licenses as well as open access are key enablers for the growth of such a network as they provide a strong incentive for collaboration and contribution by third parties. In his keynote at BNCOD 2011, Chris Bizer argued that with RDF the overall data integration effort can be "split between data publishers, third parties, and the data consumer", a claim that can be substantiated by observing the evolution of many large data sets constituting the LOD cloud. As written in the acknowledgement section, parts of this thesis has received numerous feedback from other scientists, practitioners and industry in many different ways. The main contributions of this thesis are summarized here: Part I – Introduction and Background. During his keynote at the Language Resource and Evaluation Conference in 2012, Sören Auer stressed the decentralized, collaborative, interlinked and interoperable nature of the Web of Data. The keynote provides strong evidence that Semantic Web technologies such as Linked Data are on its way to become main stream for the representation of language resources. The jointly written companion publication for the keynote was later extended as a book chapter in The People's Web Meets NLP and serves as the basis for "Introduction" and "Background", outlining some stages of the Linked Data publication and refinement chain. Both chapters stress the importance of open licenses and open access as an enabler for collaboration, the ability to interlink data on the Web as a key feature of RDF as well as provide a discussion about scalability issues and decentralization. Furthermore, we elaborate on how conceptual interoperability can be achieved by (1) re-using vocabularies, (2) agile ontology development, (3) meetings to refine and adapt ontologies and (4) tool support to enrich ontologies and match schemata. Part II - Language Resources as Linked Data. "Linked Data in Linguistics" and "NLP & DBpedia, an Upward Knowledge Acquisition Spiral" summarize the results of the Linked Data in Linguistics (LDL) Workshop in 2012 and the NLP & DBpedia Workshop in 2013 and give a preview of the MLOD special issue. In total, five proceedings – three published at CEUR (OKCon 2011, WoLE 2012, NLP & DBpedia 2013), one Springer book (Linked Data in Linguistics, LDL 2012) and one journal special issue (Multilingual Linked Open Data, MLOD to appear) – have been (co-)edited to create incentives for scientists to convert and publish Linked Data and thus to contribute open and/or linguistic data to the LOD cloud. Based on the disseminated call for papers, 152 authors contributed one or more accepted submissions to our venues and 120 reviewers were involved in peer-reviewing. "DBpedia as a Multilingual Language Resource" and "Leveraging the Crowdsourcing of Lexical Resources for Bootstrapping a Linguistic Linked Data Cloud" contain this thesis' contribution to the DBpedia Project in order to further increase the size and inter-linkage of the LOD Cloud with lexical-semantic resources. Our contribution comprises extracted data from Wiktionary (an online, collaborative dictionary similar to Wikipedia) in more than four languages (now six) as well as language-specific versions of DBpedia, including a quality assessment of inter-language links between Wikipedia editions and internationalized content negotiation rules for Linked Data. In particular the work described in created the foundation for a DBpedia Internationalisation Committee with members from over 15 different languages with the common goal to push DBpedia as a free and open multilingual language resource. Part III - The NLP Interchange Format (NIF). "NIF 2.0 Core Specification", "NIF 2.0 Resources and Architecture" and "Evaluation and Related Work" constitute one of the main contribution of this thesis. The NLP Interchange Format (NIF) is an RDF/OWL-based format that aims to achieve interoperability between Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools, language resources and annotations. The core specification is included in and describes which URI schemes and RDF vocabularies must be used for (parts of) natural language texts and annotations in order to create an RDF/OWL-based interoperability layer with NIF built upon Unicode Code Points in Normal Form C. In , classes and properties of the NIF Core Ontology are described to formally define the relations between text, substrings and their URI schemes. contains the evaluation of NIF. In a questionnaire, we asked questions to 13 developers using NIF. UIMA, GATE and Stanbol are extensible NLP frameworks and NIF was not yet able to provide off-the-shelf NLP domain ontologies for all possible domains, but only for the plugins used in this study. After inspecting the software, the developers agreed however that NIF is adequate enough to provide a generic RDF output based on NIF using literal objects for annotations. All developers were able to map the internal data structure to NIF URIs to serialize RDF output (Adequacy). The development effort in hours (ranging between 3 and 40 hours) as well as the number of code lines (ranging between 110 and 445) suggest, that the implementation of NIF wrappers is easy and fast for an average developer. Furthermore the evaluation contains a comparison to other formats and an evaluation of the available URI schemes for web annotation. In order to collect input from the wide group of stakeholders, a total of 16 presentations were given with extensive discussions and feedback, which has lead to a constant improvement of NIF from 2010 until 2013. After the release of NIF (Version 1.0) in November 2011, a total of 32 vocabulary employments and implementations for different NLP tools and converters were reported (8 by the (co-)authors, including Wiki-link corpus, 13 by people participating in our survey and 11 more, of which we have heard). Several roll-out meetings and tutorials were held (e.g. in Leipzig and Prague in 2013) and are planned (e.g. at LREC 2014). Part IV - The NLP Interchange Format in Use. "Use Cases and Applications for NIF" and "Publication of Corpora using NIF" describe 8 concrete instances where NIF has been successfully used. One major contribution in is the usage of NIF as the recommended RDF mapping in the Internationalization Tag Set (ITS) 2.0 W3C standard and the conversion algorithms from ITS to NIF and back. One outcome of the discussions in the standardization meetings and telephone conferences for ITS 2.0 resulted in the conclusion there was no alternative RDF format or vocabulary other than NIF with the required features to fulfill the working group charter. Five further uses of NIF are described for the Ontology of Linguistic Annotations (OLiA), the RDFaCE tool, the Tiger Corpus Navigator, the OntosFeeder and visualisations of NIF using the RelFinder tool. These 8 instances provide an implemented proof-of-concept of the features of NIF. starts with describing the conversion and hosting of the huge Google Wikilinks corpus with 40 million annotations for 3 million web sites. The resulting RDF dump contains 477 million triples in a 5.6 GB compressed dump file in turtle syntax. describes how NIF can be used to publish extracted facts from news feeds in the RDFLiveNews tool as Linked Data. Part V - Conclusions. provides lessons learned for NIF, conclusions and an outlook on future work. Most of the contributions are already summarized above. One particular aspect worth mentioning is the increasing number of NIF-formated corpora for Named Entity Recognition (NER) that have come into existence after the publication of the main NIF paper Integrating NLP using Linked Data at ISWC 2013. These include the corpora converted by Steinmetz, Knuth and Sack for the NLP & DBpedia workshop and an OpenNLP-based CoNLL converter by Brümmer. Furthermore, we are aware of three LREC 2014 submissions that leverage NIF: NIF4OGGD - NLP Interchange Format for Open German Governmental Data, N^3 – A Collection of Datasets for Named Entity Recognition and Disambiguation in the NLP Interchange Format and Global Intelligent Content: Active Curation of Language Resources using Linked Data as well as an early implementation of a GATE-based NER/NEL evaluation framework by Dojchinovski and Kliegr. Further funding for the maintenance, interlinking and publication of Linguistic Linked Data as well as support and improvements of NIF is available via the expiring LOD2 EU project, as well as the CSA EU project called LIDER, which started in November 2013. Based on the evidence of successful adoption presented in this thesis, we can expect a decent to high chance of reaching critical mass of Linked Data technology as well as the NIF standard in the field of Natural Language Processing and Language Resources.:CONTENTS i introduction and background 1 1 introduction 3 1.1 Natural Language Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2 Open licenses, open access and collaboration . . . . . . 5 1.3 Linked Data in Linguistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.4 NLP for and by the Semantic Web – the NLP Inter- change Format (NIF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.5 Requirements for NLP Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.6 Overview and Contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2 background 15 2.1 The Working Group on Open Data in Linguistics (OWLG) 15 2.1.1 The Open Knowledge Foundation . . . . . . . . 15 2.1.2 Goals of the Open Linguistics Working Group . 16 2.1.3 Open linguistics resources, problems and chal- lenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.1.4 Recent activities and on-going developments . . 18 2.2 Technological Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.3 RDF as a data model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.4 Performance and scalability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.5 Conceptual interoperability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 ii language resources as linked data 25 3 linked data in linguistics 27 3.1 Lexical Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 3.2 Linguistic Corpora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 3.3 Linguistic Knowledgebases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3.4 Towards a Linguistic Linked Open Data Cloud . . . . . 32 3.5 State of the Linguistic Linked Open Data Cloud in 2012 33 3.6 Querying linked resources in the LLOD . . . . . . . . . 36 3.6.1 Enriching metadata repositories with linguistic features (Glottolog → OLiA) . . . . . . . . . . . 36 3.6.2 Enriching lexical-semantic resources with lin- guistic information (DBpedia (→ POWLA) → OLiA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 4 DBpedia as a multilingual language resource: the case of the greek dbpedia edition. 39 4.1 Current state of the internationalization effort . . . . . 40 4.2 Language-specific design of DBpedia resource identifiers 41 4.3 Inter-DBpedia linking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 4.4 Outlook on DBpedia Internationalization . . . . . . . . 44 5 leveraging the crowdsourcing of lexical resources for bootstrapping a linguistic linked data cloud 47 5.1 Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 5.2 Problem Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 5.2.1 Processing Wiki Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 5.2.2 Wiktionary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 5.2.3 Wiki-scale Data Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 5.3 Design and Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 5.3.1 Extraction Templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 5.3.2 Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 5.3.3 Language Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 5.3.4 Schema Mediation by Annotation with lemon . 58 5.4 Resulting Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 5.5 Lessons Learned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 5.6 Discussion and Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 5.6.1 Next Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 5.6.2 Open Research Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 6 nlp & dbpedia, an upward knowledge acquisition spiral 63 6.1 Knowledge acquisition and structuring . . . . . . . . . 64 6.2 Representation of knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 6.3 NLP tasks and applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 6.3.1 Named Entity Recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 6.3.2 Relation extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 6.3.3 Question Answering over Linked Data . . . . . 67 6.4 Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 6.4.1 Gold and silver standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 6.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 iii the nlp interchange format (nif) 73 7 nif 2.0 core specification 75 7.1 Conformance checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 7.2 Creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 7.2.1 Definition of Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 7.2.2 Representation of Document Content with the nif:Context Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 7.3 Extension of NIF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 7.3.1 Part of Speech Tagging with OLiA . . . . . . . . 83 7.3.2 Named Entity Recognition with ITS 2.0, DBpe- dia and NERD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 7.3.3 lemon and Wiktionary2RDF . . . . . . . . . . . 86 8 nif 2.0 resources and architecture 89 8.1 NIF Core Ontology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 8.1.1 Logical Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 8.2 Workflows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 8.2.1 Access via REST Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 8.2.2 NIF Combinator Demo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 8.3 Granularity Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 8.4 Further URI Schemes for NIF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 8.4.1 Context-Hash-based URIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 9 evaluation and related work 101 9.1 Questionnaire and Developers Study for NIF 1.0 . . . . 101 9.2 Qualitative Comparison with other Frameworks and Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 9.3 URI Stability Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 9.4 Related URI Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 iv the nlp interchange format in use 109 10 use cases and applications for nif 111 10.1 Internationalization Tag Set 2.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 10.1.1 ITS2NIF and NIF2ITS conversion . . . . . . . . . 112 10.2 OLiA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 10.3 RDFaCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 10.4 Tiger Corpus Navigator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 10.4.1 Tools and Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 10.4.2 NLP2RDF in 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 10.4.3 Linguistic Ontologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 10.4.4 Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 10.4.5 Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 10.4.6 Related Work and Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 10.5 OntosFeeder – a Versatile Semantic Context Provider for Web Content Authoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 10.5.1 Feature Description and User Interface Walk- through . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 10.5.2 Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 10.5.3 Embedding Metadata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 10.5.4 Related Work and Summary . . . . . . . . . . . 135 10.6 RelFinder: Revealing Relationships in RDF Knowledge Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 10.6.1 Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 10.6.2 Disambiguation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 10.6.3 Searching for Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 10.6.4 Graph Visualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 10.6.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 11 publication of corpora using nif 143 11.1 Wikilinks Corpus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 11.1.1 Description of the corpus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 11.1.2 Quantitative Analysis with Google Wikilinks Cor- pus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 11.2 RDFLiveNews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 11.2.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 11.2.2 Mapping to RDF and Publication on the Web of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 v conclusions 149 12 lessons learned, conclusions and future work 151 12.1 Lessons Learned for NIF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 12.2 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 12.3 Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

Il processo decisionale ed il gruppo sono due temi di ricerca multidisciplinari che hanno caturato l'interesse di molteplici studiosi, ma che allo stesso tempo sono accompagnati da elevata complessità. La presa delle decisioni viene considerata un processo continuo e dinamico che implica una scelta, ed è orientata agli obiettivi organizzativi (Kume, 2010). La performance organizzativa è determinata dalle decisioni prese e dalla loro efficace implementazione. Sempre di più, le imprese si trovano a dover decidere in situazioni diverse, mai affrontate in passato, e spesso le decisioni prese non si rivelano quelle che si aspettava, perché i decisori possono non avere chiaro le diverse opzioni, non sanno come scegliere e quale tecnica adottare o non sono in grado di prevedere le possibili conseguenze. Tali problematiche riguardo al processo decisionale derivano dalla maggiore complessità ed incertezza che sono parte integrale delle attività aziendali. In questo contesto, per arrivare alla scelta finale si richiedono tante conoscenze e capacità. Aggiungendo anche la razionalità limitata del decisore, la complessità e l'incertezza conducono verso processi decisionali che coinvolgono più decisori. I processi decisionali di gruppo diventano importanti anche a causa della maggiore competitività tra le imprese, che richiede una maggiore creatività ed innovazione per riuscire a creare vantaggi competitivi stabili. D'altra parte, gli atteggiamenti degli stakeholders esterni influenzano l'efficacia della decisione presa, orientando le imprese ad assumere maggiori responsabilità sociali. La condivisione della decisione diventa sostanziale e le decisioni prese in gruppo sono percepite come più legittime rispetto a quelle concentrate a livello individuale (Noorderhaven, 1995). Per di più, le imprese si trovano ad affrontare situazioni dove le risorse sono limitate e decisioni errate porterebbero a sprechi di risorse. Gli studi relativi all'efficacia delle decisioni di gruppo conducono a conclusioni divergenti. Comunque, la maggior parte di loro ritengono che in gruppo si decide meglio (Sniezek e Henry, 1989; Tindale e Sheffey, 2002; Surowiecki, 2004). La dinamica degli eventi nel mondo economico, ma non soltanto, può portare i manager delle imprese a previsioni e decisioni sbagliate. Per costruire e mantenere un sistema economico con solide basi è necessario avere un sistema finanziario sano. Tale sistema si articola in due sottosistemi: i mercati finanziari e gli intermediari finanziari (Cani, 2010). Sulla base delle riflessioni sopra delineate, l'obiettivo primario che ci siamo preposti nel presente lavoro di ricerca è stato quello di indagare il processo decisionale di gruppo nelle istituzioni bancarie in Albania e la propensione verso tali processi. Ad intraprendere tale ricerca ci siamo incoraggiati dal fatto che nella scienza manageriale, e non solo, tale argomento è molto dibatutto, ma che nessuna precedente indagine a nostra conoscenza abbia mai preso in analisi il processo decisionale di gruppo all'interno delle istituzioni bancarie nella realtà albanese. Un'ulteriore motivazione deriva dal fatto che il settore bancario rappresenta il segmento più sviluppato dell'economia albanese e che tali istituzioni usano largamente i processi decisionali di gruppo. Le altre imprese sono piccole o medie, ed il dirigente è nello stesso tempo anche l'imprenditore e tende a prendere da solo tutte le decisioni. Così, in generale domina un processo decisionale centrato sull'individuo. D'altra parte, i gruppi all'interno delle organizzazioni hanno un grado di diversità sempre maggiore in termini della loro composizione demografica e tale diversità continuerà ad aumentare ulteriormente in futuro (Van Knippenberg, De Dreu e Homan, 2004). Le ricerche suggeriscono che la diversità del gruppo può offrire molte opportunità all'organizzazione, ma allo stesso tempo la può mettere di fronte a grandi sfide (Martins e Milliken, 1996). Il discorso sui benefici e problematiche della diversità è molto ampio e le conclusioni delle varie ricerche in questo ambito sono poco consistenti. Lo scopo di questa ricerca non è stabilire se i gruppi omogenei sono migliori di quelli eterogenei o viceversa, ma di scoprire se la propensione verso i processi decisionali di gruppo cambia in base all'età ed al genere. Sulla base di tutto questo sta la supposizione che più il membro è propenso ai processi decisionali di gruppo, maggiore sarà il suo contributo all'interno del gruppo. Le conclusioni a tal proposito possono aiutare i dirigenti delle imprese nella scelta dei membri. Il settore bancario in Albania è stato caratterizzato da cambiamenti strutturali importanti, dove si possono sottolineare l'aumento veloce del numero delle banche, la privatizzazione delle banche statali, gli investimenti stranieri e lo sviluppo delle attività bancarie. Dopo gli anni '90, l'Albania ha dovuto affrontare una serie di cambiamenti e sviluppi importanti che hanno messo il paese difronte a molte sfide. Il passaggio dal sistema totalitario e centralizzato a quello del mercato libero è stato accompagnato da evenimenti che hanno influenzato l'economia del paese. Il sistema che ha subito dei cambiamenti radicali è stato senza dubbio quello bancario. Comunque, rimane uno dei settori maggiormente attraenti per gli investimenti stranieri, che per un paese in transizione sono importanti. L'argomento della ricerca è stato ritenuto utile nell'offrire una panoramica generale dei processi decisionali di gruppo, con l'intento di evidenziare possibili aspetti da migliorare. In un futuro, tale ricerca potrebbe trasformarsi in una piattaforma di supporto per i dirigenti ed i manager durante l'elaborazione delle politiche e procedure decisionali per le imprese bancarie. La ricerca si focalizza su due obiettivi principali: primo, conoscere come il proceso decisionale avviene all'interno delle istituzioni bancarie e secondo, evidenziare se la propensione verso tali processi è influenzata dalle caratteristiche demografiche come età e genere. A tale proposito, le domande della ricerca sono state definite come segue: 1. Quanto sono usati i processi decisionali di gruppo e come tali processi avvengono? 2. Quali tipologie di gruppo sono maggiormente usati? 3. Quali sono i benefici e le problematiche del processo decisionale di gruppo ritenute più importanti? 