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The most relevant topic at the moment – the new Coronavirus and the influence it has bring to our economies, communities, health and all the other spheres. One of the most damaged sector – transport and tourism. This paper aim to analyse the changes in customer behaviour during COVID-19 pandemic, how does it change people plans for travelling at the moment and in a long term, also traveller's behaviour in organizing trips, selecting destination or an accommodation. The research was carried out using scientific literature analysis and a quantitative research was used for receiving a data about current changes in tourist behaviour which is extremely relevant at the moment. Tourism was one of the most growing industry, counting steady growth for 10 years in a row and reaching the record of 1.5 billion international tourists in year 2019 (UNWTO, 2020) and the forecast for the upcoming year was further growth of 4 % but now it is obvious that instead of a growth tourism industry will face sharp decline due to cancelled flights, closed hotels and restaurants, even borders of the many countries in EU, USA, Asia. Everything changed really rapidly as new Coronavirus fit China in the end of 2019 and soon spread in other countries and continents. This world is facing various risks every day from terror, wars, economy crises, nature disasters to biological virus mutations – all threats cause enormous influence to society and customer behaviour. Consumer behaviour – the decisions that people make to buy or not to buy a product or service, and the factors that influence their decisions (Mowen, 1987). Many scientists agree that consumer behaviour is highly affected by environment and any changes that happen in society. B.F. Skinner was focused not into the individual but into environment and the reaction of people into changes in environment. According to Jan Krajhanzl (2010) consumer behaviour is influenced by internal and external factors. One type of external factors are situational factors like: weather conditions, time, catastrophes, epidemics and other. No other economic sector is so connected with environment like tourism, on which it depends. There are few types of risks on tourism: 1. Nature: storms, earthquakes, volcano eruptions, tsunamis, floods, etc. 2. Technology: risks, caused by unlimited technological development. 3. Political: wars, conflicts, terror. 4. Biological: viruses, infectious diseases. (Robertson, Kean, Moore 2006) Those global challenges have power on most countries tourism sector: in regions where one or another risk if happening, number of tourist drop rapidly (Damulienė, 2011). Current global risk – COVID-19 virus, which caused worldwide pandemic. World Health Organization (WHO) characterized Coronavirus as pandemic on 19th of March, 2020. In a very short time this virus changed people life: many countries are in a lockdown, which leads to closed restaurants, shopping places, public events and many other spheres. One of the most effective way of avoiding virus is staying at home with no physical contact which leads to negative influence to individual's mental health (WHO 2020). The research of the paper was conducted in March – April, 2020. 277 people from Lithuania answered to online survey questions. Results were analysed with Excel. Profile of the respondents were people from 19 to 65 years, mostly 35-55 years old, active travellers, travelling abroad one and more times per year (81.8 %). Questions were divided into 3 blocks with 15 statements in each and respondents needed to evaluate statement in scale from "totally agree", "agree", "neutral", "disagree", "totally disagree". Results revealed that safety if the most important factor for choosing a destination for travelling (93.5 % agree and totally agree with statement). Also, most of the people agree (89.3 %) that they will travel only when they will be sure about safety due to COVID-19. Now 85 % of respondents cancelled or are planning to cancel their future trips due the virus. Despite the huge current influence of the virus, most of the respondents agree that they would like to travel if not the negative Coronavirus news, this means that the virus did not stop people from willing to travel. Summing up all information and research made it is obvious that Coronavirus have a huge influence on society and consumer behaviour in various ways and especially in tourism sector. Changing behaviour is forecasted for the future also: travellers will choose to travel to more remote destinations, avoid mass places, travel more individually and avoid group travelling. Huge attention will be on health and hygiene conditions in places of interest, accommodation and restaurants sector, also for other traveller's health situation

The article reviews major milestones in the history of the Communist University of the Toilers of the East (KUTV) and its role in formation of the Soviet-centric political avantgarde in some countries of the East. The creation of this educational institution was connected with the resolution of the Central Committee of the RCP(b) of January 21, 1921 On Organization of the Eastern Courses under the People's Commissariat of Nationalities (Narkomnats), later enshrined in the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (April 21, 1921). The university firmly established itself within the vast network of international institutions of the Comintern. Although it had never been quantitatively dominant in the institute, the Sector 'A' (or the Special Sector, or the Inosektor, as this department for international students was known in different periods) was crucial for the development of its complex system, as the policy of the 3 rd International formed the core of its activities. The modest historiography on the history of the university in the Soviet period describes its development as overcoming difficulties in on-going forward movement. A more comprehensive picture emerges in the documents from the KUTV archival fond stored in the RGASPI (fond 532). 12,000 files of the fond include about 10,000 personal files of students and teachers. They show the sinuosities of the KUTV history from its organization to high noon of its activities and to its end in consequence of the restructuring of the party education system in the USSR in 1938. The university accumulated unique experience of training almost illiterate people to become middle-ranking executives in a very short time. A considerable part of the future leaders of colonial countries passed through the university. This Comintern coordinated process secured Soviet national interests. The university also laid the basis for Soviet Oriental studies. All this does not allow to call the university a purely propagandistic institution for 'export' of the world revolution and prompts to look behind utilitarian ideological clichés. The article studies its unique experience in forming the national elites of the Oriental countries, which were to become communist champions of world revolution, and thus provides a professional-level picture of the university organization and management that recognize special nature of the multiethnic student body. It introduces statistical and personal data on the graduates that prove the efficiency of the university. The study may be of interest to political technologists, who determine mode of modern universities' interaction with the Oriental countries. ; В статье раскрываются основные вехи истории Коммунистического университета трудящихся Востока (КУТВ) и его роль в формировании политического авангарда ряда стран Востока, ориентированного на советский опыт. Создание учебного заведения было связано с принятием постановления ЦК РКП(б) от 21 января 1921 г. об организации при Наркомате национальностей РСФСР Восточных курсов, что было подтверждено декретом ВЦИК от 21 апреля того же года. Вуз занял прочное место в обширной сети международных учреждений Коминтерна. Сектор «А», он же Спецсектор, Иносектор - так в разные периоды называлось отделение университета для обучения иностранных студентов, численно никогда не являясь основным в вузе, именно он определял развитие всей сложной системы университета, а «нервом» его деятельности была политика III Интернационала. Скромная историография университета в советский период показывала его путь только как преодоление сложностей и поступательное движение вперед. Более полная картина видится благодаря документам архивного фонда самого КУТВ, хранящегося в РГАСПИ (Ф. 532, содержащий более 12 тыс. дел, включая около 10 тыс. личных дел студентов и преподавателей). Документы свидетельствуют о сложном пути, который прошел КУТВ от периода организации и расцвета деятельности до завершения в результате перестройки всей системы партийного образования в СССР в 1938 г. Вуз приобрел не только уникальный опыт формирования в сжатые сроки значительного числа управленческих кадров среднего звена из фактически неграмотных людей. Через университет прошла также немалая часть будущих лидеров колониальных стран. Координация этого процесса Коминтерном была залогом обеспечения Советами собственных национальных интересов. Другим итогом деятельности университета можно назвать создание базы советского востоковедения. Все это вместе взятое не позволяет считать университет сугубо пропагандистским учреждением «по экспорту» методов мировой революции, но трактует его опыт значительно шире утилитарных идеологических клише. В статье рассматривается уникальный опыт формирования национальных элит стран Востока в качестве проводников коммунистических идей мировой революции, что позволило авторам на профессиональном уровне раскрыть гибкую и изобретательную систему постановки учебного процесса в университете, учитывающую специфику многонационального состава обучающихся. Показаны статистические и персональные данные о выпускниках университета, свидетельствующие о результативности работы вуза. Исследование будет полезно политтехнологам, определяющим формы и методы взаимодействия современных вузов со странами Востока.

The Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County (METRO) proposes to develop approximately 5.2 acres located on the northeast quadrant of the Interstate Highway (IH) 45 and IH 10 interchange within the City of Houston, Harris County, Texas. Initially, the proposed project included the construction of an extensive multi-purpose facility that would house the METRO Police Department, a back-up Emergency Operations Center, and Maintenance of Way (MOW) department. Additionally, an ancillary laydown yard would be located immediately north of the facility. Subsequently, however, the proposed development plan was updated to include MOW facilities only. The proposed MOW facility would serve as an ancillary rail maintenance facility composed of a two-story building, surface parking, stormwater detention, and a laydown yardi Designs for the facility are currently under development. The proposed project comprises a total acreage of approximately 5.2 acres, including approximately 2.7 acres for the proposed facility and approximately 2.6 acres for an ancillary laydown yard. The archeological area of potential effects (APE) is the entire 5.2-acre footprint of the proposed project. The maximum anticipated depth of impacts within the location for the proposed facility is not yet known but is not anticipated to be deeper than one meter (3.3 feet) in the footprint of the proposed MOW facility. Impacts within the ancillary laydown yard are anticipated to be negligible. The project is owned by and will be overseen by METRO, a political agency of the State of Texas, rendering the project subject to the Antiquities Code of Texas. Additionally, since the project will be partially funded by Full Funding Grant Agreement North Corridor and Federal Transit Administration (FTA) monies, a federal nexus exists. As a result, compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended, is required. In May 2020, Cox|McLain Environmental Consulting, Inc. (CMEC) conducted an intensive survey augmented by the excavation of trenches within the footprint of the proposed facility. No subsurface testing was conducted within the location for the ancillary laydown yard due to evidence of extensive surface disturbance and the lack of anticipated sub-surface impacts associated with the current project. The fieldwork was carried out over the course of a single field session (approximately 48 person-hours or 6 person-days) under Texas Antiquities Permit #9413 by archeologists Scotty Moore and Amani Bourji of CMEC. Nine mechanically excavated trenches totaling 44.9 meters (147.3 feet) were placed and investigated. Subsurface investigations revealed the presence of mixed modern materials and historic-age artifacts throughout the APE within a heavily disturbed, and in some places, burned, matrix that extended approximately 1.2 meters (3.9 feet) below the surface. Below this depth, however, three partially intact and in situ cultural features were documented that date to the early twentieth century. These features appear to be related to residential occupation of the Fifth Ward and consisted of a brick-lined cistern, a possible brick/concrete pier, and an in-filled posthole. Sixteen artifacts were identified in association with these features. Based upon the presence of the intact features and artifacts, the investigated area was determined to meet the criteria for archeological sites and was assigned trinomial 41HR1242 by the Texas Archaeological Research Laboratory. Results of the survey indicate that all aboveground remnants of 41HR1242 within the APE have been demolished and/or displaced, but subsurface features and deposits are still present within the project area. One of these features, the brick-lined cistern, exhibits high vertical and horizontal integrity below a depth of approximately 1.2 meters (3.9 feet) and could contribute to the National Registry of Historic Places (NRHP) eligibility of the site under Criterion D (research potential). Moreover, preliminary evidence suggests that some or all of the burned overburden that caps intact features at the site could be the result of the Great Fifth Ward Fire of 1912. As a result, intact features identified within the site may be associated with structures that were destroyed by this fire and may therefore be eligible for inclusion on the NRHP under Criterion A (association with important events). No cultural materials were collected; therefore, only project records will need to be curated per TAC 26.16 and 26.17. Project records will be curated at the CAS at Texas State University where they will be made permanently available to future researchers. The Texas Historical Commission concurred with all recommendations on November 2, 2020. The eligibility status of site 41HR1242 remains undetermined.

STUDY QUESTION: How has the performance of the European regional register of the European IVF-monitoring Consortium (EIM)/European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) evolved from 1997 to 2016, as compared to the register of the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of the USA and the Australia and New Zealand Assisted Reproduction Database (ANZARD)? SUMMARY ANSWER: It was found that coherent and analogous changes are recorded in the three regional registers over time, with a different intensity and pace, that new technologies are taken up with considerable delay and that incidental complications and adverse events are only recorded sporadically. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: European data on ART have been collected since 1997 by EIM. Data collection on ART in Europe is particularly difficult due to its fragmented political and legal landscape. In 1997, approximately 78.1% of all known institutions offering ART services in 23 European countries submitted data and in 2016 this number rose to 91.8% in 40 countries. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: We compared the changes in European ART data as published in the EIM reports (2001-2020) with those of the USA, as published by CDC, and with those of Australia and New Zealand, as published by ANZARD. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of the published EIM data sets spanning the 20 years observance period from 1997 to 2016, together with the published data sets of the USA as well as of Australia and New Zealand. By comparing the data sets in these three large registers, we analysed differences in the completeness of the recordings together with differences in the time intervals on the occurrence of important trends in each of them. Effects of suspected over- and under-reporting were also compared between the three registers. X2 log-rank analysis was used to assess differences in the data sets. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: During the period 1997-2016, the numbers of recorded ART treatments increased considerably (5.3-fold in Europe, 4.6-fold in the USA, 3.0-fold in Australia and New Zealand), while the number of registered treatment modalities rose from 3 to 7 in Europe, from 4 to 10 in the USA and from 5 to 8 in Australia and New Zealand, as published by EIM, CDC and ANZARD, respectively. The uptake of new treatment modalities over time has been very different in the three registers. There is a considerable degree of underreporting of the number of initiated treatment cycles in Europe. The relationship between IVF and ICSI and between fresh and thawing cycles evolved similarly in the three geographical areas. The freeze-all strategy is increasingly being adopted by all areas, but in Europe with much delay. Fewer cycles with the transfer of two or more embryos were reported in all three geographical areas. The delivery rate per embryo transfer in thawing cycles bypassed that in fresh cycles in the USA in 2012, in Australia and New Zealand in 2013, but not yet in Europe. As a result of these changing approaches, fewer multiple deliveries have been reported. Since 2012, the most documented adverse event of ART in all three registers has been premature birth (<37 weeks). Some adverse events, such as maternal death, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, haemorrhage and infections, were only recorded by EIM and ANZARD. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: The methods of data collection and reporting were very different among European countries, but also among the three registers. The better the legal background on ART surveillance, the more complete are the data sets. Until the legal obligation to report is installed in all European countries together with an appropriate quality control of the submitted data the reported numbers and incidences should be interpreted with caution. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: The growing number of reported treatments in ART, the higher variability in treatment modalities and the rising contribution to the birth rates over the last 20 years point towards the increasing impact of ART. High levels of completeness in data reporting have been reached, but inconsistencies and inaccuracies still remain and need to be identified and quantified. The current trend towards a higher diversity in treatment modalities and the rising impact of cryostorage, resulting in improved safety during and after ART treatment, require changes in the organization of surveillance in ART. The present comparison must stimulate all stakeholders in ART to optimize surveillance and data quality assurance in ART. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): This study has no external funding and all costs are covered by ESHRE. There are no competing interests. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: N/A.

