Suchergebnisse

Del amplio y variado abanico de prácticas y ámbitos sacudidos por la pandemia de COVID-19, este libro se centra en el modo en que esta circunstancia afectó el ritmo y la dinámica de la democracia y, particularmente, de una de sus instituciones y rutinas decisivas: las elecciones. Los dieciséis capítulos que reúne reflexionan sobre diversos actos eleccionarios realizados en América Latina y Estados Unidos, durante 2020 y 2021, que abarcan tanto elecciones presidenciales (Bolivia, EE.UU) , como regionales y municipales (Brasil, Chile, México, Paraguay y Uruguay). Sus autores y autoras indagan las formas en que las democracias del continente afrontan el duro desafío de gestionar la incertidumbre creada por la emergencia sanitaria y económica, sin sacrificar el repertorio básico de derechos e instituciones que supone este régimen. ; Fil: Iazzetta, Osvaldo. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencia Política y Relaciones Internacionales; Argentina.

Israel's finance minister has blocked a major U.S. shipment of humanitarian aid meant to feed Palestinians in the Gaza Strip, according to Axios, setting up a faceoff with the Biden administration, which has come under increasing pressure from Democrats in Congress to increase the flow of aid into the besieged territory.
The news comes just days after President Joe Biden issued a memorandum in which he committed to enforce a little-used provision of U.S. law that bans Washington from giving security assistance to states that block U.S. humanitarian aid. The memorandum drew heavily on a proposal from Sen. Chris Van Hollen (D-Md.) that called for the implementation of U.S. law restricting military aid for human rights violators.
Biden now finds himself in a bind: He can ignore the memo and anger his allies in the Senate; cut off military aid to Israel; or issue a waiver that would allow shipments to continue while conceding that Israeli actions are contrary to U.S. law.
"The most likely possibility is that the president says, 'Yes, there's been a restriction, but because of the importance of supporting Israel, we're going to waive,'" said John Ramming Chappell, an advocacy and legal fellow at the Center for Civilians in Conflict. A waiver, Ramming Chappell argues, "would require being honest about the fact that the Israeli government is restricting the delivery of humanitarian assistance."
Such an admission would be embarrassing for the administration given its repeated declarations that it has not seen credible allegations of Israeli war crimes, a view at odds with the assessment of all major human rights organizations and even U.S. allies.
"If you believe that too many people are being killed, maybe you should provide less arms in order to prevent so many people having been killed," charged European Union foreign policy chief Josep Borrell on Monday, following Biden's comment that Israeli operations have been "over the top."
As Israel faces charges of genocide at the International Court of Justice, the Biden administration is reportedly conducting internal reviews of Israel's compliance with the laws of war, an important question given the scale of U.S. military aid to the country.
The White House did not respond to a request for comment from RS. State Department spokesperson Matthew Miller said yesterday that "the Israeli government made a commitment to allow the flour to go in, and we expect them to implement this commitment."
The flour in the shipment, which is currently sitting in the Israeli port of Ashdod, would be sufficient to feed 1.5 million Palestinians in Gaza for five months, according to Miller. United Nations experts estimate that one in four Gazans is now experiencing extreme famine conditions, indicating widespread starvation.
Bezalel Smotrich, Israel's finance minister, reportedly blocked the U.S. humanitarian aid because it was destined for distribution by the U.N. Relief and Works Agency, or UNRWA. Israeli officials recently accused a dozen of UNRWA's 10,000 Gaza-based employees of participating in or facilitating the Oct. 7 Hamas attacks, which killed nearly 1,200 people, most of whom were civilians.
While Israel has yet to provide evidence for the accusations, many countries, including the U.S. and Germany, have paused funding for the U.N. agency pending an investigation. UNRWA, for its part, has cut ties with the accused employees and urged states to reverse course on funding cutoffs. The agency says a continued suspension of funding could have catastrophic consequences in Gaza, which is already facing one of the world's worst humanitarian crises.
Smotrich's office told Axios that he is now looking for a mechanism to deliver the aid without going through UNRWA, which he alleges is part of the "Hamas war machine."
The decision to hold up aid throws another wrench into the Biden administration's efforts to pass a funding package that includes billions of dollars in assistance for Ukraine and Israel. The package made it through the Senate Tuesday, but its odds of passing the House continue to dwindle due to progressive opposition to Israel aid and conservative opposition to Ukraine aid.
In a House hearing Wednesday, Rep. Joaquin Castro (D-Texas) asked Bonnie Jenkins, a top State Department official on arms control, if the new memorandum would be applied to Israel.