4. Come cambia la propensione verso tali processi in base all'età ed al genere? La scelta della metodologia della ricerca rappresenta una sfida a sé ed assume una particolare importanza. Tale scelta è condizionata dal fatto che la raccolta e l'elaborazione dei dati spesso sono difficili, perché può succedere che l'informazione è molto ampia e frequente, così come d'altra parte può essere molto limitata o addirittura assente (Rugg e Petre, 2007). Nel presente lavoro è stata adottata una metodologia mista, qualitativa e quantitativa, usando così diversi strumenti di ricerca, perché i metodi deduttivi senza induzione non possono portare a nuove conclusioni, ma anche l'induzione senza i metodi deduttivi non permette di generalizzare. Nella prima parte della tesi è stato adottato un approccio teorico e discorsivo riguardo al processo decisionale di gruppo, le caratteristiche delle decisioni e la tipologia dei gruppi decisionali. Al riguardo, è stata data particolare attenzione alla ricognizione della letteratura attinente non solo all'economia aziendale, ma anche al management e psicologia. La seconda parte della tesi è collegata alla ricerca empirica. Gli strumenti usati per la ricerca qualitativa sono la raccolta documentaria e l'intervista personale semi-strutturata con l'intento di mettere in luce vari aspetti, modalità e problematiche legate ad un processo complesso come la presa delle decisioni in gruppo. Così, per la ricerca qualitativa si è basati sia sui dati primari che su quelli secondari come le politiche e le procedure decisionali, i processo verbali e le delibere. Per la raccolta dei dati e l'analisi quantitativa è stato usato il questionario, elaborato sulla base di affermazioni predefinite da valutare sulla scala Likert. Tale strumento è stato ritenuto utile nel raccogliere fatti e conoscenze, comportamenti ed atteggiamenti, opinioni, motivazioni e percezioni riguardo i processi decisionali di gruppo e le variabili che possono influenzare la propensità verso essi. Se l'obiettivo generale della ricerca qualitativa è quello di esplorare e scoprire come il processo decisionale di gruppo si svolge, l'obiettivo generale della ricerca quantitativa è quello di testare alcune ipotesi in modo da stabilire se la propensità verso tale processo si differenzia in base all'età e al genere. La scelta della tecnica di campionamento è stata condizionata dagli obiettivi della ricerca e dalla tipologia dei dati che si voleva raccogliere. Così, è stato adottato il campionamento non probabilistico, principalmente sotto la forma di campionamento ragionato. In alcuni casi sono state utilizzate anche informazioni provenienti da soggetti importanti o privilegiati in modo da individuare altri partecipanti da intervistare o compilare il questionario, cercando comunque di rispettare alcuni criteri stabiliti in precendenza. La presente ricerca si focalizza, sia nella ricerca qualitativa che in quella quantitativa, sulle istituzioni bancarie del gruppo G3, che dispongono più del 7% del totale degli attivi del settore. Tali istituzioni sono ritenute le banche principali e più importanti che operano in Albania. Per la ricerca qualitativa che ha come obiettivo quello di esplorare le caratteristiche dei gruppi e del processo decisionale adottato, la popolazione di selezione è composta dai manager, mentre per la ricerca quantitativa che ha come obiettivo quello di evidenziare se l'età ed il genere influenzano la propensità verso i processi decisionali di gruppo, il campione è composto da soggetti manager e non manager. A nostro avviso, il presente lavoro rappresenta un contributo importante nell'indagare il processo decisionale di gruppo nelle istituzioni bancarie, comprendere le sue dinamiche e conoscere importanti aspetti legati alla composizione del gruppo. Inoltre, la ricerca si impegna a scoprire l'influenza dei fattori demografici sulla propensione per le decisioni di gruppo, in modo da aiutare i dirigenti delle banche nella scelta dei membri. Comunque, a parte il contributo e l'innovazione, la ricerca risente di alcuni limiti come la dimensione del campione e le problematiche legate al questionario e all'intervista. A prescindere dai limiti sopraelencati, riteniamo che il presente lavoro rappresenta un punto di partenza per ricerche future più approfondite. In seguito si riassume il contenuto di ciascun capitolo. La Prima Parte della ricerca è così strutturata: Nel primo capitolo si analizza l'anatomia del gruppo. Così, viene evidenziato come risulta difficile riuscire a definire il concetto "gruppo". All'interno del capitolo si discute anche sulle diverse tipologie dei gruppi per comprendere le loro caratteristiche in un analisi comparativa. D'altra parte, non si possono non riportare le teorie del gruppo. Tali teorie diventano indispensabili per comprendere il comportamento dell'individuo all'interno del gruppo, che influenza senza dubbio l'efficacia delle decisioni prese. Il gruppo ha una vita limitata. In questo capitolo, si discute su alcuni modelli che descrivono il ciclo di vita di un gruppo in base a quello che succede in ogni fase del suo sviluppo. Non sempre il gruppo prende buone decisioni. Proprio le condizioni che definiscono l'efficacia del gruppo assumono un'attenzione particolare all'interno di questo capitolo. Nel corso del capitolo si discute anche sulle dinamiche di gruppo come la comunicazione e le norme che influenzano le interazioni, lo stile di leadership, i ruoli e gli status che determinano il contributo di ciascun membro nel processo decisionale, la coesione e la conformità che influenzano la qualità delle decisioni prese. Nel secondo capitolo viene evidenziato come risulta difficile definire il processo decisionale. Esistono molte definizioni di tale processo, le quali mettono in luce vari aspetti. Inoltre, in questo capitolo si discute sull'importanza e sulla complessità del processo decisionale. Per lo più, si analizzano le fasi che compongono tale processo. All'interno del capitolo si discute anche sulle teorie della decisione che riflettono come il processo decisionale sia oggetto di studio di molte discipline. Tali teorie aiutano a capire come si arriva alla scelta finale e molte di esse sottointendono l'importanza e la necessità di processi decisionali di gruppo. Nel terzo capitolo sono analizzati alcuni fattori di contesto e altre motivazioni che orientano le aziende verso le decisioni di gruppo. Le decisioni di gruppo rappresentano molti benefici rispetto alle decisioni individuali, ma allo stesso tempo anche problematiche e limiti. Al riguardo, si discute largamente all'interno di questo capitolo. I processi decisionali di gruppo non sono adatti a tutte le tipologie di decisioni. Di conseguenza, sono riportate le diverse tipologie e le caratteristiche delle decisioni per comprendere meglio in quali circostanze orientarsi verso i processi di gruppo. Inoltre, sono analizzate alcune delle tecniche principali di gruppo. Tali tecniche sono state elaborate per stimolare la creatività e produrre soluzioni efficaci, ma comunque hanno anche dei limiti. Proprio sui loro preggi ed i loro difetti si discute al termine del capitolo. Nel quarto capitolo sono riportate ed analizzate alcune delle euristiche e bias cognitivi cercando di evidenziare se i processi decisionali di gruppo portano all'enfasi o ad un uso minore di tali euristiche e bias. Lo scopo di questo capitolo è quello di diventare consapevoli che anche nei processi decisionali di gruppo le euristiche ed i bias possono esssere presenti, a volte rendendo più facile il processo decisionale, altre volte portando a decisioni inefficaci. A questo riguardo, si riportano le conclusioni di alcune ricerche empiriche, anche se bisogna sottolineare che a volte i risultati sono contraddittori. Nel quinto capitolo si discute l'influenza delle caratteristiche demografiche come età e genere sul processo decisionale. Analizzando il legame di queste caratteristiche con il comportamento verso il rischio, i processi cognitivi e le capacità decisionali, l'uso delle euristiche e le strategie decisionali si cerca di costruire un modello concettuale ed elaborare delle ipotesi su come la preferenza per i processi decisionali di gruppo possa essere influenzata dall'età e dal genere. Tali ipotesi saranno poi la base per il nono capitolo. La seconda parte della ricerca è composta dai capitoli come segue: Nel sesto capitolo sono descritte ed analizzate le caratteristiche del settore bancario in Albania, accompagnate da statistiche che offrono una visione più completa di tale settore. Inoltre, in questo capitolo prima di presentare la situazione corrente del sistema bancario, sono analizzati gli sviluppi e gli eventi più importanti del settore finanziario, prima e durante la fase di transizione del paese, così da comprendere meglio alcuni fenomeni e problematiche. Nel settimo capitolo sono analizzati alcuni elementi utili per comprendere perché è stata intrapresa una ricerca di questa natura ed assume una fondamentale importanza per i capitoli e le conclusioni in seguito. Più specificatamente, in questo capitolo si discute sull'importanza, sugli obiettivi e sulle ipotesi della ricerca, sulla metodologia usata e sulle tecniche di campionamento adottate, sui contributi e sui limiti che accompagnano la ricerca. Nel ottavo capitolo si riportano le caratteristiche del processo decisionale di gruppo nel settore bancario in Albania. In questo capitolo sono analizzate e si discute su alcune questioni importanti che sono state trattate precedentemente dal punto di vista teorico nella prima parte della ricerca. Così, in modo più dettagliato si cerca di concludere su quanto si fa riferimento ai processi decisionali di gruppo nelle istituzioni bancarie, come il gruppo arriva alla decisione finale, quali tipi di decisione sono prese in gruppo, quale tipologia di gruppo viene usata e come si compone il gruppo. Nel nono capitolo, si cerca di definire l'impatto sulla preferenza per le decisioni di gruppo di alcune caratteristiche personali come l'età e il genere. Inoltre, si cerca di offrire delle spiegazioni sul perché tali fattori possono influenzare oppure no la propensità verso i gruppi. Le conclusioni di questo capitolo sono ritenute importanti per la fase della composizione del gruppo, per comprendere l'importanza della diversità demografica ed aiutare la scelta dei membri. Alla base di tale capitolo è la convinzione che la propensione personale verso i processi di gruppo determina l'impegno individuale come membro e quindi l'efficacia delle decisioni prese in gruppo.

W roku 1882 pojawia się w literaturze archeologicznej pierwsza wzmianka na temat grodziska w Nowińcu (Jentsch 1882a, s. 122; 1882b, s. 355). Niestety, niemalże cały następny wiek nie przyniósł nowych informacji. Stanowisko to dopiero jest wymieniane w opracowaniu Zofii Kurnatowskiej i Aliny Łosińskiej na temat terenów osadniczych u schyłku starożytności i we wczesnym średniowieczu (Hilczerówna, Urbańska-Łosińska 1970, s. 111). Autorki umieszczają stanowisko na pograniczu terytoriów plemiennych Nice i Zara (Hilczerówna, Urbańska-Łosińska 1970, s. 89). Nieco więcej uwag grodzisku w Nowińcu poświęca Grzegorz Domański w studium na temat osadnictwa wczesnośredniowiecznego nad dolną Nysą Łużycką, w którym grodzisko przypisuje plemieniu Zara (Domański 1983, ryc. 8). Inną koncepcję przynależności plemiennej grodu w Nowińcu miał Adam Wędzki, który twierdził, że należało ono do plemienia Nice (Wędzki 1970, s. 7-9). Jeszcze inaczej przynależność obszaru środkowej Lubszy widzieli Jerzy Lodowski i Jerzy Szydłowski (1991, ryc. 1), którzy twierdzli, że obszar ten był pustką osadniczą pomiędzy plemionami Słupian i Zara. Problem ten trudno rozwiązać bez szerszego rozpoznania zaplecza osadniczego najważniejszych grodów. Niestety, stan badań nad osadnictwem wczesnośredniowiecznym terytorium plemiennego Zara jest bardzo słaby, na co zwracały już uwagę Zofia Kurnatowska i Alina Łosińska (1970, s. 89). Dopiero w ostatnich latach dokonano niewielkiego postępu w tym zakresie. W latach 80. i na początku lat 90. zlokalizowano drugi ośrodek plemienny Zara, a mianowicie grodzisko w Żarach (Nowiński 2005). Dzięki pracom archeologicznym podjętym w latach 1986 i 1987 oraz 2004 na "Winnym Wzgórzu" ustalono dokładną lokalizację grodziska, chociaż nie ustalono precyzyjnego przebiegu i chronologii umocnień. W trakcie pierwszych dwóch sezonów badań (w części południowej grodziska) odsłonięto pozostałości wału zbudowanego ze skrzyń drewnianych wypełnionych ziemią, gliną i kamieniami. Najnowsze prace przeprowadzone po przeciwnej stronie przyniosły także odkrycie wału wzmocnionego od strony wewnętrznej licem kamiennym, a od zewnętrznej tłustą gliną (Nowiński 2005, s. 10, 11). Niewykluczone, że w 2008 r. natrafiono na pozostałości osady przygrodowej (Gruszka, Wolanin 2008). W latach 2002 i 2003 przeprowadzono badania ratunkowe na domniemanym grodzisku w Nowińcu (Dziedzic, Gruszka 2004), położonym przy północnej granicy plemienia Zara. Stanowisko było badane przez Stowarzyszenie Naukowe Archeologów Polskich Oddział Lubuski, a następnie przez Muzeum Archeologiczne Środkowego Nadodrza w Świdnicy k. Zielonej Góry. Oba sezony badawcze finansowane były ze środków Lubuskiego Wojewódzkiego Konserwatora Zabytków w Zielonej Górze. Celem badań było zabezpieczenie stanowiska przed dewastacją spowodowaną wybieraniem piachu. Kierownikiem prowadzonych wówczas badań był mgr Piotr Dziedzic, a uczestnikami byli mgr mgr Sławomir Kałagate, Bartłomiej Gruszka i Paweł Stachowiak. W trakcie badań rozpoznano obszar 4 arów, najbardziej narażonych na zniszczenie, na którym odkryto 29 obiektów i ponad 6000 fragmentów naczyń, niemalże 1500 kości zwierzęcych oraz liczny i bogaty zespół innych zabytków ruchomych, w tym elementy uzbrojenia i rzędu końskiego (ostroga, grot strzały czy pobocznicę wędzidła). Rzadko spotykanym znaleziskiem jest odkrycie pracowni brązowniczej wraz z grupą zabytków służących do obróbki i wytopu najprawdopodobniej brązu. W skład zespołu wchodziły narzędzia jubilerskie, półsurowiec brązowy, tygielek odlewniczy odważnik oraz fragment dyszy. Tego rodzaju znaleziska są dużą rzadkością, zwłaszcza na stanowiskach leżących poza głównymi szlakami handlowymi. Nieczęstym znaleziskiem jest także odkrycie kompletnej prażnicy zainstalowanej w jednym z obiektów. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych i opublikowanych w niniejszym opracowaniu badań specjalistycznych możliwa jest rekonstrukcja środowiska przyrodniczego okolic grodziska, jego zaplecza gospodarczego, podstawowych gałęzi gospodarki mieszkańców grodu oraz miejsca, jakie gród zajmował w systemie osadniczym IX–X wiecznego pogranicza śląsko-łużyckiego. Wykonanie licznych analiz naczyń pozwoliło na uzyskanie materiału porównawczego, co w przyszłości pomoże w poznaniu dróg napływu i rozprzestrzeniania się nowych idei stylistycznych i formalnych ceramiki. Interdyscyplinarne opracowanie wyników badań grodziska w Nowińcu wnosi istotną, nową wiedzę na temat okresu plemiennego tej części Łużyc. Dotychczas bowiem nie udostępniono kompleksowych wyników badań żadnego stanowiska z tej części Polski z analogicznego okresu. Opracowanie wyników badań oraz druk niniejszej publikacji został dofinansowany ze środków Ministra Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego. ; The stronghold in Nowiniec was firstly mentioned in the archeological literature in 1882 (Jentsch 1882a, s. 122; 1882b, s. 355). Unfortunately, almost whole, next century didn't bring any further information. Eventually, the site was mentioned in the work by Zofia Kurnatowska and Alina Łosińska, which was concerned of settlement area in the late antiquity and in the beginning of the Early Middle Ages in the southern part of Lubuskie Voivodship (Hilczerówna, Urbańska-Łosińska 1970, p. 111). These scholars located this site in the borderland of tribal territory of tribes Nice and Zara (Hilczerówna, Urbańska-Łosińska 1970, p. 89). A bit more about stronghold in Nowiniec devoted Grzegorz Domański in his work about Early Medieval settlement at the lower Lusatian Neisse, in which he assigned this fortress to the Nice tribe (Domański 1983, fig. 8). Other idea of this stronghold tribal affiliation was given by Adam Wędzki, who thought that it belonged to the Nice tribe (Wędzki 1970, pp. 7-9). According to Jerzy Lodowski and Jerzy Szydłowski (1991, fig. 1) the territory of the middle Lubsza River was a settlement hiatus between tribes Selpoli and Zara. This riddle is very hard to solve without a proper recognition of the hinterland of main strongholds. Unfortunately, the state of research of Early Medieval settlement of the Nice tribe is very poor, what has been already pointed out by Zofia Kurnatowska and Alina Łosińska (1970, s. 89). Only in the recent years some development in this issue has been made (Nowiński 2005; Gruszka, Wolanin 2008). Stronghold in Nowiniec, site no. 2 is located in Lubuskie Voivodship, Żary Province. This site is situated in the eastern ridge of Lubsza River valley, on the right shore, in the Holocene meadow terrace, which is c. 0,5-1,5 m above river level. According to the physiography, the stronghold is located in the area of Great Poland-Silesian lowlands, in the macroregion of Milicko–Głogowskie Decrease, in the territory of one of distinguished mezoregions, videlicet Nowosolska Decrease. The nearest hinterland of stronghold in Nowiniec is recognized only on surface survey level, conducted during AZP survey. In 2002 and 2003 rescue archeological fieldworks was taken on the area of stronghold in Nowiniec (Dziedzic, Gruszka 2004). The excavation was led by Scientific Association of Polish Archeologists, Department in Lubuskie Province, and later by the Archeological Museum of the Odra River Territory in Świdnica, near Zielona Góra. Both seasons of excavations was funded by Voivodship Conservator of Monuments in Zielona Góra. Their aim was to preserve the site from devastation caused by the illegal digging of the sand. The head of the crew (Sławomir Kałagate MA, Bartłomiej Gruszka MA, Paweł Stachowiak MA) was Piotr Dziedzic MA. During the research the area of 4 are, mostly exposed to damage, was excavated. 29 archaeological features and over 6000 of ceramics fragments, almost 1500 animal bones and very rich collection of other artefacts, including weapon and horse ridding equipment, was discovered there. Thanks to the taken and published in this volume specialist examinations we were able to reconstruct natural environment of the surroundings of the stronghold. Geological-geomorphological research has shown the kind of soil the inhabitants were using and potential places of farming exploitation. Palynological examinations revealed the moment of appearing (9/10th-10th c.) and domination of plants (mainly rye, unidentified grains and accompanying weeds). The analysis of plant macro-remains completed the information about using specific plant species in the farming of past inhabitants of the fortress. On the prints visible on the walls of the large vessel used to roast (so called prażnica) some remains of linen, rye, barley as well as weed were noticed. Zooarcheological analysis have given us some answers to the questions of the structure of animal breeding as well as the meaning of hunting in the life of inhabitants of the stronghold. The cattle was the most important and dominating species, next was a pig bones and the last sheep/goat remains. Some amount of wild animals bones, including deer, boar, roe deer, moose as well as brown bear, was also noticed. Many specialist analysis which were taken for this publication, were really innovatory, and for the area of South-western Poland were carried out for the first time (petrography and chemical analysis of ceramics, thermoluminescence dating of ceramics, metallographic analysis of Early Medieval militaries and also traceological analysis flint stone artefacts from that period). Thanks to the analysis of ceramics we were able to establish the routes of influx and spreading of new tendencies in style and forms of pottery. The basic stages of production of pottery were reconstructed, including pointing out the places from where the stock was taken (clay and temper), and also establishing the main ways of building the vessels as well as temperature and atmosphere in which they were fired in kiln. Very rare find seems to be fragments of clay beaker, which appeared in the features no 3 and 7. In the feature 15 totally broken, but complete large vessel used to roast or drying (so called prażnica) was found. It could have been probably connected with a metalworking workshop (feature no 18). Establishing of its function was possible due to the find of artefacts connected with iron and non-ferrous metals fabrication (nozzle fragment, crucible, bronze raw material, jewelry tools, bowl-shaped slags) Those kind of finds are characteristic for big centers with essential economic and political meaning, e.g. Kruszwica (Hensel-Moszczyńska 1981/82, pp. 129–219), Czersk (Rauhutowa 1976), Stradów (Dąbrowska 1965), Szczecin Wzgórze Zamkowe (Szczecin, 1983, s. 121), Wiślica (Rajewski 1954, p. 10), Wrocław Ostrowów Tumski (Kaźmierczyk et all 1976, pp. 178–181) or Wolin Srebrne Wzgórze (Wojtasik 1978). The discovering of a metalworking workshop in the Nowiniec stronghold let us to put this stronghold in the place of one of the most important centre of the Zara tribe, and proves its big meaning in the 9-10th-century settlement and economic system this part of Silesian-Lusatian borderland. This assumption is also proved by other finds which are connected with presence of temporary or constant presence of economic and social elites representants, maybe some local leader with his military troops (so called drużyna). Beside some animal remains who can be assigned to the group of Animalia Superiora (including the bear paw, which was regarded in the Early Middle Ages as a dainty of elites), above mentioned sherds of ceramic bowls (intended for drinking honey or wine, considered as a luxury tableware), was also discovered. The presence of well equipped military troops is also proved by findings of militaries, including hook-like spur, arrowhead or curb bit. Far-reach trade is displayed by discovering of lead weight, but also occurrence of stone artefacts, made of a stock from the Sudetes or beyond Sudetes area. The chronology of stronghold in Nowiniec, was established according to the environmental and classical archeological analysis. Thanks to the morphological-stylistic-typological analysis of pottery, we were able to realize that there were two visible pottery mainstreams – traditional, connected still with the tribe period, and also progressive – typical for early Piast state period. The most dominating seems to be the part of the vessels which were made in the hand molding and partially coating on the potter's wheel technique. Two coned vessels of more or less marked belly break, ornamented with a plastic roller (Tornov type) as well as different kind of several, crossing rite lines motives, vertical or herringbone patterns (Menkendorf type). In the stronghold in Nowiniec the share of plastic roller vessels was almost 40% of every ornamented taxons. Almost the same data was established for the eponymic site in Tornow, where the sherds with a plastic roller (Tornow A and B type altogether) in the 1st phase of the stronghold (A phase) appeared in circa 37% of whole ceramic material, and in the phase two (B phase) circa 50% of all. In the sites of similar chronology, e.g. Zawada, site no 1 and Sulechów, site no 28, the amount of ornamented with plastic roller vessels was circa 57% and less than 17% of all decorated ceramics sherds. Almost identical percentage of vessels ornamented with a plastic roller (almost 39%) was reordered in the in settlement complex of Klenica stronghold, site no 4 (Gruszka 2010, p. 129). Basing on the numerous parallels (see Gruszka, in this volume, pp. 48–49, 52; 2010; Dymaczewska, Dymaczewski 1967, pp. 208–218) and also dendrochronological datings (Biermann 1999, pp. 97-123; Kara, Krąpiec 2000, p. 317 and next., 320; Biermann, Kieseler, Nowakowski 2008, p. 87) we were able to assume that both sets which include the pottery of Tornow-Klenica complex can be dated to the 1st half of the 9th-10th c or even to the beginning of the 11th c. (Brzostowicz 2002, p. 34). Almost half smaller (beyond 22%) is the amount of Menkendorf type vessels. It is considered that the biggest portion of these forms are in the 9th-10th c., and they're contemporary with the Tornow type, even though they're are appearing in the younger chronological phases (Łosiński 1996, p. 438). During the research we were able to discover also, some amount of wholly coated vessels, which are characteristic for early Piast pottery from the 11th c. Contribution of this kind of pottery appeared mainly in the ceiling of feature no 7 and also in occupational layer. Occurrence of wholly coated vessels was observed in highly damaged layers of Klenica, site no 4 (Gruszka 2010, p. 132) and also in Zawada, site no 1, where they are distinguishing the 2nd phase of functioning of these sites (11th c.). Chronological range based on the ceramics analysis was confirmed by dating of metal artefacts, including hook-like spur, curb bit or lead weight, discovered in the stronghold (8th-9th c.). The chronology of this site was also based on some environmental studies. When we are using them we need to have in mind large margin of error of results. This especially concerns radiocarbon dating (Walanus, Goslar 2004) as well as thermoluminescence dating. The most numerous group of samples (shreds) was given to the thermoluminescence dating. Thanks to this method we're able to establish that the chronology of analyzed vessels contains in a 100 years time period (without including the error of this method), between 849 and 960 (2nd half of the 9th–2nd half of the 10th c.). The results of thermoluminescence analysis don't exclude the possibility of dating the younger pottery records even to the 1st half of the 9th c. Charred wood relics, which was found in the feature no 17, come from the beginning of 11th c. If we include some additional thermoluminescence dating of some shreds even to 1st half of the 11th c., we must consider a possibility of break of settlement on the stronghold in Nowiniec deep into the 11th c. According to these data, we can assume, that the beginning of functioning of this fortress occurs in the 2nd half of the 9th c. The oldest pottery records, which can be dated according to parallels and thermoluminescence analysis, come exactly from this time period. The stronghold biggest development occurs in the 10th c., however its fall happened most likely in the 1st half of the 11th c. ; Ministerstwo Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego ; Bartłomiej Gruszka

