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The research reported in this study developed and validated a framework for the pre-evaluation of contractors for sustainable infrastructure projects through Public-Private Partnership (PPP) in Nigeria. The proposed framework uses the Analytic Network Process (ANP) to select contractors for build-operate-transfer (BOT) contractors. Theoretically grounded on a system theory, a sustainable infrastructure delivery (SID) model is developed in this research. One of its important features is the ability to solve complex decision problems, typical of a decision-making process that involves selection of contractors for PPP projects. At the deductive phase of the proposed model is the integration of the ANP (multi-criteria decision-making technique) for data synthesis. An extensive literature review was conducted with regard to selection criteria for contractors. Furthermore, a web-based questionnaire survey was undertaken, aimed at capturing the perception of the Nigerian construction professionals regarding the importance of these criteria for pre-evaluation of contractors for public infrastructure procurement. A total of 143 questionnaires was received and their feedbacks were analysed with the IBM SPSS statistical package. The findings revealed a broad range of 55 relevant criteria that were linked to sustainable contractor selection. Through the application of factor analysis, the number of the criteria was reduced to 16, after multicollinearity issues in the data set had been resolved. The 16 factors were modelled to pairwise comparison matrices, transforming decision making process from linear to a systemic approach. A purposeful sampling methodology was then applied for the selection of decision-making panel (DM), who completed the pairwise comparison survey. The survey results were synthesised by ANP. The final solution derived order of significance of the two categories of contractors- multinational construction corporations (MCC) and local construction contractors (LCC) in respect to the delivery of a sustainable infrastructure. Sensitivity analysis of the research findings reveals that the 16 criteria have differential comparative advantages, which requires critical judgement during contractors' pre-evaluation process. Although the overall priorities rank multinational construction corporations (MCC) higher than local construction companies (LCC), it is not absolute that MCC will deliver a better value for money on all tangible and intangible elements of sustainable infrastructure attributes. LCC outperform on some of the key criteria such as local employment creation and local material sourcing, which are essential pre-evaluation criteria. This research proposes a novel framework to harmonise sustainability indicators in contractor selection and offers a new theoretical insight into the approach to contractors' selection criteria during pre-evaluation process, which contributes to the enhancement of PPP delivery in Nigeria. Overall, the proposed SID model has demonstrated the need for a shift in the modus operandi of the government's ministries, department and agencies (MDAs) in Nigeria from unidirectional to systemic selection techniques. It clearly demonstrates the appropriateness of the ANP to predict the contractor that will deliver more sustainable infrastructure. ; N/A

Bibliography: pages 105-109. ; This study develops a conceptual framework for policy analysis and uses it as the basis for an analytical framework to describe the Western Cape's textbook procurement policy (WCTPP). The study starts by defining policy as a purposeful intervention with key attributes, these being: intention; action; practice; status; resources and capacity; and power. The conceptual framework attempts to answer the question, "Are there features which consistently characterise the policy-making process and do the factors which gave shape to policy consistently fall into particular categories?" The framework suggests factors which shape, locate and give rise to policy can be described in terms of contexts and frames which denote arenas within which policy can be constrained or enabled, politically and practically. The key contexts necessary for policy analysis are spatial and historical and the key frames are the frame of discourses of state, the resources/ capacity frame and the legislative/ regulatory frame. The key features characterising policy are that policy-making is characterised by fluidity and that policy is the expression of a balance or a compromise of interests. The framework is then used to develop an analytic framework for the WCTPP. The analysis attempts to answer the question, "What are the key features of this policy and what factors have shaped its emergence?" The analysis suggests that as the WCTPP was conceived, developed and translated into practice within the province, it has a coherence not always possible within an education system characterised by national/ provincial policy fragmentation. As a policy, it is shaped by the relatively well-resourced province from which it emerges. The analysis shows that resources and capacity are a factor at all the sites (department private sector suppliers and schools) involved in the state-private sector partnership that is exemplified in this policy. This policy is given form by the selective recruitment of divergent discourse of the state with two key discourses being manifest, these being that of a democratic, developmental state which sets parameters to and regulates the private sector, and a neo-liberal state, which supports free market forces. Through the legislative/regulatory frame the analysis also shows the inter-dependence of the WCTPP and other policies. The key features which characterise policy-making are portrayed as its on-going nature, and the fact that this policy represents a fragile balancing of competing interests. Educational interests harness commercial interests for educational ends. The analysis allows for a description of the policy that expresses both its functionality and its fragility. The study concludes that the framework developed provides for a dynamic iteration thus illustrating that policy analysis requires an understanding of how policy develops out of the interplay between the contexts, frames and features identified.