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 국제대학원 국제학과(국제지역학전공), 2020. 8. Sheen, Seong-ho. ; This study aims to unveil the truth about famine, agriculture reform policies and food security in North Korea. The study examines what truly embodies famine, its indicators and its consequences towards constituents. Furthermore, it takes a closer look into the rise of the Supreme Leader Kim Jong Un. With this in mind, it examines Kim Jong Un and his commitment to transforming North Korean society with specific emphasis on agriculture. This is an observational analysis that aims to confirm that former agricultural policies have been ineffective for a number of reasons (e.g. government and regional inconsistencies, lack of arable land, environmental issues, lack of resources etc). In addition to this, the study aims to explore whether or not Kim Jong Un is taking strategic measures to ensure food security for North Korea. In order to evaluate and analyze, first we must take a closer look at the history of agricultural reform policies to see how they directly influence food security and famine in North Korea. Furthermore, this study will examine how the historical background directly influenced many of these changes. The core of this research relies on the observation of agricultural developments and setbacks. This study examines Kim Jong Un's movement within the agriculture sector to examine whether the young leader is working towards securing food for the North Korean people. ; 본 연구는 북한의 기근, 농업개혁 정책, 식량 안보의 진실을 밝히는 데에 목적이 있다. 따라서 무엇이 기근을 정의하고, 그의 지표와 그에 따른 결과는 무엇인지 조사하고자 한다. 나아가 본 연구는 북한의 지도자 김정은의 부상에 대해서도 고찰한다. 특히 그가 농업을 중심으로 추구하고 있는 북한 사회의 개혁에 대한 의지에 대해 알아보고자 한다. 저자는 관찰 연구를 통해 여러 원인 (예를 들어, 중앙 정부와 지역간 정책적 모순, 경작지 부족, 환경 문제, 자원 부족 등)에 의해 농업 개혁 정책이 효과를 거두지 못했음을 확인하고, 과연 김정은이 북한의 식량 안보를 위해 전략적 판단을 하고 있는 것인지 조사하고자 한다. 평가와 분석을 위해서는 우선 농업 개혁 정책의 역사를 살펴봄으로써 그들이 식량 안보와 기근에 직접적으로 어떤 영향을 미쳤는지 알아보아야 한다. 뿐만 아니라 이 연구는 역사적 배경이 어떻게 직접적으로 이러한 변화에 영향을 끼쳤는지 조사한다. 본 연구의 핵심은 북한 농업의 발전과 발전 지연에 대한 관찰에 있다. 또한 농업 부문에 있어 김정은의 행보는 무엇인지 연구함에 따라 북한 주민의 식량 확보를 위한 노력에 관하여 조사한다. ; Chapter 1. Introduction 1 Chapter 2. Literature Review 4 Chapter 3. Measuring the Indicators of Famine. 7 3.1 Measuring Famine 7 3.2 Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC). 8 3.3 Famine Intensity and Magnitude Scales. 13 3.4 Crude Mortality Rate (CMR) 18 3.5 Cause-Specific Mortality Rate 19 3.6 Measuring Acute Malnutrition 20 3.7 Importance for Food Security 22 Chapter 4. The North Korean Famine (1990-1998). 24 4.1 Historical Background 24 4.2 Mismanagement of the Economic and Agriculture Sector 25 4.3 Climate Disturbance . 31 4.4 Government Neglect. 32 4.4.1 Failure in Distribution 32 4.4.2 Issues Regarding International Aid Relief. 35 Chapter 5. Food Security in North Korea 38 5.1 Public Distribution System (PDS). 39 5.2 International Aid 42 5.3 Black Markets 46 5.4 Ideology & Enacted Policies 47 5.4.1 Juch Ideology (주체사상) 48 5.4.2 Military First 49 5.4.3 Two Meals A Day. 50 Chapter 6. Consequences Towards Constituents. 52 6.1 Death Toll & Malnutrition 52 6.2 Impact on Agriculture 58 6.3 Rise of Kotjebe (꽃제비) 59 6.4 Continuous Struggle with Famine 60 Chapter 7. The Dawn of a New Era 62 7.1. The Rise of Kim Jong Un 62 7.1.1 Leadership and Personality Traits 64 7.2. Vision Changes for North Korea 65 7.2.1 North Korean Economy 66 7.2.2 Nuclear Program 67 7.2.3 International Political Engagement 70 Chapter 8. Agriculture Reform Policies. 75 8.1 The History of Agriculture Reforms Policies in North Korea 75 8.2 Agriculture Reform Policy under Kim Jong Un. 83 8.2.1 Field Responsibility System (FRS) 84 Chapter 9. Observations & Analysis 86 9.1 Agriculture Developments. 86 9.1.1 Military-run Farms. 87 9.1.2 Greenhouse Farms 90 9.1.3 Fertilizer Plant 92 9.1.4 Expansion of Agriculture Science Research Institutes 94 9.1.5 Reform Policy Success 95 9.2 Agriculture Setbacks 96 9.2.1 Continuation of Climate Disturbance & Lack of Resources 96 9.2.2 Unrealistic Expectations 98 9.2.3 Lack of Guidance. 99 9.2.4 Complications due to COVID-19 Pandemic 100 Chapter 10. Conclusion 103 Bibliography ix Appendix. xvi A. Interview with Professor Clark Sorenson Acknowledgments xx ; Master

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 국제대학원 국제학과(국제지역학전공), 2020. 8. Sheen, Seong-ho. ; This study aims to unveil the truth about famine, agriculture reform policies and food security in North Korea. The study examines what truly embodies famine, its indicators and its consequences towards constituents. Furthermore, it takes a closer look into the rise of the Supreme Leader Kim Jong Un. With this in mind, it examines Kim Jong Un and his commitment to transforming North Korean society with specific emphasis on agriculture. This is an observational analysis that aims to confirm that former agricultural policies have been ineffective for a number of reasons (e.g. government and regional inconsistencies, lack of arable land, environmental issues, lack of resources etc). In addition to this, the study aims to explore whether or not Kim Jong Un is taking strategic measures to ensure food security for North Korea. In order to evaluate and analyze, first we must take a closer look at the history of agricultural reform policies to see how they directly influence food security and famine in North Korea. Furthermore, this study will examine how the historical background directly influenced many of these changes. The core of this research relies on the observation of agricultural developments and setbacks. This study examines Kim Jong Un's movement within the agriculture sector to examine whether the young leader is working towards securing food for the North Korean people. ; 본 연구는 북한의 기근, 농업개혁 정책, 식량 안보의 진실을 밝히는 데에 목적이 있다. 따라서 무엇이 기근을 정의하고, 그의 지표와 그에 따른 결과는 무엇인지 조사하고자 한다. 나아가 본 연구는 북한의 지도자 김정은의 부상에 대해서도 고찰한다. 특히 그가 농업을 중심으로 추구하고 있는 북한 사회의 개혁에 대한 의지에 대해 알아보고자 한다. 저자는 관찰 연구를 통해 여러 원인 (예를 들어, 중앙 정부와 지역간 정책적 모순, 경작지 부족, 환경 문제, 자원 부족 등)에 의해 농업 개혁 정책이 효과를 거두지 못했음을 확인하고, 과연 김정은이 북한의 식량 안보를 위해 전략적 판단을 하고 있는 것인지 조사하고자 한다. 평가와 분석을 위해서는 우선 농업 개혁 정책의 역사를 살펴봄으로써 그들이 식량 안보와 기근에 직접적으로 어떤 영향을 미쳤는지 알아보아야 한다. 뿐만 아니라 이 연구는 역사적 배경이 어떻게 직접적으로 이러한 변화에 영향을 끼쳤는지 조사한다. 본 연구의 핵심은 북한 농업의 발전과 발전 지연에 대한 관찰에 있다. 또한 농업 부문에 있어 김정은의 행보는 무엇인지 연구함에 따라 북한 주민의 식량 확보를 위한 노력에 관하여 조사한다. ; Chapter 1. Introduction 1 Chapter 2. Literature Review 4 Chapter 3. Measuring the Indicators of Famine. 7 3.1 Measuring Famine 7 3.2 Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC). 8 3.3 Famine Intensity and Magnitude Scales. 13 3.4 Crude Mortality Rate (CMR) 18 3.5 Cause-Specific Mortality Rate 19 3.6 Measuring Acute Malnutrition 20 3.7 Importance for Food Security 22 Chapter 4. The North Korean Famine (1990-1998). 24 4.1 Historical Background 24 4.2 Mismanagement of the Economic and Agriculture Sector 25 4.3 Climate Disturbance . 31 4.4 Government Neglect. 32 4.4.1 Failure in Distribution 32 4.4.2 Issues Regarding International Aid Relief. 35 Chapter 5. Food Security in North Korea 38 5.1 Public Distribution System (PDS). 39 5.2 International Aid 42 5.3 Black Markets 46 5.4 Ideology & Enacted Policies 47 5.4.1 Juch Ideology (주체사상) 48 5.4.2 Military First 49 5.4.3 Two Meals A Day. 50 Chapter 6. Consequences Towards Constituents. 52 6.1 Death Toll & Malnutrition 52 6.2 Impact on Agriculture 58 6.3 Rise of Kotjebe (꽃제비) 59 6.4 Continuous Struggle with Famine 60 Chapter 7. The Dawn of a New Era 62 7.1. The Rise of Kim Jong Un 62 7.1.1 Leadership and Personality Traits 64 7.2. Vision Changes for North Korea 65 7.2.1 North Korean Economy 66 7.2.2 Nuclear Program 67 7.2.3 International Political Engagement 70 Chapter 8. Agriculture Reform Policies. 75 8.1 The History of Agriculture Reforms Policies in North Korea 75 8.2 Agriculture Reform Policy under Kim Jong Un. 83 8.2.1 Field Responsibility System (FRS) 84 Chapter 9. Observations & Analysis 86 9.1 Agriculture Developments. 86 9.1.1 Military-run Farms. 87 9.1.2 Greenhouse Farms 90 9.1.3 Fertilizer Plant 92 9.1.4 Expansion of Agriculture Science Research Institutes 94 9.1.5 Reform Policy Success 95 9.2 Agriculture Setbacks 96 9.2.1 Continuation of Climate Disturbance & Lack of Resources 96 9.2.2 Unrealistic Expectations 98 9.2.3 Lack of Guidance. 99 9.2.4 Complications due to COVID-19 Pandemic 100 Chapter 10. Conclusion 103 Bibliography ix Appendix. xvi A. Interview with Professor Clark Sorenson Acknowledgments xx ; Master