En la primera parte de este trabajo mencionamos que dos o mas actores poseen puntos de encuentro y acuerdo en un espacio C y en otro espacio D. Por su parte, C refleja un ámbito de tolerancia y D un ámbito de diversidad. Paso seguido, lo diverso no solo se expresa en un ámbito D sino en sucesivos Ds. El proyecto europeo ha propulsado tácitamente la aparición de distintos Ds, creados por una interacción entre partes imposible de prever ex ante.Desde la filosofía política contemporánea, el proyecto europeo puede pensarse como un diálogo crítico entre John Rawls y John Gray. Por un lado, Rawls establece un recorrido desde su clásico libro, escrito en 1971, "A Theory of Justice" hasta el último trabajo publicado en 1999, "The Laws of Peoples". El Puente analítico entre ambos es "Liberalismo Político", escrito en 1993. Rawls comienza su derrotero elaborando una teoría de justicia universal, basada en una concepción donde prevalecen los derechos individuales. "Liberalismo Político" le confiere a su teoría de justicia un ámbito en las democracias de Occidente y, por último, "The Laws of Peoples" admite la posibilidad política y ética que existan polis decentes que no asuman sus principios de justicia y que, aún así, puedan y deban ser toleradas. El proyecto europeo es un claro ejemplo de la aspiración rawlsiana desarrollada en "The Laws of Peoples". Tanto el trabajo de 1993 como el de 1999 estaban tácitamente destinados a responder las críticas a la concepción (ralwsiana) del ser (Self), críticas que había desarrollado la escuela comunitarista en los 80´s y 90´s (1).La posterior crítica de Gray es relevante para este trabajo porque sostiene que tanto el liberalismo de Ralws como el comunitarismo (desarrollado, entre otros, por Sandel, Walzer o Kymlicka) estaban discutiendo ensimismados dentro de la misma tradición liberal, perfectamente incapaces de comprender y aprehender la lógica de tradiciones de pensamiento no occidentales (2). El punto relevante aquí es que el proyecto europeo y la idea de Europa pueden funcionar como un ámbito analítico para un encuentro entre Rawls, sus críticos comunitaristas y Gray. Desde distintas tradiciones, las 3 corrientes podrían convenir, al menos por un momento, que la idea de Europa supone tanto un límite a la aspiración universal del liberalismo como un atractivo intento de superar lo meramente local para incursionar en una "filosofía regional".Es necesario repetir y re-articular el punto: el diálogo que se produce entre el liberalismo igualitario y el comunitarianismo es para Gray un monólogo dentro de la tradición liberal de Occidente. La articulación teórica que llevan a cabo los pensadores comunitaristas asume como ámbito de diálogo el construido por el liberalismo igualitario a partir de Rawls. Es por ello que las respuestas y ejemplos utilizados no rescatan la nobleza de otros modus vivendi sino la diferencia conceptual que ellos tienen en contraposición a las sociedades occidentales de la segunda parte del siglo XX. En ese sentido, los teóricos comunitaristas se ocupan de ofrecer malos ejemplos, que marcan las distancias insalvables entre distintos modos de vida, porque en realidad están pensando en la dinámica y legitimidad de las sociedades liberales y no en la mayor o menor legitimidad de las sociedades de las que toman esas experiencias comparadas. El interés de los teóricos comunitaristas no es la calidad de vida de las minorías en, por ejemplo, Lejano Oriente o África, sino demostrar que un aparato analítico desarrollado en "universidades de la costa este de los EE.UU." (como ironiza Gray) no está en condiciones de definir si "se respeta o no a esas ´minorías´". Para Gray, la discusión entre igualitaristas y comunitaristas es solo un intercambio entre pensadores de la tradición liberal contemporánea. Mas aún, no podría ser otra cosa que eso. Paso seguido, es necesario preguntarse cual es el lugar analítico para aquellos que, desde su único modus vivendi posible, aspiran desarrollar una crítica del modo de vida hegemónico en Occidente.La idea de Europa deviene un ámbito analítico posible para rescatar esta tradición de crítica. Si asumimos que la tradición comunitarista ha articulado una critica al liberalismo que solo puede ser espacial y analíticamente parcial, sería posible rescatar parte de su valor al introducir el debate dentro de Occidente pero fuera de la comunidad tradicional o Estado- Nación: es decir, en la idea de Europa. Como mencionamos, el proyecto europeo se compone de una sucesión de modus vivendi intra y supra nacional. Las discusiones sobre el lugar que determinadas comunidades tienen, o debieran tener, ha enriquecido y enriquece la construcción del proyecto europeo y la idea de Europa.Las democracias liberales contemporáneas europeas han alcanzado un ámbito C tácito donde conviven y se complementan distintos matices de libertad e igualdad. En ese ámbito C de (parcial) consenso, las democracias liberales europeas han podido conciliar sociedades que transitan hacia mayores espacios de libertad e igualdad. Por ejemplo, hemos mencionamos que en las sociedades escandinavas encontramos un Estado de Bienestar que ha desarrollado políticas universales (inclusivas-igualitarias) que han complementado e incluso potenciado los ámbitos de autonomía o libre albedrío de las personas. Por ende, una forma de la clásica tensión entre libertad e igualdad se ha visto refutada en la experiencia escandinava contemporánea. Allí, la aparición y consolidación de un Estado de Bienestar no ha provocado limitaciones a la autonomía individual sino, por el contrario, ha contribuido a generar espacios Cs y Ds donde la libertad y la igualdad se propulsan mutuamente.Es necesario notar que el espacio C ha sido tácitamente construido a lo largo de las últimas décadas. Este punto es relevante porque hay construcciones sociales que suponen acuerdos que no responden necesariamente al estado de cosas de la respectiva polis en un momento dado. La construcción de ciudadanía que se ha consolidado contemporáneamente en Escandinavia ha supuesto la aparición de derechos que, por el momento, parecen a salvo de la disputa coyuntural entre concepciones populistas y nacionalistas que aspirarían a transformar a C en un espacio para juegos de suma cero. La fortaleza de un modus vivendi alcanzado por las socialdemocracias escandinavas y expresados en un Estado de Bienestar que ha consolidado de forma inédita la virtuosa complementación entre libertad e igualdad posee, por el momento, la suficiente confianza entre sus miembros como para sentirse alejado de discusiones alejadas de la democracia liberal.Sin embargo, C (y los sucesivos Cs) poseen atributos que si bien por un lado pueden escapar a disputas coyunturales extemporáneas, por otro lado necesitan la permanencia de modus vivendi que no solo confirmen su pertenencia a la democracia liberal sino que la enriquezcan. Dentro de este elogio a la socialdemocracia desde el liberalismo, es posible cuestionar en qué medida la virtuosa relación entre libertad e igualdad en las experiencias escandinavas no solo corresponde a ámbitos Cs sino a alguna forma de distintos Ds. Si habíamos definido a C como mero ámbito de negociaciones y concesiones exitosas entre A y B, sería posible pensar que determinados acuerdos tácitos alcanzados por las sociedades escandinavas superan esa (mera) categoría y han incursionado en sofisticadas formas de consenso que reflejan empatías mayores entre sus miembros. Paso seguido, es valido contrapesar el punto anterior y pensar que el Estado de Bienestar puede, en algunas de sus expresiones, formar parte de un circulo o espacio que comprende a C y D.Cuando pensamos en D, estamos buscando expresiones o modus vivendi que trasciendan meros acuerdos, mas allá de la complejidad de estos. La consolidación y versatilidad para la reforma que han mostrado los Estados de Bienestar en Escandinavia reflejan expresiones políticas y culturales que los depositan en un camino mutuamente virtuoso entre distintos Cs y distintos Ds. En este elogio de la socialdemocracia desde el liberalismo particularizamos en una forma especifica que ha tomado D en el modus vivendi contemporáneo: el proyecto europeo y la idea de Europa.La diversidad como característica relevante en los países desarrollados (particularmente europeos) posee un obvio componente: se es diverso en un marco institucional que permite la diferencia. En este sentido, la diversidad y el consenso son ámbitos analíticos y políticos necesariamente complementarios. ¿Dónde radica la particularidad de la diversidad que muestra cada sociedad? En parte tautológicamente, en el propio proceso de descubrimiento que realizan actores individuales en marcos institucionales que difieren unos de otros. Como sostiene Dani Rodrik, las recetas para el crecimiento económico y la prosperidad pueden diferir grandemente de país en país y la idea del "Consenso de Washington" ha reflejado un notable desconocimiento de la historia por parte de sus impulsores. El consenso de Copenhague refleja una (y solo una) de las formas en que las sociedades desarrolladas alcanzan consensos para implementar determinadas políticas públicas y como, a su vez, ese amplio ámbito del consenso que se construye deviene uno (o muchos ) espacio (s) público (s) por donde se consolida y florece la diversidad.Recurriendo al ejemplo citado en la primera parte de este trabajo, mencionamos una pesimista conclusión de Kuttner (3): el modelo danés es imposible de imitar por otras sociedades, incluso sociedades desarrolladas (como los EE.UU.). Sin embargo, también aparece una visión optimista: hay un modus vivendi (el danés) que ha prosperado a partir de construir consensos que, a su turno, han dado paso a la construcción de una sociedad diversa donde florecen continuamente modos de vida impensados en un pasado cercano.Este ejemplo es necesario para remarcar que el consenso no (noso) deviene del acuerdo de los iguales sino de sucesivos parciales acuerdos de los distintos, es decir, de los diversos. Si las sociedades políticas complejas conviven a través del inexorable conflicto, de la construcción del consenso y del florecimiento de la diversidad, es posible notar que la interacción entre el consenso y la diversidad es constante y creciente. Es decir, cuanto mas consenso haya (como en la experiencia danesa) mayor será en algún momento la necesidad de la diversidad, justamente porque el consenso alcanzado enfrentará el riesgo de atrofiarse. A su vez, cuanto mas diversidad haya en una sociedad política, será mas necesario que los mecanismos institucionales e informales del consenso se encuentren en permanente funcionamiento para que esa diversidad fortalezca y enriquezca a la polis.Los países desarrollados no solo se caracterizan por haber alcanzado amplios niveles de consenso sino, principalmente, por contener y ampliar civilizados marcos donde convive el disenso. Aquello que caracteriza a los países desarrollados (podríamos incluso pensar que por eso son países ricos) es que conviven en un mismo marco institucional diferentes formas de vida, en algunos casos contrapuestas que, sin embargo, se caracterizan por respetar la diversidad.Por ello, si dividimos la vida política en conflicto, consenso y disenso civilizado, es necesario marcar que el ámbito institucional mas relevante de los países desarrollados no es el del consenso sino el del disenso civilizado o diversidad, allí donde los distintos modus vivendi conviven y se fortalecen. Este es un punto central para el estudio y análisis de los países desarrollados: allí no hay que estudiar tanto las políticas e instituciones que tiene en común (como el respeto a los derechos de propiedad) sino aquellas en las que difieren y aun así prosperan, a partir del mutuo respeto de las diferencias.El desarrollo como proyecto ha sido para los gobiernos totalitarios la construcción de una sociedad donde cada ciudadano alcance la misma riqueza y posea las mismas ideas. En cambio, en las sociedades abiertas el desarrollo se alcanza allí cuando se logra una determinada calidad del disenso. La diversidad es la característica principal de los países ricos y abiertos. En esta lógica, la diversidad que significa el disenso es tan importante como el consenso. En las sociedades desarrolladas, el consenso y el disenso se complementan. El desarrollo se puede definir como sociedades donde impera un disenso civilizado o de alta calidad.Podemos pensar así que hay dos maneras complementarias de definir el desarrollo: por lo que es y por lo que no es. Los gobiernos totalitarios o autoritarios definen claramente lo que no es el desarrollo: un proyecto político basado en un líder o grupo que busca impulsar un conjunto de ideales comunes donde acuerden todos los ciudadanos. Aquel que no coincida con el proyecto se convierte en enemigo.En cambio, los países desarrollados encuentran su bienestar en la posibilidad que cada persona desarrolle su modo de vida particular. Dentro de un marco institucional común, donde se consensua un amplio conjunto de normas, lo que distingue el desarrollo es, sin embargo, la diversidad o disenso en la que conviven civilizadamente sus miembros. Es posible que en los países desarrollados los ámbitos del disenso sean incluso mayores que los del consenso. Incluso ella podría ser la razón de su mayor prosperidad.¿Qué caracteriza a las sociedades políticas que han podido desarrollar ámbitos o espacios públicos donde prevalece la diversidad por sobre el conflicto y el consenso? Estas sociedades se caracterizan por haber tenido una particular vida política y social donde los actores relevantes construyeron sus lazos de cooperación y confianza de abajo hacia arriba. Es decir, sin la presencia de actores estatales o corporativos que le indicaban, explícita o implícitamente, cual era el mejor camino para hacer florecer su diversidad. En cierto sentido, podemos pensar ello como una definición tautológica: es decir, hemos definido que el descubrimiento de la particularidad o singularidad de cada ser o actor social deviene de un proceso que debe ser necesariamente individual y propio. Mientras el proyecto europeo ha sido principalmente pensado desde arriba hacia abajo, la idea de Europa ha sido y es pensada desde abajo hacia arriba.(1) Las posiciones y discusiones se encuentran rigurosamente sintetizadas en la Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Ver para Rawls http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rawls/#FurRea. Para la crítica comunitarista, http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/communitarianism/. Para la introducción a las teorías de justicia distributiva, http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/communitarianism/. La notable tabla de contenidos de la Enciclopedia puede verse en http://plato.stanford.edu/contents.html. Sin embargo, no tiene (todavía) una entrada sobre John Gray, quien es mencionado en pocas entradas, entre ellas, la correspondiente a Isaiah Berlin (http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/berlin/). En palabras de la Enciclopedia, "Rawls viewed his own work as a practical contribution toward settling the long-standing conflict in democratic thought between liberty and equality, and toward describing the limits of civic and of international toleration. He offers the members of his own society a way of understanding themselves as free and equal citizens within a fair democratic polity, and describes a hopeful but limited vision of a stably just constitutional democracy doing its part within a peaceful international community. To individuals who are frustrated that their fellow citizens and fellow humans do not see the whole truth as they do, Rawls offers the reconciling thought that this diversity of worldviews results from, and can support, a social order with greater freedom for all." (2) Una breve síntesis puede verse en la Enciclopedia citada: "Communitarians have sought to deflate the universal pretensions of liberal theory. The main target has been Rawls description of the original position as an 'Archimedean point' from which the structure of a social system can be appraised, a position whose special virtue is that it allows us to regard the human condition 'from the perspective of eternity', from all social and temporal points of view. Whereas Rawls seemed to present his theory of justice as universally true, communitarians argued that the standards of justice must be found in forms of life and traditions of particular societies and hence can vary from context to context."(3) Ver http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/63223/robert-kuttner/the-copenhagen-consensus *Profesor Depto. Estudios Internacionales, FACS - Universidad ORT Uruguay.Master en Filosofía Política, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Visita de Bush a países europeosEl presidente de Estados Unidos, George W. Bush, concurrió a Eslovenia para participar en una cumbre de la Unión Europea, en la que el programa nuclear iraní y el cambio climático fueron los temas principales. Realiza una gira de despedida por Europa: Alemania, Italia, Francia y el Reino Unido. Varios medios informan al respecto:"CNN": "Bush heads to Europe for six-nation tour":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/06/09/bush.trip/index.html"MSNBC": "U.S., EU vow tougher sanctions over Iran nukes:Bush says Tehran 'can't be trusted' with nuclear enrichment":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25072227/"El Universal" de México: "Consigue Bush apoyo de UE contra Irán":http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/513722.html"El Universal" de México: "Sería 'increíblemente peligroso' un Irán nuclear: Bush El presidente de EU respaldó el viaje que el alto representante europeo para tratar de reabrir las negociaciones nucleares con el régimen islámico":http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/513580.html"El Universal" de México: " Comienza última cumbre UE-EU con participación de Bush: La cumbre tiene previsto abordar también las relaciones con Rusia, el cambio climático, la inestabilidad económica y los altos precios de la energía":http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/513573.html"Los Angeles Times": "Bush and allies embrace possible Iran sanctions":http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-bush11-2008jun11,0,287540.story"Time": "President George Bush begins farewell tour of Europe and this time he hopes to be among friends"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article4092986.ece"El País" de Madrid: "Bush cree que aún se puede "lograr un acuerdo global sobre cambio climático": El presidente de Estados Unidos está en Eslovenia celebrando una cumbre con los principales líderes de la Unión Europea":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Bush/cree/puede/lograr/acuerdo/global/cambio/climatico/elpepuint/20080610elpepuint_10/Tes"New York Times": "European Leaders Support Bush on Iran":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/11/world/europe/11prexy.html?_r=1&ref=world&oref=slogin"El País" de Madrid: "Bush llega a Eslovenia en su última gira por Europa como presidente de EE UU":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Bush/llega/Eslovenia/ultima/gira/Europa/presidente/EE/UU/elpepuint/20080609elpepuint_6/Tes"El País" de Madrid: "La UE y Estados Unidos acuerdan medidas adicionales contra Irán: Bush inicia en Eslovenia su última gira por Europa":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/UE/Estados/Unidos/acuerdan/medidas/adicionales/Iran/elpepuint/20080610elpepiint_6/Tes"New York Times": "Merkel Backs Bush on New Sanctions Against Iran":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/12/washington/12prexy.html?_r=1&adxnnl=1&oref=slogin&ref=world&adxnnlx=1213208558-9qzwwNFsu8VhhcAvyEwVWA"CNN": "Bush: No regrets over Iraq invasion":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/06/11/bush.europe/index.html"Los Angeles Times": "Bush doesn't rule out military strike in Iran":http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-bush12-2008jun12,0,1073974.story"El País" de Madrid: "Merkel ofrecerá a Bush 1.000 soldados más para la misión en Afganistán":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Merkel/ofrecera/Bush/1000/soldados/mision/Afganistan/elppgl/20080611elpepiint_4/Tes"CNN": "Bush, Merkel to focus on Iran"http://edition.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/06/11/bush.trip.ap/index.html"CNN": "Can Bush show Europe he is still president?":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/06/09/bushtrip.analysis/index.html"MSNBC": "Bush to Iran: 'All options' are open over nukes: President urges diplomacy over uranium enrichment during European visit":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25091410/ AMERICA LATINA"MSNBC" informa: "Bolivian protesters march on U.S. Embassy: Thousands demand extradition of former defense minister":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25068973/Miles de bolivianos exigen a EE UU la extradición del ex presidente Gonzalo Sánchez. La protesta, frente a la embajada de EE UU en La Paz, termina con enfrentamientos entre policía y manifestantes. "El País" de Madrid informa: http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Miles/bolivianos/exigen/EE/UU/extradicion/ex/presidente/Gonzalo/Sanchez/elpepuint/20080610elpepuint_5/Tes"La Nación" informa: "Con fuertes críticas al campo, Cristina Kirchner presentó un plan que contempla la creación de hospitales y centros de salud, caminos rurales y viviendas":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/nota.asp?nota_id=1019940"El Mercurio" de Chile informa: "Efectos en la economía luego de tres meses de paralización agropecuaria: Cae consumo y se encarece el crédito en Argentina por conflicto del campo":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/06/09/internacional/_portada/noticias/FA8010CD-79B4-4587-B1CF-D960933DD002.htm?id={FA8010CD-79B4-4587-B1CF-D960933DD002}"La Nación" publica: "Tras el levantamiento del paro: En medio de duras críticas, el Gobierno no asistió a la reunión con el agro":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/nota.asp?nota_id=1019927Nuevo rumbo de Chávez: pide a las FARC que abandonen la lucha armada y cambia ley sobre declaración obligatoria, varios medios informan al respecto:"El Universal": "La insinuación del presidente venezolano Hugo Chávez de que la guerrilla colombiana de las FARC debería deponer las armas fue calificada ayer de "buenas palabras" por el Departamento de Estado":http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/58015.html"Los Angeles Times": "Chavez backtracks on spy law, rebels":http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/wire/sns-ap-venezuela-chavezs-reversals,1,4616690.story"The Economist" analiza: "Venezuela: A police state?":http://www.economist.com/world/la/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11502234"El Mercurio de Chile: "Llamado a la paz: Chávez da un giro en su relación con las FARC y les pide que dejen la lucha armada":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/06/09/internacional/_portada/noticias/1504DCDB-F551-4633-A315-98DBD5654F48.htm?id={1504DCDB-F551-4633-A315-98DBD5654F48"New York Times": "Chávez Urges Colombian Rebels to End Their Struggle":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/09/world/americas/09venez.html?ref=world"El País" de Madrid: "Chávez pide a las FARC que libere a todos los secuestrados sin condiciones: El presidente se ofrece al jefe de la guerrilla para facilitar la entrega":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Chavez/pide/FARC/libere/todos/secuestrados/condiciones/elpepuint/20080608elpepuint_9/Tes"El País" de Madrid: "Chávez retira la ley que imponía la declación obligatoria":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Chavez/retira/ley/imponia/delacion/obligatoria/elpepuint/20080609elpepiint_12/Tes"La Nación": "Chávez llama a las FARC a dejar las armas: Dijo que la guerra de guerrillas había pasado "a la historia" y exhortó a los rebeldes a liberar a los rehenes sin condiciones":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/edicionimpresa/exterior/nota.asp?nota_id=1019644"CNN": "Chavez urges FARC to end struggle":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/06/09/venezuela.colombia/index.htmlESTADOS UNIDOS/CANADÁ"El País" de Madrid informa: "Los juicios de Guantánamo serán prioridad nacional antes de las elecciones. En los próximos tres meses se añadirán unos 108 abogados a los equipos de acusación y defensa para acelerar el proceso": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/juicios/Guantanamo/seran/prioridad/nacional/elecciones/elpepuint/20080609elpepuint_5/Tes"CNN" publica: " Kennedy released from hospital":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/06/09/kennedy/index.html"MSNBC" anuncia: "First lady Laura Bush travels to Afghanistan: Visit meant to push for more rebuilding aid for war-weary country":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25026727/Campaña electoral estadounidense, varios medios informan al respecto:"La Nación" informa: "Los bastiones republicanos, en la mira de Obama: Inicia una gira por los estados decisivos"http://www.lanacion.com.ar/edicionimpresa/exterior/nota.asp?nota_id=1019655"The Economist" analiza: "Barack Obama is the Democratic nominee. But it's a long way to the White House":http://www.economist.com/world/na/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11502141Cuando Obama era Barack: El demócrata Barack Obama ha hecho revivir el sueño americano, el sueño de que un negro criado en un hogar desestructurado pueda convertirse en el hombre más poderoso del planeta. Esta es la historia de su camino hacia la gloria. "El País" de Madrid analiza: http://www.elpais.com/articulo/reportajes/Obama/era/Barack/elpepusocdmg/20080608elpdmgrep_1/Tes"El Mercurio" de Chile publica: "De cara a la elección presidencial estadounidense: Obama y McCain se preparan para