Suchergebnisse

La imbricada y cambiante relación entre capitalismo y neoliberalismo que se ha extendido, con altibajos, desde la postguerra de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, no puede eludir una compleja relación entre diversas tácticas y estrategias de gobierno, cuya construcción, transformación y re-ajuste constante ha tenido como una de sus dimensiones centrales el trabajo humano y los procesos de subjetivación vinculados a los modos de ser y hacer en la cotidianeidad de los sujetos. El progresivo desplazamiento de la relación salarial hacia el autoempleo se enmarca en dichas estrategias.Nuestro objetivo central es analizar algunos elementos del neoliberalismo (especialmente la importancia que éste concede al elemento "irracional" y el deseo por sobre el elemento "racional" de los agentes económicos), con el fin de plantear una serie de reflexiones teórico-críticas respecto de las transformaciones y tendencias de la llamada "cuarta revolución industrial". Especialmente a partir de la crisis de 2008, consideramos una profunda extensión de la idea de emprendedor, el imperativo de desarrollar habilidades socio-emocionales que se vinculan con procesos de re-subjetivación de los/as trabajadores/as. Metodológicamente, el artículo recupero elementos del análisis arqueológico-genealógico en relación a distintos documentos.Palabras clave: Mutaciones socio-técnicas, neoliberalismo, procesos de subjetivación, emprendedor.---Neoliberalismo and construction of the entreprenuerial subject. Considerations on the "future of work".AbstractThe imbricated and changing relationship between capitalism and neoliberalism that has spread, with ups and downs, since the post-war period of World War II, cannot avoid a complex relationship between various government tactics and strategies, whose construction, transformation and constant re-adjustment has had as one of its central dimensions human work and the processes of subjectivation linked to the ways of being and doing in the daily lives of the subjects. The progressive displacement of the wage relationship towards self-employment is part of these strategies.Our main objective is to analyze some elements of neoliberalism (especially the importance it gives to the "irrational" element and the desire over the "rational" element of economic agents), in order to propose a series of theoretical-critical reflections regarding of the transformations and trends of the so-called "fourth industrial revolution". Especially since the crisis of 2008, we consider a profound extension of the entrepreneurial idea, the imperative of developing socio-emotional skills that are linked to processes of re-subjectivation of the workers. Methodologically, the article recovered elements of the archaeological-genealogical analysis in relation to different documents.Key-words: socio-technical mutations, neoliberalism, processes of subjectivation, entrepeneur.

It is no news to anybody that the power structures in our world have considerably shifted during the last quarter of a century. Glasnost and the ultimate collapse of the Soviet Union towards the end of the 1980s brought an end to the bipolar world dominated by the East-West conflict and the Cold War since the aftermath of World War II. The end of the Soviet bloc also paved the way towards an appeasement strategy inthe Southern African sub-region. What was praised as "the end of history", meaning the ultimate victory of capitalism as the uncontested mode of production structuring societies (and classes), however, led to an only short-lived sole hegemony of the main Western powers and in particular the United States (US) during the 1990s. These were the days when 'good governance' became the terminology of a crusade against which regimes were measured and judged. The criteria were based on Western capitalist notions of development as conceptualised and imposed by the International Financial Institutions (IFIs). But as we know, little changed for many towards the better. The problem of affordable access to higher education, a demand erupting these days forcefully on South African campuses, was not least enhanced through policy recommendations in the 1990s, which neglected such investment in the social and intellectual capacity of countries and their people.1)
While old conflicts were solved, new conflicts and ideologicalbattlefields emerged. The rise of China as the world's next superpower marked the beginning of the 21st century, and the shock waves sent through the world with 9/11 opened a new era of "war against terror", in which human rights were the first victim. Development and security became integral elements of a global governance system, which since the turn of the century set paradigmatic frameworks, first with the Millennium Development Goals and now with the Sustainable Development Goals, while continuous efforts to achieve agreed measures to curb carbon emissions and bring environmental degradation and climate change to a halt have remained futile efforts. The tokenism so far only shows that governments continue to remain loyal to their own agendas. Guided by such shortsightedness, they do not act in solidarity with humanity as an integral part of nature and habitat to increase the chances for survival. Profit maximisation at all costs remains the ultimate goal even if in the long term at too high a price.

