Suchergebnisse

ÖZET'Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk Teorileri Işığı Altında Şirketlerin Yerleşim Serbestisi' adındaki bu çalışmada, Avrupa Topluluğu Antlaşmasının 43. ve 48. maddeleri arasında düzenlenen yerleşim serbestisinin şirketler bakımından uygulanışı ve bu serbesti ile üye devletlerin iç hukuklarına dahil olan kanunlar ihtilafı kurallarının ilişkisi incelenmektedir. Çalışmanın amacı, üye devletlerin merkezi kendi ülkelerinde bulunan yabancı şirketlere uygulanacak hukukun tespiti için başvurdukları milletlerarası özel hukuk teorilerinin, şirketlerin Avrupa Topluluğu Antlaşması ile garanti altına alınan yerleşim serbestisinden faydalanması bakımından bir kısıtlama oluşturup oluşturmadığını tespit etmektir.Avrupa Birliği içersinde üye devletlerin merkezi kendi topraklarında bulunan yabancı şirketlere uygulanacak hukukun tespiti için kullandıkları iki temel teori bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan biri, şirkete idare merkezinin bulunduğu yerin hukukunun uygulanmasını öngören 'Gerçek Merkez Teorisi'; diğeri ise, şirketin idare merkezinin nerede bulunduğunu hesaba katmaksızın kuruluş yeri hukukunun uygulanmasını öngören 'Kuruluş Yeri Teorisi'dir. Diğer yandan Avrupa Topluluğu Antlaşmasının 48. maddesi, geçiş döneminin tamamlanması ile birlikte doğrudan uygulanabilirlik kazanan ve belirsiz bir süre için bir başka üye devlette sabit bir yerleşme ile gerçek bir ekonomik faaliyette bulunmayı kapsayan yerleşim serbestisinin şirketlere de uygulanmasını öngörmektedir. Belirtmek gerekir ki, Avrupa Topluluğu Adalet Divanının yerleşmiş içtihatları uyarınca söz konusu yerleşim serbestisi sadece vatandaşlığa dayalı ayrımcılık içeren düzenlemeleri değil, aynı zamanda temel özgürlüğün uygulanmasını engelleyen ya da daha az çekici hale getiren her türlü düzenlemeyi kapsamaktadır.Bu çalışmada üye devletlerde uygulanan milletlerarası özel hukuk teorileri ve Avrupa Topluluğu Antlaşması ile düzenlenen yerleşim serbestisi incelenip, gerçek merkez teorisinin Avrupa Topluluğu Adalet Divanının son yıllardaki içtihatlarında ortaya konulduğu gibi şirketlerin yerleşim serbestisi aleyhine bir kısıtlama oluşturup oluşturmadığı değerlendirilecektir. ABSTRACTThis research with the title 'Freedom of Establishment of Companies in the Light of Private International Law Theories' explores the exercise of freedom of establishment by companies as provided under the articles 43 to 48 of the EC Treaty and the relationship between this fundamental freedom and the conflict of laws rules, which originate from the internal laws of the Member States. The goal of this research is to determine whether the private international law theories, which the Member States apply in order to ascertain the applicable law to a foreign company, the control center of which is located within their territories, constitute a restriction to companies' freedom of establishment guaranteed by the EC Treaty. In the European Union there are two major theories, which the Member States make use of when determining the proper law of a foreign company. One of those theories is the 'real seat theory', which envisages the application of the law of the state, in which the company's centre of administration is located. The other mainstream theory is the incorporation theory, which, regardless of where the company's centre of administration is located, regards the place of incorporation for ascertaining the applicable law. On the other hand, Article 48 of the EC Treaty provides that the freedom of establishment, which comprises the genuine economic activities through a fixed establishment for an indefinite period and is directly applicable since the expiration of the transitional period, also applies to the companies. It must also be mentioned that in accordance with the established case law of the European Court of Justice, freedom of establishment covers not only the prohibition of discriminatory measures based on nationality, but also the ones that hamper the exercise of this fundamental freedom or make it less attractive. In this research, the relationship between the private international law theories applied by the Member States and the freedom of establishment regulated under the EC Treaty will be investigated and it will be examined whether the real seat theory obstructs the exercise of freedom of establishment as set forth by the recent case law of the ECJ.

Desde el fin de la última dictadura militar (1976-1983) hasta la actualidad, se han implementado en Argentina una serie de medidas transicionales de carácter retributivo (como los Juicios a las Juntas Militares o los Juicios por Delitos de Lesa Humanidad que se desarrollan en la actualidad) y restaurativo (como las peticiones públicas de perdón por agentes o representantes del Estado). Estas medidas, acompañadas por otras basadas en el derecho a la verdad, se supone que, a nivel microsocial, ayudan a dignificar a las víctimas de las violaciones a los derechos humanos y, a nivel macrosocial, permiten avanzar en la construcción de una historia integradora, la recuperación de la confianza intergrupal e incluso inician procesos de reconciliación en el tejido social. Este artículo explora el conocimiento, valoración, impacto emocional y eficacia percibida en una muestra de población argentina (N=477), teniéndose en cuenta el nivel de exposición a la violencia y la ideología de las personas entrevistadas. De los resultados se desprende que la información disponible sobre las medidas retributivas y restaurativas es baja, y que este conocimiento desciende entre la población no afectada y en las personas que se posicionan ideológicamente hacia la derecha. La aprobación y percepción de eficacia e impacto emocional de las medidas retributivas son en general positivas, aunque también varían en función de estas variables. La eficacia de las medidas restaurativas es más limitada y la reconciliación, que se considera algo deseable, depende fundamentalmente de la aplicación de justicia y castigo a los responsables de la violencia. ; Since the end of the last military dictatorship (1976/1983) to the present, Argentina has implemented a series of transitional measures of remunerative type (such as the Judgments to the Military Junta or judgments against humanity's crimes taking place today) and restorative type (as public petitions for forgiveness by agents or State's representatives). These measures, along with others based on the right to truth, are assumed that in a micro-social level, help to dignify the victims of human rights violations and, at the macro-social level, allow progress in the construction of an inclusive history, the recovery of intergroup trust and even initiate intergroup reconciliation processes in (the social society). This article explores the knowledge, appreciation, emotional impact and perceives efficiency in a sample of argentine population (N=477), taking into account the level of exposure to violence and the ideological positioning of participants. From results it is clear that the available information about the remunerative and restorative measures is low, and this knowledge descends between the not affected population and in those ideologically self-positioned towards the right. The approval, perceived effectiveness and emotional impact of the remunerative measures are generally positive, though they change depending on these variables. The efficiency of the restorative measures is more limited and the reconciliation, which is considered desirable, depends primarily on the application of justice and punishment for those responsible for the violence. ; Fil: Arnoso, M. Universidad del País Vasco; España ; Fil: Muratori, Marcela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina ; Fil: Bombelli, Juan Ignacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Adventista del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud; Argentina ; Fil: Zubieta, Elena Mercedes. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

DOI:10.1590/2179-8966/2022/65135 ApresentaçãoMarço 2022 Nossas saudações a todas e todos! Seguimos firmes na esperança de que 2022 seja um ano de mudanças e melhoras na situação do mundo e, particularmente, do Brasil! Aqui, apresentamos o primeiro número do volume 13, do ano de 2022, da Revista Direito e Práxis! Como de costume, trazemos novos manuscritos em todas as nossas seções: artigos inéditos, dossiê, resenhas e traduções! O tema da Covid 19, como não poderia deixar de ser, segue presente, com trabalhos que analisam a pandemia nas suas diferentes conexões: recessão democrática, plataformas digitais e medidas emergenciais. Questões e dilemas político-jurídicos aparecem em artigos que analisam processos de lutas por direitos e, em última instância, da própria democracia. Num contexto mais amplo temos uma revisão crítica do constitucionalismo de 1988, já em contextos mais específicos os artigos trazem estudos consistentes, também de natureza crítica, sobre a questão racial, da violência contra a mulher, do direito à desconexão no mundo do trabalho, do reconhecimento de pessoas trans, da luta parlamentar por direitos dos ciganos. A questão da justiça de transição aparece em abordagens no âmbito dos cenários brasileiro e equatoriano. Questões e políticas de genêro também estão presentes tanto numa abordagem a partir do pluralismo jurídico e do pensamento descolonial quanto numa abordagem institucional do Poder Judiciário. Por fim, a questão da alteridade em sua dimensão política e usos pragmáticos. Sem dúvida, a leitora e o leitor poderão se confrontar com trabalhos provocativos e estimulantes em diferentes perspectivas. No primeiro Dossiê do ano de 2022, organizado cuidadosamente pelas editoras convidadas Carina Calabria e Flavianne Nóbrega, ambas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, trazemos uma discussão tão importante quanto urgente a respeito da questão indígena, seja por meio de estudos que relatam e denunciam o desrespeito e a violação de direitos, seja por meio de estudos que buscam os mecanismos para a garantia de direitos desses povos originários. São feitas importantes conexões não apenas com o direito, mas também com a antropologia, a sociologia e a política. Questões do bem-viver e de um outro referencial antropológoco nos ajudam a pensar fora dos parâmetros da modernidade colonial e eurocêntrica. Nessa mesma perspectiva segue a tradução do artigo "Escrevendo Além das Distinções" e a resenha do livro Xukuru: memórias e história dos índios da Serra de Ororubá. Como sempre, agradecemos profundamente a todas e todos que contribuíram para mais essa edição da Revista: autoras e autores, tradutoras e tradutores, editoras convidadas. É desse trabalho colaborativo que é feito nossa Revista! Relembramos que as políticas editoriais para as diferentes seções da Revista podem ser acessadas em nossa página e que as submissões são permanentes e sempre bem-vindas! Agradecemos, como sempre, às autoras e aos autores, avaliadoras e avaliadores e colaboradoras e colaboradores pela confiança depositada em nossa publicação. Boa Leitura! Equipe Direito e Práxis***EditorialMarch 2022 Our greetings to all of you! Despite the new conflict in the Ukraine, we stand firm in the hope that 2022 will be a year of changes and improvements in the world situation, and particularly in Brazil! Here we would like to announce the first issue of 2022 of the Journal Law and Praxis (v. 