"It's going to be applied to all countries," Jenkins said. "We have talked to Israel about the NSM, and they are aware of it and agreed to it."
But Jenkins punted when asked if the U.S. had secured assurances from Israel that it will allow the provision of U.S. humanitarian aid to Gaza, noting that the memorandum allowed up to 45 days for a state to provide such assurances if it is actively at war.

We need to effectively combine the knowledge from surging literature with complex datasets to propose mechanistic models of SARS-CoV-2 infection, improving data interpretation and predicting key targets of intervention. Here, we describe a large-scale community effort to build an open access, interoperable and computable repository of COVID-19 molecular mechanisms. The COVID-19 Disease Map (C19DMap) is a graphical, interactive representation of disease-relevant molecular mechanisms linking many knowledge sources. Notably, it is a computational resource for graph-based analyses and disease modelling. To this end, we established a framework of tools, platforms and guidelines necessary for a multifaceted community of biocurators, domain experts, bioinformaticians and computational biologists. The diagrams of the C19DMap, curated from the literature, are integrated with relevant interaction and text mining databases. We demonstrate the application of network analysis and modelling approaches by concrete examples to highlight new testable hypotheses. This framework helps to find signatures of SARS-CoV-2 predisposition, treatment response or prioritisation of drug candidates. Such an approach may help deal with new waves of COVID-19 or similar pandemics in the long-term perspective. ; We would like to thank Andjela Tatarovic, architect, and Gina Crovetto, a researcher in the field of cancer, for their help with the design of the top-level view diagrams. We would like to acknowledge the Responsible and Reproducible Research (R3) team of the Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine for supporting the project and providing necessary communication and data sharing resources. The work presented in this paper was carried out using the ELIXIR Luxembourg tools and services. This study was supported by the Luxembourg National Research Fund (FNR) COVID-19 Fast-Track grant programme, grant COVID-19/2020-1/14715687/CovScreen (E. Glaab); European Commission, INFORE grant H2020-ICT-825070 (A. Montagud, M. Ponce de Leon, M. Vazques and A. Valencia); European Commission, PerMedCoE grant H2020-ICT-951773 (A. Montagud, M. Ponce de Leon, M. Vazques and A. Valencia) the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, Germany) and the Baden-Württemberg Ministry of Science, the Excellence Strategy of the German Federal and State Governments (A. Renz); German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), grant no 8020708703 (A. Dräger); The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw), grant no 10430012010015, (M. Kutmon, S. Coort, F. Ehrhart, N. Pham, E.L. Willighagen, C.T. Evelo); H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, grant number 765274 (J. Scheel); National Institutes of Health, USA (NIH), grant number U41 HG003751 (L.D. Stein). The development of Reactome is supported by grants from the US National Institutes of Health (U41 HG003751) and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory. ; Peer Reviewed ; "Article signat per més de 50 autors/es: Marek Ostaszewski, Anna Niarakis, Alexander Mazein, Inna Kuperstein, Robert Phair, Aurelio Orta-Resendiz, Vidisha Singh, Sara Sadat Aghamiri, Marcio Luis Acencio, Enrico Glaab, Andreas Ruepp, Gisela Fobo, Corinna Montrone, Barbara Brauner, Goar Frishman, Luis Cristóbal Monraz Gómez, Julia Somers, Matti Hoch, Shailendra Kumar Gupta, Julia Scheel, Hanna Borlinghaus, Tobias Czauderna, Falk Schreiber, Arnau Montagud, Miguel Ponce de Leon, Akira Funahashi, Yusuke Hiki, Noriko Hiroi, Takahiro G Yamada, Andreas Dräger, Alina Renz, Muhammad Naveez, Zsolt Bocskei, Francesco Messina, Daniela Börnigen, Liam Fergusson, Marta Conti, Marius Rameil, Vanessa Nakonecnij, Jakob Vanhoefer, Leonard Schmiester, Muying Wang,Emily E Ackerman, Jason E Shoemaker, Jeremy Zucker, Kristie Oxford, Jeremy Teuton, Ebru Kocakaya, Gökçe Yağmur Summak, Kristina Hanspers, Martina Kutmon, Susan Coort, Lars Eijssen, Friederike Ehrhart, Devasahayam Arokia Balaya,Denise Slenter, Marvin Martens, Nhung Pham, Robin Haw, Bijay Jassal, Lisa Matthews, Marija Orlic-Milacic, Andrea Senff Ribeiro, Karen Rothfels, Veronica Shamovsky, Ralf Stephan, Cristoffer Sevilla, Thawfeek Varusai, Jean-Marie Ravel, Rupsha Fraser, Vera Ortseifen, Silvia Marchesi, Piotr Gawron, Ewa Smula, Laurent Heirendt, Venkata