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MEDICATION ASSORTMENT FOR CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE TREATMENT PRESENTED AT UKRAINIAN AND POLISH PHARMACEUTICAL MARKETSО.І. Onуshkiv, I.Р. Lech, T. A. Hroshovyi I.Ya.HorbachevskyTernopilStateMedicalUniversitySummary: It was made a comparative study of Ukrainian and Polish pharmaceutical markets of medications used for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Also it was analyzed the structure of the assortment of the researched group due to the manufacturing countries, dosage forms and composition of active pharmaceutical ingredients and their origin. The results of market research can determine the main ways of domestic assortment improvement of medications studied at the pharmaceutical and therapeutic group.Keywords: medications for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine and Poland.Introduction. Nowadays, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the biggest health problem. It is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the world due to the medical, social and economic terms. Thus, according to the latest data of the World Health Organization, currently about 210 million people are suffering from COPD and more than 2.75 million people die of COPD each year. Late diagnosis and inappropriate treatment lead to incapacitation and early disability. After 10 years, every fourth ill patient with COPD becomes disabled.In accordance with the mentioned above information, comparative marketing analysis of medication assortment for the treatment of COPD are currently important at the domestic pharmaceutical market and at the market of Poland as one of the most developed markets of the European Union to determine the feasibility of developing new medications and the possibility to take the particular market field.Results and discussion. During the study it was used general rules for secondary collecting market information, methods of mathematical statistics. The information technologies are used for processing the results of the research. The analysis of the range of medication was done according to the classification of Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) system using secondary information of electronic database of the State Registry of Medicines, Compendium, Pharmindex and data of information and analytical system «Baza leków DrWidget».The objects of the study were medications of R03 group «Medications used for the obstructive respiratory diseases» (according to the ATC classification): adrenergic medications for inhalation use (group R03A), inhaled asthma agents (group R03B), adrenergic medications for regular use (group R03C), other medications for regular use of the obstructive respiratory diseases (group R03D). Market research of medications for the treatment of COPD was performed on various parameters, including the manufacturing countries, dosage form and content of active pharmaceutical ingredients and their origin.Conclusions: 1. It was studied the medication assortment for COPD treatment listed on the pharmaceutical markets inUkraineandPoland. As a result of studies, it was found that the products in both countries are generally represented by foreign manufacturers, particularly inUkraine, their market share is 78.57 %, while inPoland– 80 %.2. The market analysis data indicates that among foreign manufacturers of medication for COPD treatment at Ukrainian pharmaceutical market leading positions are occupied by 4 countries: the Great Britain, Spain, Poland and India; at the Polish market, the following countries are the leaders of medication delivery: the Great Britain, Germany, Switzerland and Israel.3. The comparison of assortment represented at the pharmaceutical market ofUkraineandPolandon the dosage form indicates that the largest share has aerosols (23.81 %) at Ukrainian market and chewable tablets (29.57 %) at Polish.4. The medication assortment for COPD treatment is represented only with synthetic drugs at both pharmaceutical markets, while the main group inUkraineis a group of medications based on montelukast, theophylline, budesonide, fluticasone and inPoland– montelukast, salbutamol, budesonide.References1. Feshchenko Yu.I., Yashyna L.O., Potoczniak O.V. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and concomitant depression – an important medical and social problem // Ukrainian pulmonological journal. – 2013. – No.3. – P.56 – 58. – Access mode: http://www.ifp.kiev.ua/doc/journals/upj/13_dop/56.pdf 2. Tytova O.N. Clinical and pharmacoeconomic approaches for effective medical rehabilitation of patients disabled by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: abstract of the thesis of the Candidate of Medical Sciences / O.N. Tytova – St. Pitersberg, 2008. – 25 p.3. State Registry of Medicines of Ukraine. – [electronic version].– Access mode: http://www.drlz.kiev.ua/ 4. Pharmindex [ electronic version]. – Access mode: http://pharmindex.pl5. Baza leków DrWidget [electronic version]. – Access mode: http://drwidget.pl/6. Compendium. – [electronic version].– Access mode: http://compendium.com.ua/

IntroductionThe main estimated expenditures article is wages in the public health institutions (PHI). Funds from the general and special funds of medical institutions for its implementation are allocated. The functioning of pharmacies (pharmaceutical division) provides the organizational structure of public PHI. The pay of pharmacy workers carried at an acceptable methodology for calculation. Costs of labor are allocated from the state budget (local government). Funds are targeted and cannot be used for other needs of the institution according to the approved Estimates of income and expenditure [1-6].However, constant changes in Ukraine legislation, prospects for the introduction of the practice of national regulations (standards) of accounting in the public sector, cause the objective necessity of the continuation of theoretical research and implementation of new methodological developments which aimed at improving accounting practices expenditures on wages in public PHI [7-10].This publication is the result of the study of the remuneration system of medical and pharmaceutical workers PHI at the end of the 2016 year. Analysis of the changes that take place during 2017 will be the subject of further research.Materials and methodsWe used: meta-analysis of legal normative acts which regulating labor in public health institutions and pharmaceutical divisions, statistical analysis.Legislative acts have been used as materials, such as: Law of Ukraine of 24.03.95 p. Number 108/95-VR "On wages", Draft law № 2309 on 07.07.2015 "The draft law on amendments to some legislative acts of Ukraine concerning improvement of legislation on public health", Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine on 30.08.2002 № 1298 "On the payment of workers on the basis of the Unified Tariff Scale bits and the coefficients for employees of institutions and organizations of budget sphere", Order of the Ministry of Labour and Social Policy of Ukraine, Ministry of Health of Ukraine №308/519 on 05.10.2005 "On regulation of labor remuneration HCF and institutions of social protection" and s.o.Results and discussionThe composition of expenditure on wages that are budget item and have the largest share in the composition of current expenditures of the state HCF was analyzed. PHI expenditures that undertaken by the state or local budgets are called general fund expenditures.Expenditures made by extra budgetary revenues, are called special fund expenditures. The structure of wage bill in health care institutions and in the pharmaceutical division, discussed in the article. The fund consists of: basic wage, additional of wages and other promotions and compensations.PHI expenditures that do not belong to the wage bill and paid by the funds of the state social insurance set. An additional source of financing costs for salaries can be funds coming from enterprises, organizations and institutions under signed contracts, revenues from sponsorship and donations. PHI budget expenditures are divided into cash and factual.Accounting for cash and actual expenditures for salaries in the public PHI made by the accounting items.Conclusions1. Traditions accounting on the eve of reforms of a modernUkrainehealthcare system are reflected in this article. Advantages and disadvantages of budgeting on the basis of the system Semashko M. are in it. Results of the study can be used in reforming pay and the services planned in 2017 the Ministry of Health ofUkraine. Relevant legal structures in the Ministry of Health ofUkrainedoes not exist or they are in the formative stage, so now conduct simulations of financing health care we cannot. Accordingly, the financial logistics of payment for goods and services in the healthcare and pharmaceutical industry ofUkraineis unknown.2. The effectiveness of the system of accounting of expenditures on wages in public hospitals, particularly in the pharmaceutical divisions is largely dependent on compliance with rules and regulations applicable law. Need some revision of the parts of the system, namely stimulating medical and pharmaceutical workers in accordance with the level of responsibility for the performance of their duties.3. The pilot project of the new payment system in theDonetsk,Cherkassy,Poltavaregions and the city. Kyiv according to Decree of CMU (01.01.2017) introduced. All medical institutions ofUkrainewill switch to the new system of payment of 01.07.2017r. Advantages and disadvantages of the new pay system in public health will be analyzed.4. New national provisions of accounting standards in the public sector are directions for further research. ; Досліджено основні аспекти організації обліку видатків на оплату праці в державних закладах охорони здоров'я на підставі діючого нормативно-правового забезпечення. Розглянуто організацію обліку видатків медичного закладу на основну, додаткову зарплату та інші компенсаційні, заохочувальні виплати в системі рахунків бюджетного обліку.