ResumoNas últimas décadas se observa que entidades privadas vêm ganhando espaço nas escolas do país, sobretudo, naquelas de tempo integral. Essas organizações, ligadas ao grande capital, exercem pressão nas Instituições de Ensino e, consequentemente, no trabalho do professor. O objetivo do artigo é analisar o entendimento acerca da docência nos Cadernos de Formação do Instituto de Corresponsabilidade da Educação (ICE), entidade responsável pela formação de professores que atuam nas escolas públicas de Ensino Médio em tempo integral vinculadas à Secretaria de Educação e Cultura (SEEC) do Rio Grande do Norte. Além dos cadernos foram consultados estudos recentes que discorrem a respeito da formação de estudantes nas escolas de tempo integral, o que caracteriza o estudo como documental e bibliográfico. O método que fundamenta o texto é o materialismo histórico-dialético, proposto inicialmente por Marx e Engels (2019). No entendimento do ICE, o professor é um facilitador e mediador do projeto de vida dos estudantes. O docente deve conduzir os alunos ao domínio das suas próprias emoções, posto que assim podem ser sujeitos felizes, autônomos e solidários, prontos para conviver em uma sociedade em constante transformação. Com isso, percebe-se uma preocupação da entidade com o perfil esperado de professor alinhado aos pressupostos da lógica mercadológica e não com a formação humana integral dos sujeitos.
Palavras-chave: Ensino Médio. Tempo Integral. Formação Docente.
AbstractIn the past few years, it has been noticed that private organizations have gained space in public schools in Brazil. These entities changed the way of thinking about school education in the country, as they inserted the capitalism logic. These associations, associated with major capital, exert pressure on schools and consequently on the teacher's work. The objective of the article is to analyze the understanding about teaching in the Training Notebooks of Instituto de Corresponsabilidade pela Educação (ICE). This entity is responsible for training teachers in high schools in Rio Grande do Norte state – Brazil. ICE Training Notebooks and studies were consulted which explain the full time school students' formation, fact which makes this study bibliographic and documentary. The research method is the historical-dialectical materialism of Marx and Engels (2019). According to ICE, the teacher is a facilitator of the teaching and learning process. In this case, the teacher must take the students to learn to control their emotions, so they can live happily in a capitalist society. With that, a concern of the entity is perceived with the professor's expected profile aligned with the professores market logic assumption.
Keywords: High School. Full Time. Teacher Training.

Resumo: O presente artigo tem por objetivo discutir a tese de que o modelo de tratamento de usuários de drogas em regime de internação funciona como dispositivo de segregação. O percurso metodológico partiu da elaboração de casos clínicos de pacientes internados em enfermaria especializada de um hospital psiquiátrico, identificando uma relação de continuidade lógica entre as cenas de uso de drogas e a internação. A análise dos dados foi realizada com o aporte teórico da psicanálise de orientação lacaniana. De acordo com a teoria lacaniana dos discursos, os problemas associados ao uso de substâncias psicoativas, ou toxicomanias, são efeitos da relação entre o desenvolvimento do discurso científico e o avanço do capitalismo, na medida em que a ciência opera no real através de seu trabalho de formalização matemática e introduz no mercado novos objetos de consumo como as drogas. Enquanto o Discurso do Mestre induz a perda do objeto de gozo pela incidência da linguagem e produz um sujeito dividido, o Discurso do Capitalista se articula com a homogeneização do gozo operada pela ciência e aumenta o risco de abolição da subjetividade. Como efeito, o laço social que atravessa estes discursos é a segregação, expressa em diferentes formas de privação de liberdade. A prática psicanalítica sustenta o lugar do sujeito como resistência ao comando do mestre, impondo limites ao movimento institucional de suprimir a experiência subjetiva em nome de uma cura generalizada.Palavras-chave: Toxicomanias. Segregação. Psicanálise. Discurso do Mestre. Discurso do Capitalista.Abstract: This paper discusses a thesis on drug addict treatment as a segregation device. Its methods is based on clinical cases of patients admitted in specialized ward at psychiatric Hospital. It was identified association between hospitalization and places of drug intake as a logical continuity. Data was analyzed using Lacanian oriented psychoanalysis. Drug addiction is related to the development of the scientific discourse as science produces real from its work by mathematical formalization as capitalism expands and introduces new consumer goods. As Master Discourse induces a loss of jouissence object by incidence of language and produces a splitted subject, Capitalist Discourse is articulated to the homogenization of juissence made by science and increases risk of abolishing subjectivity. In consequence, segregation is the social bond that crosses these discourses and it is expressed by different means of freedom privation. Psychoanalytical treatment for drug addicts sustains a place for subject as resistence to mater´s command. It imposes a limit to institutional tendance to supress subjectivity for a generalized cure.Keywords: Drug addiction. Segregation. Psychoanalysis. Master Discourse. Capitalist Discourse.