Satagopam, Guanming Wu, Anders Riutta, Martin Golebiewski, Stuart Owen51,Carole Goble, Xiaoming Hu, Rupert W Overall, Dieter Maier, Angela Bauch, Benjamin M Gyori, John A Bachman, Carlos Vega, Valentin Grouès, Miguel Vazquez, Pablo Porras, Luana Licata, Marta Iannuccelli, Francesca Sacco57, Anastasia Nesterova, Anton Yuryev, Anita de Waard, Denes Turei, Augustin Luna, Ozgun Babur, Sylvain Soliman, Alberto Valdeolivas, Marina Esteban-Medina, Maria Peña-Chilet, Kinza Rian, Tomáš Helikar, Bhanwar Lal Puniya, Dezso Modos, Agatha Treveil, Marton Olbei, Bertrand De Meulder, Stephane Ballereau, Aurélien Dugourd, Aurélien Naldi, Vincent Noël, Laurence Calzone, Chris Sander, Emek Demir, Tamas Korcsmaros, Tom C Freeman, Franck Augé, Jacques S Beckmann, Jan Hasenauer, Olaf Wolkenhauer, Egon L Wilighagen, Alexander R Pico, Chris T Evelo, Marc E Gillespie, Lincoln D Stein, Henning Hermjakob, Peter D'Eustachio, Julio Saez-Rodriguez, Joaquin Dopazo, Alfonso Valencia, Hiroaki Kitano, Emmanuel Barillot, Charles Auffray, Rudi Balling, Reinhard Schneider " ; Postprint (published version)

La condizione giuridica degli ebrei, sin dai primi anni del XVI secolo, fu disciplinata a Napoli da un susseguirsi di provvedimenti dal contenuto variamente afflittivo. Rispetto a tali precedenti, la riforma varata da Carlo di Borbone segnò una svolta epocale.Adottato dopo una lunga e problematica gestazione, l'editto costituì parte di un più ampio quadro di riforme finalizzato a «coltivare l'umana società». In tale prospettiva, più fonti documentano il collegamento esistente tra quell'iniziativa e la coeva istituzione delSupremo Magistrato del Commercio. L'orizzonte comune ad entrambe le riforme risiedeva nella volontà di dare vita ad una nuova Napoli "giudaica", produttiva e commerciante: un'ambizione di rinnovamento che si infranse allorquando s'indebolì, e poi venne meno, la base di consenso e di sostegno politico che aveva trainato le riforme. ; In Naples, since the early sixteenth century, a set of measures, characterized by variously afflictive contents, regulated the legal status of the Jews who had settled, also thanks to the protection offered to them by the Aragonese kings, in the southern part of the peninsula. The succession of these provisions testifies to the centrality of the Jewish theme in the complex balance of political, religious and economic relations but, at the same time, reveals the evident difficulty of finding a decisive answer to a question that, precisely by those forces, was constantly influenced. The outcome of this dynamism determined, over the centuries, the oscillation between admitting, although with different limitations, the settlement of the Jewish community and the need to decree its expulsion. Between the two poles, there was the imposition of various limitations including the obligation to wear the "sign".Compared to these precedents, the edict about the readmission of the Jews, published in February 1740 by Charles of Bourbon, marked an epochal turning point. The objective pursued by the Bourbon government was not only to provide a base of support for commercial exchanges, but rather to create favourable conditions for the arrival and settlement of the Israelite community. At the basis of that edict there was the design of a Jewish Naples: a city capable not only of welcoming the Jewish community and allowing its peaceful establishment, but, above all, able to adopt the commercial and productive mentality of the Jews. That intellectual osmosis would have renewed the Kingdom.Guaranteed by immunities and privileges, the Jews would have settled in Naples as had happened in Livorno, thanks to the so called Livornine. In Livorno, the Jews had become a very important component in the economic and political equilibrium. Thanks to the favourable initiatives taken by Ferdinando I de' Medici, the Israelite community had grown strong and prestigious and this had translated into an advantage for the overall economy. From a legal point of view, the Livornine became the archetype to be inspired by. This is confirmed by the frequent citation of the Livorno model in the eighteenth-century sources concerning the kingdom of Naples. What happened in that city was the most effective term of comparison to demonstrate, against all prejudices, the usefulness of the Jews' peaceful settlementA mercantilist vision pushed to consider the Jewish presence absolutely required. So it was necessary to overcome the widespread prejudices against a community of infidels and usurers. Adopted after a long and problematic debate, the Bourbon project required an act of courage. Thanks to it, the reformers carried out a regulatory intervention