competir por los "estados clave"":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/06/09/internacional/internacional/noticias/E0541155-0ECE-4188-882D-0798387FACFD.htm?id={E0541155-0ECE-4188-882D-0798387FACFD}"The Economist" publica su informe semanal: "On the campaign trail: Primary colour":http://www.economist.com/world/na/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11511470"El País" de Madrid publica: "Obama desafiará a McCain en los feudos republicanos. El senador demócrata lanzará esta semana una ofensiva para conquistar Carolina del Norte, Misuri y Florida": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Obama/desafiara/McCain/feudos/republicanos/elpepuint/20080609elpepiint_5/TesEUROPA"Los Angeles Times" publica: "High fuel prices spark protests in Asia and Europe":http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-energy11-2008jun11,0,5387892.storyCrisis de abastecimiento y huelgas en España: "Time" informa: "Gas Stations in Spain Running Out":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1812886,00.htmlUna huelga de camioneros complica a España. Miles de transportistas iniciaron un paro por tiempo indefinido en protesta por el alto precio de los combustibles; hay temor a un desabastecimiento. "La Nación" publica: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/exterior/nota.asp?nota_id=1019925"New York Times" informa: "Spanish Truckers Block Border":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/10/world/europe/10fuel.html?ref=worldLos camioneros mantienen el desafío en las carreteras tras fracasar el primer contacto con el Gobierno. Las protestas de los transportistas por el alza del gasóleo colapsan los accesos a las ciudades. -La primera jornada de huelga reduce la actividad en los mercados de abastos mientras aumentan los problemas de suministro en las gasolineras, "El País" de Madrid informa: http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/camioneros/mantienen/desafio/carreteras/fracasar/primer/contacto/Gobierno/elpepueco/20080609elpepueco_1/Tes"CNN" informa: "Spanish protest truckers bring disruption and shortages":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/06/09/protests.fuel.ap/index.html"La Nación" informa: "Atentado de ETA contra un diario vasco. Una bomba provocó daños en la rotativa del periódico El Correo; no hubo una llamada de advertencia":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/edicionimpresa/exterior/nota.asp?nota_id=1019637"El Mercurio" de Chile anuncia: "Periódico "El Correo": ETA destruye fachada de diario español":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/06/09/internacional/internacional/noticias/345103FA-D229-4B13-8065-C0DECB027AA5.htm?id={345103FA-D229-4B13-8065-C0DECB027AA5}"EL País" de Madrid informa: "Un terremoto en Grecia deja dos muertos y un centenar de heridos. El temblor, de 6,5 en la escala de Ritcher, sacude el Peloponeso y provoca daños en edificios y el cierre de la principal autopista del país": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/terremoto/Grecia/deja/muertos/centenar/heridos/elpepuint/20080608elpepuint_10/Tes"CNN" publica: "Quake fears force Greek villages to evacuate":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/06/09/greece.quake.ap/index.html"El Mercurio" de Chile informa: "Más de cien heridos: Terremoto en Grecia deja dos muertos":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/06/09/internacional/internacional/noticias/8CA95F9E-5358-424B-A0E0-82A8F7B902BA.htm?id={8CA95F9E-5358-424B-A0E0-82A8F7B902BA"EL País" de Madrid publica: "Miles de gitanos protestan en Roma contra la xenofobia: Berlusconi ordena a las grandes ciudades que desmantelen los campamentos gitanos": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Miles/gitanos/protestan/Roma/xenofobia/elpepuint/20080608elpepuint_7/Tes"El País" de Madrid informa: "La voz de Nagy suena de nuevo en Budapest:Una ONG difunde públicamente la grabación radiofónica del proceso secreto contra el ex Primer Ministro húngaro, ejecutado hace 50 años":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/voz/Nagy/suena/nuevo/Budapest/elpepuint/20080609elpepuint_8/Tes ASIA – PACÍFICO Y MEDIO ORIENTE"New York Times" informa: "Iran's Leader Tells Iraq that Americans Are the Problem":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/10/world/middleeast/10iraq.html?_r=1&ref=world&oref=slogin"Los Angeles Times" publican: "Iran tells Iraq: U.S. troops are 'main obstacle on the way to progress'":http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-iraq10-2008jun10,0,3044646.story"Time" informa: "Iraq, Iran Talk About the U.S.":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1812718,00.html"CNN" publica: "Pakistan lawyers march for fired judges":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/06/09/pakistan.lawyers/index.html"El Universal" de Mexico publica: "Estiman 100 muertos tras estallido de avión en Sudán":http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/513748.html"Time" informa: "Vietnam's Troubled Economy":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1812810,00.html"CNN" informa: "Israelis, Palestinians agree to work on peace pact":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/06/07/israel.palestinians.ap/index.html"La NAcion" publica: "La matanza en Tokio fue anunciada en Internet":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/exterior/nota.asp?nota_id=1019933"El País" de Madrid: "El asesino de Tokio dice que avisó de la matanza por una web: Tomohiro Kato mandó mensajes previos a una página para móviles donde relataba lo que luego iba a suceder":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/asesino/Tokio/dice/aviso/matanza/web/elpepuint/20080609elpepuint_7/Tes"El Mercurio" de Chile informa: "El responsable se rindió ante la policía: Japonés "aburrido de la vida" asesina con un cuchillo a siete personas en centro de Tokio":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/06/09/internacional/_portada/noticias/77704097-27FD-4A57-9A64-DF5D7AD82756.htm?id={77704097-27FD-4A57-9A64-DF5D7AD82756 "The Economist" analiza: "Myanmar: A month of misery, The junta is still thwarting efforts to help its desperate people":http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11496996"MSNBC" informa: "S. Korea cabinet offers to resign amid protests: Massive street rallies target U.S. beef imports, new government":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25077478/"CNN" informa: "Water rising too fast at China quake lake":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/06/09/china.quake/index.html"Time" analiza: "Will the Olympics Not Be Televised?":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1812700,00.html"La Nación" informa: "Temor en China ante nuevos sismos: Dos fuertes movimientos telúricos azotaron una zona de asentamientos en la que viven más de 200 mil refugiados":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/exterior/nota.asp?nota_id=1019936"The Economist" analiza: "China, India and climate change: Melting Asia":http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11488548ÁFRICAGobierno y oposición firman una tregua en Somalia. Si se respeta el acuerdo, acotado a un periodo inicial de 90 días, pondría fin a 17 meses de violencia continua en el país, "El País" de Madrid informa: http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Gobierno/oposicion/firman/tregua/Somalia/elpepuint/20080609elpepuint_12/Tes"CNN" publica:: "Zimbabwe aid ban 'puts millions at risk'":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/06/06/zimbabwe.violence/index.html"The Economist" informa: "Zimbabwe: Can he win the election, again?: Unbowed by government violence, Morgan Tsvangirai leads his bloodied opposition party back to the fray.":http://www.economist.com/world/africa/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11506716"MSNBC" publica: "Zimbabwe's Mugabe, rival may be in unity talks: But opposition says any coalition would have to wait until after runoff":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25072802/"CCN" informa: "Officials: Diplomats safe after detention in Zimbabwe":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/06/05/zimbabwe.violence/index.html"Time" publica: "Several Dead in Algerian Bombings":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1812706,00.html"El Mercurio" de Chile informa: "Bomba en empresa francesa en Argelia deja 13 muertos":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/06/09/internacional/internacional/noticias/341E0197-7D2A-47AD-87AB-2A8CB1C3CF05.htm?id={341E0197-7D2A-47AD-87AB-2A8CB1C3CF05}"CNN" informa: "'Everyone's starving' in Ethiopia, aid worker says":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/06/09/ethiopia.hunger.ap/index.html ECONOMIA "The Economist" informa: "Oil retreats from record rally":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/06/09/oil.prices.ap/index.html"The Economist" en su informe semanal: "Business this week":http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11514190&CFID=8818823&CFTOKEN=94507383OTRAS NOTICIAS "CNN" publica: "Billion dollars pledged for food crisis":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/06/05/food.summit/index.html"Time" informa: "The Cheaper, Faster iPhone":http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1812954,00.html

Until recently, child development was accepted as the perspective through which children were understood and socialization the primary way in which sociologists thought about children. An increasing number of scholars now view childhood as socially constructed and children as actors in their own social worlds rather than simply as incomplete persons who are in the process of becoming adults. Courses using this perspective explore social constructions of childhood held by adults and embodied in institutions through time and across places, and how biology, gender, social class, and social location affect the everyday lives of children in families, schools, and other social contexts.Author recommendsJohnson, Heather Beth 2001. 'From the Chicago School to the New Sociology of Children: The Sociology of Children and Childhood in the United States, 1900–1999.'Advances in Life Course Research (Children in the Millennium: Where Have We Come From, Where Are We Going?) 6: 53–93.This article reviews the place of children in sociological research during the 20th century. Children were of interest as objects of socialization and when they engaged in deviant behavior, although they were largely ignored as unworthy of serious sociological attention until the last two decades of the century. Debates among recent scholars about what stance should be taken toward children in the 'new' sociology of childhood are outlined.Waksler, Frances Chaput (Ed.) 1991. Studying the Social Worlds of Children: Sociological Readings New York, NY: Falmer Press.In this classic collection, including several chapters by the editor, Waksler pulled together articles that provides evidence that sociologists' underestimate the capacity of children to make sense of their worlds and to act on them. Both theoretical statements and empirical research are included, as is a chapter that is the precursor to Waksler's book, The Hard Times of Childhood and Children's Strategies for Dealing with Them (1996, New York, NY: Falmer Press).Small, Meredith F. 2001. Kids: How Biology and Culture Shape the Way We Raise Our Children. New York, NY: Doubleday.Small, an anthropologist intrigued with 'ethnopediatrics', brings together scientific research on the capacities of infants and children and evidence of the way childhood is organized in various societies.Zelizer, Viviana A. 1985. Pricing the Priceless Child: The Changing Social Value of Children. New York, NY: Basic Books.This classic work in economic sociology provides a wealth of detail about how children's lives in the USA were affected by their changing value/social construction, especially in the early 20th century. Many current institutions and beliefs, which are now taken for granted, were developed during this period, for better or worse.Lareau, Annette 2003. Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race, and Family Life. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Findings from Lareau's extensive, ethnographic research on differences between the everyday family lives of middle‐class and working‐class children are reported in this book. The results of her analysis make clear that adults' social constructions of children shape the experience of childhood and that even within one society there can be systematic variation in the social construction of children that results in marked differences in children's everyday lives.Corsaro, William A. 2005. The Sociology of Childhood, 2nd edn. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.Corsaro has been conducting ethnographic research with preschool children in various forms of care and reporting on it for more than 25 years. His textbook focuses primarily on preschool children and how they interact with one another to form their own peer cultures. The book includes many episodes of interaction among children that ground his arguments.Adler, Patricia and Peter Adler 1998. Peer Power: Preadolescent Culture and Identity. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.This book presents findings from the Adlers' study of peer culture among elementary school‐aged children in a Colorado community. The importance of friendship and popularity to the children is examined, particularly in school, as well as the significance for children of extracurricular activities.Mayall, Berry 2002. Towards a Sociology for Childhood: Thinking from Children's Lives. Philadelphia, PA: Open University Press.Mayall brings together data from the four research projects she conducted with colleagues in Great Britain in the 1990s to write an overview of what she learned about doing research with children and from listening to their points of view. The book includes children's assessments of their lives and relationships.Lee, Nick 2001. Childhood and Society: Growing up in an Age of Uncertainty. Philadelphia, PA: Open University Press.Lee focuses on childhood as an institution in the late 20th century and explores the ambiguity of contrasting the social construction of adults as 'human beings' with the social construction of children as 'human becomings'. His perspective is both macro and global and includes information about how decisions made by such institutions as the United Nations and the World Bank affect children in various countries.Online materials http://www.childtrends.org/ Child Trends is a nonprofit, nonpartisan research organization that collects and analyzes data; conducts, synthesizes, and disseminates research; designs and evaluates programs; and develops and tests promising approaches to research in the field. For researchers and educators, this Web site includes a link to research that provides the latest data and information for developing, evaluating, and guiding effective programs and research relevant to the overall health and well‐being of children and youth (http://www.childtrendsdatabank.org/) and includes key indicators of child well‐being. http://www.aecf.org/MajorInitiatives/KIDSCOUNT.aspx Kids Count is a national and state‐by‐state effort to track the status of children in the USA by providing policy‐makers and citizens with benchmarks of child well‐being. The Social Science Data Analysis Network (SSDAN) is working with professors to introduce Kids Count data into social science courses through course modules, exercises, and access to other data available on their Web site (http://www.ssdan.net/kidscount/). http://www.hull.ac.uk/children5to16programme/intro.htm The Economic and Social Research Council Research Programme on Children 5–16: Growing into the 21st century, under the direction of Alan Prout from 1995–2000, funded 22 different research projects that examined children's lives by treating children as social actors. The Web site includes a description of the programme, research findings, and an extensive bibliography. http://www.childstats.gov/ The Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics is a working group of federal agencies that collects, analyzes, and reports data on issues related to children and families. The forum's annual report, America's Children: Key National Indicators of Well‐Being, provides a summary of national indicators of child well‐being and monitors changes in these indicators over time. http://www.unicef.org/ The UNICEF Web site focuses on the well‐being of children in countries around the world, particularly on their health and their mothers' ability to provide for them.Sample syllabus Course Outline and Reading Assignments 1 Recognizing the capacities of newborn children Meredith F. Small, Chapter 1, Kids' World, and Chapter 2, The Evolution of Childhood, in Kids: How Biology and Culture Shape the Way We Raise Our Kids. 2 Social construction of childhood in different times and places a Children's place in the past Coldrey, Barry M. 1999. '"... a Place to Which Idle Vagrants May Be Sent": The First Phase of Child Migration during the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries.'Childhood and Society 13: 32–47.deMause, Lloyd 1974. 'Infanticide and the Death Wishes toward Children;''Abandonment, Nursing, and Swaddling.' Pp. 25–39 in The History of Childhood. New York, NY: Harper and Row. b Children's place in other societies Schildkrout, Enid 2002 [1978]. 'Age and Gender in Hausa Society: Socio‐Economic Roles of Children in Urban Kano.'Childhood 9 (3): 344–68. c Changing value of children in American society in the 20th century Zelizer, Viviana 1985. Selected chapters from Pricing the Priceless Child. d Children's place in American society in the 21st century Zelizer, Viviana 2002. 'Kids and Commerce.'Childhood 9 (4): 375–96.Cook, Daniel Thomas 2000. 'Childhood is Killing "Our" Children: Some Thoughts on the Columbine High School Shootings and the Agentive Child.'Childhood 7: 107–17. 3 The 'new' sociology of childhood: Agency and competence Waksler, Frances Chaput 1986. 'Studying Children: Phenomenological Insights.'Human Studies 9 (1): 71–82.Alanen, Leena 1988. 'Rethinking Childhood.'Acta Sociologica 31 (1): 53– 67.Matthews, Sarah H, 2007. 'A Window on the "New" Sociology of Childhood.' Sociology Compass: http://www.blackwell‐compass.com/subject/sociology/section_home?section=soco‐social‐psychology (doi: 10.1111/j.1751-9020.2007.00001.x) 4 Collecting data from and about children Christensen, Pia Haudrup 2004. 'Children's Participation in Ethnographic Research: Issues of Power and Representation.'Children and Society 18: 165–76.Davis, John M. 1998. 'Understanding the Meanings of Children: A Reflexive Process.'Childhood and Society 12: 325–35. 5 Inside the black box of early childhood socialization Clawson, Dan and Naomi Gerstel 2002. 'Caring for our Young: Child Care in Europe and the United States.'Contexts 1 (4): 28–35.Corsaro, William 1979. '"We're Friends, Right?" Children's Use of Access Rituals in a Nursery School.'Language in Society 8: 315–36.Corsaro, William and L. Molinari 1990. 'From seggiolini to discussione: The Generation and Extension of Peer Culture among Italian Preschool Children.'International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education 3: 213–30. 6 Children's participation in everyday life a FamilyLareau, Annette 2002. 'Invisible Inequality: Social Class and Childrearing in Black and White Families.'American Sociological Review 67: 747–76.Dodson, Lisa and Jillian Dickert 2004. 'Girls' Family Labor in Low‐Income Households: A Decade of Qualitative Research.'Journal of Marriage and Family 66: 318–32.Nettleton, Sarah 2001. 'Losing a Home through Mortgage Repossession: The Views of Children.'Children and Society 15: 82–94. b School Sherman, Ann 1997. 'Five‐year‐olds' Perceptions of Why We Go to School.'Childhood and Society 11: 117–27.Adler, Patricia A., Steven J. Kless, and Peter Adler 1992. 'Socialization to Gender Roles: Popularity among Elementary School Boys and Girls.'Sociology of Education 65: 169–87.Adler, Patricia A. and Peter Adler 1995. 'Dynamics of Inclusion and Exclusion in Preadolescent Cliques.'Social Psychology Quarterly 58 (3): 145–62. c 'Free' time Lareau, Annette 2000. 'Social Class and the Daily Lives of Children: A Study from the United States.'Childhood 7 (2): 155–71.Rasmussen, Kim 2004 'Places for Children – Children's Places.'Childhood 2004: 155–73. 7 Children's rights/parental rights Smith, Anne B. and Nicola J. Taylor 2003. 'Rethinking Children's Involvement in Decision‐Making After Parental Separation.'Childhood 10 (2): 201–16.Van Krieken, Robert 1999. 'The "Stolen Generations" and Cultural Genocide: The Forced Removal of Australian Indigenous Children form Their Families and Its Implications for the Sociology of Childhood.'Childhood 6 (3): 297–311. 8 Current global issues a UN rights of the child Jans, Marc 2004. 'Children as Citizens: Towards a Contemporary Notion of Child Participation.'Childhood 11 (1): 27–44.Roche, Jeremy 1999. 'Children: Rights, Participation and Citizenship.'Childhood 6 (4): 475–93. b Children's place in the 21st century Penn, Helen 2002. 'The World Bank's View of Early Childhood.'Childhood 9 (1): 118–32.Bey, Marguerite 2003. 'The Mexican Child: From Work with the Family to Paid Employment.'Childhood 10 (3): 287–99.Aptekar, Lewis and Behailu Abebe 1997. 'Conflict in the Neighborhood: Street and Working Children in the Public Space.'Childhood 4: 477–90.Films and videosA Baby's World A Whole New World (ages newborn to 1 year)  The Language of Being (ages 1–2 years)  Reason and Relationships (ages 2–3 years)This series of videos, each approximately 1‐hour in length, summarizes and illustrates evidence of the remarkable and often misinterpreted capacities of infants and toddlers.The Orphan TrainsThis video is a good companion to Viviana Zelizer's book Pricing the Priceless Child. In addition to depicting conditions for some urban children in US cities in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, interviews in old age with the last children who were shipped West in the 1920s highlight the vulnerability of children in societies that are unprepared to take responsibility for them when their parents are unable to provide care.Michael Apted's 7 Up through 49 UpThis documentary film series, which began in 1964 with 14 7‐year‐olds whom Apted has since revisited every 7 years to produce a new film, raises questions about the relationship between childhood and adulthood.Project ideas1. This assignment is intended to make students aware of the presence (or absence) of children in their daily rounds – when, where and under what conditions they share space with children.Choose two days on which your daily schedule is different (e.g., a weekday and a weekend day) and record every instance in which you come in contact with children. Do not go out of your way to encounter children. Just go about your daily rounds. Record the time, place (including who is present if it is not obvious), age of children, your relationship to the children, and what you and the children are doing. Include children whom you know well, children with whom you are acquainted, and children who are strangers. Concentrate especially on the last category because it is the one that you probably attend to least in your daily rounds. Also be sure to indicate what your role in each setting is. Once you have collected these data, write a summary of your contact with children in your daily life. What children do you encounter, how often, under what conditions? What is your relationship to the children in your life?2. This assignment is intended to explore how children are constrained by adult rules and power.Observe children in an 'adult' setting and identify adults' rules for children in that setting. Justify the choice of setting as 'adult', e.g., children are not 'supposed' to be there (a bar/pub), children are a disturbance (an exclusive expensive restaurant). Consider both adults' rules for children's behavior in the setting and children's options and resources. Address the questions: Where do children fit in adult worlds? What roles are they expected to play?3. This assignment is used in conjunction with Annette Lareau's work on differences in the way working and middle class children are treated by adults.Students choose two school districts whose borders correspond to a community and that have widely different percentages of children who passed the fourth‐grade proficiency test in a specified year. In Ohio, this information is available on the website of the Department of Education. Students then retrieve demographic data from the Web site of the US Census about the two school districts/communities, including but not limited to:

Proportion of School Age Children = Percentage of population age 5–17
Community Stability = Percent of rental occupied housing units
Community Education Level = Percentage of population aged 25 and over with Bachelor's Degree or higher
Community Income Level = Median family income
Poverty Level = Percent of families below poverty level

In a paper, students summarize and interpret the findings. In addition, put the data from all the districts/communities into one table with the percentages of students who passed the exam in the first column in descending order.