This thesis focuses on foreign policy changes over the forty-five year history of the People's Republic of China, attempts to explain these changes, and explores a model that analyzes China's foreign policy and predicts tendencies for further transition. The analytic framework incorporates Kal J. Holsti's foreign policy restructuring model, focusing on a particular type of foreign policy change--restructuring. This is the dramatic, wholesale alteration of a nation's pattern of external relations. Holsti believes that the impetus for foreign policy restructuring is often a response to a threat--but not always a military threat. The threats of the modern era contain cultural, informational and economic components. China has experienced such foreign policy restructuring four times. The patterns of its external relations have changed from the 1950's pro-Soviet dependence to the 1960's isolation, and then from the 1970's Sino-U.S. anti-Soviet strategic partnership to the 1980's non-alignment diversification. Conforming to Holsti's hypothesis, China's foreign policy restructuring has taken place when the decision-makers perceived domestic or external threats to national security, independence and development--the basic goals that have always been considered the most important to Chinese policy-makers. However, where China's foreign policy restructuring goes beyond the Holsti model is that threat is not the only explanation for such restructuring. Advantageous opportunity is also an impetus for policy restructuring. The findings of this thesis also suggest that China's foreign policy restructurings are closely related to its internal affairs. Domestic political crises, economic vulnerability and the state's development strategy have had an important influence on foreign policy restructuring. Aside from the domestic determinants, peripheral threats and boundary issues have been more likely to become the catalyst of foreign policy reorientations. The changing character of the international system and the Sino-Soviet-American triangle during the Cold War era have been key guiding determinants of foreign policy reorientation. In contrast, personality has been, in general, not a decisive factor. This was so because the external and domestic constraints usually did not give the leadership much leeway to put personal stamp on foreign policy reorientations. Furthermore, post-Mao era has seen an emphasis on economic determinants in foreign policy, idiosyncratic factors being even less influential. Ideology has also not been a predominant determinant in decision-making. Instead, it has been changeable in accordance with the need of policy-makers and adaptive to circumstances. Even in strongly ideological periods, ideological concerns never ignored national interests. Furthermore, the influence of orthodox Communist ideology has gradually decreased with the changes within China and in the outside world in the 1980s.Dept. of History, Philosophy, and Political Science. Paper copy at Leddy Library: Theses & Major Papers - Basement, West Bldg. / Call Number: Thesis1993 .Z424. Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 32-06, page: 1562. Adviser: Bruce Burton. Thesis (M.A.)--University of Windsor (Canada), 1993.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Está ampliamente aceptada la importancia de la innovación tanto desde un punto de vista económico como organizacional, sin embargo la dispersión de los datos es considerable y son pocas las teorías que expliquen el comportamiento innovador de las empresas que hayan obtenido un respaldo generalizado. Existe un consenso en la literatura sobre la falta de idoneidad de los indicadores utilizados hasta la fecha para medir el performance innovador de las empresas. Todavía no hay un acuerdo sobre la variable o conjunto de variables a utilizar ni la metodología a seguir. En este contexto uno de los primeros objetivos que nos fijamos fue identificar, entre la vasta bibliografía disponible, aquellos indicadores referenciados como determinantes del comportamiento innovador de las empresas. Posteriormente, a través de un análisis factorial multivariable, se identificaron las variables subyacentes que los agrupaban, permitiéndonos definir un modelo explicativo del comportamiento innovador. En base a este modelo realizamos un análisis discriminante obteniendo como resultado una clasificación taxonómica de las empresas que forman parte de los parques científicos. DESARROLLO TEÓRICO: En el marco teórico de la tesis identificamos las principales teorías asociadas al concepto económico de innovación, destacando la teoría de Schumpeter y el modelo de la Triple Hélix de Etzkowitz. En el tercer capítulo desarrollamos el concepto de parque científico como modelo de innovación dentro de los procesos de interacción de la Triple Helix. En el cuarto capítulo introdujimos el concepto de empresa tecnológica e innovación organizacional, identificando los factores de innovación y los modelos de valoración del comportamiento innovador de las empresas. METODOLOGÍA: El trabajo experimental se realizó sobre una muestra de 132 empresas tecnológicas ubicadas en los parques científicos de Cataluña, aplicando la metodología de análisis factorial multivariante a través del método de componentes principales, y análisis estadístico discriminante. CONCLUSIONES: Los principales resultados obtenidos de este estudio fueron: • Identificación de los constructos asociados las variables latentes (1) factores internos y (2) factores contextuales que agrupan los determinantes del comportamiento innovador de las empresas. • Creación de un modelo explicativo del comportamiento innovador de las empresas, en función de factores internos y contextuales. • Modelo de clasificación taxonómica en función de los determinantes del comportamiento innovador, demostrando que en el caso de los parques científicos de Cataluña no existe una vinculación directa entre el tipo de parque científico y la tipología de empresa tecnológica, pero si con el sector industrial al cual pertenece la empresa. • Demostrar que no existe una relación positiva entre innovación y business performance de la empresa. • Aportar un esquema de trabajo que nos permita tipificar, valorar el desempeño y realizar estudios de benchmarking de los parques científicos existentes. La voluntad de este estudio ha sido realizar aportes teóricos en las áreas de identificación de modelos explicativos del comportamiento innovador de las empresas, así como una nueva clasificación taxonómica de las empresas innovadoras, en función de determinantes internos y contextuales medidos a través de variables observables cuantitativas de fácil acceso. Este modelo de clasificación puede ser utilizado como una nueva herramienta para el estudio y valoración de los parques científicos. A pesar de la localización geográfica de la muestra, este estudio empírico presenta un efecto predictivo de aplicación universal y puede ser utilizado en investigaciones futuras. Investigadores, empresas, administradores de parques científicos y políticos pueden beneficiarse de los resultados de esta investigación. ; INTRODUCTION: The importance of innovation from an economic and organizational point of view is widely accepted. However, the divergence of research results indicates that the innovation process is still poorly understood. The available literature has identified neither a generally accepted innovative performance indicator nor a standard methodology to evaluate innovation. In this context one of our priorities was to identify from the vast literature available the key determinants of innovative firm behavior. Through techniques of multivariable analysis, we identified the underlying concepts and defined an explanatory model of innovation firm behavior. Finally, using the cluster analysis methodology we defined a technology firm taxonomy classification. CONCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT: The conceptual development of the thesis began with a review of the literature identifying the seminal theories associated with the concept of innovation. In addition, we provided an overview of the concept of Science Park as a model of innovation base on the Triple Helix theory. We also offered an overview of important company determinants and linked the concept to the technology-based firm behavior. Finally, we introduced the concept of organizational innovation identifying the assessment models of company behavior. METHODOLOGY: The present paper explores determinants of innovative firm behavior using a sample of 132 technology firms located in Science parks in Catalonia. We chose a multivariable analysis approach based on factorial analysis by principal components and cluster analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The main results and conclusions obtained were: • To identify two composite constructs that clearly catch the latent variables (1) internal factors and (2) contextual factors of innovation. • To define a new company behavior explanatory model basis on of internal and contextual factors of innovation. • To create a new taxonomy classification of technology firms. • To refute the hypothesis that a direct relationship between the category of Science Parks and taxonomy classification of technology firms exists, but we find a relationship between the former and the industrial sector. • To refute the hypothesis that a positive relationship between innovation and business performance exists. • To contribute a new analytic tool allowing us to evaluate Science Park performance and carry out benchmarking studies. In spite of the geographical localization of the sample, this empiric study has a predictive effect with universal applicability. These analytical tools could be useful for future research and activities carried out by Science Park managers, companies, politicians and researchers.