of sure innovation, but, above all, they showed, free from the interference of the Court of Rome, the ability and the strength to decide their own regulatory framework.The reform did not represent a sectoral intervention, but it was part of a more complex legal plan aimed at cultivating human society. In this horizon, several sources record the link between that initiative and the contemporary institution of the Supreme Magistrate of Commerce. Launched in the space of a few months, both reforms were the result of the synergy between modern intellectuals and the governmental policy prevalent in the early years of the Bourbon kingdom. Any way the parallelism existing between the two historical events and their developments remarks an important change in the Charles' government. Both events followed a trend that, in time and manner, was comparable. While developing within this common horizon, the Jewish affair was marked by undeniablespecificities deriving from its political-religious implications. The tensions with the Church of Rome, already after the adoption of the edict, acted over time, tearing the basis of consensus for the reform. The effect was the gradual prevailing of a new prudent line ofcaution, that faithfully reflected the change taking place in the Court of Charles. The progressive weakening of the Secretary of State José Joaquín de Montealegre and his definitive departure in 1746 radically changed the juridical-political horizon. In July 1747, the expulsion of the Jews from the Kingdom marked the decline of reformist actions.

El volumen XXXI, número 1, de revista Persona y Sociedad, está dedicado al tema la información territorial al servicio de la sociedad. Históricamente la Geografía, ha dado cuenta de los espacios tanto en su perspectiva profesional como académica. En la actualidad, el rol del espacio se ha vuelto preponderante en la investigación en ciencias sociales, en lo que se ha denominado "giro espacial". Se ha revitalizado el espacio desde diversas disciplinas reconfigurando prácticas profesionales y académicas que han recuperado la relación con el territorio.
La noción de territorio da cuenta del ejercicio del poder en el espacio, dando lugar a preguntas tales como ¿qué o quiénes ejercen poder sobre el espacio? ¿Están dichos poderes en conflicto? ¿A quiénes beneficia ese ejercicio del poder? De esta manera, hoy más que nunca entendemos que se requiere que la información territorial esté al servicio de las comunidades que componen nuestra sociedad, ya que diversos actores poseen equipos que se encuentran desentrañando información sobre usos de suelo, riquezas del subsuelo, localización y preferencias de los consumidores, fisuras en las normativas y planes reguladores, etc. El poder sobre el espacio se encuentra en disputa, por lo tanto, es necesario recuperar y diseminar conocimientos y reconocimientos territoriales. Estos elementos se relacionan con la acción del Estado en todas sus escalas, así como la construcción que hacen los sujetos y comunidades en sus propias escalas de acción.
Poner al servicio de las comunidades la información territorial se puede expresar en diferentes escalas operativas, así encontramos juntas de vecinos, asociaciones comunales, organizaciones públicas, privadas y no-gubernamentales, comunidades que producen y son producidas por el poder que se ejerce en sus territorios y sus actores. Son estos procesos los que demandan al menos dos elementos principales. El primero de ellos, hace referencia al acceso a la información territorial que se encuentra más allá de su experiencia cotidiana, mientras que el segundo de ellos se levanta como la posibilidad de que sus propias experiencias se transformen en insumos para la producción de perspectivas territoriales, las cuales disputen las relaciones de poder que se ejercen. La integración de estos elementos en un círculo virtuoso, desde la perspectiva del "giro espacial", favorece el ejercicio de una ciudadanía consciente, responsable y crítica.
Considerando los elementos señalados con anterioridad, los artículos del presente número se despliegan a partir del empoderamiento de sujetos y comunidades, ya sea en la perspectiva del acceso a información relevante para sus contextos, así como con la posibilidad de que sus propias experiencias se transformen en una posibilidad de construcción territorial. Bajo este contexto, el trabajo de Gabriela Corrales Baraza et. al., propone el diseño de un modelo de demanda de superficie para la simulación geoespacial de usos de suelo, el cual aporta información estratégica rica en potenciales transformaciones y comportamientos del territorio para la toma de decisiones según escenarios a futuro.