13)! As usual, we bring new manuscripts in all our sections: unpublished articles, dossier, reviews, and translations!The theme of Covid 19, as it could not be otherwise, is still present, with papers that analyze the pandemic in its different connections: democratic recession, digital platforms, and emergency measures. Political-legal issues and dilemmas appear in articles that analyze processes of struggles for rights and, ultimately, democracy itself. In a broader context we have a critical review of constitutionalism of 1988, already in more specific contexts the articles bring consistent studies, also of critical nature, on the issue of race, violence against women, the "right to disconnection" in the world of work, the recognition of transgender people, the parliamentary struggle for rights of the Roma. The issue of transitional justice appears in approaches within the Brazilian and Ecuadorian scenarios. Gender issues and policies are also present both in an approach from legal pluralism and decolonial thinking and in an institutional approach to the Judiciary. Finally, the issue of otherness in its political dimension and pragmatic uses. Undoubtedly, the reader will be confronted with provocative and stimulating works from different perspectives.In the first Dossier of the year 2022, carefully organized by the guest editors Carina Calabria and Flavianne Nóbrega, both from the Federal University of Pernambuco, we bring a discussion as important as it is urgent regarding the indigenous issue, whether through studies that report and denounce the disrespect and violation of rights, or through studies that seek mechanisms to guarantee the rights of these original peoples. Important connections are made not only with law, but also with anthropology, sociology, and politics. Questions of good life and of a different anthropological referential help us to think outside the parameters of colonial and Eurocentric modernity. In this same perspective follow the translation of the article "Writing Beyond Distinctions" and the review of the book Xukuru: Memories and History of the Indians of the Serra de Ororubá.As always, we warmly thank everyone who contributed to this issue of the Journal: authors, translators, and guest editors. It is from this collaborative work that our journal is made! We remind you that the editorial policies for the different sections of the journal can be accessed on our website and that submissions are permanent and always welcome! We thank, as always, the authors, reviewers and reviewers, and collaborators for the trust placed in our publication. Enjoy your reading! Direito e Práxis Team***PresentaciónMarzo 2022 ¡Saludos a todos y todas! ¡Seguimos firmes en la esperanza de que 2022 sea un año de cambios y mejoras en la situación del mundo y, en particular, de Brasil! ¡Aquí presentamos el primer número del volumen 13, del año 2022, de la Revista Direito e Práxis! Como siempre, traemos nuevos manuscritos en todas nuestras secciones: artículos inéditos, dossier, reseñas y traducciones.El tema de Covid 19, como no podía ser de otra manera, sigue presente, con trabajos que analizan la pandemia en sus diferentes conexiones: recesión democrática, plataformas digitales y medidas de emergencia. Las cuestiones y dilemas político-jurídicos aparecen en artículos que analizan los procesos de lucha por los derechos y, en definitiva, la propia democracia. En un contexto más amplio tenemos una revisión crítica del constitucionalismo de 1988, ya en contextos más específicos los artículos aportan estudios consistentes, también de carácter crítico, sobre la cuestión de la raza, la violencia contra las mujeres, el derecho a la desconexión en el mundo del trabajo, el reconocimiento de las personas trans, la lucha parlamentaria por los derechos de los gitanos. La cuestión de la justicia transicional aparece en los planteamientos de los escenarios brasileño y ecuatoriano. Las cuestiones y políticas de género también están presentes tanto en un enfoque basado en el pluralismo jurídico y el pensamiento decolonial como en un enfoque institucional del poder judicial. Por último, la cuestión de la alteridad en su dimensión política y sus usos pragmáticos. Sin duda, el lector se encontrará con obras provocadoras y estimulantes desde diferentes perspectivas. En el primer Dossier del año 2022, cuidadosamente organizado por las editoras invitadas Carina Calabria y Flavianne Nóbrega, ambas de la Universidad Federal de Pernambuco, traemos una discusión tan importante como urgente sobre la cuestión indígena, ya sea a través de estudios que informan y denuncian la falta de respeto y la violación de derechos, o a través de estudios que buscan mecanismos para garantizar los derechos de estos pueblos originarios. Se establecen importantes conexiones no sólo con el derecho, sino también con la antropología, la sociología y la política. Las cuestiones del buen vivir y de otro referencial antropológico nos ayudan a pensar fuera de los parámetros de la modernidad colonial y eurocéntrica. En esta misma perspectiva sigue la traducción del artículo "Escribir más allá de las distinciones" y la reseña del libro Xukuru: memorias e historia de los indios de la Serra de Ororubá.Como siempre, agradecemos profundamente a todos los que han contribuido a este número de la revista: autores, traductores y editores invitados. ¡De este trabajo de colaboración está hecha nuestra Revista! Le recordamos que las políticas editoriales de las distintas secciones de la revista pueden consultarse en nuestra página web y que los envíos son permanentes y siempre bienvenidos. Agradecemos, como siempre, a los autores y autoras, revisores y revisoras, y a los colaboradores y a las colaboradoras la confianza depositada en nuestra publicación. ¡Buena lectura! Equipo Direito e Práxis

Although various pieces of European secondary law law use the terms "mise en concurrence" ("calling for competition" or "competitive tendering procedure") they provide no definition of the expression "obligation de mise en concurrence" ("obligation to call for competition"). At the very beginning, the author therefore defines what is meant thereby in his thesis, i.e. "a more or less formalized action which a public or a private person has to follow in order to provoke a competition or a contest between potentially interested persons that perform an economic activity, in order to grant an individual advantage to one or several of them". The first part of the work deals with the regime of competitive tendering of the public procurement directives which the Court of Justice has considered "as a whole" to be the "core" of European law on public contracts. First, this part examins the development of the public procurement directives from 1971 on. The author shows that the puzzling evolution of the personal scope of the public procurement directives is guided by the personal scope of European primary law. While considering the remedies directives, the author examines to what extent they introduce requirements beyond the principle of effective judicial protection. While some of their requirements obviously do so, the remedies directives however remain very far from standardizing the means of redress at national level. Due to the member States' judicial autonomy, the compelling force of EU primary law differs from one member State to another. The same applies within the scope of the remedies directives as they let the member States a large degree of autonomy. The author then turns to examine the contribution of the procurement directives 2004/17/CE, 2004/18/CE and 2009/81/CE, their scope of application, as well as the concepts of public works concession and service concession. Various other questions are dealt with in the first part, such as the use of functional interpretation, the power of the European legislator to adopt regulations on public procurement and the impact of the Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA), the Revised GPA and other international agreements. At last the author explores the issue of electronic procurement and the Commission's proposals for replacing the public procurement directives 2004/17/CE and 2004/18/CE and its proposal concerning the award of concession contracts. The second part of of the thesis focuses on primary public procurement law. After having described the origin of the obligation to call for competition under EU primary law which the Court of Justice derives from articles 49 and 56 TFEU as well as from the principles of equal treatment and non-discrimination on the grounds of nationality, the author strives to determine whether this obligation is well-founded. This examination brings to light that the rationale behind the requirement to call for competition under EU primary law is rather fragile. Amongst others, the author comes to the conclusion that the condition of a certain cross-border interest of each public contract individually as a condition for the application of the primary law obligation to call for competition lacks relevance The author then reviews and examines other possible bases for an obligation to call for competition under EU primary law such as the right to good administration, the freedom of enterprise and the right to property, which are protected by the Charter of Fundamental Rights, and the rights guaranteed by the European Convention on Human Rights. Finally, it seems that only article 102 TFEU (abuse of a dominant position) could to a limited extent give rise to an obligation to call for competition. However, once a situation is governed by EU secondary law, it enters the scope of European law. Hence, the principles of equal treatment and of non-discrimination on the grounds of nationality apply even if a situation involves no cross-border interest. If the Court of justice's case law were followed consistently, these principes should lead to require calls for competition in a number of purely internal situations. According to the author, deducing as precise consequences as does the Court of justice from the principal of equal treatment and other fundemental principles can hardly be justified. After that examination, the material rules of public procurement primary law stated by the Court of Justice and the General Court are successively reviewed. The pages that follow are about the exceptions to the obligation to call for competition under the public procurement directives and under primary law, as for instance articles 51 and 52 TFEU, overriding reasons of general interest and article 106, paragraph 2, TFEU. The author thereafter addresses the question whether primary law applies within the scope of secondary law. He comes to the conclusion that it does even when secondary law represents an exhaustive body of rules. Notwithstanding some ambiguous judgements of the Court of justice there is no support for the doctrine of priority of application of secondary law in the Court's case law. In what follows, the author tries to answer the question whether, in order to stay consistent with the case law developed in the wake of Telaustria, the obligation to call for competition which the case law of the Court of Justice requires for public works, service and supply contracts ought to be extended to other operations (sale or lease of real estate, design contests outside the scope of the public procurement directives, employment contracts, subsidised