Las urbanizaciones de la AMB están caracterizadas por un consumo excesivo del suelo, una muy baja densidad residencial y poblacional (4viv/ha y 12hab/ ha), una monofuncionalidad residencial y una alta movilidad privada. En el territorio del área metropolitana de Barcelona, las urbanizaciones (124), representan el 15% del suelo urbanizado (4.200 ha) y habita tan solo el 2% de la población (52.700hab). En este marco, el artículo se propone, más allá de presentar la realidad física de las urbanizaciones en el contexto territorial de la AMB, revisar las ideas y conceptos del pensamiento urbanístico para situar la problemática dentro de las transformaciones producidas en el territorio en estas últimas décadas. Comprender los factores que le dieron origen, la caracterización de los mismos y las imágenes que de ellas derivan. Conceptos como, dispersión, metropolización, morfología urbana, condición urbana nos fuerzan imágenes que nos ayudan en la búsqueda de nuevos instrumentos analíticos, teóricos y proyectuales para reconducir la problemática. Desde la certeza que la ciudad no es una forma o estructura física, sino la proyección de las relaciones sociales, económicas y políticas entre quienes la habitan, emergen una serie de preguntas que interpelan algunas afirmaciones y conceptos que intentaremos responder y respondernos,… ¿El fenómeno de la metropolización conlleva la respuesta para la reconducción de la problemática? ¿Pueden estos fragmentos dispersos, ser parte de una nueva ciudad extensa y territorial? y si así fuera, es una realidad posible o una Amaurota* de este nuevo milenio. *Posiblemente del griego "sin muros", la capital de Utopía la isla de Thomas More.1516. ; The urbanization of the metropolitana area of Barcelona share an excessive consumption of soil, a low residential density (4 dwellings per hectare and 12 inhabitants per hectare), a residential monofunctionality and a high rate of private transportation. In the metropolitana area of Barcelona, urbanization areas (124) stand for the 15% of urban land (4200hectares) of the metropolitana area but they are inhabited by only a 2% of its population (52.700 inhabitants). A part from introducing the reality of urbanization in the Barcelona metropolitan area context, this essay focuses on the need of exploring ideas and concepts of urban thought that enable placing the urbanization specific issues within the bigger context of the transformations that have taken place in the territory in the last decades. Concepts like dispersion, metropolization, urban morphology, urban condition, scattered city or networked city provide a background from which to search for analytic and project strategies to redirect the issue. From the bottom line that cities are not physical shapes or structures but the expression of the social, economical and political relationships of its inhabi- tants, a range of questions emerge. Questions that address issues that we will try to answer. Does the metropolization process carry an inherent answer to redirect the aforementioned issue? Can these scattered areas become part of a new large and territorial urban area? And if so, is it a possible solution or an Amaurota*? *possibily from Greek -meaning without wall- the capital city of the isle Utopy from Thomas More 1516. ; Peer Reviewed

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo proponer un modelo de gestión turística para el ejercicio de la competencia de fomento productivo en el gobierno autónomo descentralizado de la Provincia de Chimborazo. Se realizó un diagnóstico de la situación actual del turismo en la Provincia, analizando indicadores del sistema turístico, luego de validar esta información y sistematizarla se analizó la estructura de procesos del GADPCH. Luego se procedió a definir los objetivos estratégicos y las políticas de actuación para el ejercicio de la competencia en relación con el turismo. Se mantuvieron talleres de trabajo con técnicos de la unidad de turismo así como de las coordinaciones de Fomento Productivo y Planificación, para vincular dichos lineamientos con la parte operativa y de gobernanza institucional. Posteriormente a este ejercicio se evaluaron los proyectos que actualmente existen en el GADPCH en el ámbito turístico mediante la metodología AHP que combina multicriterios para evaluar la vialidad de los proyectos mediante ponderaciones de indicadores claves. Definido el marco estratégico institucional con sus políticas de actuación articuladas al Plan de Desarrollo y Ordenamiento Territorial actualizado y establecida la metodología para la priorización de proyectos turísticos dentro de la competencia de fomento productivo se definió un modelo de gestión integral donde intervienen los diferentes actores del sistema turístico provincial, que a su vez esta vinculado al modelo por procesos del GADPCH. La definición de objetivos estratégicos y políticas permite orientar la toma de decisiones a la hora de efectuar una priorización de iniciativas o proyectos bajo el método multicriterio, el que a la vez simplifica la determinación de puntos críticos de viabilidad de las iniciativas. Se recomienda que el sistema turístico de la Provincia de Chimborazo debe ser fortalecido a través del diseño de una estrategia que promueva las inversiones privadas. ; This work aimed at posing a tourism management model to apply the productive investment competence in the Decentralized Autonomous Government of Chimborazo Province (GADPCH). A diagnosis of current tourism situation in the province was conducted. The tourism system indicators were analyzed. Having validated and systematized this information, the GADPCH process structure was analyzed. Then the strategic objectives and action policies for the tourism competence application were defined. Workshops were carried out with the technicians of its Tourism Unit and the Productive Investment and Planning coordination to relate these guidelines with the operating and governing part of the institution. After that, its current tourism projects were evaluated using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) methodology that combines multicriteria to evaluate the project feasibility using weighting factor of key indicators. Upon defining the institution strategic framework with its action policies articulated in the current Territorial Ordering and Development Plan and establishing the methodology prioritizing tourism projects in the productive investment competence, a comprehensive management model, in which the different actors of the GADPCH process modelrelated province tourism system intervene, was determined. Defining the strategic objectives and policies permits to guide the decision making when prioritizing initiatives or projects under the multicriteria method – it simplifies the determination of critical points of initiative feasibility. It is recommended that the tourism system of the Chimborazo province be reinforced by designing a strategy promoting private investment.