Desde otra escala de análisis, Vicente Lombardozzi elabora nuevas reflexiones sobre comunidad y sociedad: el caso de la ecoaldea Piuke Ko. El autor realiza una discusión teórica, vinculada con una experiencia de construcción de comunidad, de esta manera logra generar un circuito entre la comunidad como concepto y la comunidad como praxis. Por otro lado, en términos de la espacialidad de dinámicas sociales, Joaquín Bosque Sendra y Gustavo Buzai aborda la geografía electoral de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, en el proceso de elecciones a Jefe de Gobierno municipal y a la Presidencia de la República Argentina. A través de un análisis exploratorio de datos espaciales, examina las asociaciones entre la distribución espacial del voto, el mapa social y los máximos niveles educativos alcanzados por la población.
Son Sebastián Carrasco e Ignacio Milic quienes se encargan de identificar un patrón territorial de acumulación ilegal de residuos sólidos en la cuenca alta del río Cachapoal, dando cuenta de las evoluciones socio-espaciales gatillantes del fenómeno, como también, identificando factores que influencian las consecuencias de tales transformaciones en el espacio.
Finalmente, desde la perspectiva de poner a disposición información socioespacial, dos artículos realizan esta tarea desde diferentes perspectivas, por un lado Marina Miraglia presenta una Infraestructura de Datos Espaciales del Conurbano Bonaerense (Argentina), que permite, a partir de la integración de datos, un manejo eficiente de la información como insumo confiable al proceso de toma de decisiones y, por otro lado, Bárbara López presenta el mapeo colectivo de redes en la gestión cultural, dando cuenta de esta forma la técnica, la experiencia y el empoderamiento de las comunidades, como un proceso de levantamiento participativo de información territorial útil para los sujetos constructores de la experiencia espacial.

The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990 (NAGPRA) established a mechanism for repatriating ancestral Native American human remains and three other categories of special objects already curated by federally funded institutions. NAGPRA is undoubtedly an important piece of human rights legislation recognizing the historical mistreatment of Native American dead. Yet, the process of repatriation, arguably the most salient piece of NAGPRA, highlights larger questions about the construction of tribes, as an analytic category through archaeological and ethnographic evidence. Indeed, this federal law changed the nature of the archaeo-legal landscape. Before NAGPRA, archaeological expertise was used in the context of the National Historic Preservation Act or Archaeological Resources Protection Act, for example. Post NAGPRA the political involvement of archaeology has expanded and archaeological and anthropological methods and theories now occupy a unique place in the archaeo-legal landscape. In particular, the corner stone methods and theories by which archaeologists and anthropologists link contemporary social and cultural groups to their ancestors, together commonly known as cultural affiliation, have become particularly important. The most salient example this is Bonnichsen v. U.S. , 367 F.3d 864 (9th Cir. 2004). In 2004, after almost a decade of litigation, the 9th Circuit in decided the final disposition of approximately 9,000 year old human remains. Popularly known as "Kennewick Man" or "The Ancient One" the remains were inadvertently discovered by four students watching a boat race from the banks of the Columbia River in Kennewick, Washington. The county coroner initially identified the remains as Caucasoid. However, the discovery of an a Clovis spear point in Kennewick Man's hip suggested this identification might not be correct. After further testing, the age of the remains were found to be approximately 9,000 years old. The Army Corps of Engineers, on whose property the remains were found, decided, based on the age of the the remains, that Kennewick Man should be repatriated to area tribes. Subsequently, a group of archaeologists and anthropologists sued claiming that the remains were so old and because the original characterization of Kennewick Man was Caucasoid, cultural affiliation to a modern tribe could not be established within the meaning of NAGPRA and thus the statute did not apply. The central question for the court to consider was whether or not Kennewick man was a Native American. Relying heavily on archaeological and anthropological evidence, the Court decided that Kennewick Man was not Native American. It is not surprising that the Court would draw heavily upon these disciplines. Indeed, much of the justification for their existence and importance has been their ability to tell us about ancestral pasts and cultural lineages. While archaeology has long played a key role in contributing to national narratives, in both positive and negative ways, NAGPRA paced a new emphasis on political involvement of these disciplines in defining who is Native American. As a result, their taken for granted's are called into