contracts awarded by private entities outside the scope of the public procurement directives, grants, …). The end of the second part deals with the personal scope of the primary law of public procurement which corresponds to that of EU primary law. The rules concerning State aid are addressed in detail in the third part of the thesis. The examination in that part shows that the public procurement directives, the primary law of public procurement and the EU state aid rules apply cumulatively. The EU State aid rules require efficency when awarding public contracts. Nevertheless, in order to avoid the categorization as State aid, a call for competition is never formally required. The Commission however insists on calls for competition in order to declare certain aids compatible with the internal market. Aids include by definition an advantage for their recipients. This remains true even though an aid has been authorised by the Commission pursuant to article 107, paragraphe 3, TFEU. Given the very broad scope the Court of Justice gives to the freedom of establishment and the free movement of services, aid measures give generally rise to obstacles to the freedom of establishment and the free movement of services. At the risk of rendering article 107, paragraph 3, TFEU unnecessary, the fact that an aid measure impedes the fundamental freedoms of the internal market should therefore not prevent the Commission to declare it compatible with the internal market. This applies in particular to aids consisting in the award of a public contract that is covered only by EU primary law. That solution seems however excluded for public contracts within the scope of the public procurement directives. The Commission has adopted a broad concept of what is an "advantage" in the sense of the State aid rules. This leads the Commission to consider certain grants for environmental protection as State aid measures even though it may be difficult to dectect any kind of advantage. The Commission claims to control these measures in accordance with the rules of State aid control. On that occasion the Commission tends to make its consent subject to a call for competition in order to identify the projects that will be subsidized. A broad approach of the concept of undertaking leads to class as State aid various public infrastructure investments insofar they do not satisfy the private investor test. The Commission tends to make its consent to these investments subject to calls for competition. Such is notably the case regarding public investments in broadband network facilities. In the fourth part, the author examines a variety of secondary legislation imposing calls for competition other than the public procurement directives. These texts cover a wide range of areas and provide for competitive awards of various form and diverse content. Sometimes a requirement for competitive tendering is overtly expressed. At other times, it is implicit, indirect or just inchoate. Some advantages are awarded without a genuine competition or without any competition at all. Directive 2012/34/CE establishing a single European railway area for instance sets principles for the allocation of "infrastructure capacity" (i.e the right to use a railway network). It does not employ such terms as "calling for competition". Where the infrastructure capacity is insufficient it has to be allocated in a fair and non discriminatory manner. The fee for using the railway network cannot be used as an award criterion. In some areas, competition in terms of price is the very basis of the system. This is true for the greenhouse gas emissions trading scheme. It happens that competitive assignment occurs incidentally and in a non compulsory way as in the case of the milk quota regime. In other cases, e.g. certain situations covered by the internal electricity market regime, the system excludes calls for competition whereas they should be required according to primary procurement law principles. Under still other circumstances, i.e. the award of public service contracts for public passenger transport services, competitive tendering only needs to be strictly complied with after a transitional period. This can hardly be reconciled with the principles of primary procurement law. In some cases the rules in place are such, for example when awarding the universal postal service, that it seems doubtful that a competitive bidding following objective and transparent criteria is really possible. The European greenhouse gas emissions trading scheme relies on auctions for the allocation of gaz emission authorisations. At first, it does so to a limited extent. Such authorisations, called "allowances", are freely transferable. Thus a reallocation of allowances according to market mechanismes is made possible. The author sheds light on some major inconsistencies of the greenhouse gas emission trading scheme. The late deadline for surrendering allowances gives rise for several years to a surplus of allowances over the greenhouse gas emissions considered in the scheme. On the other hand, the costs for same amounts of greenhouse gas emitted at the same time may vary. This gives rise to a problem of equality. The author comes to the conclusion that the scheme has little capacity to reach the objective of reducing greenhouse gas emissions at least cost to the economy. The designation of the universal postal service providers implies to lay down rules as to how the net cost of the universal service is to be calculated, as well as to define appropriate award criteria. These steps face considerable difficulties. A similar situation can be found in other areas such as electronic communications and electricity or natural gas transmission or distribution systems. In the latter case, the risk of a change of transmission or distribution tariffs due to decisions of national regulatory authorities leaves the competitors in the dark on a crucial point. The legislation regarding the internal electricity market and the internal gaz market puts the transmission and distribution system operators in a position very similar to that of service or public works concession holders. In some cases the principles which underlie these schemes exclude competitive tendering as required by primary procurement law. The networks being freely transferable, ownership of networks and hence, in principle, their operators are determined by private market mechanismes mainly through the level of the proposed sales price. This is not consistent with the principles of primary procurement law stated by the Court of Justice (advertising requirements, award criteria linked to the subject matter of the contract, .) . Neither does it seem compatible with these principles that the development of the networks belongs automatically to the transmission and distribution system operators. The assessment of conformity of secondary legislation with primary law is less strict than the conformity assessment of national law. The Court of Justice has allowed the European legislator a wide margin of discretion when establishing the internal market and seems to have tacitely acknowledged a form of conformity presumption of secondary law. Save in exceptional cases, it seems unlikely that the Court will put into question secondary law regimes differing from primary law procurement rules. Thus, the European legislator may adopt such solutions without incurring major legal risks.

Within the framework of negotiations between the United Kingdom (UK) and the European Union (EU), a Protocol on Gibraltar was included in the Agreement on the Withdrawal of the UK from the EU, signed in January 2020. That Protocol makes reference to the four bilateral agreements or Anglo-Spanish Memoranda of Understanding (MoU) on citizens' rights, tobacco and other products, environmental cooperation and police and customs cooperation, with provision for the adoption of an international treaty on taxation and protection of financial interests.Withdrawal Agreement negotiations have implied a major shake-up in Anglo-Spanish relations concerning Gibraltar, as Spain is recognized as an essential role for the application of EU law to said territory. This position of negotiating strength is maintained since after leaving the UK the EU must reach an agreement on the future EU-UK Relations Treaty before the end of the transitional period in December 2020. Spain's relationship with the UK and Gibraltar is also conditioned by the express recognition given to the competent authorities (not only those of Gibraltar, but also those of the surrounding area) in the Memoranda of Understanding as well as in the Protocol on Gibraltar adopted by the EU and the UK.The object of this Study will be to analyse the consequences of Brexit for Gibraltar in relation to the following EU freedoms and policies, among others: Cross-border cooperation and economic, social and territorial cohesion: the creation of a European Grouping of Territorial Cooperation (EGTC)-Campo de Gibraltar/Gibraltar; Area of freedom, security and justice: police cooperation; Free movement of persons - frontier workers; Freedom of establishment and freedom to provide services and; Environmental cooperation. All these aspects are examined from a double perspective: with a 'hard Brexit' without an agreement, or with a Brexit with a UK-EU agreement. ; LAS CONSECUENCIAS DEL BREXIT PARA GIBRALTAR En el marco de las negociaciones entre el Reino Unido (RU) y la Unión Europea (UE), se incluyó en el Acuerdo sobre la Retirada del RU de la UE, firmado en enero de 2020, un Protocolo anexo sobre Gibraltar. En este aparecen referenciados los cuatro acuerdos bilaterales o Memorandos de Entendimiento hispano-británicos sobre derechos de los ciudadanos; tabaco y otros productos; cooperación en materia medioambiental; y cooperación policial y aduanera, previéndose la adopción de un Tratado Internacional sobre fiscalidad y protección de intereses financieros. La negociación del Acuerdo de Retirada ha supuesto un gran revulsivo en las relaciones entre España y el RU en relación con Gibraltar, al reconocerse a España un papel esencial para la aplicación del Derecho de la UE a dicho territorio. Esta posición de fortaleza negociadora se mantiene ya que tras abandonar el RU la UE debe llegarse a un acuerdo sobre el Tratado de relación futura UE-RU antes de que finalice el periodo transitorio en diciembre de 2020. La relación de España con RU y Gibraltar se ve también condicionada por el reconocimiento expreso que se hace a las autoridades competentes (no sólo a las de Gibraltar, sino también a las de la zona circundante) en los Memorandos de Entendimiento así como en el Protocolo sobre Gibraltar adoptado por la UE y el RU. Analizaremos en el presente estudio las consecuencias del Brexit para Gibraltar en relación, entre otras, con las siguientes libertades y políticas de la UE: Cooperación transfronteriza y Cohesión económica, social y territorial: la creación de una Agrupación Europea de Cooperación Territorial (AECT)-Campo de Gibraltar/Gibraltar; Espacio de Libertad, Seguridad y Justicia: la cooperación policial; Libre circulación de personas – los trabajadores fronterizos; Libre prestación de servicios y establecimiento y; Cooperación en materia de medio ambiente. Todos estos aspectos se analizan bajo una doble perspectiva: con un 'Brexit duro' y sin acuerdo, o con un Brexit con acuerdo RU-UE.