2005/2006 ; Questa tesi di dottorato è stata realizzata nell'ambito del progetto ECOManage (Jntegrated Ecological Coastal Zone Management System ), un progetto internazionale che ha come obiettivi comprendere e descrivere come gli ecosistemi estuarini rispondano agli impatti antropici, allo scopo di promuovere l'uso sostenibile, la protezione e la gestione della risorsa idrica; e fornire un supporto scientifico agli enti ambientali locali riguardo alle migliori pratiche politiche da attuare. I siti di interesse del progetto sono tre diverse aree costiere: un estuario con mangrovie (Santos, in Brasile), un grande estuario con estese aree intertidali (Bahia Bianca, in Argentina) e un fiordo (Puerto Aysen, in Cile). Le fasce costiere sono oggigiorno una delle zone più minacciate del mondo a causa della loro attrattiva e della disponibilità di risorse per lo sviluppo urbano e industriale. Per questo motivo molte di queste aree hanno raggiunto condizioni ambientali critiche come risultato della forte pressione antropica e del sovrasfruttamento delle risorse. Le aree costiere sono tra le più vulnerabili della Terra, quindi qualsiasi attività messa in pratica, dovrebbe essere accuratamente pianificata. Inoltre ciò che accade sulle coste ha effetti che vanno molto al di là delle comunità acquatiche e umane locali, causando conseguenze a lungo termine o irreparabili. In questa tesi ci si è occupati di due delle aree di studio costiere del progetto ECOManage: Santos e Bahia Bianca. Le due aree di studio sono sottoposte ad un notevole stress, causato specialmente da una mediocre pianificazione del territorio e dalle attività umane. La baia di Santos è contraddistinta dalla presenza di ecosistemi unici e di grande valore come la Mata Atlantica (foresta atlantica) e le foreste di mangrovie che sono costantemente sotto forte pressione provocata da un enorme sviluppo urbano nell'area che influenza anche la qualità dell'estuario stesso. Per questa ragione e per avere un'idea chiara delle condizioni di inquinamento dell'acqua dell'estuario di Santos, è stato calcolato un indice di qualità, applicando i principi dell'analisi Fuzzy, sulla base di campionamenti di acqua, sedimenti e organismi effettuati dal CETESB nel 1999 e nel 2000. L'indice di qualità evidenzia quelle aree dell'estuario in cui è presente un grado elevato, moderato e accettabile di inquinamento. Bahia Bianca è caratterizzata da estesi campi agricoli e da pascoli che la rendono una delle principali province argentine per l'esportazione di grano e di lana. Quest'area, pur essendo meno disturbata dal punto di vista ambientale rispetto alla baia di Santos, subisce un rilevante stress a causa delle attività agricole intensive che provocano erosione del suolo e degradazione del terreno. Lo scopo generale di questa ricerca è di creare un sistema di informazione completo e integrato usando le tecniche di telerilevamento e GIS, come fonte di dati per l'analisi dei problemi locali di Santos e Bahia Bianca, come ad esempio la perdita di suolo e l 'urbanizzazione. Inoltre stimare e comparare i risultati ottenuti da due modelli di erosione per evidenziare l'importanza della copertura vegetale come prevenzione dei processi di perdita del suolo che affliggono queste due aree. Nell'area di Santos è stata inclusa anche, come importante fonte di informazioni per gli studi attuali e futuri, un'analisi multitemporale della copertura del suolo, per determinare i cambiamenti di uso del suolo lungo un periodo di sette anni e la predizione dei cambiamenti nel futuro, applicando specifici software e tecniche di modellizzazione. Un sistema di supporto alle decisioni spaziale (SDSS) è stato elaborato per l'area di studio brasiliana per analizzare uno dei più importanti problemi di Santos: l'urbanizzazione, fornendo alle autorità locali uno strumento affidabile per i processi decisionali. L'analisi dei cambiamenti di copertura del suolo ha evidenziato le aree più vulnerabili alle pressioni antropiche (principalmente a causa della deforestazione e dell'urbanizzazione). I risultati ottenuti enfatizzano come le aree soggette maggiormente alle attività umane siano localizzate in zone di bassa e media elevazione, mentre le aree con maggior altitudine e forte pendenza ne sono meno influenzate. La maggior parte delle classi nelle due mappe di copertura del suolo (derivate dalla classificazione di due immagini satellitari Landsat del 1993 e del 2000) sono rimaste le stesse. Ciò è molto significativo in termini di impatto ambientale. La predizione della copertura del suolo per il 20 l O è stata ottenuta attraverso un'interpolazione basata sulle mappe di copertura del 1993 e del 2000. L'andamento di copertura del suolo per il 2010 rileva un apparente diminuzione degli effetti antropici e una copertura più uniforme. Ciò può essere giustificato dal miglioramento dell'applicazione delle leggi ambientali vigenti nell'area (CONAMA, 2002). La possibilità di predire la copertura del suolo del futuro è molto importante per effettuare valutazioni ambientali e per prevenire attività umane incontrollate, prevedendo possibili scenari riguardanti l'uso e la copertura del suolo dopo un numero specifico di anni. Per lo studio della degradazione del terreno e degli impatti dell'uomo sull'ambiente nelle due aree di studio, sono state elaborate delle mappe di rischio di erosione usando due diversi modelli, il RUSLE e l'USPED. Quest'ultimo permette di quantificare non solo la perdita di suolo ma anche i processi di deposizione che hanno luogo in una determinata regione. Il tasso di erosione è piuttosto basso sia per Santos che per Bahia Bianca, dove sembra che i processi di erosione siano determinati principalmente dalle caratteristiche topografiche delle due aree. Più bassi livelli di erosione sono stati trovati in terreni pianeggianti: in Santos le mangrovie hanno un tasso molto basso di erosione, mentre la vegetazione bassa ha un tasso più elevato; in Bahia Bianca le pianure intertidali hanno un tasso molto basso di erosione, mentre il suolo nudo a maggiori altitudini presenta un incremento dell'erosione. Ciò nonostante nell'area di Santos, la Mata Atlantica delle zone montane (che si trova prevalentemente ad altitudini maggiori a 570 m) presenta un'erosione molto bassa, evidenziando l 'importanza di una buona copertura vegetale nelle aree altrimenti soggette ad un elevato rischio di erosione. Comunque i livelli di erosione riscontrati nelle due aree di studio sono inferiori a quanto ci si aspettava: un'erosione molto elevata è stata rilevata solo nei terreni a maggior pendenza. Sfortunatamente la validazione dei risultati di erosione/sedimentazione non è possibile dal momento che non sono disponili misure in campo, ad ogni modo i risultati appaiono affidabili se confrontati con studi precedenti effettuati in località vicine con peculiarità simili. Inoltre i modelli di erosione sono un importante strumento per la valutazione dei processi di perdita di suolo e per l'elaborazione di mappe di rischio di erosione che possono essere utilizzate come utile riferimento per la pianificazione delle attività future, allo scopo di diminuire gli effetti erosivi attuali e di prevenire future degradazioni del suolo. Infine, l'elaborazione di un sistema di supporto decisionale spaziale per l'analisi dei problemi di urbanizzazione di Santos è stato possibile utilizzando i GIS. L'SDSS è stato progettato per valutare i problemi urbani di Santos, poiché c'è un numero considerevole di persone che vivono in aree protette come le riserve ecologiche delle mangrovie, comportando una forte pressione su questo fragile ed unico ecosistema, rendendo la loro sistemazione un importante problema da risolvere. Nella maggior parte dei casi queste persone appartengono alle classi sociali più basse, con stipendi miseri e uno stile di vita molto povero, aumentando la difficoltà della loro risistemazione. Essi dovrebbero venire al più presto spostati in zone più adeguate e più salubri. L'SDSS indica i posti più appropriate per realizzare questo progetto, tenendo in considerazione una serie di criteri. I fattori e le limitazioni considerate sono la topografia, la presenza di corpi d'acqua, la localizzazione di insediamenti urbani già esistenti, il tasso di erosione, il tipo di copertura del suolo, l'esistenza di aree protette. Tale strumento è un elemento prezioso che facilita la proposta di possibili soluzioni e gestioni del territorio attuabili per migliorare il problema dell'urbanizzazione a Santos e nei dintorni. Per questa ragione la realizzazione di un SDSS in questa tesi viene considerata come un metodo utile e affidabile per aiutare le autorità locali con i processi decisionali riguardanti le politiche da attuare per risolvere questo ed altri problemi critici che minacciano la città di Santos al momento attuale. È molto importante, quindi, fornire ai responsabili regionali e locali dei mezzi utili come i GIS, il telerilevamento, e strumenti di pianificazione attendibili come l'SDSS, come quelli realizzati in questa tesi, per aiutarli nel prendere decisioni, nel gestire il territorio e nell'affrontare i problemi odierni evitando un peggioramento dello scenario attuale. ; This thesis is developed within the ECOManage Project which have the strategic objectives to understand and quantify similarities and differences of estuarine system function in response to anthropogenic impacts in order to recommend restoration and/or sustainable development measures and to provide scientific support to local environmental managers on best-practice policies on 3 different coastal zones, including an estuary with mangroves (Santos-Brazil), a large estuary with wide intertidai areas (Bahia Bianca-Argentina) and a fiord (Aysen-Chile). This thesis focus mainly on two of Ecomanage study areas: Santos (Brazil) and Bahia Bianca (Argentina). Coastal areas, broadiy defined as near-coast waters and the adjacent land area, are nowadays one of the most threatened zones all over the world, due to their attractiveness, convenience and availability of resources for urban and industrial development. Therefore, many of these areas worldwide have reached critical environmental conditions as a result of great anthropologic pressure and overexploitation of their resources. Coastal areas are among the most vulnerable of Earth's ecosystems, any activity carried out in these areas should be carefully planned since what happens to the coasts has effects that reach far beyond their local aquatic and human communities, thus, causing irreparable or long term consequences. The two study areas that this thesis approach are characterized for being under significant environmental stress specially caused by poor urban planning and other anthropogenic activities like intensive agriculture. Santos is characterized by the presence of valuable and unique ecosystems as Mata Atlantica (Atlantic forest) and mangrove forests that are currently under great stress due to strong urban development in the area, which is also affecting the quality of its estuary. For this reason and so to have an appreciative idea of water quality conditions of Santos Estuary a quality index was also calculated applying Fuzzy set principles and based on water, sediment and organism samples collected by CETESB in 1999 and 2000. The quality index highlighted those areas with bad, moderate and acceptable pollution in the estuary. Bahia Bianca it is characterized by its extensive crop fields and pastures for grazing which make of i t one of the most important provinces in Argentina for grain and wool exportation. These area is under stress due to the intense agricultural activities which cause soil erosion and land degradation, however it is less environmentally affected than Santos Estuary. The general aim of this research is to create a complete information system using GIS and remote sensing techniques as data sources for the analysis of local problems of Santos and Bahia Bianca i.e. soil loss, urbanization. Furthermore, to estimate and compare rates of soil erosion obtained by two different erosion models stressing the importance of vegetation coverage as prevention of soil loss processes affecting these two study areas. The integration of landcover analysis making emphasis on multitemporal studies in the area of Santos to detect landcover change over a seven year period and the prediction of landcover change using specific software and modeling techniques was also included as an important source of information for the present and future studies. A Spatial Decision Support System (SDSS) was elaborated for Santos study area to tackle one of its most important problems, urbanization, therefore providing local authorities with a reliable tool for decision making processes. Santos landcover change analysis highlighted the most vulnerable areas regarding anthropogenic pressures, mainly deforestation and urbanization. Results obtained emphasize that areas mostly affected by anthropogenic activities are located on low and medium elevations, while those areas characterized by high elevations and steep slopes are less influenced by human activities. Most of the classes in both cases seem to remain as themselves, between 70% and 90% of the area represented by each class does not suffer any impact or transformation into other class, which is quite significant in terms of environmental impact. Landcover prediction of 2010 was obtained through interpolation of surfaces based on the input landcover maps of 1993 and 2000. Landcover trend map of 20 l O highlight an apparent decrease of anthropogenic effects and a more uniform landcover. This could be justified by the improvement in application of environmental laws in the area (CONAMA, 2002). The possibility to predict future landcover is quite significant for performing environmental assessment and preventing uncontrolled anthropogenic activities in this way foreseeing possible scenarios regarding landuse and lancover after a specified number of years. Another important factor that was taken into consideration for Iand degradation and environmental impacts of human activities in these two areas, was the calculation of erosion risk maps using two different models, the RUSLE and USPED, the latest one also gives a quantification of deposition processes taking place. Erosion rates tend to be quite low for both study areas. In Santos and Bahia Bianca it seems that erosion processes are mainly determined by topographic characteristics of each area. Lower erosion rates are found on plain terrains: in Santos mangroves have very low erosion rates, while low vegetation have higher erosion rates; for Bahia Bianca intertidal flats have very low erosion rates, while bare soil at higher elevation increase its erosion rates. Nevertheless, in Santos Mata Atlantica of highlands is mainly found at elevations of more than 570 m, but erosion rates are still very low, this fact highlight the importance of a good vegetation cover in those areas at high risk of erosion. However, erosion rates obtained for Santos and Bahia Bianca, are quite lower than expected, very high erosion values were found only on steep slopes. Unfortunately, validation of erosion-sedimentation results was not possible since in-situ field measurements were not available, nevertheless, results tend to be quite reliable if compared to previous studies performed in nearby areas with similar characteristics. Nevertheless erosion modeling is an important tool for assessment of soil loss processes and elaboration of soil erosion risk maps which are useful references for planning future activities, decreasing current erosion effects as well as preventing future soil degradation. Finally, the elaboration of a Spatial Decision Support System for analyzing urbanization problems in Santos was also possible by the application of GIS. The SDSS was designed to evaluate urban problems in Santos, as there is a considerable number of people living in protected areas as mangrove ecological reserves, which put significant pressure on this fragile and unique ecosystem, so making their relocation an important issue to be solved. In most of the cases these people belong to the lowest social class, characterized by very low incomes and living in extreme poor conditions, which make the difficult task of relocation even more difficult. These people must be conveniently moved as soon as possible to adequate and safe areas. The SDSS indicates the most appropriate places for doing so, taking into consideration a series of local factors and constraints such as, topography, water bodies, existing urban settlements, erosion and landuse, that are the basis of the analysis performed to determine "suitable" locations. The SDSS was an important asset that facilitated the proposal of feasible solutions and viable recommendations to improve urbanization problems in the area of Santos and surroundings. For this reason the elaboration of a SDSS within this thesis, was intended to be a useful and reliable tool to help local authorities with the decision making process for solving Santos most critical threats affecting the city at the present time. It is important to provide regional responsible authorities with the right tools as remote sensing and GIS and reliable planning sources like SDSS thus, helping them in the decision making process for efficiently face current problems avoiding a worsening of the present scenarios. ; XIX Ciclo ; 1973 ; Versione digitalizzata della tesi di dottorato cartacea.