El objetivo de la investigación fue comprender las debilidades en el proceso de inclusión de personas con discapacidad auditiva en el mercado laboral del municipio de Barrancabermeja dentro del marco de las políticas públicas. A través de dos organizaciones sin ánimo de lucro fueron referenciadas 20 personas con discapacidad auditiva en edad laboral, mediante el desarrollo de una estrategia de muestreo mixto en la que se combinaron dos tipos de muestra dirigida, donde la recolección de datos se desarrolló por medio de entrevistas semiestructuradas que partieron de un planteamiento general hacia uno específico, en el que se tuvo en cuenta la interpretación de las realidades a través de la Lengua de Señas Colombiana. Los datos recolectados se analizaron basándose en las transcripciones naturales de las entrevistas haciendo uso de la técnica de Análisis de Contenido, donde se abordó la información a través de categorías que fundamentan las experiencias de los individuos. En los resultados se puede evidenciar a través de la lectura del contexto municipal y la relación que posee el territorio con las Personas con Discapacidad Auditiva, que los imaginarios sociales y la limitada comunicación existente entre sordos y oyentes, ha llevado a que socialmente se aislé a la población con discapacidad auditiva y no se cuente con una delimitación teórica clara que permita entender las carencias que afronta esta comunidad en relación a su proceso efectivo de inclusión al mercado laboral. ; INTRODUCCIÓN . 1 CAPÍTULO 1. PERSONAS CON DISCAPACIDAD AUDITIVA Y SU INCLUSIÓN LABORAL . 4 1.1. MARCO CONCEPTUAL . 4 1.1.1. Concepción de discapacidad . 4 1.1.2. Discapacidad, derechos humanos y desarrollo . 6 1.1.3. Mercado laboral . 8 1.1.4. Inclusión laboral. 10 1.2. MARCO LEGAL . 13 1.2.1. Contexto vinculante internacional . 13 1.2.2. Contexto normativo nacional de inclusión laboral . 16 1.2.3. Normas enfocadas a la población con discapacidad auditiva . 18 CAPÍTULO 2. POLÍTICAS PUBLICAS . 21 2.1. ABORDAJE DE ANÁLISIS . 23 2.2. IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE POLÍTICAS PUBLICAS . 26 2.3. POLÍTICAS PUBLICAS PARA LAS PERSONAS CON DISCAPACIDAD . 28 2.3.1. Carácter nacional . 28 2.3.2. Carácter local . 30 CAPÍTULO 3. ABORDAJE METODOLÓGICO . 32 3.1. AMBIENTE LOCAL Y CONTEXTO . 32 3.2. UNIDAD DE ANÁLISIS Y MUESTRA . 34 3.3. RECOLECCIÓN DE DATOS . 35 3.3.1. Estructura de la entrevista . 36 2.3.2. Procedimiento general de la entrevista . 36 3.4. ANÁLISIS DEL CONJUNTO DE DATOS . 38 3.4.1. Definición de categorías . 38 3.4.2. Codificación de datos . 40 CAPÍTULO 4. PRESENTACIÓN DE RESULTADOS . 44 4.1. SITUACIÓN NORMATIVA. 44 4.2. CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LA POBLACIÓN OBJETO DE ESTUDIO . 49 4.2.1. Accesos a formación técnica y profesional . 49 4.2.2. Estigmatización social . 53 4.2.3. Apropiación de la condición de discapacidad . 57 4.3. ACCESO A OPORTUNIDADES . 59 4.3.1. Experiencia laboral . 59 4.3.2. Participación en convocatorias de empleo . 63 4.3.3. Aspiraciones académicas . 66 4.3.4. Independencia económica . 69 4.4. PERCEPCIÓN DE DEBILIDADES . 72 4.4.1. Barreras sociales . 72 4.4.2. Empleadores inclusivos . 77 4.4.3. Espacios integradores. 80 4.4.4. Exteriorización de la cultura poblacional . 82 4.5. INTERPRETACIÓN DE LAS REALIDADES SEGÚN LAS CARACTERÍSTICAS ÚNICAS DE LAS PERSONAS CON DISCAPACIDAD AUDITIVA. 86 CAPÍTULO 5. DISCUSIÓN . 92 5.1. LINEAMIENTOS DE POLÍTICA PÚBLICA PARA UN ENFOQUE DE INCLUSIÓN LABORAL . 96 CONCLUSIONES . 101 LISTA DE REFERENCIAS . 103 ANEXOS . 109 ; Maestría ; The objective of the research was to understand the weaknesses in the process of inclusion of people with hearing disabilities in the labor market of the municipality of Barrancabermeja within the framework of public policies. Through two non-profit organizations, 20 people with hearing disabilities of working age were referenced, through the development of a mixed sampling strategy in which two types of directed sample were combined, where the data collection was developed by means of semi-structured interviews that started from a general approach to a specific one, in which the interpretation of realities through Colombian Sign Language was taken into account. The data collected was analyzed based on the natural transcripts of the interviews using the Content Analysis technique, where the information was approached through categories that support the experiences of the individuals. In the results, it can be evidenced through reading the municipal context and the relationship that the territory has with People with Hearing Disabilities, that social imaginaries and the limited communication between deaf and hearing people have led to social isolation from the population with hearing disabilities and there is no clear theoretical delimitation that allows understanding the deficiencies that this community faces in relation to its effective process of inclusion in the labor market.