Within the framework of negotiations between the United Kingdom (UK) and the European Union (EU), a Protocol on Gibraltar was included in the Agreement on the Withdrawal of the UK from the EU, signed in January 2020. That Protocol makes reference to the four bilateral agreements or Anglo-Spanish Memoranda of Understanding (MoU) on citizens' rights, tobacco and other products, environmental cooperation and police and customs cooperation, with provision for the adoption of an international treaty on taxation and protection of financial interests. Withdrawal Agreement negotiations have implied a major shake-up in Anglo-Spanish relations concerning Gibraltar, as Spain is recognized as an essential role for the application of EU law to said territory. This position of negotiating strength is maintained since after leaving the UK the EU must reach an agreement on the future EU-UK Relations Treaty before the end of the transitional period in December 2020. Spain's relationship with the UK and Gibraltar is also conditioned by the express recognition given to the competent authorities (not only those of Gibraltar, but also those of the surrounding area) in the Memoranda of Understanding as well as in the Protocol on Gibraltar adopted by the EU and the UK. The object of this Study will be to analyse the consequences of Brexit for Gibraltar in relation to the following EU freedoms and policies, among others: Cross-border cooperation and economic, social and territorial cohesion: the creation of a European Grouping of Territorial Cooperation (EGTC)-Campo de Gibraltar/Gibraltar; Area of freedom, security and justice: police cooperation; Free movement of persons - frontier workers; Freedom of establishment and freedom to provide services and; Environmental cooperation. All these aspects are examined from a double perspective: with a 'hard Brexit' without an agreement, or with a Brexit with a UK-EU agreement. ; En el marco de las negociaciones entre el Reino Unido (RU) y la Unión Europea (UE), se incluyó en el Acuerdo sobre la Retirada del RU de la UE, firmado en enero de 2020, un Protocolo anexo sobre Gibraltar. En este aparecen referenciados los cuatro acuerdos bilaterales o Memorandos de Entendimiento hispano-británicos sobre derechos de los ciudadanos; tabaco y otros productos; cooperación en materia medioambiental; y cooperación policial y aduanera, previéndose la adopción de un Tratado Internacional sobre fiscalidad y protección de intereses financieros. La negociación del Acuerdo de Retirada ha supuesto un gran revulsivo en las relaciones entre España y el RU en relación con Gibraltar, al reconocerse a España un papel esencial para la aplicación del Derecho de la UE a dicho territorio. Esta posición de fortaleza negociadora se mantiene ya que tras abandonar el RU la UE debe llegarse a un acuerdo sobre el Tratado de relación futura UE-RU antes de que finalice el periodo transitorio en diciembre de 2020. La relación de España con RU y Gibraltar se ve también condicionada por el reconocimiento expreso que se hace a las autoridades competentes (no sólo a las de Gibraltar, sino también a las de la zona circundante) en los Memorandos de Entendimiento así como en el Protocolo sobre Gibraltar adoptado por la UE y el RU. Analizaremos en el presente estudio las consecuencias del Brexit para Gibraltar en relación, entre otras, con las siguientes libertades y políticas de la UE: Cooperación transfronteriza y Cohesión económica, social y territorial: la creación de una Agrupación Europea de Cooperación Territorial (AECT)-Campo de Gibraltar/Gibraltar; Espacio de Libertad, Seguridad y Justicia: la cooperación policial; Libre circulación de personas – los trabajadores fronterizos; Libre prestación de servicios y establecimiento y; Cooperación en materia de medio ambiente. Todos estos aspectos se analizan bajo una doble perspectiva: con un 'Brexit duro' y sin acuerdo, o con un Brexit con acuerdo RUUE.

Le corps de la femme est un champ fertile, un champ où se jouent des batailles idéologiques, des querelles politiques et des luttes de pouvoir. Dès les premiers mois de la transition tunisienne, la question de la condition féminine s'est inscrite au cœur des débats publics sur la refonte de la nouvelle Tunisie, et ce souvent à travers la problématique du corps de la femme. Ce travail de recherche étudie l'impulsion de la mise à l'agenda de la question féminine à travers trois corps : le corps voilé des munaqabas de la Manouba qui revendiquent la liberté d'habillement ; le corps outragé de Meriem Ben Mohamed, violée par deux policiers puis traînée en justice pour atteinte aux mœurs ; et enfin le corps exhibé d'Amina – emprisonnée pour atteinte au sacré – qui arborait ses seins nus sur lesquels étaient écrites des revendications féministes. Á partir de ces trois cas d'étude, nous avons constaté que la corporalité féminine agit comme un catalyseur pour la construction des problèmes publics dans un contexte transitionnel et postcolonial, compris comme une forme précise de fenêtre d'opportunité politique au sens de Kingdon. Ce contexte est traversé par la bipolarisation politico-sociale du pays – entre islamistes et progressistes – et par l'influence du néocolonialisme, plus précisément à travers la colonialité du pouvoir, du genre et des médias. ; El cuerpo de la mujer es un campo fértil, un campo de batallas ideológicas, de discordias políticas y de luchas de poder. Los primeros momentos de la transición tunecina han estado marcados por la efusión del debate público entorno a las bases de la cimentación del nuevo estado, y la condición femenina ha ocupado un lugar central en este debate, a menudo concentrándose en torno a la problemática del cuerpo de la mujer. Esta investigación estudia en profundidad el establecimiento en la agenda política, social y mediática de la cuestión femenina partiendo de tres cuerpos de mujer: el cuerpo velado de las munaqabas de la facultad de la Manouba que revindican la libertad vestimentaria; el cuerpo ultrajado de Meriem Ben Mohamed, violada por dos policías y acusada de delito contra moral pública; y el cuerpo exhibido de Amina – encarcelada por delito contra la fe pública – en el que la joven exponía reivindicaciones feministas. A través de estos tres casos de estudio, esta investigación constata que la corporalidad femenina actúa como un catalizador de construcción de los problemas públicos en el contexto post-colonial y transicional, entendido, este último, como una ventana de oportunidad política según Kingdon. Este contexto está ampliamente marcado por la bipolarización política y social del país – dividido entre islamistas y progresistas – y por la influencia del neocolonialismo, implicando la colonialidad del poder, del género y de los medios de comunicación. ; The woman's body offers a breeding ground for ideological battles, political quarrel and power struggle. Since the early days of the transition in Tunisia, women condition was put at the heart of the public debate dealing with the remodelling of the country, often through women body issues. This research work analyses the process of social construction of problems and how women issues are put on the agenda, following three different bodies: the veiled body of munaqabas, from Manouba University, who vindicate the right to clothing; the outraged body of Meriem Ben Mohamed, raped by two policemen, who faces legal actions for outraging public decency; lastly the exhibited body of Amina – confined for abusing the sanctity of cemetery – who bared her breasts with feminists claims. On the basis of these three case studies, the research notes that feminine corporeality operates like a catalyst for the construction of public problems in postcolonial and transitional context, narrowly understood like a window political opportunity. This context goes through a political and social bipolarization – between islamists and progressives' policies – and under the influence of neocolonialism, more specifically the coloniality of power, gender and media.