XV. JAHRGANG, 1910 Oberösterreichische Bauzeitung (-) XV. Jahrgang, 1910 (XV. JG., 1910) ([1]) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 1. Linz, 1. Jänner 1910. (Nr. 1. 1910.) ([1]) Zum Bau der Lagerhäuser am Linzer Umschlagplatz. ([1]) Wie hat die Ausführung von Betonkanälen zu erfolgen? ([1]) Eine wichtige Frage. (2) [Plan]: Illustration zu Artikel: Bau der Lagerhäuser am Linzer Umshlagplatz. (3) Lokale Baunotizen. (4) Im Interesse des heimischen Bildhauergewerbes. (4) Gleichgültigkeit gegen die Fachpresse. (4) Zur Verbauung der Trainkaserngründe. Wohnhausbauten für die Angestellten der Staatsbahn. Städtische Professionistenarbeiten. Bildhauerarbeiten für das Gerichtsgebäude in Urfahr. Villenbau. Baugesellschaft in Enns. (5) Vorsicht bei Gerüstherstellungen. (5) Vortrag über Akustik. (6) Aus den Gemeinderatssitzungen in Linz (Sitzung vom 16. Dezember 1909.) (6) Patentliste. Bücherschau. Beton-Taschenbuch Jahrgang 1910. (7) [Tabelle]: Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. Vom 1. bis 31. Dezember 1909. (8) Werbung (9) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 2. Linz, 15. Jänner 1910. (Nr. 2. 1910.) ([11]) Heimische Kunstreformer. ([11]) Hausbauten aus Steinkohlenschlacken. ([11]) Randglossen zur Bauspekulation. (12) Von untergegangenen Kulturstätten und Kunstwerken. (13) Lokale Baunotizen. (14) Zum Bau des neuen Statthaltereigebäudes in Linz. (14) Zum Bau der Wohnhäuser für Staatsbahnangestellte in Linz. Vergebung von Bauarbeiten bei ärarischen Gebäuden. Umlagenfreiheit für Neubauten. Stadtkanalisierung in Ried. Wettbewerbsausschreibung für Entwürfe zu Kleinwohnungsbauten. Anfrage. Der erste weibliche Glaserlehrling. Etablissement für Zentralheizungsanlagen. (15) Baunachrichten aus Salzburg, Tirol und Vorarlberg. (16) Konviktbau. Kirchenrestaurierung. Schulbau. Wasserbehälter. Bahnhofumbau. Elektrizitätswerk. Brücke. (16) Gemeinderatssitzung in Linz. (Sitzung vom 5. Jänner 1910.) (16) Patentliste. (16) Werbung (17) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 3. Linz, 1. Februar 1910. (Nr. 3. 1910.) ([19]) Was unseren neuen Schulgebäuden noch fehlt! ([19]) Randglossen zur Bauspekulation. (20) Von untergegangenen Kulturstätten und Kunstwerken. (20) Lokale Baunotizen. (21) Zum Bau der Wohnhäuser für die Staatsbahnangestellten in Linz. (21) Städtische Arbeiten. Vom Neubau des k. k. Bezirksgerichtsgebäudes in Urfahr. Bau eines Kasinogebäudes. Zur Stadtkanalisierung in Ried. Staatliche Arbeiten und Lieferungen. Das Bauwesen auf dem flachen Lande. Zur Nachahmung empfohlen. (22) Gegen den Zuzug von Bauarbeitern nach Deutschland. (22) Baunachrichten aus Salzburg, Tirol und Vorarlberg. Patentliste. (23) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 15. bis 31. Jänner 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (2)Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke. In der Zeit vom 15. bis 31. Jänner 1910 haben beim städtischen Wasserbauamte folgende grundbesitzer den Wunsch des Wasserbezuges aus dem Wasserwerke angemeldet: (23) Bücherschau. Lehrbilder und Leitsätze für die praktische Zimmerei, Mörteluntersuchungen (24) [Tabelle]: Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. Vom 1. bis 31. Jänner 1910. (24) Werbung (25) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 4. Linz, 15. Februar 1910. (Nr. 4. 1910.) ([27]) Äußere Ansicht eines neuen Statthaltereigebäudes in Linz. ([27]) [Abb.]: Äußere Ansicht eines neuen Statthaltereigebäudes in Linz. ([27]) Randglossen zur Bauspekulation. ([27]) Die Bedeutung der Statistik für die Technik. (28) Die Fortschritte im Desinfektionswesen. (29) Einiges über Verblendsteine. (30) Lokale Baunotizen. (31) Über das Bauen während der Wintermonate. Schotterlieferung. Trottoirherstellung in der Harrachstraße. (31) Die neue Verordnung bei Vergebung staatlicher Arbeiten und Lieferungen. (31) Richtigstellung. Beu eines kreisrunden Hauses in Wien. Erbauung einer Pferdehalle. (32) Patentliste. (32) Werbung (33) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 5. Linz, 1. März 1910. (Nr. 5. 1910.) ([35]) Ein interessantes Werk für Architekten und Bildhauer in Aussicht. ([35]) Die Fortschritte im Desinfektionswesen. (36) Linoleum. (37) Herstellungsweise des Linoleums. (38) Über Schornsteinbauten. (38) Lokale Baunotizen. (39) Über die Bauart der Linzer Wohnhäuser. (39) Zum Umbau des Linzer Bahnhofes. (39) Neupflasterungen in Linz 1910. Parzellierungsänderung. Verkauf von Granitwerken. Untersagungen im Baugewerbe. (40) Errichtung einer Baukreditbank in Wien. (40) [Tabelle]: Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 1. bis 28. Februar 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (41) [Tabelle]: Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. Vom 1. bis 28. Februar 1910. (41) Werbung (43) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 6. Linz, 15. März 1910. (Nr. 6. 1910.) ([45]) Errichten wir Bedürfnisanstalten! ([45]) Die Wohnungsfrage und der IX. internationale Wohnungskongreß. ([45]) Über Schornsteinbauten. (46) Über die Behandlung von Linoleumböden. (47) Das Rosten des Eisens und sein Verhütung. (48) Lokale Baunotizen. (49) Über das Projektieren für den Bau eines neuen Statthaltereigebäudes in Linz. Zweigniederlassung einer Wiener Fabrik in Linz. Vom Schulbau in Urfahr. Fabrikszubauten. Neubauten in Ried. (49) Aus einer Versammlung der Baugewerbetreibenden in der Stadt Steyr. (49) Zum Bau des technischen Museum für Industrie und Gewerbe in Wien. (50) Baunachrichten aus Salzburg, Tirol und Vorarlberg. (50) Aus den Gemeinderatssitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 2. März 1910.) (50) Vorschriften für Bürgersteige. (50) Das offene Bausystem in der verlängerten Lessinggasse. (50) Patentliste. (51) [Tabelle]: Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 1. bis 15. März 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (51) Werbung (51) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 7. Linz, 1. April 1910. (Nr. 7. 1910.) ([53]) Verhandlung über das Bahnhofprojekt in Linz. ([53]) Die neue Gebäudesteuer-Vorlage. (54) Lokale Baunotizen. (55) Eine Skizze für den Bahnhofumbau in Linz. (55) Benennung neuer Straßen auf den Trainkasernengründen in Linz. Tischlerarbeiten. Bau eines neuen Mädchen-Lyzeums. Projektierter Hausbau. Vergrößerung des Isabellen-Kinderspitales in Linz. Vergebung von Professionisten-Arbeiten für das Bezirksgerichtsgebäude in Urfahr. (56) Aus den Gemeinderatssitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 16. März 1910.) (56) Patentliste. Bücherschau. Beton-Kalender 1910. (57) [Tabelle]: Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke. In der Zeit vom 15. bis 31. März 1910 haben beim städtischen Wasserbauamte folgende grundbesitzer den Wunsch des Wasserbezuges aus dem Wasserwerke angemeldet: (57) [Tabelle]: Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. Vom 1. bis 31. März 1910. (58) [Tabelle]: Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 15. bis 31. März 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (59) Werbung (59) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 8. Linz, 15. April 1910. (Nr. 8. 1910.) ([61]) Eine neue Massivdecke. Formsteinbalkendecke "System Seidel". Erzeugt von der Wienerberger Ziegelfabrik- und Baugesellschaft Wien. ([61]) [4 Abb.]: (1)Fig. 1. (2)Fig. 2. (3)Fig. 3. (4)Fig. 4. ([61]) [3 Abb.]: (1)Fig. 5. Lagerplatz der Wienerberger Ziegelei. (2)Fig. 6. Neubau am Rudolf v. Alt-Platz in Wien. (3)Fig. 7. Neubau am Rudolf v. Alt-Platz in Wien. Aufziehen der Seidelbalken. (62) Klage eines Baugewerbetreibenden. (63) Das Telephon und die Blitzgefahr. (64) Allgemeine Städtebau-Ausstellung Berlin 1910. (65) Lokale Baunotizen. (65) Ein komischer Bauunfall am Lande. (65) Verhandlungen von Bauangelegenheiten in Straßburg. Richtigstellung. Hausschwamm. Elekrtische Anlagen. Internationaler Wohnungskongreß, Wien 1910. Aufschließung eines Magnesitvorkommens. (66) Baunachrichten aus Salzburg, Tirol und Vorarlberg. (67) [Tabelle]: Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 1. bis 15. April 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (67) Werbung (67) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 9. Linz, 1. Mai 1910. (Nr. 9. 1910.) ([69]) Die städtischen Desinfektionsanlagen in Paris. ([69]) [Abb.]: Die städtischen Desinfektionsanlagen in Paris. ([69]) Über Poprtlandzement. (70) Asphalt im Baufach. (71) Lokale Baunotizen. (71) Von den Trainkasernengründen. (71) Adaptierungsarbeiten. Bau eines Schutzhauses. Unterlassung von Bewohnbarkeits-Lizenzen. Über Zentralheizungsanlagen (72) Offert-Verhandlungen. Baunachrichten aus Salzburg, Tirol und Vorarlberg. (72) Aus den Gemeinderatssitzungen in Linz (Sitzung vom 12. April 1910.) (73) Patentliste. (74) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 15. bis 30. April 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (2)Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke. In der Zeit vom 15. bis 30. April 1910 haben beim städtischen Wasserbauamte folgende grundbesitzer den Wunsch des Wasserbezuges aus dem Wasserwerke angemeldet: (74) [Tabelle]: Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. Vom 1. bis 30. April 1910. (75) Werbung (75) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 10. Linz, 15. Mai 1910. (Nr. 10. 1910.) ([77]) Die in Klagenfurt neu zu erbauende Kavalleriekaserne. ([77]) [Abb.]: Die in Klagenfurt neu zu erbauende Kavalleriekaserne. ([77]) Der Aschenmörtel. (78) Einführung einer Wertzuwachssteuer für Landes- und Gemeindezwecke. (79) Lokale Baunotizen. (80) Projekt für einen Hausbau auf den Trainkasernengründen. Badehaus-Errichtung. Eine nicht schalldichte Wand. Ausschreibung von Bauarbeiten. (80) Zur dermaligen Wirtschaftslage in Österreich. (80) Wohnungsveränderung. (81) Baunachrichten aus Salzburg, Tirol und Vorarlberg. Aus den Gemeinderatssitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 4. Mai 1910.) (81) Vermischtes. (81) Aus guter alter Zeit. (81) Eine Reklame zugunsten der Kachelöfen und Kachelherde. (81) Patentliste. Eingesendet. Protestversammlung. (82) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 1. bis 15. Mai 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (2)Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke. In der Zeit vom 1. bis 15. Jänner 1910 haben beim städtischen Wasserbauamte folgende grundbesitzer den Wunsch des Wasserbezuges aus dem Wasserwerke angemeldet: (83) Werbung (83) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 11. Linz, 1. Juni 1910. (Nr. 11. 1910.) ([85]) Über Häuser-Expropriierung. ([85]) Praktische Winke für Brunnenanlagen. (87) Behandlung der Teppiche. (87) Lokale Baunotizen. (88) Zu den Wohnhausbauten für die Staatsbahnangestellten in Linz. Schulbau. Oberösterreichische Baugesellschaft. Zu unserer Notiz "Neubau auf den Trainkasernengründen in Linz". Aufnahme eines Darlehens. (88) Zugluft in freistehenden Häusern. (88) Straßenpflasterungen zu ungeeigneter Zeit. Für Kunstfreunde. (89) Offert-Verhandlungen. Aus den Gemeinderatssitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 25. Mai 1910.) Patentliste. (89) [Tabelle]: Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. Vom 1. bis 31. Mai 1910. (90) Bücherschau. Für Interessenten von Gartenanlagen. (91) [Tabelle]: Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 15. bis 31. Mai 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (91) Werbung (91) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 12. Linz, 15. Juni 1910. (Nr. 12. 1910.) ([93]) Abermals eine Holzpflasterung in Linz. ([93]) Kurzen Prozeß machen. (94) Verleihung einer Baumeisterkonzession an eine Gesellschaft m b. H. (94) Haltbarkeit von Wärmeschutzmassen. (95) Über Straßen in Paris, deren Unterhaltung und Reinigung. (95) [Tabelle]: Zum Schluß möge noch der Reinigungs-Etat für 1910 folgen: (96) Lokale Baunotizen. (97) Ein Wort über baupolizeiliche Aufsicht. Bau eines Lagerhauses. Vom Bau des Postamtsgebäudes in Wels. Bau- und Wohnungsgenossenschaft in Enns. Ankauf einer Kaltwasserheilanstalt. Ein Urteil über den Eternitschiefer. Häuseranstriche. Wie stellt man einen Lawn-Tennis-Platz her? (97) Ein Unfug, der abgestellt werden sollte. (97) Offert-Verhandlungen. Aus den Gemeinderatssitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 1. Juni 1910.) Patentliste. (98) [Tabelle]: Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 1. bis 15. Juni 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (98) Werbung (99) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 13. Linz, 1. Juli 1910. (Nr. 13. 1910.) ([101]) [Abb.]: Grundrißlösung zum Bau eines Kasinogebäudes in Salzburg. ([101]) Zur Wirtschaftslage in Deutschland. (102) Der Straßen-Reinigungsdienst in Paris. (103) Lokale Baunotizen. (103) Vortrag über das Thema "Straße und Platz". (103) Spitalzubau. Zum Spitalbau in der Stadt Steyr. Bahnhoferweiterung. Villenbau. (104) Bauausführungen im Staatsbudget 1910. (104) Gegen die Errichtung von Staatsgewerbeschulen. Zehn Gebote für Lehrmeister. (105) Offert-Verhandlungen. Baunachrichten aus Salzburg, Tirol und Vorarlberg. (105) Aus den Gemeinderatssitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 15. Juni 1910.) (105) Bücherschau. (107) Eisenbetonbau-Selbststudium von F. Michaelis. Mauerwerks-Untersuchungen von Professor Hermann Germer, Jahrbuch der Genossenschaft der Bau- und Steinmetzmeister uralte Bauhütte in Wien. (107) [Tabelle]: Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 15. bis 30. Juni 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (107) [Tabelle]: Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke. In der Zeit vom 15. bis 30. Juni 1910 haben beim städtischen Wasserbauamte folgende grundbesitzer den Wunsch des Wasserbezuges aus dem Wasserwerke angemeldet: (108) [Tabelle]: Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. Vom 1. bis 30. Juni 1910. (108) Werbung (109) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 14. Linz, 15. Juli 1910. (Nr. 14. 1910.) ([111]) Zur Errichtung einer Fabriksanlage in Oberösterreich. ([111]) Zur bevorstehenden Gebäudesteuer-Erhöhung. ([111]) Ein interessanter Rechtsfall in Bauangelegenheiten. (112) Überwachung der Feuerung bei Dampfkesselanlagen. (113) Holzzerstörende Insekten. (113) Aus den Gemeinderatssitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 6. Juni 1910.) (114) Lokale Baunotizen. (115) Zu den Spitalbauprojekten in Stadt Steyr. Linz, eine rein gehaltene Stadt. Erbauung einer Pferdehalle. Besprechung eines Neubaues. (115) Errichtung einer Bauernstube. (115) Zur Erbauung einer Mädchenbürgerschule in Ried. Krankenhaus-Erweiterung. Zum Frauenstudium an den Staatsgewerbeschulen. Der Humor im Setzkasten. (116) Bücherschau. (116) Meistertitel und Meisterprüfung von Rich. Schlegel. Bauinschriften in Schweden und Dänemark von Richard Schlegel. Raffael in seiner Bedeutung als Architekt, von Professor Th. Hofmann, Architekt. (116) Das Veranschlagen von Hochbauten. (116) Zeitschrift des Nordböhmischen Gewerbemuseums. (117) [Tabelle]: Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 1. bis 15. Juli 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (117) Werbung (117) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 15. Linz, 1. August 1910. (Nr. 15. 1910.) ([119]) Wie projektiert man Spitalbauten? ([119]) Holzzerstörende Insekten. (121) Lokale Baunotizen. (121) Noch immer Bauschwindel. (121) Errichtung einer Badeanstalt in Linz. Zum Bau der Häuser für die Staatsbahn-Angestellten in Linz. Zum Lagerhausbau am Linzer Umschlagplatze. Bau eines Industriegleises. Schlechte Kachelöfen. Nochmals der Pferdehallenbau in Enns. Submissionsblüten. (122) Offert-Verhandlungen. (122) Bau eines Bretterschupfens. Vergebung von Hochbauarbeiten. (122) Stahlbauten. (122) Bau eines Aufnahmsgebäudes. (123) Aus den Gemeinderatssitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 13. Juli 1910.) (123) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 15. bis 31. Juli 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (2)Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. Vom 1. bis 31. Juli 1910. (124) Baunachrichten aus Salzburg, Tirol und Vorarlberg. Patentliste. Bücherschau. Die moderne Richtung in der Kunst. Von M. Dankler. (125) Werbung (125) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 16. Linz, 15. August 1910. (Nr. 16. 1910.) ([127]) Wiener Bauverhältnisse 1910. ([127]) Beseitigung der Übelstände infolge Heißwerdens der Schornsteinwandungen. ([127]) Der künstliche Schutz des Bauholzes. (128) Befähigungsnachweis im Baugewerbe. (129) Holzzerstörende Insekten. (130) Lokale Baunotizen. (131) Schwindel mit Zement. Erbauung eines Verzehrungssteuer-Linienamtsgebäudes in Linz. Rauchbelästigung. Wehrbau. Bau eines neuen Kurhauses. Geschäfts-Übernahme. (131) Moderne Villenbauten. (131) Ausstellung. Für Architekten. (132) Offert-Verhandlungen. Aus den Gemeinderatssitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 20. Juli 1910.) Baunachrichten aus Salzburg, Tirol und Vorarlberg. Patentliste. (132) Bücherschau. Entwurf für ein eingebautes Wohnhaus. (133) [Tabelle]: Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 1. bis 15. August 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (133) Werbung (133) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 17. Linz, 1. September 1910. (Nr. 17. 