ABSTRAK Malaria masih menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat di Kota Sorong-Provinsi Papua Barat dimana dilaporkan terdapat kasus malaria positif 14.310 kasus pada tahun 2012. Adapun Kejadian Luar Biasa terjadi di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Remu, salah satu Puskesmas di wilayah kerja Dinas Kesehatan Kota Sorong. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor perilaku yang berhubungan dengan kejadian malaria di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Remu Kota Sorong. Jenis penelitian ini merupakan survei analitik dengan menggunakan desain kasus-kontrol. Populasi kasus merupakan pasien dengan malaria positif yang berusia ≥ 17 tahun pada bulan Mei-Juli 2014 dan poulasi kontrol merupakan masyarakat yang belum pernah menderita malaria positif dan tinggal di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Remu dengan perbandingan kelompok kasus dan kelompok kontrol yaitu 1:1. Sampel dalam penelitian ini merupakan total populasi yang berjumlah 84 orang. Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan adalah kuesioner. Analisis data yang digunakan yaitu analisis univariat dan bivariat dengan menggunakan uji chi-square, dengan tingkat kepercayaan 95% (α=0,05). Hasil Penelitian diperoleh hasil antara penggunaan bahan anti nyamuk dengan kejadian malaria dengan nilai p=0,009 dan OR=3,281(95% CI=1,336-8,058) dan penggunaan kelambu dengan kejadian malaria diperoleh nilai p=0,042 dan OR=2,56(95% CI=1,025-6,406) dan kebiasaan beraktivitas di luar rumah pada malam hari dengan kejadian malaria diperoleh nilai p=0,008 dan OR=3,411(95% CI=1,363-8,542). Terdapat hubungan antara penggunaan bahan anti nyamuk dengan kejadian malaria, terdapat hubungan antara penggunaan kelambu dengan kejadian malaria, dan juga terdapat hubungan antara kebiasaaan beraktivitas di luar rumah pada malam hari dengan kejadian malaria. Kata Kunci: Malaria, Bahan Anti Nyamuk, Kelambu, Kebiasasan Aktivitas di Luar Rumah Pada Malam Hari. ABSTRACT Malaria still becomes one of the public health problem at Sorong city, West Papua Province and in 2012 the government reported that there were 14.310 malaria cases. An outbreak was reported in the working area of Remu Community Health Center. This research is aimed to analysis the correlation between the factor of human behaviour and Malaria at Public health centre of Remu. This kind of research is analytic survey by using the case-control design. The case Population were patients with positive Malaria that age over 17 years old and the control population were the people that hadn't been suffered from Malaria and lived at the area of public health centre of Remu with the ratio between case and control was 1:1. Total of samples were 84 people. The tool that was used for this research was questionnaire. The data analysis that were used in this research were univariate and bivariate by using Chi-square test with trust level was 95% (α=0, 05) The result was obtained from the comparison of three different factors of human behaviour in preventing the Malaria. The behaviour was using anti-mosquito with p=0, 009, the behaviour which was using mosquito net with p=0,042, and the behaviour was the habitude of activity outside the house at night with p= 0,008. There was a correlation between using the anti-mosquito, using mosquito net and the habitude of activity outside the house at night with Malaria disease. Keywords: Malaria, Anti-Mosquito, Mosquito Net, Habitude of Activity Outside The House At Night.

With the development of information technology, the connotation of the Digital Divide has evolved constantly. At present, we have entered the new era of "Digital Economy" and newer information technologies such as Big Data, Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things, and Cloud Computing have been widely developed and applied. New technologies should also be included in the measurement of the Digital Divide. At the same time, the physical gap in traditional information technology has been greatly reduced. Under the condition that physical access conditions are similar, the gap in digital technology skills and use is highlighted. Under such circumstances, the measurement of the Digital Divide should be more concerned with Digital Literacy and Digital Experience. Under the background of the Digital Economy, the existence of the Digital Divide means that there is a huge first-mover advantage for the party at a more advanced position. Countries, regions and communities with faster information development will be able to use information dividends promptly to promote their own economic development. However, the party that is far lagging behind will have fewer opportunities to participate in the information-based Digital Economy. At the same time that economic development is at a disadvantage, because under the new economy condition, more work and social activities are closely related to information technology, therefore, opportunities for the information poor to participate in online education, training, entertainment, shopping and communication have also become fewer, and these have exacerbated social inequalities. In this study, qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis were used to study the Digital Divide evaluation system in the era of Digital Economy. In the qualitative part of this article, we summarize the definition of Digital Economy, the definition of Digital Divide and the measurement theory of regional Digital Divide by studying the literature, laying a solid theoretical foundation for the research of this article. Starting from the six aspects of Digital Technology Infrastructure, ICT Readiness, Economy Development, Government Innovation Support, Education and Digital Literature, Digital Contents and Applications, we put forward research hypotheses and build the corresponding evaluation system model. In the quantitative research part of this paper, empirical research methods were used to verify the hypothesis and model. Among them, through a large amount of domestic research data collected from China Statistical Yearbook, with SPSS statistical analysis software to process the data, this paper proposes a complete index system of informatization and Digital Divide evaluation in the Digital Economy era and weights distribution for the system, using Factor Analysis, Analytic Hierarchy Process and Expert Interview Methods. On this basis, this article understands the current situation of informatization development and regional Digital Divide by the calculation of the index. Through the Clustering Analysis and Average Deviation Analysis, we analyze the causes of the Digital Divide formation, understand the gap of regional informatization and digital development, and find the weakness in digital development. Then, we put forward some suggestions that can effectively improve bridging the Digital Divide to solve the "information gap", "knowledge division" and "rich and poor division" between regions due to the development and application level gap. It provides reference for bridging the Digital Divide and promoting regional information, economic and cultural balanced development. This will enable digital technology to be more utilized in the process of promoting the development of the Digital Economy. Giving full play to the connectivity of the Internet will allow the Digital Economy to benefit more regions and enhance the well-being of the entire society.