В статье рассматриваются альтернативные сценарии трансформации сознания современного человека, противоречия глобальных и традиционных ценностей, совместимость ценностей западного и отечественного генезиса. Анализ таких альтернатив дает ответ на вопрос о границах изменения и перспективах движения внутреннего человеческого мира без угрозы его радикальной деконструкции. Ценностный код глобализующегося сообщества плюралистичен и эклектичен. Изменение качественных характеристик человеческого сознания обусловлено инновационными технологиями информационного порядка и формирующимися на этой основе порядками становления социальности неиерархического характера. Виртуализация сознания под влиянием тотальной экспансии сетевых технологий ведет к размыванию социальных статусов, инверсии социального и личностного, фрагментации самосознания, деформации ценностной идентичности и механизмов самоопределения. И, таким образом, кризис идентичности связан с процессом глобализации, реализующимся по западному сценарию.Дается критический анализ взаимодействия информационных технологий западного генезиса с ценностями современной России с точки зрения расширения коммуникативной культуры. В секулярном обществе естественные социальные регуляторы перестают действовать эффективно. Современное российское общество, воспринимая ценности и идеалы западной демократии, сохраняет в системе ценностей контрсекулярные тенденции. В России традиционный ценностный код находится в переходном состоянии, подобно всему обществу. Он выражен в отсутствии социальной этики, причудливом сочетании религиозных и светских культурных идеалов и установок, в сохранении девиантных (квазианаучных, сектантских) форм сознания личности. Девиантные формы сознания (неомифология, мистицизм) дополнены фрустрационными тенденциями, «рыхлостью» национальной идеи, ростом феномена личного и социального одиночества.В механизме культурной самоидентификации России присутствуют и традиция, и современность. Традиционные и глобальные ценности настолько переплетены в сознании общества, что их значения имеют«маску» «переходного периода» и компенсированы неустойчивым равновесием относительной деидеологизации. В условиях индустриализации, необходимости создания наукоемкой промышленности, потребностей инновационной экономики смысложизненные вопросы (цели исторического развития, справедливости, правды) для человека выступают неизменным ресурсом идентичности. ; The article considers alternative scenarios of transformation of the consciousness of modern man, the contradictions of global and traditional values, the compatibility of the values of Western and domestic origin. The analysis of these alternatives gives the answer to the question about the boundaries of changes and prospects of the movement of the inner human world without the threat of radical deconstruction. Value code of the globalizing community is pluralistic and eclectic. Change in the qualitative characteristics of human consciousness is due to the innovative technologies of the information character and can be also attributed to the rules of formation of sociality of non-hierarchical nature formed on this basis.Virtualization of consciousness under the influence of the total expansion of networking technologies leads to the erosion of social status, the inversion of social and personal, fragmentation of self-consciousness, distortion of values, identity and mechanisms of self-determination. And, thus, the identity crisis is associated with the process of globalization, focused on the Western script.There is presented a critical analysis of the interaction of information technology of the Western Genesis with the values of modern Russia from the point of view of the expansion of the communicative culture. In a secular society the natural social regulators fail to act effectively. Modern Russian society, perceiving the values and ideals of Western democracy, keeps countersecular trends in the system of values. In Russia the traditional value code is in a transitional state, like the whole society. It is expressed in the absence of social ethics, a bizarre combination of religious and secular cultural ideals and attitudes in maintaining deviant (quasiscientific, sectarian) forms of personal consciousness. Deviant forms of consciousness (neomythology, mysticism) are supplemented by frustrating trends, the «looseness» of the national idea, the growth of the phenomenon of personal and social loneliness.In the mechanism of the cultural identity of Russia there is a tradition, and modernity. Traditional and global values are so intertwined with social consciousness that their values bear a mask of «transition period» and are compensated by unstable equilibrium of relative deideologization. In conditions of industrialization, the need to create high-tech industry, requirements of innovative economy vital questions (historical development objectives, justice, truth) for humans are a constant resource of identity.

Bu çalışmada "Kişilerin Serbest Dolaşımı" kavramının Avrupa Birliği hukukuna göre ne anlama geldiği ve bu yasal sürecin Türk vatandaşları açısında doğurduğu sonuçlar ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır.Tezin ilk bölümünde Avrupa Birligi Hukukunda kişilerin serbest dolaşımı hakkını ortaya çıkaran temel hukuki belgelere ve bu hakkın pratik uygulanması esnasında ortaya çıkan bazı sorunlara ve bu sorunlara Avrupa Toplulukları Adalet Divanının uygun bulduğu çözümlere yer verilmiştir.İkinci bölümde ise Türkiye ve Avrupa Birligi arasında akdedilen ve hükümleri itibarı ile kişilerin serbest dolaşımı sonucu doğurması muhtemel olan Ankara Antlaşması ve Katma Protokol incelenmiş, özellikle Avrupa Birliği ülkelerinde halihazırda yasal olarak çalışmakta bulunan vatandaşlarımızın haklarının iyileştirilmesine yönelik Ankara Antlaşması uyarınca kurulan Ortaklık Konseyinin aldığı kararlar üzerinde durulmuş ve bu kararlar temel alınarak Türk vatandaşları tarafından Avrupa Toplulukları Adalet Divanınca karara bağlanmış davalara değinilmiştir.Tüm bu süreç genel olarak incelendiğinde Türkiye'nin Ankara Antlaşmasından ve Katma Protokolden kaynaklanan Türk vatandaşlarının serbest dolaşımı ile ilgili henüz gerçekleşmemiş hakları olsa da artık bu durumun iki taraf tarafından da göz ardı edildiği ve 1999 Helsinki Zirvesi sonuç bildirisi ile Türkiye'ye adaylık statüsü verilmesiyle birlikte ortaklık ilişkilerinin yeni bir boyut kazandığı, kişilerin serbest dolaşımı konusunda Avrupa Birliği'nin Türk vatandaşlarına tanıyacağı hakların artık Ankara Antlaşması ve Katma Protokol kaynaklı olmayacağı, adaylık sürecinde müzakere edilmek suretiyle ortaya çıkacağı anlaşılmış bulunmaktadır. This study will examine what "Free Movement of Workers" means within the European Union Law on one hand and what implications does this concept have on Turkish citizens on the other hand.The first part of this thesis will focus on the legal texts, which constitute the basis of this right and practical application by concentrating on the Cases and Conclusions of the European Court of Justice. In the second part the thesis is more about the situation of Turkish workers who pursues to exercise this right.The EC Treaty defines in Article 48 EC "freedom of movement for workers'' as entailing the abolition of any direct or indirect discrimination based on nationality in the case of access to employment, remuneration and other conditions of work and employment. Article 48 provides that:1)"Freedom of movement for workers shall be secured within the Community by the end of the transitional period at the least.Such freedom of movement shall entail the abolition of any discrimination based on nationality between workers of the Member States as regards employment, remuneration and other conditions of work and employment."The application of "free movement right" is based on Regulation (EEC) No 1612/68, which states in its preamble that "mobility of labor within the Community must be one of the means by which the worker is guaranteed the possibility of improving his living and working conditions and promoting his social advancement."Second part of the thesis deals with the implications of this right on Turkish Citizens. For the Turkish Citizens, the main legal basis of the freedom for the movement of workers is the Article 12 of the Ankara Treaty.Article 12 states that: "The Contracting Parties agree to be guided by Articles 48, 49 and 50 of the Treaty establishing the Community for the purpose of progressively securing freedom of movement for workers between them". Moreover Article 36 of the Additional Protocol states that "Freedom of movement for workers between Member States of the Community and Turkey shall be secured by progressive stages in accordance with the principles set out in Article 12 of the Agreement of Association between the end of the twelfth and the twenty-second year after the entry into force of that Agreement. The Council of Association shall decide on the rules necessary to that end". This study will further examine the practical application of these principles laid down by the Decisions of the Associaiton Council established by the Additional Protocol by concentrating of the Cases relating to Turkish Citizens. Last parts of the thesis focus on the recent and future situation in this respect.

ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses the analysis of local regulations are reviewed by the engineering drafting legislation "(studies in the province of West Kalimantan). From the results of this thesis can be concluded that the construction of regional regulations in West Kalimantan Province as opposed to the technique of preparation of legislation occurs in the system preparation and formulation of words / phrases, sentences in the title, opening, position forming local regulations, the preamble, by law, the dictum, torso, general provisions, the material is set, the formulation of the criminal provisions, the transitional provisions, and provisions cover, as well as disagreement on the cover, even in substance the regional regulation in the Articles of certain problematic of the substance of legislation higher.That regional regulations exist in West Kalimantan Province as opposed to the technique of preparation of legislation remain in place for formal legally Regional Regulation remains valid because it is formed, defined by regulatory authorities and has been promulgated in the Regional Gazette, but in substance the provisions contrary with legislation of higher void. Still the implementation of the Regional Regulation is problematic due to several factors, among others, Human Resources (HR) personnel who spearhead / leading sector forming regional regulations mastered design techniques Regional Regulation / legal drafter is still low, the level of awareness and attention of observers and investigators problem Regulations undangandalam establishment of Regional Regulation is still low and the lack of budget allocated in the formation of regional regulation.This thesis discusses the analysis of local regulations are reviewed by the engineering drafting legislation "(studies in the province of West Kalimantan). From the results of this thesis can be concluded that the construction of regional regulations in West Kalimantan Province as opposed to the technique of preparation of legislation occurs in the system preparation and formulation of words / phrases, sentences in the title, opening, position forming local regulations, the preamble, by law, the dictum, torso, general provisions, the material is set, the formulation of the criminal provisions, the transitional provisions, and provisions cover, as well as disagreement on the cover, even in substance the regional regulation in the Articles of certain problematic of the substance of legislation higher. That regional regulations exist in West Kalimantan Province as opposed to the technique of preparation of legislation remain in place for formal legally Regional Regulation remains valid because it is formed, defined by regulatory authorities and has been promulgated in the Regional Gazette, but in substance the provisions contrary with legislation of higher void. Still the implementation of the Regional Regulation is problematic due to several factors, among others, Human Resources (HR) personnel who spearhead / leading sector forming regional regulations mastered design techniques Regional Regulation / legal drafter is still low, the level of awareness and attention of observers and investigators problem Regulations undangandalam establishment of Regional Regulation is still low and the lack of budget allocated in the formation of regional regulation. Recommendation: The need assessment / further analysis of the regional regulations in West Kalimantan province, both from the juridical aspect, sociological, philosophical, and technical drafting process and substance of the material muatanperaturan area, so after being a Regional Regulation, becoming Regional Regulation effective, not cause contradictions and problems of both aspects of Mechanical Drafting, formal and material as well as meet the needs and demands for social justice. Because the purpose of the establishment of Regional Regulation not only to the rule of law / rechmatigheid alone but also so that people know and should be implemented in order to benefit / dooelmatigheid for the community. In The Local Regulation in the province of West Kalimantan involve the participation of the wider community, especially students of law,Researcher law, legal experts from academics and designers Laws Invitation / legal drafter, because the public has the right to provide input verbal and / or written the establishment of regulatory legislation, as stipulated in Article 96, Article 98 and Article 99 of Law Number 12 Year 2011 on the establishment Regulation legislation that regional regulations have been enacted that will not be problematic.Keywords: analysis, local regulations, in terms of, preparation techniques.ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas analisis peraturan daerah ditinjau dengan teknik penyusunan peraturan perundang-undangan" (studi di provinsi kalimantan barat). Dari hasil penelitian tesis ini diperoleh kesimpulan Bahwa konstruksi Peraturan Daerah yang ada di Provinsi Kalimantan Barat yang bertentangan dengan teknik Penyusunan Peraturan Perundang-undangan terjadi pada sistem Penyusunan dan perumusan kata/rasa, kalimat pada bagian judul, pembukaan, jabatan pembentuk peraturan daerah, konsideran, dasar hukum, diktum, batang tubuh,ketentuan umum, materi yang diatur, rumusanketentuan pidana, ketentuan peralihan, danketentuan penutup, serta pertentangan pada penutup, bahkan secara substansi Peraturan Daerah tersebut dalam Pasal-Pasal tertentu bermasalah dari materi muatan Peraturan Perundang-undangan yang lebih tinggi. Bahwa Peraturan Daerah yang ada di Provinsi Kalimantan Barat yang bertentangan dengan teknik Penyusunan Peraturan Perundang-undangan tetap diterapkan karena secara legal formal Peraturan Daerah tetap sah karena dibentuk, ditetapkan oleh lembaga yang berwenang dan telah diundangkan dalam Lembaran Daerah, namun secara substansi ketentuan-ketentuan bertentangan dengan Peraturan Perundang-undangan yang lebih tinggi batal demi hukum. Masih diterapkannya Peraturan Daerah yang bermasalah tersebut disebabkan beberapa faktor antara lain Sumber Daya Manusia (SDM) aparatur yang menjadi ujung tombak /leading sector pembentuk Peraturan Daerah yang menguasai teknik perancangan Peraturan Daerah/legal drafter masih rendah, tingkat kesadaran dan perhatian Para pemerhati dan peneliti masalah Perundang-undangan dalam Pembentukan Peraturan Daerah masih rendah serta kurangnya Anggaran yang dialokasikan dalam pembentukan Peraturan Daerah. Rekomendasi : Perlunya pengkajian/analisis lebih lanjut terhadap Peraturan Daerah yang ada di Provinsi Kalimantan Barat, baik dari aspek yuridis, sosiologis, filosofis,dan teknik penyusunan serta substansi materi muatanperaturan daerah, agar setelah menjadi Peraturan Daerah, menjadi Peraturan Daerah yang efektif, tidak menimbulkan pertentangan dan permasalahan baik dari aspek Teknik Penyusunan, formil dan materil serta memenuhi kebutuhan dan rasa keadilan masyarakat. Karena tujuan dari dibentuknya Peraturan Daerah tidak hanya untuk kepastian hukum/rechmatigheid saja akan tetapi juga agar masyarakat tahu dan harus dilaksanakan dengan tujuan untuk kemanfaatan/dooel matigheid bagi masyarakat . Dalam Perancangan Peraturan Daerah yang ada di Provinsi Kalimantan Barat melibatkan peran serta masyarakat luas terutama para pemerhati masalah hukum, Peneliti hukum, para ahli hokum dari Akademisi dan para perancang Peraturan perundang Undangan/legal drafter, karena masyarakat berhak memberikan masukan secara lisan dan/atau tertulis dalam pembentukan peraturan Perundang-undangan, sebagaimana diatur dalam ketentuan Pasal 96, Pasal 98 dan Pasal 99 Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2011 tentang Pembentukan Peraturan Perundang-Undangan agar Peraturan Daerah yang telah diundangkan tersebut nantinya tidak bermasalah.Kata Kunci :Analisis, Peraturan Daerah, Ditinjau Dari, Teknik Penyusunan.