question. The starting point for my broader inquiry into the traditional models and methods of cultural affiliation, is a single site, CA-SJo-42. The objects excavated from CA-SJo-42 are curated at the Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology at the University of California, Berkeley (PAHMA) and date from roughly the Late to the Historic Period (A.D. 1500-1830). CA-SJo-42 is located in a border area separating the Sacramento and the San Joaquin Valleys (The Delta) - a border that coincides with the anthropologically, linguistically, and archaeologically defined "cultural" border separating the Plains Miwok and Northern Valley Yokuts peoples. CA-SJo-42 is the ideal starting point for exploring the empirical foundations of cultural affiliation because it is a collection that the Tachi Yokuts Tribe, a federally recognized tribe, has requested be repatriated but is tenuously labeled culturally unidentifiable by the Hearst Museum. The reason for this designation points to the heart of my analysis. Despite the best efforts of PAHMA, traditional culture area maps and archaeological typologies provide few answers to the complex interplay of people and objects their data suggest. The goal of this dissertation is to better understand the empirical footings for cultural affiliation within American archaeology. Specifically, I ask two related questions: can we discover cultural differences in the archaeological record and how might dynamic cultural interaction and between-group differences be remodeled to better understand border interactions and group identity? To do this, I address two sets of interrelated issues. First, I examine the theoretical underpinnings for cultural affiliation and examine how data were used to construct and reify a certain notion of cultural boundaries. Second, I reflect on the ways in which cultural interaction and between-group differences might best be represented. I ask how complex social relationships, especially in border areas, can be remodeled so they better incorporate and interpret the variation that often exists among archaeological, linguistic, and ethnohistoric evidence. This, I hypothesize, could provide the foundations for more nuanced archaeological and legal understandings of identity.

José Romero Escassi mostró desde su más tierna infancia una inquietud artística que chocaba con su ambiente familiar y social, en el que no tenía ningún referente. Sus primeros años transcurren entre su pueblo de nacimiento, El Coronil, y Marchena, pueblo sevillano donde se traslada su familia unos años más tarde. Es en el colegio de los Jesuitas El Puerto de Santa María, donde permanece dos años interno, cuando empieza a despertarse en él una curiosidad por todo lo que le rodea, curiosidad que se mantendrá durante toda su vida y que es un rasgo fundamental de su carácter. Más tarde realiza sus estudios de bachillerato en Córdoba y se traslada con su familia a Sevilla en 1935. Allí comienza la carrera de Medicina, que termina muchos años después en Granada tras el paréntesis de la Guerra Civil, siendo alumno interno de la cátedra de anatomía patológica médica del profesor Pedro Rodrigo Sabalete. Sin embargo, su actividad docente no se limita al estudio de esa carrera. La inclinación y el interés que ya mostraba por todos los aspectos artísticos y culturales de vanguardia, le llevan a asistir como libre oyente a las clases de Historia del Arte que impartía Francisco Murillo en la Universidad hispalense, que fue quien realmente le abrió los ojos a todos los movimientos artísticos. Pero también acude en la misma universidad sevillana a escuchar las lecciones magistrales que imparte el poeta de la Generación del 27 Jorge Guillén, que le introduce en la literatura contemporánea e inician una buena amistad. Gracias a él entra en contacto con el ambiente literario de la ciudad y con los jóvenes poetas de vanguardia que forman el grupo Mediodía, y que entonces destacaban en la ciudad: Eduardo Llosent, Adriano del Valle, Joaquín Romero Murube, Juan Sierra y Pablo Sebastián, entre otros. Su amistad con el pintor Antonio Abelardo y sus primeras incursiones profesionales pintando carteles e ilustrando artículos en las revistas culturales más destacadas en esos años, previos a la Guerra Civil española, le plantean serias dudas entre sus dos vocaciones, la médica y la artística. Es también en estos momentos cuando conoce al pintor José Caballero, una relación que fue decisiva para dar el paso definitivo en su carrera artística, al colaborar con él en la creación de figurines y escenografías teatrales. Caballero, que había sido discípulo del admirado Daniel Vázquez Díaz, le animó con entusiasmo y cordialidad a decantarse por una exclusiva dedicación al arte. Como para tantos jóvenes de su generación, todo se trunca al estallar la Guerra Civil en 1936, y la contienda marca un sesgo en su vida. También supone la pérdida de todo el esplendor cultural que había configurado su personalidad y sus inquietudes. Tras unos primeros meses combatiendo en el frente y su paso por el Hospital Militar, que se establece en el Hospital de las