Conjunto de 1 separador y 23 fichas que forman unidad. El separador, orlado en rojo, lleva por título "Español en Italia". El conjunto trata sobre el origen de las palabras italianas "ronda", "arrabattarsi", "zarpar", "puntiglio", "arroba" y otros préstamos españoles, sobre el uso del español en el siglo XVI en Italia, hablado sobre todo por hombres de Estado y diplomáticos, sobre Giovanni Battista Ramusio, sobre la importancia de la astronomía náutica peninsular y la consecuente exportación de términos náuticos de origen español a otros idiomas, sobre el sufijo "-iglio". Refiere una edición del Rodríguez de Montalvo, G.: "Amadís de Gaula" (ed. Venecia, 1533) y un elogio a la agudeza española, que se pierde en la traducción, sobre obras españoles traducidos e impresos en Italia. Las fuentes usadas o mencionadas en el conjunto son: Steiger, A. (1932): "Contribución a la fonética del hispano-árabe y de los arabismos en el ibero-románico y el siciliano", en Anejo XVII de la "Revista de Filología Española", - Meyer-Lübke, W. (1911): "Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch", -Oliver Asín, J. (1928): "Origen árabe de rebato, arrobda y sus homónimos: contribución al estudio de la historia medieval de la táctica militar y de su léxico peninsular", - Dauzat, A. (1938): "Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue française", - V.V. A. A. (1932): "Cristoforo Colombo: documenti & prove della sua appartenenza a Genova", - Cantù, C. (1858): "Storia degli Italiani", - Farinelli, A. (1899): reseña de Croce, B.: "Ricerche ispano-italiane", en "Rassegna Bibliografica della Letteratura Italiana", fascicolo 11-12. Anno VII, -Croce, B. (1922): "La Spagna nella vita italiana durante la Rinascenza", -Corrado, A. (1882): "Introduzione allo studio del dialetto siciliano", -Croce, B. (1895): "La lingua spagnuola in Italia", -Zaccaria, E. (1927): "L'elemento iberico nella lingua italiana", - Valdés, J. de (1535): "Diálogo de la lengua" (ed. de J. F. Montesino, 1928, en Clásicos Castellanos (La Lectura), vol. 86), - Società Storica Lombarda (1877): "Archivio storico lombardo", vol. 4, -Zaccaria, E. (1905): "Contributo allo studio degl'iberismi in Italia e della Wechselbeziehung fra le lingue romanze", -Bertoni, G. (1909): reseña de Zaccaria, E.: "Contributo allo studio degl'iberismi in Italia e della Wechselbeziehung fra le lingue romanze", en "Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie", vol. XXXII, p.632, - Bertoni, G. (1916): "Italia dialettale", - Bloch, O. y Wartburg, W. von (1932): "Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue française", vols.2., - "L'Enciclopedia Italiana di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti" (1929, 1930 y 1934), vols, 2, 5 y 24, - Giòvio, Paolo (Paulo Jovio en la ficha) (1550): "La vita de Consalvo Fernando di Cordova, detto il Gran Capitano", en Rodríguez Villa, A. (1908) (ed.lit.): "Crónicas del Gran Capitán" (en Nueva Biblioteca de Autores Españoles, vol. X), -"Enciclopedia Universal Ilustrada Europeo-Americana" (1908-1930) (edit. Espasa-Calpe), - "Diccionario enciclopédico. Pequeño Larousse ilustrado" (1913), - Morel-Fatio, A. (1904): "L'Espagnol de Manzoni", en "Etude L'Espagnol", - Schuchardt, H. (1905): "An Adolf Mussafia", - Tommaseo, N. y Bellini, B. (1865-1879): "Dizionario della lingua italiana nuevamente compilato", 8 vols., Canello, U. A. (1878): "Gli Allotropi Italiani", en "Archivio glottologico italiano", vol. 3., - Diez, F. C. (1853) "Etymologisches Wörterbuch der romanischen Sprachen", - Caix, N. (1878): "Studi di Etimologia Italiana e Romanza: Osservazioni ed aggiunte al 'vocabulario etimologico delle lingue romanze' di F. Diez", -Baist, G (1908): "Etymologien", en "Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie", vol. XXXII, - Michaëlis Vasconcelos, C. de (1876):"Studien zur romanischen Wortschöpfung". Se menciona a José Leite de Vasconcellos. La ficha 5 está reutilizada. La ficha 7 contiene información tachada y está escrito por el recto y por el verso, al igual que la 19. La ficha 10 es un fragmento manuscrito con anotaciones sobre la organización de la HLE, pegado por todo su lateral derecho a la ficha siguiente. La ficha 13 es un folio doblado en cuatro. Está mecanografiada por Ezio Levi y contiene una relación de la situación actual de una serie de localizaciones napolitanas mencionadas en Villalón, C de (ca. 1500 - ca. 1558): "Viaje de Turquía". El verso contiene una palabra manuscrita que no guarda relación con el recto, pero que se repite en la ficha 18. La ficha 14 es una cuartilla doblada en dos también mecanografiada con el mismo contenido que la ficha anterior. La ficha 17 contiene una anotación a lápiz de Menéndez Pidal sobre la reubicación de la ficha

APPROVED ; This thesis is an exploration of the lived experience of the transition out of care at the age of 18 in Ireland. There is a plethora of research demonstrating the marginalisation and disadvantage experienced by care leavers internationally. Though Ireland's research base is limited, the hardships that care experienced young people face is considered broadly similar to that seen elsewhere. The point of leaving care has been identified as a potentially critical turning point at which services might moderate later outcomes. However, while there is growing evidence identifying social support and identity development as crucial elements, there remains a gap in our understanding of the care-leaving process from the perspective of young people. Initiated in 2015, this research took place during a time of evolving policy and supports for care leavers in the Irish context. Legislation that was passed in 2015 and enacted in 2017 entitles all young people with a history of at least 12 months in care between the ages of 13 and 18 to an aftercare plan identifying their transition needs and available supports. Concurrently, the Child and Family Agency standardised a national policy on financial support for care leavers and initiated the establishment of Aftercare Steering Committees in each service area. These legislative and policy developments expanding and mandating provisions for care leavers form the contextual backdrop for this study. The study utilised a qualitative longitudinal multi-case study methodology underpinned by a critical social constructionist epistemology. Sixteen care leavers from across Ireland, six young women and 10 young men who had aged out of care within the past year, were recruited for a year-long follow-up study. Data were collected at three points in time using in-depth interviewing techniques and supported by creative documentation during the interim period between meetings. The fieldwork was initiated by a community assessment process in which gatekeepers and other stakeholders were contacted. Recruitment was pursued through these contacts and included a variety of services, such as aftercare service providers, homelessness services, teen pregnancy and addiction services. Utilising liminality theory, Recognition theory and the concept of precarity, the analysis revealed a number of insights into the interplay between structure and agency in the transition out of care. The analysis identified two processes in which the care leavers engaged to manage the transition out of care: striving for a 'normal' life and negotiating uncertainty. 'Normal' life adhered to a traditional image of standard adulthood that developed in the 1950s, including financial stability from employment, homeownership and family formation. Ageing out in a context of welfare retrenchment and youth policy that encourages individuals' reliance on family supports, young people described uncertainty about the future and the meeting of their vital needs, such as housing and food. In the system of rationed supports, care leavers sought to create options for themselves and position themselves as deserving of state assistance. Young people's narratives of their experiences with aftercare services and supports underscored the ways in which the concept of the deserving and undeserving poor continue to operate in the Irish child welfare system. Some young people, especially those who were not in education, employment or training, felt misrecognised by the system as undeserving of assistance. Young people contested what constituted deserving, identifying their care experience and their age as markers of deserving-ness, and asserted their moral identities through engagement with or aspiration to valued life activities, such as continuing in education. Relationships proved central to the young people's experiences, both in developing skills to manage them and utilising them for support. As time passed, young people moved from aftercare arranged housing into situations of hidden homelessness, relying on their friends and families for safe housing. Many sought to form new relationships as they entered new social fields, such as higher education and employment. However, several mentioned concerns about how the stigma associated with care experience had the potential to spark pity or judgment in others. In these narratives, the ability to be vulnerable with others arose as a key skill in relationship development, though several noted that care stigma inhibited their ability to be vulnerable with new people. Finally, the analysis highlights the importance of supporting both the material and psycho-social needs of young people as they age out of care. Drawing on these conclusions, the thesis concludes with implications for policy and practice, including the pairing of social investment and social inclusion policies to create a more holistic approach to aftercare policy.