El Foro Nacional Estudiantil de Economía y Finanzas (FNE), contó en su reto grupal con más de 200 estudiantes a nivel nacional, distribuidos en 62 equipos, pertenecientes a 22 universidades. El pasado viernes 4 de septiembre, conocimos a los ganadores de este reto, que consistía en crear propuestas de política pública para la reactivación de municipios colombianos tras el Covid-19. Esta nueva versión del FNE, ha estado llena de retos y nuevas experiencias, ya que, gracias a la virtualidad, logramos conocer más estudiantes preocupados por la participación y reactivación de los municipios vulnerables del territorio. "Creamos este reto para darles voz a los jóvenes de diferentes áreas y conocimientos, resaltando que cuando se trata del desarrollo del desarrollo económico sostenible, la interdisciplinariedad es fundamental", afirmó Carlos Holguin, uno de los directores de este Foro. Carlos Sepúlveda, decano de la Facultad de Economía UR, felicitó a todos los participantes y destacó el liderazgo y la capacidad de adaptación e innovación por parte de los estudiantes dada la compleja coyuntura, asegurando la importancia de "la voz de los jóvenes economistas y financieros en encontrar soluciones a realidades muy difíciles". Dentro de los jurados de este reto, se encontraban Juanita Goebertus, representante a la Cámara por Bogotá, magister en Derecho de la Universidad de Harvard y experta en paz, justicia transicional y postconflicto. Silvia Otero-Bahamon, profesora principal de la Escuela de Ciencia Política, Gobierno y Relaciones Internacionales de la Universidad del Rosario, con un PhD en Ciencia Política de la Universidad de Northwestern. Y, Santiago Saavedra, profesor principal de la Facultad de Economía de la Universidad del Rosario, con PhD en Economía de la Universidad de Stanford. Los invitamos a conocer los cinco equipos finalistas de este reto, junto con sus propuestas e iniciativas: - Grupo 1- Municipio de Corinto: "Propuesta de política pública para la reactivación de Corinto, Cauca" Conformado por cuatro estudiantes de la Universidad del Rosario, quienes además fueron los ganadores de este reto por su innovación y aprovechamiento de la situación actual para la reactivación económica del municipio. Su propuesta se basó en la inversión en vías a través del Plan Colombia Rural, construcción de acueductos rurales temporales en el corto plazo y permanentes en el largo, producción local de gel antibacterial a partir de insumos locales y técnicas tradicionales de la comunidad Nasa e implementación del plan nevera viva para la seguridad y la soberanía alimentaria con enfoque diferenciado. - Grupo 2 – Municipio de Puerto Caicedo: "Recomendaciones de Política Pública en Puerto Caicedo, Putumayo" Conformado por estudiantes de la Universidad del Rosario, Universidad de los Andes y la Universidad ICESI. Basaron su propuesta a través de cultivos de coca para uso medicinal, aprovechamiento sostenible del medio ambiente, y promoción de actividades productivas adaptables a sus condiciones regionales, buscamos mejorar la productividad de Puerto Caicedo. Grupo 3 – Municipio de Valle del Guamez: "Reapertura económica en Valle del Guamuez bajo la coyuntura del COVID-19" Conformado por estudiantes de la Universidad de los Andes. Presentaron una propuesta a corto plazo de retorno a la agricultura enfocada en los cultivos propios de la región con alianzas con Corpocampo, Coprocaguamez y Asapiv. Para mediano plazo, una digitalización de la propuesta de valor a través de la tienda virtual Frubana. Y, a largo plazo, la adecuación y el mejoramiento de las vías para lograr la exportación y transporte de productos. - Grupo 4- Municipio de Bojayá: "Bojayá conectado, Bojayá seguro" Conformado por estudiantes de la Universidad del Rosario y la Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, quienes ocuparon el segundo lugar de este reto, por su sentido social. Basaron su propuesta a partir de la economía solidaria como una opción que vale la pena explorar para el desarrollo social en territorios de postconflicto. Así pues, masificando la entrega de elementos de bioseguridad, asociando y capacitando a los transportadores fluviales de Bojayá e invirtiendo en mejor infraestructura portuaria, impactaremos en este municipio en el corto, mediano y largo plazo. - Grupo 5 – Municipio de El Tambo: "Propuesta de reactivación económica para El Tambo: El futuro es campesino" Conformado por estudiantes de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Presentaron una propuesta de reactivación comprometida con el productor agrícola de El Tambo y sus productos tradicionales. Una alternativa a los cultivos ilícitos, en busca de la paz, la prosperidad y la estabilidad económica de la región. En nombre de la Facultad de Economía y la organización del FNE, agradecemos a todos los estudiantes participantes por su entusiasmo de crear y construir país a partir de soluciones sostenibles y beneficiosas para nuestras comunidades. También, felicitamos a los equipos finalistas y ganadores, ya que todos, realizaron un aparte valioso que nos permitirá solidarizarnos con estos territorios y a pensar creativamente en la reactivación pos Covid-19. ; The National Student Forum of Economics and Finance (FNE), counted in its group challenge with more than 200 students nationwide, distributed in 62 teams, belonging to 22 universities. Last Friday, September 4, we met the winners of this challenge, which consisted of creating public policy proposals for the reactivation of Colombian municipalities after Covid-19. This new version of the FNE has been full of challenges and new experiences, since, thanks to virtuality, we were able to meet more students concerned about the participation and reactivation of vulnerable municipalities in the territory. "We created this challenge to give a voice to young people from different areas and knowledge, highlighting that when it comes to the development of sustainable economic development, interdisciplinarity is essential," said Carlos Holguin, one of the directors of this Forum. Carlos Sepúlveda, dean of the UR Faculty of Economics, congratulated all the participants and highlighted the leadership and capacity for adaptation and innovation on the part of the students given the complex situation, ensuring the importance of "the voice of young economists and financiers in finding solutions to very difficult realities ". Among the jurors of this challenge, were Juanita Goebertus, representative to the Chamber for Bogotá, magister in Law from Harvard University and expert in peace, transitional justice and post-conflict. Silvia Otero-Bahamon, Senior Lecturer in the School of Political Science, Government and International Relations at Universidad del Rosario, with a PhD in Political Science from Northwestern University. And, Santiago Saavedra, Senior Lecturer at the Faculty of Economics at Universidad del Rosario, with a PhD in Economics from Stanford University. We invite you to meet the five finalist teams in this challenge, along with their proposals and initiatives: - Group 1- Municipality of Corinto: Made up of four students from the Universidad del Rosario, who were also the winners of this challenge for their innovation and taking advantage of the current situation for the economic reactivation of the municipality. His proposal was based on the investment in roads through the Rural Colombia Plan, construction of temporary rural aqueducts in the short term and permanent in the long term, local production of antibacterial gel from local inputs and traditional techniques of the Nasa community and implementation of the viva fridge plan for food security and sovereignty with a differentiated approach. - Group 2 - Municipality of Puerto Caicedo: Made up of students from Universidad del Rosario, Universidad de los Andes and Universidad ICESI. They based their proposal on coca crops for medicinal use, sustainable use of the environment, and promotion of productive activities adaptable to their regional conditions, we seek to improve the productivity of Puerto Caicedo. Group 3 - Municipality of Valle del Guamez: Made up of students from the Universidad de los Andes. They presented a short-term proposal for a return to agriculture focused on the region's own crops with alliances with Corpocampo, Coprocaguamez and Asapiv. For the medium term, a digitization of the value proposition through the Frubana virtual store. And, in the long term, the adaptation and improvement of the ways to achieve the export and transport of products. - Group 4- Municipality of Bojayá: Made up of students from the Universidad del Rosario and the Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, who ranked second in this challenge, due to its social sense. They based their proposal on the solidarity economy as an option worth exploring for social development in post-conflict territories. Thus, by massifying the delivery of biosafety elements, associating and training the river transporters of Bojayá and investing in better port infrastructure, we will impact this municipality in the short, medium and long term. - Group 5 - Municipality of El Tambo: Made up of students from the National University of Colombia. They presented a proposal for reactivation committed to the agricultural producer of El Tambo and its traditional products. An alternative to illicit crops, in search of peace, prosperity and economic stability in the region. On behalf of the Faculty of Economics and the organization of the FNE, we thank all the participating students for their enthusiasm to create and build a country based on sustainable and beneficial solutions for our communities. Also, we congratulate the finalist and winning teams, since they all made a valuable part that will allow us to show solidarity with these territories and to think creatively about the post-Covid-19 reactivation.

This paper provides evidence of a change in the relationship between individual satisfaction with the state of country's economy and income inequality during transition from a command to market economic system. Using data from a series of extensive and frequent surveys of Polish population, we identify a structural break in this relationship. In the beginning of transition, an increase in income inequality is interpreted by population as a positive signal of increased opportunities; this sentiment is particularly strong among older people and people with right-wing political views. Later in the transition period, increased inequality becomes an important reason for dissatisfaction of the public with the country's economic situation and reforms, as people become more skeptical about the legitimacy of income generation process. We also provide direct evidence from opinion polls of a change in the public sentiment about income inequality. ; Cet article illustre le retournement de la tolérance aux inégalités au cours d'une période de forte croissance et de transformation économique et politique rapide. Il s'appuie sur l'expérience polonaise de transition économique et explore les attitudes subjectives des citoyens recueillies dans des enquêtes répétées, à haute fréquence, de 1992 à 2005. Une rupture entre l'inégalité et la satisfaction est identifiée aux alentours de l'année 1997. Cette évolution coïncide avec la montée, au sein de la population, d'un certain rejet des élites politiques.