Cinco Llagas de Sevilla, se abre una puerta a la esperanza cuando Dionisio Ridruejo lo reclama, en 1938, para que pase a formar parte, junto a José Caballero, del Departamento de Plástica que crea el Servicio de Prensa y Propaganda del Gobierno Provisional del bando nacional, instalado en Burgos. Se inicia otra de las facetas que mantendrá durante toda su vida, la de dinamizador cultural desde los diferentes puestos que ocupa en la administración. Es entonces cuando cultiva sus amistades más valiosas y duraderas: Pedro Laín Entralgo, Luis Rosales, Luis Felipe Vivanco y el propio Ridruejo. Terminada la guerra civil, en 1939, se instala en Madrid, donde participa de muchos de los acontecimientos culturales que comienzan a renovar y a humanizar la vida cotidiana madrileña en los duros momentos de la postguerra. Asiste a alguna de las tertulias literarias, como la que crea Manuel Machado en 1940 con el nombre de Musa Musae y en la que José Romero Escassi incluso realiza e ilustra los carnets de los socios, entre los que estaban Eugenio D'Ors, Gerardo Diego, Regino Sainz de la Maza, Ignacio Zuloaga, Sebastián Miranda, Federico Sopeña y otros muchos artistas e intelectuales de significada personalidad, guiados de alguna manera por José María de Cossío. Con Manuel Machado entabló una relación personal que sería inolvidable para él, e incluso le ilustró algunos de sus libros. Su obra plástica empieza a ser seleccionada para algunas exposiciones. En 1940 participa en el Salón de los Once, una iniciativa de Eugenio D'Ors, y en 1946 en la que se inaugura en la galería Buchholz de Madrid bajo en nombre de "Facetas del Arte Moderno Español", donde sus obras se exponen junto al de grandes nombres del arte del momento, como Daniel Vázquez Díaz, una de las figuras indiscutibles del momento. A pesar de ello continúa sus estudios de Medicina, que concluye en 1946, aunque su trayectoria profesional se inclina ya definitivamente por el arte. En 1950, gracias a una beca concedida por la Dirección General de Instituciones Culturales, reside durante dos años en la Ciudad Universitaria de París. Es entonces cuando conoce y cultiva la amistad con Pablo Picasso y con muchos artistas de distintas disciplinas, como el músico Narciso Yepes. En 1961 la Fundación Juan March le otorga otra beca para estudiar los murales y mosaicos de las ciudades italianas de Ravena y Venecia, disciplinas que le interesaban muchísimo a José Romero Escassi y que trabajó en muchas ocasiones. Muchos de sus mosaicos, murales o vidrieras aún se conservan en lugares públicos o privados de toda la geografía española, como en Madrid, Jerez, Sevilla o La Coruña. En 1950 realiza los murales del Colegio de España de la Ciudad Universitaria de París, y en 1953 se inaugura el que pintó junto a José Caballero para decorar la sede madrileña del NO-DO. También pinta uno para las oficinas de la Lotería Nacional en Madrid. En 1956 realiza las vidrieras de la Universidad Laboral de Córdoba, en 1960 las de la Iglesia del colegio sevillano de los Sagrados Corazones y en 1968 se inaugura el de las RRMM Irlandesas de Sevilla. Sin embargo, su faceta más prolífica fue en el campo de la ilustración de libros, para los más importantes escritores de la época: Ángeles de Compostela de Gerardo Diego (1940), Retablo Sacro del Nacimiento del Señor de Luis Rosales (1940), La Doncella y el Río de Dionisio Ridruejo (1643), Juegos de Agua de Dulce María Loynaz (1947), Antología Poética de Agustín de Foxá (1948), Tierra y Canción de Joaquín Romero Murube (1948), Moguer de Juan Ramón Jiménez (1958), Cuaderno de Soria de Gaspar Gómez de la Serna (1959), Centro de Luz de Miguel Hernández (1958) y La Muerte, un ensayo de Sebastián García Díaz (1981), son los ejemplos más destacados de la amplia lista de libros que ilustró a lo largo de su vida. También colaboró ilustrando en las más importantes revistas culturales, como Vértice, Revista de Occidente, Clavileño, Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos, La Gaceta Literaria o Mundo Hispánico, y periódicos como el Abc publicaron en sus páginas ilustraciones de José Romero Escassi con frecuencia. En el plano narrativo, también publicó artículos escritos por él sobre temas diversos en Abc, Correo de Andalucía, Diario 16, Revista de Occidente, Clavileño y Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos, entre otros. Publicó asimismo varias monografías, como la del Grabado Español, de 1964, o la que escribió sobre el escultor Ángel Ferrant en 1973. Impartió numerosas conferencias por todo el mundo, la mayoría sobre Pablo Picasso, al que admiraba. José Romero Escassi ejerció la docencia, ganando por oposición en 1960 la cátedra de Anatomía Artística de la Escuela Superior de Bellas Artes de Santa Isabel de Hungría de Sevilla, aunque no se incorporó hasta 1975. Durante el año 1968 ejerció como Profesor encargado de curso en la asignatura "Estética y Teoría del Arte Contemporáneo" de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de Madrid. No sólo fue un artista excepcional, sino que ocupó durante toda su vida cargos de importancia, y desde ellos contribuyó en