1910.) ([135]) Ein Schlachthaus-Jubiläum. ([135]) [Abb.]: Ein Schlachthaus-Jubiläum. ([135]) Wichtige Erfindungen für Zeichner. Durchsichtigmachung von Vorlagen, Entwürfen oder Zeichnungen für Pausen. ([135]) Der künstliche Schutz des Bauholzes. (136) 1. Wirksamkeit. (136) [Tabelle]: Nach sehr sorgfältigen Untersuchungen steht die Wirksamkeit gleicher Salzmengen etwa in folgendem Verhältnis: (136) 2. Wirtschaftlichkeit. (136) [Tabelle]: Hiernach ergibt sich für die Wirtschaftlichkeit der einzelnen Mittel in äquivalenten Mengen folgende Skala. Es kostet pro Einheit der Wirkung: (137) 3. Beständigkeit. 4. Löslichkeit. 5. Unschädlichkeit und Ungiftigkeit. 6. Angemehme Farbe und Geruch. 7. Vor allem aber seine enorme Brennbarkeit. 8. Wasserlöslichkeit. 9. Konstanz in der Wirkung. 10. Bequemlichkeit in der Anwendung. (137) Jahresbericht der Wiener Handelskammer. (137) Lokale Baunotizen. (138) Probepflasterung mit Teerolit in Lint. (138) Zur neuen Badehausanlage. Mauer- und Gastwirtsgewerbe. (139) Baunachrichten aus Salzburg, Tirol und Vorarlberg. Patentliste. (139) [Tabelle]: Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. Vom 1. bis 31. August 1910. (140) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 15. bis 31. August 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (2)Anmeldung für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke. In der Zeit vom 15. bis 31. August 1910 haben beim städtischen Wasserbauamte folgende Grundbesitzer den Wunsch des Wasserbezuges aus dem Wasserwerke angemeldet: (141) Werbung (141) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 18. Linz, 15. September 1910. (Nr. 18. 1910.) ([143]) Ein fachmännisches Urteil über den Brand der Brüsseler Weltausstellung. ([143]) Die Verwendung offener Koksfeuer auf Bauten. ([143]) Projekt für ein Kaiserdenkmal in Krems. (144) Jahresbericht der Wiener Handelskammer. (145) Stein-, Erd-, Ton- und Glaswaren. (145) Bruchsteine. (145) Stiegenstufen und Pfeiler. Granitwürfel. Steinmetzarbeiten in Marmor und Granit. (146) Hydraulische Bindemittel. (146) Lokale Baunotizen. (147) Zum Bau des Gerichtsgebäudes in Leonfelden. Ein Probeversuch. Fabriksbau. Ein Urteil über den Eternit-Schiefer. Von den neuen Arbeitshäusern der Staatsbahnangestellten. Zur Nachahmung empfohlen. Im Lunapark. (147) Mittel gegen Ungeziefer in einem Neubau. (147) Offert-Verhandlungen. (148) Frabriksgründung. Elektrische Lichtanlage. Röhren, Fassonstücke, Armaturen. Wohnhäuser. (148) Bücherschau. Verkehrsbücher österreichischer Eisenbahnen. (148) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 1. bis 15. September 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (2)Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke. In der Zeit vom 1. bis 15. September 1910 haben beim städtischen Wasserbauamte folgende grundbesitzer den Wunsch des Wasserbezuges aus dem Wasserwerke angemeldet: (148) Werbung (149) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 19. Linz, 1. Oktober 1910. (Nr. 19. 1910.) ([151]) [Abb.]: Aus der Mappe eines Architekten. Projekt für das Gebäude einer freiwilligen Rettungsgesellschaft in Galitzyn. ([151]) Brandprobe. ([151]) Die Heizung unserer Wohnräume. (152) Jahresbericht der Wiener Handelskammer. (152) Kunststeine für Bauzwecke. Öfen und Heizanlagen. Beleuchtungsgegenstände. Spenglerwaren. Holzimprägnierung und Holzpflasterung. (153) Parketten. (153) Der Hausschwamm. (154) Lokale Baunotizen. (154) Was soll eine städtische Badeanstalt bieten. Bau eines Maschinen- und Kesselhauses. (154) Bemalte Hausfassaden. (154) Auskunft über "Eternit". Holzwurm durch Carbolineum zu vertreiben. (155) Offert-Verhandlungen. Aus den Gemeinderatssitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 21. September 1910.) (155) Patentliste. (155) Baunachrichten aus Salzburg, Tirol und Vorarlberg. (156) [Tabelle]: Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. Vom 1. bis 30. September 1910. (156) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 15. bis 30. September 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (2)Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke. In der Zeit vom 15. bis 30. September 1910 haben beim städtischen Wasserbauamte folgende grundbesitzer den Wunsch des Wasserbezuges aus dem Wasserwerke angemeldet: (157) Werbung (157) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 20. Linz, 15. Oktober 1910. (Nr. 20. 1910.) ([159]) Glossen über das Konkurrenzverfahren. ([159]) Städtische Bodenpolitik (160) Feuilleton. Der Traum eines Hausmeisters. (160) Lokale Baunotizen. (161) Einiges von unserem Friedhof. (161) Mangel an kleinen Wohnungen in Linz. (161) Zum Bau der Personalhäuser für die Angestellten der k. k. Staatsbahn in Linz. Ein vernachlässigtes Stadtgebiet. (162) Krankenhauserweiterung. Heizwert der Hölzer. (163) Vermischtes. Baunachrichten aus Salzburg, Tirol und Vorarlberg. (163) Aus den Gemeinderatssitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 5. Oktober 1910.) (163) Patentliste. Bücherschau. Innen-Dekoration. (164) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 15. bis 31. Oktober 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (2)Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke. In der Zeit vom 15. bis 31. Oktober 1910 haben beim städtischen Wasserbauamte folgende grundbesitzer den Wunsch des Wasserbezuges aus dem Wasserwerke angemeldet: (165) Werbung (165) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 21. Linz, 1. November 1910. (Nr. 21. 1910.) ([167]) Über moderne Badeanlagen. ([167]) Die Wohnungsnot in Wien. ([167]) Städtische Bodenpolitik. (168) Lokale Baunotizen. (169) Zur Neupflasterung der Urfahrer Hauptstraße. (169) Brandprobe. Für angehende Baufachleute. Bau einer Möbelfabrik. Unvorsichtigkeiten bei Bauten. Schutz der oberösterreichischen Ziegelfabrikation. Ankauf einer Dampfstraßenwalze. (170) Strohmänner im Baugewerbe. (170) Baunachrichten aus Salzburg, Tirol und Vorarlberg. Offert-Verhandlungen. (171) Aus den Gemeinderatssitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 12. Oktober 1910.) (171) Vermischtes. (172) Das Verhalten verschiedener Baumaterialien in Bezug auf das Fortleiten des Schalles. (172) Eine Kirche, die von Frauen gemauert wird. (173) [Tabelle]: Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. Vom 1. bis 31. Oktober 1910. (172) Werbung (173) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 22. Linz, 15. November 1910. (Nr. 22. 1910.) ([175]) Zum Schlusse der Bausaison 1910. ([175]) Wie soll die Baugrube beschaffen sein? ([175]) Städtische Bodenpolitik. (177) Lokale Baunotizen. (178) Brandprobe mit Dachdeckungsmaterialien. Ernennungen. Bau eines Amtsgebäudes in Schärding. Gebührennachlaß für Verkauf von Neubauten. (178) Merkwürdige Brandursachen. (179) Baunachrichten aus Salzburg, Tirol und Vorarlberg. (179) Aus den Gemeinderatssitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 26. Otkober 1910.) (179) Vermischtes. (180) Patentliste. (180) Bücherschau. "Im eigenen Hause nicht teurer als zur Miete." (181) [Tabelle]: Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke. In der Zeit vom 1. bis 15. November 1910 haben beim städtischen Wasserbauamte folgende grundbesitzer den Wunsch des Wasserbezuges aus dem Wasserwerke angemeldet: (181) Werbung (181) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 23. Linz, 1. Dezember 1910. (Nr. 23. 1910.) ([183]) Etwas über Baupoliere. ([183]) Wie soll die Baugrube beschaffen sein. ([183]) Die hygienischen Mängel der jetzigen Bauart. (184) Wie erzielt man Trockenheit, günstige Wärmeverhältnisse und Luftwechsel? (184) Der rheinische Schwemmstein beseitigt die Mängel. Im Sommer kühl, im Winter warm. (185) Rascher Luftwechsel. (185) Lokale Baunotizen. (186) Projekt für ein Musterhaus. (186) Vom Schicksal des Steinernen Saales im Landhause. (186) Betonbauunternehmung in Linz. Zubau zur Landes-Irrenanstalt. Errichtung eines Eislaufplatzes. Eelkrische Anlage. Brückenbau. Zum Bau des Amtsgebäudes in Schärding. Spitalerweiterung. (187) Aus den Gemeinderatssitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 23. November 1910.) Offert-Verhandlungen. Baunachrichten aus Salzburg, Tirol und Vorarlberg. (187) [Tabelle]: Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. Vom 1. bis 30. November 1910. (188) Patentliste. Bücherschau. Statik für Baugewerbeschulen und Baugewerksmeister von Karl Zillich, (189) Werbung (189) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 24. Linz, 15. Dezember 1910. (Nr. 24. 1910.) ([191]) Ueber das moderne Bestechungssystem. ([191]) Wichtiges über die Unterböden des Linoleums. (192) Der neue Gesetzentwurf betreffend die Gebäudesteuer. (192) Herstellung gebrannter Ziegel oder Kunststeine unter Verwendung von Ton als Bindemittel. (193) Lokale Baunotizen. (194) Rücktritt. Ein Klagebrief vom Lande. Ambulante Speisehütten in Linz. Aus den Gemeinderatssitzungen in Linz. Entwässerungsarbeiten in St. Florian. (194) Armenhaus. Nachahmenswert. Elektrizitätswerk. Uebernahme eines Elektrizitätswerkes und der Straßenbahn. Badhauserweiterung. Bahnprojekt. Wasserleitung. Landhaus. Straßenbauarbeiten. (195) Offert-Verhandlungen. Patentliste. Bücherschau. Statik für Baugewerksschulen und Baugewerksmeister von Karl Zillich, (195) Inhalts-Verzeichnis. (196) [Tabelle]: Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 1. bis 15. Dezember 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (197) Werbung (197)

ILLUSTRIERTE GESCHICHTE DES BALKANKRIEGES 1912 - 13 ERSTER BAND Illustrierte Geschichte des Balkankrieges 1912 - 13 (-) Illustrierte Geschichte des Balkankrieges 1912 - 13 Erster Band (I. / 1913) ( - ) Einband ( - ) Deckblatt ([I]) [Abb.]: ([II]) Titelseite ([III]) Inhaltsverzeichnis. ([V]) Verzeichnis der Abbildungen. ([VI]) Verzeichnis der Karten. (VIII) Der Balkan. ([1]) [Abb.]: ([1]) Die Vorgeschichte des Krieges. ([2]) Das osmanische Reich. ([2]) [Abb.]: Sultan Mohammed I. ([2]) [Abb.]: Blick auf das "Goldene Horn" zwischen Stambul und Pera. (3) [Abb.]: Mohammedanische Prozession vor Ausbruch des Krieges. (5) Das Königreich Bulgarien. (6) [Abb.]: König Ferdinand von Bulgarien. (6) [Abb.]: Tirnovo, die alte bulgarische Krönungsstadt. (7) Das Königreich Serbien. (8) [Abb.]: König Peter von Serbien. (9) Das Königreich Montenegro. (9) [Abb.]: König Nikolaus von Montenegro. (10) Das Königreich Griechenland. (10) [Abb.]: König Georg I. von Griechenland. (11) Die Volksstämme auf dem Balkan. (12) [Karte]: Übersichtskarte der Balkanstaaten. ([13]) Die Streitpunkte zwischen den vier Balkanstaaten und der Türkei. ([15]) [Abb.]: Bulgarien. Griechenland. Serbien Montenegro. Türkei. ([15]) [Abb.]: Mazedonier überschreiten die türkische Grenze. (17) [Abb.]: Mazedonier mit ihren Fahnen. (18) Der Balkanbund. (19) [2 Abb.]: (1)Venizelos, griechischer Ministerpräsident. (2)Nikolaus Pasić, serbischer Ministerpräsident. (19) [Abb.]: Mazedonische Freiwillige. (20) Das Verhältnis der europäischen Mächte zu Balkan und Balkanbund. (21) [Abb.]: Serbische Truppen auf dem Wege zum Kriegsschauplatz. (22) Der Schritt der Mächte bei den fünf Balkanstaaten. (23) Der Ausbruch des Krieges zwischen Montenegro und der Türkei. (24) [Abb.]: Der König von Montenegro und sein Stab. (25) [Abb.]: Blick auf Podgorica. (26) [Abb.]: Das erste bulgarische Infanterieregiment bei einer Rast auf dem Marsche. (27) Kriegsstimmung und Kriegsrüstung in Bulgarien. (28) [Abb.]: Bulgarische Artillerie. (29) [Abb.]: Bulgaren beim letzten Mahl mit der Familie. (30) Die Mobilisierung in Serbien. (31) [Abb.]: Der Metropolit von Belgrad segnet die serbischen Fahnen. (32) [Abb.]: Serbische Feldartillerie. (33) Die Kriegsvorkehrungen Griechenlands. (33) [Abb.]: Gesamtansicht des Piräus. (34) [Abb.]: Prinz Konstantin von Griechenland, der Generalissimus der griechischen Armee, inspiziert die Infanterie. (35) [Abb.]: (36) Kriegsvorbereitungen und Friedensbestrebungen der Türkei. ([37]) [3 Abb.]: (1)Aja Sophia. (2)Yeni Djami. (3)Galato. ([37]) [Abb.]: Türkische Infanterie. (38) [Abb.]: Blick auf eine der schmalsten Stellen des Bosporus. (39) [Abb.]: Türkische Kavallerie. (40) [Abb.]: Panorama vom Bosporus. (41) I. Teil. ([42]) Der Siegeszug der verbündeten Balkanmächte. ([42]) [Abb.]: Kriegsberichterstatter. (43) [Abb.]: Das königliche Palais in Sofia. (44) [Abb.]: Bulgarische Maschinengewehrabteilung. (46) [Abb.]: König Peter am Operationsfeld. (47) Die Stellung der Mächte nach der Kriegserklärung. (48) [Karte]: Montenegro u. seine Grenzgebiete. (49) [Abb.]: Mazedonisches Dorf nach einem Bandenkampf. (50) [Abb.]: Ärzte und Krankenpfleger vom Roten Halbmond begeben sich auf den Kriegsschauplatz. (51) Der Aufmarsch der Balkanarmeen. (52) Bulgarien. (52) [Abb.]: General Sawow, der Leiter der bulgarischen Operationen. (52) [Abb.]: Bulgarische Infanterie im Schützengraben mit freiwilligen Krankenpflegern. (53) Serbien. (54) [Abb.]: Im serbischen Lager. (54) Griechenland. (55) [Abb.]: Griechische Infanteristen. (55) Die Schwierigkeiten des türkischen Aufmarsches. (56) [Abb.]: Transport türkischer Truppen über den Bosporus. (56) [3 Abb.]: Türkische Kavallerie. (1)Garde-Ulanen-Reg. (2)Türkische Kavallerie. (3)II. Kavallerie-Reg. (57) [Abb.]: Befestigungen und Kastelle bei Konstantinopel. (59) Der Ausbruch des Krieges an der montenegrinischen Grenze. ([60]) [Abb.]: Montenegrinische Grenzwache an der montenegrinisch-türkischen Heerstraße. ([60]) [Abb.]: Eine Mirditenschar in den albanischen Bergen. (62) [Abb.]: Typen von der montenegrinischen Grenze. (64) [Abb.]: Montenegrinische Artillerie vor Tuzi. (66) [Abb.]: Die ersten türkischen Kriegsgefangenen in Cetinje. (67) Der montenegrinische Kriegsschauplatz und seine Bewohner. ([68]) Der montenegrinische Kriegsschauplatz und seine Bewohner. ([68]) [Abb.]: König Nikolaus beobachtet die Operationen. ([68]) Montenegro. ([68]) [Abb.]: Das montenegrinische Ministerpalais in Cetinje. (69) [Abb.]: Der Markt in Cetinje. (70) Nordalbanien. (71) [Abb.]: Malissoren und Mirditen. (71) [3 Abb.]: (1(Christliche Malissorin. (2)Befestigte Kula. (3)Mohammedanische Malissorin. (73) Skutari. (74) [Abb.]: Albanische Soldaten. (74) [Abb.]: Das Tal von Rijeka. (75) [Abb.]: Podgorica. (77) [Abb.]: (78) Der Beginn der bulgarischen Offensive. ([79]) [Abb.]: Bulgarische Feldartillerie im Feuer. (80) [Abb.]: Bulgarische Feldartillerie im Feuer. (80) [Abb.]: Bulgarische Soldaten künden an, daß ein Dorf verbrannt wird. (81) [Abb.]: König Ferdinand der Bulgaren in Stara Zagora. (83) [Karte]: Karte des östlichen Kriegsschauplatzes. (84) [Abb.]: Selim-Moschee in Adrianopel. (85) Der Vorstoß auf Adrianopel und Kirkkilisse. (87) [Abb.]: Kirkkilisse. (87) [Abb.]: Zerschossene Befestigung bei Adrianopel. (88) [Abb.]: Türkische Reserven bei Adrianopel. (89) Der Krieg an der Nordwest- und an der Südgrenze der Türkei. (89) [Abb.]: Soldatenwäsche. (90) [Abb.]: Zigeunerhaus in Altserbien. (91) Flottenaktionen. (93) [Abb.]: Ein türkischer Gefangenentransport unter serbischer Bewachung in Vranja. (93) [Abb.]: Varna. (94) Der "Kreuzzug" der Balkanstaaten. (95) [Abb.]: Abmarsch der Truppen aus Athen. (95) Die religiösen Verhältnisse auf dem Balkan. (96) [Abb.]: Sturm auf ein Fort bei Tuzi. (97) [Abb.]: (98) Die europäische Diplomatie in der Erwartung der Hauptschlacht. ([99]) [Abb.]: Üsküb, die alte serbische Hauptstadt. (100) [Abb.]: Vardarbrücke in Üsküb. (101) "Der Balkan den Balkanvölkern!" (102) [Abb.]: Hauptstraße in Üsküb mit Moschee. (103) Der Sandschak-Novibazar. (103) [Abb.]: Hauptplatz in Vranja, dem serbischen Hauptquartier. (104) Diplomatenzusammenkunft. (104) [Abb.]: Serbische Infanterie auf Requisition. (106) Der Zusammenbruch der türkischen Armee bei Kirkkilisse. (107) [Abb.]: Bulgarische Truppen auf dem Wege nach Adrianopel. (109) [Abb.]: Fliehende türkische Landbevölkerung. (110) [Abb.]: Hinrichtung von Baschibozuks. (112) Die Schlacht von Kirkkilisse. ([113]) [Abb.]: ([113]) [Karte]: Der Schauplatz der Kämpfe um Kirkkilisse. (114) Türkische Kriegsgefangene in Stara Zagora. (115) [Abb.]: Zerstörter türkischer Friedhof. (116) [Abb.]: Die Türken auf dem Rückzug von Kirkkilisse. (117) Der erste Detailbericht. (118) [Abb.]: Nach dem Kampfe. (119) Im türkischen Hauptquartier. (119) [Abb.]: Dankgottesdienst in Stara Zagora nach der Schlacht bei Kirkkilisse. (121) [Abb.]: Bulgarische Volksmassen in Sofia während des Dankgottesdienstes für die Einnahme von Kirkkilisse. (122) Siegesfeier im bulgarischen Hauptquartier. (123) [Abb.]: Erbprinz Boris und Prinz Cyrill von Bulgarien. (124) [Abb]: Das Rote Kreuz auf dem Schlachtfeld. (127) [Abb.]: Sturmangriff auf die türkische Position bei Kirkkilisse. (129) Bericht eines Augenzeugen über die Schlacht. (130) [Abb.]: General Dimitrijew, der Sieger von Kirkkilisse. (131) [Abb.]: Rückzug der Türken bei Kirkkilisse. (133) Die militärische Beurteilung der türkischen Niederlage. (134) [Abb.]: Im bulgarischen Offizierslager. (135) In der eroberten Stadt. (136) [Abb.]: König Ferdinand von Bulgarien im Gespräch mit türkischen Gefangenen. (136) Die Sieger. (137) [Abb.]: (138) Der serbische Vorstoß bei Kumanovo. ([139]) [Abb.]: Schlachtfeld bei Kumanovo mit