The article examines the problems of the components of the concept of threats to religious security, for example, which are transformed into concepts. The concept of "justice" is being transformed through the extreme polarization of Latin American society and elit. The necessity of ensuring security for traditional religions is substantiated, the unity, interdependence of spiritual, religious, national security is determined, the tasks, the solution of which requires to achieve the level of security, are characterized. The article determines that since religion influences politics, law, the level of relevance of religious security increases. Under modern conditions of transitional regimes, the religious system is becoming an important factor in political stability. This is especially true of the traditional religious system, which has a history of development, a deep system in popular culture. The religious factor also plays an important role in the geopolitical confrontation. The situation requires the mobilization of resources for the religious security of society. Among the tasks is the problem of training ideological personnel, for example, political scientists, philosophers, who have the ability to resist ideological influence. The problem of the formation of an effective religious ideology, which takes into account the geopolitical rivalry of states, the strengthening of the dynamics of spiritual competition, spiritual expansion, is urgent; protection of the sphere of consciousness of a believer from negative influence from destructive structures, psychological safety of believers, research of a set of ideas, a set of teachings, attitudes, uniting representatives of traditional religions to counter extremist, radicalist religious threats, and promote their own regional ideas. Since the level of interconnection between the state and society is increasing in the region, there is a need for a set of measures to ensure religious security. The governments of the countries will focus on the implementation of reforms that will guarantee a stable political regime. ; Рассмотрены составные проблемы концепта угрозы религиозной безопасности, например, которые трансформируются в понятия. Понятия "справедливость" трансформируется через крайнюю поляризацию латиноамериканского общества и элит. Обоснована необходимость обеспечения безопасности для традиционных религий, определено единство, взаимозависимость духовной, религиозной, национальной безопасности, охарактеризованы задания, решение которых требуется для достижения уровня безопасности. Определено, что, поскольку религия влияет на политику и право, то уровень актуальности религиозной безопасности возрастает. В современных условиях переходных режимов религиозная система становится важным фактором политической стабильности. В особенности это касается традиционной религиозной системы, которая имеет историю развития, глубокую систему в народной культуре. В геополитическом противостоянии также важную роль играет религиозный фактор. Ситуация требует мобилизации ресурсов религиозной безопасности общества. Среди заданий – проблема подготовки идеологических кадров, например политологов, философов, имеющих способность противостоять идеологическому влиянию. Актуальной является проблема формирования эффективной религиозной идеологии, учитывающей геополитическое соперничество государств, усиление динамики духовной конкуренции, духовной экспансии; защита сферы сознания верующего от отрицательного влияния со стороны деструктивных структур, психологическая безопасность верующих, исследования комплекса идей, совокупности учений, установок, объединения представителей традиционных религий для противостояния экстремистским, радикалистским религиозным угрозам, возможность пропагандировать собственные региональные идеи. Поскольку в регионе возрастает уровень взаимосвязи государства и общества, то существует необходимость в комплексе мероприятий с целью обеспечения религиозной безопасности. Правительства стран направят усилия на реализацию реформ, которые станут гарантией стабильного политического режима. ; Розглянуто складові концепту загрози релігійній безпеці, наприклад те, як трансформуються поняття. Поняття "справедливість" трансформується через крайню поляризацію латиноамериканського суспільства й еліт. Обґрунтовано необхідність забезпечення безпеки для традиційних релігій, визначено єдність, взаємозалежність духовної, релігійної, національної безпеки, охарактеризовано завдання, виконання яких необхідне для досягнення рівня безпеки. Визначено, що, оскільки релігія впливає на політику і право, то рівень актуальності релігійної безпеки зростає. За сучасних умов перехідних режимів релігійна система стає важливим фактором політичної стабільності. Особливо це стосується традиційної релігійної системи, що має свою історію розвитку, глибоку систему в народній культурі. У геополітичному протистоянні також важливу роль відіграє релігійний фактор. Ситуація вимагає мобілізації ресурсів релігійної безпеки суспільства. Серед завдань – проблема підготовки ідеологічних кадрів, наприклад політологів, філософів, які протистоять ідеологічному впливу. Важливою є проблема формування ефективної релігійної ідеології, що враховує геополітичне суперництво держав, посилення динаміки духовної конкуренції, духовної експансії. Актуальними є захист сфери свідомості віруючого від негативного впливу з боку деструктивних структур, психологічна безпека віруючих, дослідження комплексу ідей, сукупності вчень, настанов, об'єднання представників традиційних релігій для протистояння екстремістським, радикалістським релігійним загрозам, можливість пропагувати власні регіональні ідеї. Оскільки в регіоні зростає рівень взаємозв'язку держави та суспільства, то існує необхідність у комплексі заходів з метою забезпечення релігійної безпеки. Розкрито особливості шляхів і засобів протидії релігійній небезпеці. Подано пропозиції з реалізації реформ, що стануть гарантією стабільного політичного режиму.

ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses the prosecutor's duties and position the institution as enforcers prosecution in the presidential system of government based on Law Number 16 Year 2004 About the Prosecutors of the Republic of Indonesia. The method used in this research is normative juridical approach. From the results of this thesis can be concluded that the RI Attorney THAT notch as executor Prosecution Authority and the position of the Attorney General Government System In accordance with Article 19 paragraph (20) in conjunction with Article 22 of Law No. 16 of 2004 can be concluded that the Attorney General is not independent. This is due to the attorney general is appointed and dismissed by the President. The position of the prosecutor that the placement of RI as part of the prosecution is that the power of attorney was not set explicitly in the Constitution of 1945. The arrangement is only implied implicit in Article II of the Transitional Provisions of the 1945 Constitution and the 1945 Constitution after the changes in Article 24 paragraph (3). Understanding Attorney and the Attorney General included in the scope of judicial power. Article 24 paragraph (1) of the Act of 1945 states that, "Judicial Power (Rechtelijke Macht) carried out by a Supreme Court and other judicial bodies. Thus Attorney as part of the Executive Power related to the judicial authority in law enforcement. Based on Law Attorney of the Republic of Indonesia, His stature and the role of the Prosecutor in the law enforcement system in Indonesia as stipulated in the Act. No. 16 of 2004 on the Attorney RI, namely the institutional position of Attorney as an institution of government (executive power) is a government elements or assistant to the president with the principal task of the functions and authority in the field of prosecution related to the judicial authority in law enforcement. In the process of law enforcement, where the Attorney expected to be independent and have independent and professional apparatus as executive power of the State in the field of law enforcement proportionally. The role of the Prosecutor in the administration of criminal justice is, is contained in the (United Nations) Guidelines on the Role of Prosecutors in 1990 the United Nations Guidelines BangsaTentang Prosecutors. Position Attorney in the state system is a public prosecutor in a criminal case which is representing the State and society, as well as state attorney in the civil lawsuits and state administration.Keywords: Task, Status, Organization Attorney, Prosecution Authority.ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas tugas dan kedudukan lembaga kejaksaan sebagai pelaksana kekuasaan penuntutan dalam sistem pemerintahan presidensial berdasarkan Undang-2Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2004 Tentang Kejakasaan Republik Indonesia. Metode pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan yuridis-normatif. Dari hasil penelitian tesis ini diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa Bahawa Kedudukan Kejaksaan RI sebagai pelaksana Kekuasaan Penuntutan dan Posisi Jaksa Agung Dalam Sistem Pemerintahan Berdasarkan Pasal 19 ayat (20) jo Pasal 22 Undang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2004 dapat disimpulkan bahwa Jaksa Agung tidak Independen. Hal ini disebabkan jaksa agung diangkat dan diberhentikan oleh Presiden. Bahwa penempatan Kedudukan kejaksaan RI sebagai bagian dari Kekuasaan penuntutan yaitu bahwa Kejaksaan tidak diatur secara eksplisit dalam Undang-Undang Dasar 1945. Pengaturannya hanya tersirat secara implisit dalam Pasal II Aturan Peralihan UUD 1945 dan UUD 1945 sesudah perubahan dalam Pasal 24 ayat (3). Pengertian Kejaksaan dan Jaksa Agung termasuk dalam ruang lingkup kekuasaan kehakiman. Pasal 24 ayat (1) Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 menyebutkan bahwa, "Kekuasaan Kehakiman (Rechtelijke Macht) dilakukan oleh sebuah Mahkamah Agung dan lain-lain badan kehakiman. Dengan demikian Kejaksaan sebagai bagian dari Kekuasaan Eksekutif yang terkait dengan kekuasaan kehakiman dalam penegakan hukum. Berdasarkan Undang-undang Kejaksaan Republik Indonesia, Kedudukan dan peran lembaga Kejaksaan dalam sistem penegakan hukum di Indonesia sebagaimana diatur dalam UU. Nomor 16 Tahun 2004 tentang Kejaksaan RI, kedudukan kelembagaan yaitu Kejaksaan sebagai lembaga pemerintahan (kekuasaan eksekutif) adalah sebagai unsur pemerintah atau pembantu presiden dengan tugas pokok fungsi dan wewenang di bidang penuntutan yang terkait dengan kekuasaan kehakiman dalam penegakan hukum. Dalam proses penegakan hukum, di mana Kejaksaan diharapkan mandiri dan independen serta mempunyai aparatur yang profesional sebagai pelaksana kekuasaan Negara di bidang penegakan hukum secara proporsional. Peranan Kejaksaan dalam penyelenggaraan peradilan pidana ini, termuat dalam (United Nations) Guidelines on the Role of the Prosecutors pada tahun 1990 Pedoman Perserikatan Bangsa-BangsaTentang Para Jaksa. Kedudukan Kejaksaan dalam sistem ketatanegaraan adalah merupakan penuntut umum dalam perkara pidana yang mewakili Negara dan masyarakat, maupun sebagai Jaksa Pengacara Negara dalam perkara perdata dan tata usaha negara.Kata Kunci: Tugas, Kedudukan, Lembaga Kejaksaan, Kekuasaan Penuntutan.