gran parte a la introducción del arte de vanguardia desde la postguerra hasta su muerte en 1994. Su fuerte personalidad le hizo participar en todo lo que le resultaba atractivo, e implicarse en actuaciones que ayudaron a fomentar el arte de vanguardia, bien como comisario de exposiciones y bienales de arte, cuando fue nombrado Comisario General de Exposiciones de la Dirección General de Bellas Artes en 1974, o bien desde su efímero puesto como Director del Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Madrid durante el mismo año. También, de 1982 a 1985, fue director de la Residencia de pintores de Segovia. En 1964 recibió la encomienda de la Orden al Mérito Civil. Ingresó en 1987 como miembro de la Real Academia de Buenas Letras de Sevilla y desde 1983 del Consejo Asesor de las Artes Plásticas del Ministerio de Cultura. Quizás esta polivalencia en sus inquietudes haya motivado que su nombre no haya sido más conocido y que su labor, en muchos casos, pasara desapercibida incluso para muchos artistas, que desconocen que José Romero Escassi abrió camino al arte de vanguardia en España en una época tan difícil como la postguerra y el franquismo. Este trabajo pretende paliar esta carencia recuperando su obra plástica, integrándola estrechamente con episodios de su vida y con las personalidades de las que supo rodearse y que conformaron su trayectoria humana y creativa, personalidades de facetas muy dispares, como los pintores Pablo Picasso, Daniel Vázquez Díaz, José Caballero o Benjamín Palencia, el músico Narciso Yepes o los múltiples escritores con los que colaboró ilustrando sus libros, como los ya mencionados Luis Rosales, Leopoldo Panero, Camilo José Cela, Gerardo Diego, Romero Murube, Manuel Machado o Jorge Guillén.

The Lancet Countdown is an international, multidisciplinary collaboration, dedicated to monitoring the evolving health profile of climate change, and providing an independent assessment of the delivery of commitments made by governments worldwide under the Paris Agreement. The 2019 report presents an annual update of 41 indicators across five key domains: climate change impacts, exposures, and vulnerability; adaptation, planning, and resilience for health; mitigation actions and health co-benefits; economics and finance; and public and political engagement. The report represents the findings and consensus of 35 leading academic institutions and UN agencies from every continent. Each year, the methods and data that underpin the Lancet Countdown's indicators are further developed and improved, with updates described at each stage of this report. The collaboration draws on the world-class expertise of climate scientists; ecologists; mathematicians; engineers; energy, food, and transport experts; economists; social and political scientists; public health professionals; and doctors, to generate the quality and diversity of data required. The science of climate change describes a range of possible futures, which are largely dependent on the degree of action or inaction in the face of a warming world. The policies implemented will have far-reaching effects in determining these eventualities, with the indicators tracked here monitoring both the present-day effects of climate change, as well as the worldwide response. Understanding these decisions as a choice between one of two pathways—one that continues with the business as usual response and one that redirects to a future that remains "well below 2°C"—helps to bring the importance of recognising the effects of climate change and the necessary response to the forefront. Evidence provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the International Energy Agency, and the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration clarifies the degree and magnitude of climate change experienced today and contextualises these two pathways.

The Lancet Countdown: tracking progress on health and climate change was established to provide an independent, global monitoring system dedicated to tracking the health dimensions of the impacts of, and the response to, climate change. The Lancet Countdown tracks 41 indicators across five domains: climate change impacts, exposures, and vulnerability; adaptation, planning, and resilience for health; mitigation actions and health co-benefits; finance and economics; and public and political engagement. This report is the product of a collaboration of 27 leading academic institutions, the UN, and intergovernmental agencies from every continent. The report draws on world-class expertise from climate scientists, ecologists, mathematicians, geographers, engineers, energy, food, livestock, and transport experts, economists, social and political scientists, public health professionals, and. doctors. The Lancet Countdown's work builds on decades of research in this field, and was first proposed in the 2015 Lancet Commission on health and climate change,1 which documented the human impacts of climate change and provided ten global recommendations to respond to this public health emergency and secure the public health benefits available (panel 1).