La tesi affronta il tema dell'innovazione della scuola, oggetto di costante attenzione da parte delle organizzazioni internazionali e dei sistemi educativi nazionali, per le sue implicazioni economiche, sociali e politiche, e intende portare un contributo allo studio sistematico e analitico dei progetti e delle esperienze di innovazione complessiva dell'ambiente di apprendimento. Il concetto di ambiente di apprendimento viene approfondito nelle diverse prospettive di riferimento, con specifica attenzione al framework del progetto "Innovative Learning Environments" [ILE], dell'Organisation For Economic And Cultural Development [OECD] che, con una prospettiva dichiaratamente olistica, individua nel dispositivo dell'ambiente di apprendimento la chiave per l'innovazione dell'istruzione nella direzione delle competenze per il ventunesimo Secolo. I criteri presenti nel quadro di riferimento del progetto sono stati utilizzati per un'analisi dell'esperienza proposta come caso di studio, Scuola-Città Pestalozzi a Firenze, presa in esame perché nell'anno scolastico 2011/2012 ha messo in pratica appunto un "disegno" di trasformazione dell'ambiente di apprendimento e in particolare dei caratteri del tempo/scuola. La ricerca, condotta con una metodologia qualitativa, è stata orientata a far emergere le interpretazioni dei protagonisti dell'innovazione indagata: dall'analisi del progetto e di tutta la documentazione fornita dalla scuola è scaturita la traccia per un focus-group esplorativo attraverso il quale sono stati selezionati i temi per le interviste semistrutturate rivolte ai docenti (scuola primaria e scuola secondaria di primo grado). Per quanto concerne l'interpretazione dei risultati, le trascrizioni delle interviste sono state analizzate con un approccio fenomenografico, attraverso l'individuazione di unità testuali logicamente connesse a categorie concettuali pertinenti. L'analisi dei materiali empirici ha permesso di enucleare categorie interpretative rispetto alla natura e agli scopi delle esperienze di insegnamento/apprendimento, al processo organizzativo, alla sostenibilità. Tra le implicazioni della ricerca si ritengono particolarmente rilevanti quelle relative alla funzione docente. ; This doctoral thesis explores the issue of innovation in school education, a topic international institutions and school organization are increasingly interested in for the economic and socio-political implications involved. The research undertaken aims at offering a contribution to the systemic and analytic studies in the field of learning approaches innovation, focusing on a theoretical investigation and empirical analysis. The concept of learning environment has been approached from different perspectives, focusing mainly on the project framework "Innovative Learning Environment" (ILE) of the Organization for Economic and Cultural Development (OECD). A holistic approach is at the basis of the above project, making the learning environment the key factor to educational innovation in keeping with 21st century skills. The criterions used in the project framework have been used for analyzing an experience proposed as a case-study, Scuola-Città Pestalozzi in Florence, selected as in the school year 2011/2012 it carried out a transformation "plan" of the learning environment affecting above all the features of time/school. The qualitative research aimed at bringing out the interpretations of the actors: from the analysis of the project and the material provided by the school a guideline for an exploratory focus-group has followed, leading to the choice of the issues of the semi-structured interviews to primary and lower secondary schools teachers. As for the results, the transcriptions of the interviews are interpreted through phenomenographical analysis selecting text units logically connected to relevant conceptual categories. The empirical material thus analyzed has pointed out some interpretative categories in relation to the nature and to the aims of teaching/learning experiences, to the organization process, to sustainability. Of special interest among the research results are those played by the teacher role.

Background: The Regency Decree Number. 188.45/39/012/ 2007 on "The Closing of the Transition Social Services Place of the Commercial Sex Worker and Prostitution Closure" in Jember district, has adverse impacts in the implementation of HIV/AIDS transmission prevention especially through sexual transmission. The aim of this research is to analyze the impact of policy implementation of closing the transition social services place for the commercial sex workers and prostitution closure to the HIV/AIDS countermeasures program. Methods: This research is a descriptive analytic research using secondary data from the report of HIV/AIDS program in Jember Regency at 2012. Collected data is analyzed descriptively with table and narration. Result: The impacts of the Regency Decree on closing the transition social service place for the sex worker in Puger, Jember district include: 1) The prostitution closure and the transition social service place closure lead to increased and widespread of illegal sex worker in Jember district, 2) Health coaching and behavior change communication to the sex worker become harder to conduct, and 3) the number of HIV/ AIDS cases each year might be higher. In 2004, the number of HIV/AIDS cases is 1 and it increased annually until in 2012 when the cumulative amount cases of HIV/AIDS in Jember district reach 822. According to the data, the recorded case according to the highest risk factor is sexually transmitted through heterosexual transmission which is 685 cases (83.3 %). This suggests that the transmission occurred from the sex worker to the consumer and also from the consumer to the sex worker. The transmission to the housewives would also be increased, followed by the mother-to-baby transmission. Conclusion: Jember district Government needs to conduct an evaluation review of this closure