COVID-19 pandemic led to global disruption of educational system and adversely affected about 1.6 billion learners, from schools to universities, across the world.1 Like any other field, Covid-19 changed the panorama of medical education in general and clinical training in particular.2 The major challenge for teachers and learners was to come out of comfort zones and shift to complete online education. This shift in routine would have been more of research-based but due to the pandemic situation it turned out to be more of experiential-based followed by research around those experiences. Major problems faced during switching from conventional to online education were technology-related including unequal distribution of technology infrastructure, student engagement/interaction in online education, blurring boundaries between personal and professional life, time management, low-level preparedness, competencies for e-learning, and lack of practical and clinical experience.2,3 The adaptations of medical education probably met the speed of the spread of the infection. The adaptations have ranged from different aspects of teaching to assessment, and have also included student engagement, development of online resources, digital clinical experiences, virtual bedside teaching rounds, mentoring, online conferences, and faculty development initiatives.4-10 The future of medical education has been previously discussed in the context of curricular changes, trends, identity, power and location.11-13 The experience of the Covid-19 has further emphasized that the medical education trends and curricula would keep on changing, such as the need for developing competencies for e-learning, and some of these changes would be unpredictable.11 Moreover, the professional identity, that is, "how we think of/about ourselves?" keeps on shaping during the course of health professionals' academic qualification and passing through various professional experiences.14 Switching to online medical education will shape our identity as health professionals and will indirectly change our power dynamics such as; between patient and doctors, teachers and students, and doctors versus other health professionals.14 Similarly, the post-colonial divide between the eastern and western cultures in the context of medical education has also been somewhat defused after observing the response, fragility, and adaptability of medical education systems across different nations. Some of the questions that we may foresee, based on these experiences are: how to prepare for the 'lack of preparedness' and uncertainty? how to address the reduced experiential learning time? how extreme situations and environments will influence medical education? and how medical education can do its job effectively in extreme situations? Few suggestions are already given in the literature to prepare our students in uncertainty such as, introducing epidemiology/evidence-based medicine modules, undergraduate research training, cognitive biases modules, and training students to understand and manage their professional and personal limitations.15,16 Moreover, research should be focused on uncertainties and how to manage them? Further, the focus of our curricula, which still is predominantly on recall, should be on critical thinking and problem-solving skills. In response to the reduced experiential learning time at workplace, more focus would be on simulation-based training akin to training of pilots, to ensure both the doctor and patient safety in the workplace. There was also a debate during the Covid-19 whether to include undergraduate students in workplace, considering their safety, and if they are trained enough? The initial evidence showed encouraging results regarding effective & active involvement of medical students as frontline support during Covid-19 pandemic and it meritsfurther research.17 The extreme situations may not only be in the form of pandemics but environmental changes, disasters and conflicts.3 Again, simulation-based training to mimic such conditions has been used to train our students for the future.18 Specific optional modules can be developed such as 'extreme physiology' that usually is emphasized in military, navy and air force for high altitude and deep sea courses. These courses or modules can be introduced as student selected components to prepare the students for future environmental changes, disasters and conflicts. The future is bringing many opportunities in terms of artificial intelligence and robotic surgeries that will reduce our reliance on remembrance and surgical skills, but it also may bring some undesirable events, such as the current pandemic. Therefore, the medical curricula, our instructional designs, teaching and assessment methods, our roles as teachers will all evolve and the individuals and institutions that adapt would emerge as the leaders of the future.

INTRODUCTIONIn this research, we tried to observe the economic value that can be attributed to the Portuguese language (and, consequently, to its learning by foreigners, mainly Chinese ones) in relation to the Chinese language (and, equivalent learning by Brazilians). Although this first stage of the research is a bibliographic verification, the certified data points to a direct relationship between the learning of these languages and the expansion of various types of relations (commercial, cultural, social, technological, etc.) between China and Brazil that affect the economy of both countries.METHODDespite being an exploratory and descriptive research that uses the abstract-deductive and historical-inductive method (developed from a bibliographic perspective), the gathered data can support innovative practices in both microeconomic decisions (price dynamics versus costs - market structure). - profits, etc., orientations in the production process, production planning for consumption, government investments and expenditures, exporting or importing decisions, etc.) as well as their macroeconomic outcomes (inflation, unemployment, cycle and long-term growth trend, surplus or deficit of the trade balance, exchange rate situation, monetary value, etc.).Along first moment, our reflections will be focused on the concept of "human capital", based on the definition of the World Bank President Jim Yong Kim who defines it as "the sum of the health, skill, knowledge, experience and habits of a population". Afterwards, knowing that Brazil and China rank 71st and 44th in the human capital ranking (the one developed by the Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation, known as "IHME" from the University of Washington and published in the scientific journal The Lancet on September 24th, 2018), we intend to correlate the degree of investment in health and education systems (key factors in this ranking) and the direct relationship with the economic growth index of these countries respectively.Secondly, within these aspects of the educational skills and knowledge of a population, we will reflect on how the language policies organized in both countries can benefit or reverse the models of economic growth that are being developed in Brazil and China.In a third moment, from the verification of the economic value of both Portuguese and Chinese (Mandarin), we intend to point out the importance of more investments (mainly in Brazil) in the implementation of programs in the formation of teachers that can act in both Portuguese as a Foreign Language and Chinese as a Foreign Language. FINDINGSThere is a direct relationship between a higher investment in human capital (and, consequently, intellectual capital of a population) and high rates of economic development in countries that have developed this type of investment.And specifically, as a catalyst for an increase in intellectual capital, it is clear that there is a tendency for foreign language learning becoming an important factor in the development of a population, as pointed out in the document "Languages for the Future. Which languages the UK needs most and why" prepared by the British Council in 2013. In this document, from the 10-factor analysis, a ranking of foreign language learning priority in the UK was developed.CONCLUSIONWe conclude that with the implementation of human capital (specifically, intellectual capital), more investment in foreign language learning (especially in those countries that have been great economic partners - China and Brazil - since the last decade), the use of new technologies in education and the way language policies are constituted, it is possible to boost the economic growth and the human development index (HDI) in both China and Brazil.REFERENCESBritish Council (2013). Languages for the future. Which languages the UK needs most and why.Costa, Daiane (2018). Brasil é o 71º em capital humano em ranking de 195 países. Jornal O Globo de 24, set. Disponível: https://oglobo.globo.com/economia/brasil-o-71-em-capital-humano-em-ranking-de-195-paises-23094825.Moreira, Fabiano Greter; Violin, Fábio Luciano; Silva, Luciana Codognoto da (2014). Capital intelectual como vantagem competitiva: um estudo bibliográfico. ReCaPe Revista de Carreiras e Pessoas São Paulo. Volume IV - Número 03 - Set/Out/Nov/Dez. 296-311.Reto, Luís (coord.) (2012). Potencial económico da língua portuguesa. Lisboa: Texto Editores.Saavedra, Monica (2009). O português no Mercosul. Cadernos de Letras da UFF, No.39.Viana, Giomar; Lima, Jandir Ferrera de (2010). Capital humano e crescimento econômico. Interações, Campo Grande, v. 11, n. 2. 137-148.Xavier, Gildete Rocha (1999). Aquisição do Português Brasileiro por um falante chinês. Campinas, SP: Dissertação de Mestrado do IEL da UNICAMP.