erbeuteter Kanone. (140) [Abb.]: Türkische Verteidigungsstellung bei Kumanovo. (142) [Abb.]: Leichenverbrennung nach der Schlacht bei Kumanovo. (144) Die ersten Details über die Kämpfe bei Kumanovo. (144) Im serbischen Hauptquartier. (145) [Abb.]: Bauernhaus in Vranja. (146) [Abb.]: Albanesische Plünderer, die zur Hinrichtung geführt werden. (147) Die Siegesnachrichten in Belgrad. (147) [Abb.]: Türkische Grenzbevölkerung auf der Flucht. (149) Belgrad in Trauer. (150) [Abb.]: Gefangene türkische Soldaten. (152) [Abb.]: (154) Der Vormarsch der Serben nach Üsküb. (154) [Abb.]: Üsküb. (155) [Abb.]: Die Serben von Üsküb. Im Biwak. (157) [Abb.]: Blick auf Üsküb. (159) Die Aufnahme der Kriegsnachrichten im serbischen Hauptquartier. (160) [Abb.]: Einzug der Serben in Üsküb. (161) Kumanovo und Üsküb. (162) [Abb.]: Straße in Üsküb. (163) [Abb.]: Eine alte Moschee in Üsküb. (164) Auf der Fahrt nach Üsküb. (164) [Abb.]: Rückzug der türkischen Armee nach der Niederlage bei Kumanovo. (166) Die Opfer des Krieges. (167) [Abb.]: Türkische Bauern auf der Flucht. (167) Türkische Gefangene in Belgrad. (168) [Abb.]: Jung-Serbien beim Kriegsspiel. (169) Im Lazarett von Üsküb. (170) [Abb.]: Handwerkerläden in Üsküb. (171) [Abb.]: Arnauten auf dem Auslug. (173) [Abb.]: (174) Die Kämpfe auf dem nordwestlichen Kriegsschauplatz. ([175]) [Abb.]: Serben aus dem Sandschak. (176) Der montenegrinische Kriegsschauplatz. (177) [Abb.]: Rjeka, das montenegrinische Hauptquartier. (178) [Abb.]: König Nikolaus im montenegrinischen Lager. (179) Eine Fahrt zum Tarabos. (180) [Abb.]: Die alte Festung von Skutari. (181) [Abb.]: Montenegriner mit Priviantlasttier. (182) [Karte]: Der griechische Kriegsschauplatz. (183) Die Operationen der griechischen Armee. (184) [Abb.]: Griechisches Militär vor der Abreise nach der Grenze. (185) [Abb.]: Griechische Artillerie. (186) [Abb.]: Einschiffen der Truppen im Piräus. (187) [Abb.]: Einschiffen griechischer Truppen. (188) Die maritimen Aktionen Griechenlands. (188) [Abb.]: Griechische Maschinengewehr-Abteilung. (189) Die Stimmung in Konstantinopel nach den Niederlagen bei Kirkkilisse und Kumanovo. ([190]) Flüchtlinge von Kirkkilisse. (192) [Abb.]: Kiamil Pascha, der neue türkische Großwesir. (192) Die europäische Diplomatie nach den ersten Niederlagen. (193) [6 Abb.]: Die Leiter der Diplomatie Europas. (1)v. Kiderlen-Wächter †. (2)Poincaré. (3)Sir Edw. Grey. (4)Graf Berchtold. (5)Esasonow. (6)Noradunghian. (194) [Abb.]: Der russische Gesandte in Belgrad v. Hartwig. (195) Die Haltung Österreich-Ungarns. (196) [Abb.]: Dr. Georg Simic, serbischer Gesandter in Wien. (197) Die türkische Niederlage bei Lüle Burgas. (198) [Abb.]: Bulgarische Infanterie stürmt Baba Eski. (199) Das Eintreffen der ersten Hiobsposten in Konstantinopel. (199) [Karte]: Karte zur Schlacht bei Lüle Burgas. (201) [Abb.]: Redifs auf dem Wege zur Front. (202) Der erste Detailbericht über die Schlacht von Lüle Burgas. (203) [Abb.]: Eine Granate schlägt in eine bulgarische Reiterabteilung. (204) Der panikartige Rückzug. (206) [Abb.]: Die regellose Flucht nach der Schlacht bei Lüle Burgas. (207) Hinter der Schlachtlinie. (209) [Abb.]: Türkischer Wachposten zur Sicherung der Bahnlinie. (210) [Abb.]: Türkisches Militär an der Rückzugslinie. (212) [Abb.]: Nächtliche Flucht aus einem brennenden Dorf. (213) Im Hauptquartier der Sieger. (214) [Abb.]: Eine Sanitätsabteilung des bulgarischen Roten Kreuzes. (215) [Abb.]: Absuchen des Schlachtfeldes nach Verwundeten. (217) Weitere Berichte über die Schlacht bei Lüle Burgas. (219) [Abb.]: Königin Elena von Bulgarien als Krankenschwester. (219) [Abb.]: Bajonettangriff bulgarischer Infanterie. (220) [Abb.]: Zerstörtes Gehöft bei Lüle Burgas. (221) Hinter der Front der flüchtenden Türken. (221) [Abb.]: Geschlagene türkische Infanterie auf dem Rückzug nach Tschorlu. (223) [Abb.]: Bulgarische Infanterie dringt in eine türkische Artilleriestellung bei Lüle Burgas ein. (225) [Abb.]: Türkische Artillerie auf der Flucht. (229) [Abb.]: Bulgarische Infanterie im sumpfigen Gelände bei Lüle Burgas. (231) [Abb.]: Türkischer Wachtposten. (234) Das Geheimnis des bulgarischen Erfolges. (235) [Abb.]: Rückzug der Türken von Tschorlu. (237) [Abb.]: Dorf bei Lüle Burgas. (239) [Abb.]: König Ferdinand von Bulgarien steigt dem Brauche gemäß beim Betreten feindlichen Bodens zuerst auf eine Waffe. (241) Der Kampf um Adrianopel. (242) [Abb.]: Gefangene Pomaken. (Bulgarische Mohammedaner.) (243) [Abb.]: Bulgarische Infanterie vor Adrianopel. (246) [Karte]: Der Vormarsch der bulgarischen Armeen. (248) [Abb.]: Befestigungen von Adrianopel. (249) [Abb.]: Gefangene Türken unter bulgarischer Bewachung. (251) Die Stadt Adrianopel. (253) [Abb.]: Adrianopel. Im Hintergrunde die Kasernen. (254) Das neue Bulgarien. (256) [Abb.]: Gefangene Türken werden von den Bulgaren zur Straßenarbeit herangezogen. (257) [Abb.]: Bulgarische Proviantkolonne für die Belagerungsarmee. (259) Bei den Opfern der bulgarischen Siege. (260) [Abb.]: Königin Eleonore von Bulgarien besucht die Spitäler in Sofia. (261) [Abb.]: Hinrichtung von Spionen. (262) [Abb.]: Türkischer Militärgeistlicher bei den Gefangenen in Sofia. (264) [Abb.]: Im bulgarischen Spital in Mustapha Pascha. (267) [Abb.]: Im bulgarischen Lager. (269) Sieger und Besiegte in der bulgarischen Hauptstadt. (270) [Abb.]: Siegesfeier im bulgarischen Lager. (271) [Abb.]: Zum Tode verurteilte Mohammedaner verrichten ihre letzten Gebete und religiösen Waschungen. (273) Der Schrecken in Konstantinopel. ([276]) [Abb.]: ([276]) [Abb.]: Türkenquartier bei Rumeli Hissar. (277) "Der Feind vor den Toren!" (278) [Abb.]: Türkische Deserteure in Konstantinopel. (279) [Abb.]: Landschaft an einer Bucht in Konstantinopel. (281) Die politischen Folgen der Niederlagen in Konstantinopel. (281) [Abb.]: Ein altes Kastell am Bosporus. (283) Die Erschöpfung der Sieger. (285) [Abb.]: Flüchtlinge aus Thrazien. (285) Die Cholera. ([287]) [Abb.]: ([287]) [Abb.]: Cholerakranke an der Straße nach Konstantinopel. (289) [Abb.]: Choleramaßnahmen in Konstantinopel. (291) [Abb.]: Die Ursache der Cholera. Verschmachtende türkische Soldaten trinken verseuchtes Wasser. (293) [Abb.]: Kurdische Truppen aus Kleinasien, auf dem Durchmarsch zur Front in Konstantinopel. (296) [Abb.]: Auf der Flucht. (299) Die Cholera im türkischen Lager. (300) [Abb.]: Im Choleralager von San Stefano. (301) [Abb.]: Am Bosporus. Ein Herd der Seuche. (303) [Abb.]: Flüchtlinge in Konstantinopel. (305) [Abb.]: (306) Ein sterbendes Volk. ([307]) [Abb.]: Von der Schweizer Kolonie Konstantinopels verpflegte Flüchtlinge aus Thrazien. (309) [Abb.]: Ein Flüchtling. (311) [Abb.]: Flüchtende Bauern werden von Marodeuren überfallen. (314) [Karte]: Plan von Adrianopel. (316) Von Kirkkilisse bis Tschataldscha. Ein Rückblick. ([317]) [Abb.]: Plünderung von Bäckerläden. (319) [Abb.]: Bulgarische Patrouille von einem türkischen Scheinwerfer beleuchtet. (322) Die Ursachen des Zusammenbruches der türkischen Armee. ([324]) [Abb.]: ([324]) [Abb.]: Straßenbild in Konstantinopel. Ein Mullah predigt den heiligen Krieg. (327) [Abb.]: Tschorlu nach der Beschießung durch die Bulgaren. (329) Der türkische Soldat. (330) [Abb.]: Strafvollzug an einem Meuterer. (331) [Abb.]: Türkische Schleichpatrouille. (334) [Abb.]: Waffenzufuhr zum Schlachtfeld. (337) [Abb.]: (338) Die Vorgänge auf dem serbisch-türkischen Kriegsschauplatz. ([339]) [Abb.]: König Peters feierlicher Einzug in Üsküb. (341) Berichte über serbische Greuel gegen Albanesen. (342) [Karte]: Karte des westlichen Kriegsschauplatzes. (343) [Abb.]: Der Galgen von Mitrowitza. (345) Was die Ärzte sahen. (347) [Abb.]: Monastir. (347) [Abb.]: Im serbischen Lager. (349) [Abb.]: Der Kampf bei Monastir. (351) [Abb.]: Abkochen serbischer Infanterie. (354) [Abb.]: Leichenfeier für einen höheren serbischen Offizier. (357) [Abb.]: Gefangener Derwisch im serbischen Lager. (359) Serbischer Ehrenposten auf dem Amselfelde. (359) Der Zug der Serben nach Durazzo. ([361]) [Abb.]: Die Serben im albanesischen Hochgebirge. (362) [Karte]: Durazzo und Umgebung. (363) [Abb.]: Die Serben ergreifen bei ihrer Ankunft in Durazzo vom Meer Besitz. (365) Der Vormarsch der Serben gegen Monastir. ([366]) [Abb.]: Szene aus dem Kampf bei Monastir. (368) [Abb.]: Monastir. (370) Das Vorgehen Serbiens gegen die Vertreter fremder Staaten. ([372]) [Abb.]: Serbische Truppen dringen in das Haus des Konsuls Prochaska. (373) Die montenegrinischen Operationen gegen Skutari und Djakova. (375) [Abb.]: Der Kampf bei Djakova. (377) [Abb.]: Skutari und der Tarabos. (379) [Abb.]: Ein montenegrinisches Geschütz vor Skutari. (381) Die Griechen in Saloniki. (382) [Abb.]: Griechische Truppen fangen einen für Saloniki bestimmten Proviantzug ab. (383) [Abb.]: Griechische Infanterie beim Angriff. (385) [Abb.]: Saloniki. (387) [Abb.]: Griechische Gebirgsartillerie auf dem Marsch. (389) [Karte]: Golf von Saloniki. (391) [Abb.]: Prinzessin Helene von Griechenland im Gespräch mit verwundeten Soldaten. (393) Die Bulgaren in Saloniki. (396) [Abb.]: Ankunft der Bulgaren vor Saloniki. (396) [Abb.]: Im Siegestaumel. (398) [Abb.]: Der griechische Kronprinz im Gespräch mit Ministerpräsident Venizelos. (399) Die Überbringung des Exsultans Abdul Hamid von Saloniki nach Konstantinopel. ([401]) Das eroberte Saloniki. ([402]) [Abb.]: Bulgarische Offiziere vor Saloniki. (403) [Abb.]: Ein griechisches Feldlazarett. (405) Die Kriegsereignisse zur See. ([406]) [Abb.]: Ausschiffung griechischer Truppen bei Dedeagatsch. (407) Die politischen Folgen der Kriegsereignisse für Europa. ([408]) Die Vermittlungsfrage. (409) [Abb.]: Türkische Flüchtlinge plündern einen Bäckerladen in Tschorlu. (411) Die ersten Anzeichen des rumänisch-bulgarischen Konflikts. (412) [Abb.]: Die Moschee Mahmud in Konstantinopel. (413) Die Mediationsversuche der Tripelentente. (414) [abb.]: Die Hagia Sophia. (416) [Abb.]: Serbische Infanterie beim Einzug in Djakova. (417) Das Ansuchen der Pforte um Intervention. (418) [Abb.]: Pristina. (420) Die Stellung Österreich-Ungarns zum Balkanproblem. (421) [Abb.]: Eine Straße in Pristina. (422) [Abb.]: Überreichung von Salz und Brot an König Peter in Üsküb. (425) [Abb.]: Serbische Infanterie beim Einzug in Monastir. (427) [Abb.]: Auf der Wacht. (429) Die Hafenfrage. (431) [Abb.]: Rückkehr König Peters nach Nisch. (432) Die Stellung des Auslandes zum österreichisch-serbischen Konflikt. (433) [Abb.]: Ein serbisches Feldlazarett. (435) Ein politisches Stimmungsbild. (436) [Abb.]: König Ferdinand und sein Generalstab. (437) [Abb.]: Montenegrinische Waisen in Podgoritza. (439) Vorstellungen in Belgrad. (441) [Abb.]: Prinz Mirko im Gespräch mit gefangenen Albanesen. (443) Die Mission Dr. Danews. (444) [Abb.]: Eine Demonstration vor der Hohen Pforte. (446) Die Friedensbestrebungen der Mächte. (446) Bulgarien und Rumänien. ([448]) [Abb.]: Die Luftschiffahrt im Dienste des Krieges. (449) Die rumänisch-bulgarische Grenzfrage. (451) [Abb.]: Bulgarische Verproviantierung. (451) Das albanesische Problem. (453) [Abb.]: Ismail Kemal, Führer der Albanesen. (454) [Abb.]: Das serbische Hauptkommando in Durazzo. (455) [Abb.]: Serbische Truppen in Albanien werden aus einem Hinterhalt beschossen. (457) [Abb.]: Moschee in Pristina. (460) [Abb.]: Geschlossene Kaufläden in Mitrowitza. (462) Das französische Protektorat über die Christen des Orients. (463) [Abb.]: Straße nach Mitrowitza. (464) Die Entsendung fremder Kriegsschiffe nach Konstantinopel. ([466]) [Abb.]: Die fremden Kriegsschiffe im Bosporus. (467) [Abb.]: Die fremden Marinetruppen in Pera. (469) [Abb.]: Eine Demonstration in Konstantinopel. (471) [Abb.]: Gefangene türkische Militärflüchtlinge in Konstantinopel. (473) [Abb.]: Türkische Flüchtlinge aus Thrazien. (475) [Abb.]: (479) Die Kämpfe an der Tschataldschalinie. ([480]) [Karte]: Die Tschataldschalinie. (481) Die Tschataldschalinie. (482) [Abb.]: Bulgarische Maschinengewehrabteilung vor Tschataldscha. (484) Die ersten Kämpfe an der Tschataldschalinie. (485) Die Kämpfe vom 14. bis 18. November. ([486]) [Abb.]: Bulgarische Truppennachschübe vor Tschataldscha. (487) [Abb.]: Bulgarisches Geschütz vor Tschataldscha. (490) [Abb.]: Bulgarische Soldaten begeben sich im Laufschritt in die Verschanzungen. (492) [Abb.]: Bulgarische Flugzeuge vor Tschataldscha. (494) [Abb.]: Bulgarisches Lagerbild. (495) Die Schlacht am 17. und 18. November. (496) [Abb.]: Türkische Soldaten beschießen ein bulgarisches Flugzeug. (497) [Abb.]: Bulgarische Offiziere beobachten das Feuer. (500) Die weiteren Kämpfe von Tschataldscha. (501) [Abb.]: Bulgarische Infanterie im Feuergefecht. (502) [Abb.]: Geschützstellung vor Tschataldscha. (505) [Abb.]: Im türkischen Lager vor Tschataldscha. (508) [Abb.]: Bulgarische Soldaten unter dem Feuer der türkischen Schiffsgeschütze. (511) Ein Kalendarium der Kämpfe. (512) [Abb.]: Türkische Schiffsgeschütze. (513) [Abb.]: Erstürmung einer türkischen Schanze. (515) [Abb.]: Die Tschataldschalinie und Konstantinopel aus der Vogelschau. (517) Kampfpause. (518) [Abb.]: Im türkischen Lager von Tschataldscha. (519) Eine Beurteilung der Kämpfe. (520) Der Eindruck in Konstantinopel. (521) [Abb.]: Flußübergang der Bulgaren. (523) Die Befestigung der Tschataldschalinie. (524) Ein Gesamtbild der Hauptkämpfe vor Tschataldscha. (525) [Abb.]: Zurückgeworfener bulgarischer Angriff. (526) Der Kampf am 17. und 18. November. (528) [Abb.]: Feuereröffnung der türkischen Schiffsgeschütze auf die bulgarischen Stellungen. (529) [Abb.]: Im bulgarischen Hauptquartier. (532) Die Stimmung im türkischen Kriegslager. (534) [Abb.]: Eine türkische Patrouille auf Rekognoszierung. (534) Die Kämpfe bei Dedeagatsch. (535) [Abb.]: Ein türkischer Proviantzug. (537) Während der Kampfpause. (537) [Abb.]: Nachrückende türkische Truppen. (539) Die Möglichkeiten des türkischen Widerstandes. (542) [Abb.]: Nach den Kämpfen. (543) Drei interessante Patrouillenritte in der Tschataldschalinie. (544) [Abb.]: Eingegrabene bulgarische Artillerie. (545) Die Verwundung Mahmud Mukhtar Paschas. (547) Am Derkosee. (548) [Abb.]: Bulgarische Artillerie auf dem Vormarsch. (548) Hinter den Fronten. (550) [Abb.]: Pflegerinnen vom Roten Halbmond. (551) Die Kriegstage in Sofia. (552) [Abb.]: Gefechtspause. (554) [Abb.]: Nach dem Sturm. (557) [Abb.]: Frischer Proviant. (559) Die Belagerung von Adrianopel. ([562]) [Abb.]: Im bulgarischen Lager vor Adrianopel. (563) Der Sturm auf Papas Tepe. (565) [Abb.]: Während des Kampfes. (566) Die Gefangennahme Jawer Paschas. (567) Vor Adrianopel. (569) [Abb.]: Blick auf ein Lager der bulgarischen Armee vor Adrianopel. (569) [Abb.]: Eine Hauptstraße Adrianopels. (571) Die Luftschiffahrt im Dienste des Krieges. (572) [Abb.]: Rekognoszierungsflug. (573) [Abb.]: Brand im belagerten Adrianopel. (576) [Abb.]: Maritzabrücke bei Adrianopel. (577) [Abb.]: (578) Die Aussperrung der Kriegskorrespondenten auf bulgarischer Seite. ([579]) [Abb.]: Eingegrabene Winterquartiere der Bulgaren. (581) [Abb.]: Im bulgarischen Lager. (583) Gefangennahme eines englischen Kriegskorrespondenten. (583) Vom westlichen Kriegsschauplatz. ([585]) [Abb.]: Serbische Infanterie überstürmt einen türkischen Schützengraben. (586) [Abb.]: Blick auf Prisrend. (589) [Abb.]: Die Beschießung des Tarabosch. (591) Die griechischen Erfolge zur See. (592) Die Besetzung von Mytilene und Chios. (593) [Abb.]: Landung griechischer Truppen auf Mytilene. (594) [Abb.]: Griechische Infanterie auf Chios. (596) [Abb.]: Griechische Infanterie, Signal "Sammeln". (598) Der Eindruck der Kriegsereignisse in Asien. (599) [Abb.]: Thrazische Flüchtlinge in Armenien. (600) [Abb.]: Anatolier. (603) [Abb.]: Anatolische Hütten. (604) Die Verhandlungen über den Waffenstillstand. ([605]) [Abb.]: Serbische Infanterie im Feuer. (606) Der Fortgang der Verhandlungen. (607) [Abb.]: Ein türkischer Gegenangriff bei Tschataldscha. (609) Das Waffenstillstandsfrühstück. (610) [Abb.]: Altes türkisches Festungsgeschütz. (611) Fortsetzung der Waffenstillstandsverhandlungen. ([613]) [Abb.]: Eine Sitzung auf der Hohen Pforte. ([613]) [Abb.]: Ein Überfall. (616) Die Unterzeichnung des Waffenstillstandes. (617) [Karte]: Das von den Verbündeten eroberte Gebiet. (618) [Abb.]: Das deutsche "Rote Kreuz" in Serbien. (621) [Abb.]: Montenegrinisches Belagerungsgeschütz. (623) Die Friedenskonferenz. ([625]) Militärischer Rückblick auf die hauptsächlichsten Kämpfe. (626) Die Kämpfe bei Kirkkilisse. (626) [Abb.]: Im Schnee. (627) Die Schlacht bei Bunar - Hissar - Lüle Burgas. (628) [Abb.]: Ein Belagerungsgeschütz vor Adrianopel. (630) Die Entscheidung in der Mitte der Stellung Bunar-Hissar-Lüle Burgas. (631) Die Nacht zum Donnerstag, 31. Oktober. (631) Die Nacht zum Donnerstag, 31. Oktober. (631) [Abb.]: Transport eines Belagerungsgeschützes. (632) Die Gefechte am rechten bulgarischen Flügel. (632) Der Erfolg. (633) Rückzug der Türken auf Tschataldscha und Vormarsch der Bulgaren. (634) [Abb.]: Prisrend. (635) Die Linie von Tschataldscha und ihre Verteidiger. (635) Der bulgarische Angriff. (636) [Abb.]: Zerschossenes Gehöft bei Tschataldscha. (637) Die Hauptkämpfe auf dem westlichen Kriegsschauplatz. (638) [Abb.]: Eisenbahnzug, in dem der Waffenstillstand unterzeichnet wurde. (639) [Abb.]: (640) Einband ( - ) Einband ( - )