regulation (the Regency Decree Number 188.45/39/012/2007). Latar Belakang: Kabupaten Keputusan No. 188.45/39/012/ 2007 mengenai Penutupan Tempat Layanan Sosial Transisi untuk Pekerja Seks Komersial dan Penutupan Pelacuran di Kabupaten Jember , memiliki dampak merugikan dalam pelaksanaan pencegahan penularan HIV/AIDS terutama melalui transmisi seksual keberatan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis implementasi kebijakan Dampak transisi pelayanan sosial penutupan tempat untuk pekerja seks komersial dan penutupan prostitusi terhadap program penanggulangan HIV/AIDS. Metode: Penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif analitik menggunakan data sekunder dari laporan program HIV/AIDS di Kabupaten Jember pada 2012. Data yang dikumpulkan dianalisis secara deskriptif dengan tabel dan narasi. Hasil: Dampak dari Surat Keputusan Bupati pada penutupan transisi tempat pelayanan sosial untuk pekerja seks di Puger , Kabupaten Jember meliputi: 1) Penutupan prostitusi akan memimpin transisi tempat pelayanan sosial untuk pekerja seks ilegal untuk ditingkatkan dan lebih tersebar di kabupaten Jember, 2) pembinaan kesehatan dan perilaku perubahan komunikasi dengan pekerja seks menjadi lebih keras, dan 3) jumlah kasus HIV/AIDS setiap tahun mungkin lebih tinggi. Pada tahun 2004, jumlah kasus HIV/AIDS adalah 1 dan meningkat setiap tahun sampai tahun 2012 ketika kasus jumlah kumulatif HIV/AIDS di Kabupaten Jember mencapai 822. Dengan data kasus menurut faktor risiko tertinggi, sebagian besar ditularkan melalui penularan heteroseksual yang adalah 685 kasus (83,3%). Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa penularan terjadi dari pekerja seks ke konsumen dan juga dari konsumen untuk pekerja seks. Transmisi ke ibu rumah tangga juga akan meningkat, diikuti oleh penularan dari ibu ke bayi. Kesimpulan: Pemerintah Kabupaten Jember perlu melakukan kajian ulang dan evaluasi terkait Surat Keputusan Bupati Nomor. 188.45/39/012/2007 pada Transisi Pelayanan Sosial Tempat Penutupan untuk Pekerja Seks Komersial dan Penutupan Pelacuran di Kabupaten Jember yang telah ditentukan sebelumnya.

Almost all, without any exceptions, European Union countries face the threats in obtaining supplies of energy resources. In the light of it, the European Union implements an energy policy that helps in pursuing to solve energy security problems, but the latter is often facing challenges and achieved results are often weak compared to the dynamic environment. Considering the fact that consumption of energy will grow in the future, while volumes of production will grow, despite the rapid development of the modern technologies used in energy sector, in the political map of the world wee will see more countries dependent on energy imports and having negative energy balances. Thus, in the future the weight of energy supply security ensuring issue in agenda of international relations will maintain its relevance and will be of particular interest to the European Union, seeking to strengthen its competitiveness. This reflects the problem of this work. This work – Estimation of the changes in security of energy resources supply: the case of European Union – aims to fill an analytical gap existing in the energy policy. The objective of this Master's work is to assess the security of energy supply in the European Union and to propose direction of its increase. In order to achieve the Master's work objective there are set the following tasks: 1. To define meaning of the energy supply security in the theoretical context; 2. To formulate a model for the energy supply security assessment; 3. Employing formulated model to evaluate the security of energy supply changes in the European Union; 4. Through the evaluation results reveal the directions of enlargement of energy supply security. Master's work covers the subject of energy supply security assessment in the European Union. In the work there are applied different methods of research: a theoretical analysis, comparison, evaluation, modeling, statistical and mathematical calculations, interpretation. Analytical study in this Master's work has covered the subject of the distribution of trade (import and export) with the main energy resources (oil, gas, coal) by trade partner of twelve European Union countries. In this work the estimated the weight of energy resources in the national and international agenda justifies the importance of this factor to transformation of present and the future world. The approach of research, which to a significant extent is based on proposals submitted by E. Gnansounou, is supplemented and integrated by alternative indicators, which provide a model with theoretical value and extends the possibilities of using empirical data. It should be noted that in the master's work employed research without significant restrictions could be used in assessing the vulnerability not only of the import of energy resources, but also the threat arising from the acquisition of other resources in foreign markets. This underlines and extends the boundaries of the practical applicability of the model constructed in this work. In the author's opinion, the work reflects the theme formulated, the established objective and tasks are reached. The construction of a relatively specific analytic access required introducing a valid creative input and interdisciplinary assessment, that emphasizes scientific value and theoretical significance of the work. In the future, researches on energy supply security could be to enriched by analysis of investment into energy supply security, because the question on the balance between the costs for security enforcement and other areas remains open. Also, in order to diversify the markets there remains uncertain benefit of selected economic directions, the strength of external suppliers' interrelationships. These mentioned issues could be identified as issues for future researches pursuing to enhance the assessment of energy supply vulnerability.