STUDY QUESTION: How has the performance of the European regional register of the European IVF-monitoring Consortium (EIM)/European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) evolved from 1997 to 2016, as compared to the register of the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of the USA and the Australia and New Zealand Assisted Reproduction Database (ANZARD)? SUMMARY ANSWER: It was found that coherent and analogous changes are recorded in the three regional registers over time, with a different intensity and pace, that new technologies are taken up with considerable delay and that incidental complications and adverse events are only recorded sporadically. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: European data on ART have been collected since 1997 by EIM. Data collection on ART in Europe is particularly difficult due to its fragmented political and legal landscape. In 1997, approximately 78.1% of all known institutions offering ART services in 23 European countries submitted data and in 2016 this number rose to 91.8% in 40 countries. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: We compared the changes in European ART data as published in the EIM reports (2001-2020) with those of the USA, as published by CDC, and with those of Australia and New Zealand, as published by ANZARD. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of the published EIM data sets spanning the 20 years observance period from 1997 to 2016, together with the published data sets of the USA as well as of Australia and New Zealand. By comparing the data sets in these three large registers, we analysed differences in the completeness of the recordings together with differences in the time intervals on the occurrence of important trends in each of them. Effects of suspected over- and under-reporting were also compared between the three registers. X2 log-rank analysis was used to assess differences in the data sets. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: During the period 1997-2016, the numbers of recorded ART treatments increased considerably (5.3-fold in Europe, 4.6-fold in the USA, 3.0-fold in Australia and New Zealand), while the number of registered treatment modalities rose from 3 to 7 in Europe, from 4 to 10 in the USA and from 5 to 8 in Australia and New Zealand, as published by EIM, CDC and ANZARD, respectively. The uptake of new treatment modalities over time has been very different in the three registers. There is a considerable degree of underreporting of the number of initiated treatment cycles in Europe. The relationship between IVF and ICSI and between fresh and thawing cycles evolved similarly in the three geographical areas. The freeze-all strategy is increasingly being adopted by all areas, but in Europe with much delay. Fewer cycles with the transfer of two or more embryos were reported in all three geographical areas. The delivery rate per embryo transfer in thawing cycles bypassed that in fresh cycles in the USA in 2012, in Australia and New Zealand in 2013, but not yet in Europe. As a result of these changing approaches, fewer multiple deliveries have been reported. Since 2012, the most documented adverse event of ART in all three registers has been premature birth (<37 weeks). Some adverse events, such as maternal death, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, haemorrhage and infections, were only recorded by EIM and ANZARD. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: The methods of data collection and reporting were very different among European countries, but also among the three registers. The better the legal background on ART surveillance, the more complete are the data sets. Until the legal obligation to report is installed in all European countries together with an appropriate quality control of the submitted data the reported numbers and incidences should be interpreted with caution. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: The growing number of reported treatments in ART, the higher variability in treatment modalities and the rising contribution to the birth rates over the last 20 years point towards the increasing impact of ART. High levels of completeness in data reporting have been reached, but inconsistencies and inaccuracies still remain and need to be identified and quantified. The current trend towards a higher diversity in treatment modalities and the rising impact of cryostorage, resulting in improved safety during and after ART treatment, require changes in the organization of surveillance in ART. The present comparison must stimulate all stakeholders in ART to optimize surveillance and data quality assurance in ART. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): This study has no external funding and all costs are covered by ESHRE. There are no competing interests. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: N/A.

The role of outsourcing in decades continues to grow primarily through the possibility of increasing the efficiency of enterprises by attracting external service contractors. Outsourcing contributes to increase the competitiveness of companies, increase the value of profits by optimizing costs while maintaining or improving the quality of goods or services to gain access to a wider range of skilled manpower. Application Outsourcing demands new ways and methods of interaction between enterprises and organizations, which leads to the relevance of the study this issue.Ukraine is the leading IT outsourcing country in Eastern Europe, along with some other major IT centers, such as Poland, Romania, Hungary, and the Czech Republic.In general, Ukraine occupies about 1% of the global outsourcing market. According to research consultancy Avasant Poland and Romania are ahead, but the export volume of outsourcing services Ukraine ahead of Bulgaria and Hungary.According to the research results of the International Association of IAOP, the ranking of the best outsourcing companies - The 2017 Global Outsourcing 100 included 13 Ukrainian outsourcing companies.Among them SoftServe (Lviv), Ciklum (Kyiv), ELEKS (Lviv), Miratech (Kyiv), Sigma Software (Kharkov), N-iX (Lviv), Softengi (Kyiv), Program-Ace (Kharkiv). Among companies with Ukrainian R&D agencies, EPAM, Luxoft, Intetika, TEAM International Services, Softjourn should be noted.The contribution of IT-export industry to the total GDP of Ukraine in 2017 amounted to 3.34%, IT companies operating in Ukraine, paid taxes of 16.7 billion. USD. According to PwC research, the IT industry of Ukraine ranks third in terms of its GDP contribution to the country, and exports $ 2.5 billion. It is expected that by 2020 it will reach 10 billion dollars with 5.7% contribution Among the clients of Ukrainian IT companies are: Panasonic, Oracle, Intel, Microsoft, MasterCard, Ericsson, BAYER, Ford, Deloite, Limelight Networks, Huawei, Samsung, Siemens, Netcracker, Mellanox Technologies, Google, Corel etc.The main areas of specialization of Ukrainian IT specialists include Software Engineering, Testing, Test Automation, Application Support, Architecture.The factors that hinder the development of the IT outsourcing market in Ukraine include: the attraction and maintenance of talented professionals, the lack of appropriate legislative definition and regulation of outsourcing processes; insufficient popularization of the domestic market of IT outsourcing; low level of English language skills by native specialists; the presence of a large number of risks associated with doing business;an unstable economic and political situation, as well as a complex legal, tax and business environment.To ensure the development of the industry, the following conditions are named: stability of the tax policy, absence of new regulatory barriers, development of IT education and human resources, active promotion of the Ukrainian brand on the international scene.If we compare Ukraine and Poland and what characterizes our market and the Polish market, we will see that in Ukraine are very few development centers (capital development centers) created by large companies (Microsoft etc.). In Poland, they are bigger because the conditions for doing business in Ukraine are much more complicated. Therefore, all customers who want to work in Ukraine do not create development centers themselves, but work through other companies such as SoftServe, Luxoft and others. These companies know certain practices in the Ukrainian environment. This is precisely the reason that BP-outsourcing does not evolve in Ukraine.Lviv and Ivano-Frankivsk became the most attractive cities in Ukraine for the creation of joint service and outsourcing centers in 2017. These cities are ranked leaders due to the availability and value of skilled manpower, developed infrastructure, rental office costs and convenient geographic location.According to a research conducted by the International Consulting and Audit Company KPMG, Ukraine has the advantage over the cost of work and office leasing in Poland and the Czech Republic, which previously was the most popular outsourcing business. Today, these countries are becoming more expensive.Promoting and strengthening Ukraine IT brand in the world needs a consolidated work, as the leading IT companies in the country should work together and form a strong and attractive brand of Ukraine, giving it a single voice and presenting the country in the global engineering and business events. ; Роль аутсорсингу за останні десятиліття продовжує зростати насамперед через можливість підвищення ефективності діяльності підприємств за допомогою залучення послуг зовнішніх підрядників. Використання аутсорсингу сприяє забезпеченню зростання конкурентоспроможності компаній, збільшенню вели­чи­ни прибутку шляхом оптимізації витрат при збереженні або підвищенні якості товарів, робіт чи послуг, одержанню доступу до ширшого кола кваліфікованих трудових ресурсів. Застосування аутсорсингу вимагає нових способів та методів взаємодії підприємств і організацій, що зумовлює актуальність дослідження цього питання.Ключові слова: аутсорсинг, аутсорсингові послуги, ІТ-аутсорсинг, IT-спеціалісти, ІТ-екосистеми