Almost all, without any exceptions, European Union countries face the threats in obtaining supplies of energy resources. In the light of it, the European Union implements an energy policy that helps in pursuing to solve energy security problems, but the latter is often facing challenges and achieved results are often weak compared to the dynamic environment. Considering the fact that consumption of energy will grow in the future, while volumes of production will grow, despite the rapid development of the modern technologies used in energy sector, in the political map of the world wee will see more countries dependent on energy imports and having negative energy balances. Thus, in the future the weight of energy supply security ensuring issue in agenda of international relations will maintain its relevance and will be of particular interest to the European Union, seeking to strengthen its competitiveness. This reflects the problem of this work. This work – Estimation of the changes in security of energy resources supply: the case of European Union – aims to fill an analytical gap existing in the energy policy. The objective of this Master's work is to assess the security of energy supply in the European Union and to propose direction of its increase. In order to achieve the Master's work objective there are set the following tasks: 1. To define meaning of the energy supply security in the theoretical context; 2. To formulate a model for the energy supply security assessment; 3. Employing formulated model to evaluate the security of energy supply changes in the European Union; 4. Through the evaluation results reveal the directions of enlargement of energy supply security. Master's work covers the subject of energy supply security assessment in the European Union. In the work there are applied different methods of research: a theoretical analysis, comparison, evaluation, modeling, statistical and mathematical calculations, interpretation. Analytical study in this Master's work has covered the subject of the distribution of trade (import and export) with the main energy resources (oil, gas, coal) by trade partner of twelve European Union countries. In this work the estimated the weight of energy resources in the national and international agenda justifies the importance of this factor to transformation of present and the future world. The approach of research, which to a significant extent is based on proposals submitted by E. Gnansounou, is supplemented and integrated by alternative indicators, which provide a model with theoretical value and extends the possibilities of using empirical data. It should be noted that in the master's work employed research without significant restrictions could be used in assessing the vulnerability not only of the import of energy resources, but also the threat arising from the acquisition of other resources in foreign markets. This underlines and extends the boundaries of the practical applicability of the model constructed in this work. In the author's opinion, the work reflects the theme formulated, the established objective and tasks are reached. The construction of a relatively specific analytic access required introducing a valid creative input and interdisciplinary assessment, that emphasizes scientific value and theoretical significance of the work. In the future, researches on energy supply security could be to enriched by analysis of investment into energy supply security, because the question on the balance between the costs for security enforcement and other areas remains open. Also, in order to diversify the markets there remains uncertain benefit of selected economic directions, the strength of external suppliers' interrelationships. These mentioned issues could be identified as issues for future researches pursuing to enhance the assessment of energy supply vulnerability.

Предметом вивчення в статті є інтегроване використання інформаційних ресурсів. Метою є визначення підходу до інтегрованого використання усіх корпоративних інформаційних ресурсів. Завдання: визначити інструменти для забезпечення інтегрованого використання усіх корпоративних інформаційних ресурсів, що складають операціональний простір діяльності командира (органів військового управління). Використовуваними методами є: методи статистичного аналізу, методи оптимізації, методи моделювання, методи побудови складних систем. Отримані такі результати. Встановлено, що актуальним є питання забезпечення високого рівня інтероперабельності взаємодії складових інформаційних систем, особливо при використанні мовних засобів формування змістів різних інформаційних ресурсів, які інтегровано використовуються. Проведено дослідження проблематики створення автоматизованих систем управління військового призначення. Визначено, що рішення проблеми інтегрованого використання інформаційних ресурсів в діяльності командирів військових підрозділів ґрунтується на застосуванні онтологічного підходу шляхом застосування онтологічних процедур інтеграції всіх компонентів і складових керуючого контуру мережі збройних сил. Визначено основні вимоги до програмного забезпечення для його використання у складі автоматизованої системи управління військами на тактичному рівні. Висновки. Мережецентричне середовище забезпечує інтегрування інформаційних ресурсів в операціональному просторі діяльності командира, що досить ефективно реалізовувати на основі онтологічного підходу. В мережецентричному онтологічному середовищі забезпечується інформаційно-аналітична підтримка і документо-орієнтована взаємодія, що реалізує використання кожного контексту операціонального простору командира в процесі прийняття рішень, включаючи і людський фактор. ; Предметом изучения в статье является интегрированное использование информационных ресурсов. Целью является определение подхода к интегрированному использованию всех корпоративных информационных ресурсов. Задача: определить инструменты для обеспечения интегрированного использования всех корпоративных информационных ресурсов, составляющих операциональное пространство деятельности командира (органов военного управления). Используемыми методами являются: методы статистического анализа, методы оптимизации, методы моделирования, методы построения сложных систем. Получены следующие результаты. Установлено, что актуальным является вопрос обеспечения высокого уровня интероперабельности взаимодействия составляющих информационных систем, особенно при использовании языковых средств формирования смыслов различных информационных ресурсов, которые интегрировано используются. Проведено исследование проблематики создания автоматизированных систем управления военного назначения. Определено, что решение проблемы интегрированного использования информационных ресурсов в деятельности командиров воинских подразделений основывается на применении онтологического подхода путем применения онтологических процедур интеграции всех компонентов и составляющих управляющего контура сети вооруженных сил. Определены основные требования к программному обеспечению для его использования в составе автоматизированной системы управления войсками на тактическом уровне. Выводы. Сетецентрическая среда обеспечивает интегрирование информационных ресурсов в операциональном пространстве деятельности командира, что достаточно эффективно реализовывать на основе онтологического подхода. В сетецентрической онтологической среде обеспечивается информационно-аналитическая поддержка и документо-ориентированное взаимодействие, реализующее использование каждого контекста операционального пространства командира в процессе принятия решений, включая и человеческий фактор. ; The subject matter of the article is the integrated use of information resources. The goal is to define an approach to the integrated use of all corporate information resources. The tasks are: To identify tools to ensure the integrated use of all corporate information resources that make up the operational space of the commander (military management). The methods used are: statistical analysis methods, optimization methods, modeling methods, methods for constructing complex systems. The following results were obtained. It is established that the issue of ensuring a high level of interoperability of the interaction of constituent information systems, especially when using linguistic means of generating the content of various information resources that are integrated, is urgent. The research of the problems of creation of the automated control systems of military purpose is carried out. It is determined that the solution of the problem of the integrated use of information resources in the activities of commanders of military units is based on the application of the ontological approach by applying the ontological procedures for the integration of all components and components of the control circuit of the armed forces network. The basic requirements for the software for its use in the automated system of control of troops at the tactical level are defined. Conclusions. The center-center environment provides integration of information resources in the operational space of the commander's activity, which is quite effective to implement based on the ontological approach. In a network-centric ontological environment, information-analytic support and document-oriented interaction is provided that implements the use of each context of the commander's operational space in the decision-making process, including the human factor.

2017 Summer. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; The electricity infrastructure in Saudi Arabia is facing several challenges represented by demand growth, high peak demand, high level of government subsidies, and system losses. This dissertation aims at addressing these challenges and proposing a multi-dimensional framework to modernize the electricity infrastructure in Saudi Arabia. The framework proposes four different scenarios—identified by two dimensions—for the future electric grid. The first and second dimensions are characterized by electricity market deregulation and Smart Grid technologies (SGTs) penetration, respectively. The framework analysis estimates global welfare (GW) and economic feasibility of the two dimensions. The first dimension quantifies the impact of deregulating the electricity market in Saudi Arabia. A non-linear programming (NLP) algorithm optimizes consumers surplus, producers surplus, and GW. The model indicates that deregulating the electricity market in Saudi Arabia will improve market efficiency. The second dimension proposes that allowing the penetration of SGTs in the Saudi electricity infrastructure is expected to mitigate the technical challenges faced by the grid. The dissertation examines the priorities of technologies for penetration by considering some key performance indicators (KPIs) identified by the Saudi National Transformation Program, and Saudi Vision 2030. A multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) algorithm—using the fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)—evaluates the prioritization of SGTs to the Saudi grid. The algorithm demonstrates the use of triangular fuzzy numbers to model uncertainty in planning decisions. The results show that advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) technologies are the top priority for modernizing the Saudi electricity infrastructure; this is followed by advanced assets management (AAM) technologies, advanced transmission operations (ATO) technologies, and advanced distribution operations (ADO) technologies. SGTs prioritization is followed by a detailed cost benefit analysis (CBA) conducted for each technology. The framework analysis aims at computing the economic feasibility of SGTs and estimating their outcomes and impacts in monetary values. The framework maps Smart Grid assets to their functions and benefits to estimate the feasibility of each Smart Grid technology and infrastructure. Discounted cash flow (DCF) and net present value (NPV) models, benefit/cost ratio, and minimum total cost are included in the analysis. The results show that AAM technologies are the most profitable technologies of Smart Grid to the Saudi electricity infrastructure, followed by ADO technologies, ATO technologies, and AMI technologies. Considering the weights resulting from the fuzzy AHP and the economic analysis models for each infrastructure, the overall ranking places AAM technologies as the top priority of SGTs to the Saudi electricity infrastructure, followed by AMI technologies, ADO technologies, and ATO technologies. This dissertation has contributed to the existing body of knowledge in the following areas: • Proposing an econometric framework for electricity infrastructure modernization. The framework takes into account technical, economic, environmental, societal, and policy factors. • Building an NLP algorithm to optimize a counterfactual deregulation of a regulated electricity market. The algorithm comprises short run price elasticity of electricity demand (ε), level of technical efficiency improvement, and discount rate (r). • Proposing an MCDM model using AHP and fuzzy set theory to prioritize SGTs to electricity infrastructures. • Adapting a Smart Grid asset-function-benefit linkage model that maps SGTs to their respected benefits. • Conducting a detailed CBA to estimate the economic feasibility of SGTs to the Saudi electricity infrastructure, This work opens avenues for more analysis on electricity infrastructure modernization. Measuring risk impact and likelihood is one area for future research. In fact, risk assessment is an important factor in determining the economic feasibility of the modernization. Probabilistic economic analysis can be applied to assess the risk associated with the implantation of the previously mentioned dimensions. The parameters used for the economic analysis, such as economic life of a project, and the discount rate, are usually deterministic. However, a probabilistic method can be applied to capture the uncertainty of the parameters. Another area for future research is the integration of both dimensions into one model in which GW resulted from market deregulation and SGTs insertion are summed.

動員是否可以作為一種解決公共問題的治理手段?本文基於改變他人行為的三種基本要素:交換、強制、動員,重新界定了中文語境中的動員概念,進而提出了一套新的關於解決公共問題治理風格的分析框架。在不同的條件下,三種基本要素不同程度的混合運用產生了動員式治理、科層制管理、市場化處理三種治國理政風格理想類型,它們在行為動機的理性化程度、組織機構的科層化程度、解決公共問題的分工與專業化程度三個維度上相互區別開來。 ; 運用這一理論分析框架,作者比較了中國共產黨在革命、建政、改革三個歷史時期治理風格的變化及其原因。中國共產黨政治地位的轉變改變了其自身組織結構特性,這一核心因素與黨在不同歷史時期中心任務的調整及指導思想的變化,決定了其對動員、強制、交換等不同手段的取捨與搭配。革命年代訓練出來的群眾動員技巧與工作方法在中國共產黨取得執政地位後,仍舊是行之有效的治理手段,並且它與群眾路線構成了中國共產黨執政合法性的重要來源。但是,隨著執政黨所能動用的強制能力與物質資源的增長,以及黨組織自身的日益科層化,在改革開放時期,動員逐漸被有意識的弱化,由此也造成了中國共產黨在日常群眾工作和社會控制方面的衰退。 ; Can mobilization be adopted as a means of governing to address the public issues? This thesis reconceptualizes the term 'mobilization' in the Chinese context based on three basic factors that alter human behaviors, namely, exchange, coercion, and mobilization. It puts forward a novel analytic framework of governing styles to solve the public issues. Under different circumstances, the configuration of the three basic factors adopted to different degrees will generate three ideal governing styles, that is, mobilized governance, bureaucratic management, and market-based settlement. These three ideal governing styles can be differentiated in three dimensions: the rationality of the behavior's motives, the hierarchy of the organization, and the specialized division of labor in solving the public issues. ; Using this theoretical framework for analysis, the author compared the changes of the governing styles of the Communist Party of China in three historical periods - revolution era, Maoist era, and reform era, and explored the reasons of the changes. The change of the party's political status altered the characteristics of its organizational structures. This core factor, together with the adjustment of the central tasks and the changes of the guiding thoughts in the party during different historical periods, determined how these means such as mobilization, coercion and exchange were selected and combined. Mass mobilization techniques and working styles obtained in the revolution era remained effective after the party took its ...