Başlarda daha bereketli yerler, daha mamur diyarları aramak için bir yerden bir yere göç eden insanlar, sonra savaşlar, salgınlar, kıtlıklar sebebiyle bir yerden bir yere göç etmiş ya da göç ettirilmişlerdir. Modern insan da endüstriyel kapitalizmin kuruluşundan sonra, çitleme, salgınlar, savaşlar, devletlerin zenofobik politikaları, suçluları ve düşman sınıfları (gulaglar vb.) kolonilerde ıslah, konar geçer kavimleri meskun etme çabaları ya da ulus devletlerin inşaası gibi meselelerden dolayı bir şekilde bir yerden başka yerlere göç etmiştir. 2000'li yıllarda, özellikle ABD'nin Irak'ı işgali, Suriye'de çıkan iç savaş, Taliban'ın Afgan halkı üzerindeki baskıları sonucu, Türkiye, göçmenler ve sığınmacılar için, Ortadoğu ve Avrupa arasında bir köprü haline geldi. Ortadoğu ahalisine ek olarak, Afrika'nın değişik ülkelerinde yaşanan etnik savaşlardan kaçanların Sina Yarımadası'nın değişik yerlerine yığılması sonucunda, bir şekilde müreffeh ülkelere iltica etmeye çalışan göçmenlerin/mültecilerin organları yolculuk bileti, vize ya da oturum kağıdı ile mukabele edilmeye başlandı. Ben bu çalışmada, özellikle 1960'lardan itibaren gelişen organ nakli teknolojisine eşlik grotesk tarihin, savaşlar, yoksulluk ve kolonyalizm üzerinden, insan bedeninin bizzat kendisinin bir değişim değeri haline gelişini anlatmayı deneyeceğim.
ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH
Migration and Paying with Bodies
While previously humans moved from one place to another to find more fertile lands and more prosperous settlements, later they have migrated due to wars, epidemics and famines. Following the formation of industrial capitalism, the modern human has also migrated from one place to another owing to the reasons such as land enclosures, epidemics, wars, and the construction of nation states and their xenophobic policies, the efforts of the states in chastening the criminals and enemy classes (gulags etc.) in the colonies or in forcing nomadic tribes into the settled life and so on. In the 2000s, especially due to the developments such as the occupation of Iraq by the U.S., the Syrian civil war, and the Taliban's oppressive policies on Afghan people, for migrants and asylum seekers, Turkey has emerged as a bridge between Europe and the Middle East. In addition to Middle Eastern migrants, the emergent ethnic conflicts at various countries across African countries have made the Sinai peninsula the epicentre of transnational migrations. These migrants and refugees that seek a better life in more prosperous places were left with any option but to exchange their bodily organs with travel tickets, visas or residence permission documents. In this article, through the lenses of grotesque histories of war, poverty, and colonialism, I will examine the development of technologies of organ donation since the 1960s in order to show how human body itself has become an exchange value.

Greetings! Welcome to Part Two of Episode 26, where we continue our interview with Adam Proctor. As I noted last time, while this is a long interview, it was also a long overdue interview. There was so much good stuff to talk about, it seemed wasteful to try to cram it all into one episode.



In Part One, we spent some time looking back over the main themes and controversies of four years of DPS (freedom of speech issues, cancel culture, race essentialism, etc.). We also talked socialist strategy, and the application of work by Sam Ginden and Leo Pantich to the Grexit question.



In Part Two, we turn our gaze more to the present, and to future. We join the conversation mid-flow, debating the post-Bernie moment, and the question of whether or not we should swallow, as it is sometimes termed, "the black pill." Here, I push Adam on his latest slogan. That is, a warning that we should eschew taking up residence in "the basement of the vampire's castle." This of course is a modification of Mark Fisher's 'Vampire Castle' hypothesis. In a well-known 2013 essay, Exiting the Vampire Castle, Fisher noted how in Late Capitalism the left confronts obstacles emanating not only from its foes on the other side of the ideological equation, but also from its own tendency for self-destructive behavior. Part of the problem, he wrote, is that the hyper-individuation of social life under the neoliberal cultural project has been so successful that even the left has forgotten the importance of collective power for politics. Hence its paradoxical descent into culture war and performativity.



Addressing this critique, we discuss first the importance of Angela Nagle's stance on sub-culture, and its tendency to compete for the accumulation of cultural capital, before then moving on to address what we might call "the black pill" question. The key, Adam notes, is to take measure of the goals you want the left to accomplish, and then envision what the left would have to look like, in order for these goals to be achieved.



Later in the episode, we look at the post-2008 de-linking of the financial economy from the productive economy, the threat of a return of austerity (did it ever go?) in the aftermath of the coronavirus pandemic, and the question of what the left is, today. And we wrap up with a sympathetically critical discussion of the state of left media in general, and the "Patreon" model of left podcasting in particular.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore changes in corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies in food, soft drinks and packaging industries to capture changes in CSR implementation given increased environmental activism. The paper takes an exploratory approach in reviewing CSR policy changes to explore to what extent companies change CSR policies with increased environmentalism.Design/methodology/approachA comparative website analysis was used to analyse CSR policies of companies in the food, soft drinks and packaging industries in the UK. The companies were selected for the analysis based on their annual turnover and 23 companies were analysed (seven for the soft drinks industry, eight for the food industry and eight for packaging industry). Five interviews were conducted with packaging and retail professionals, and the findings were analysed by using thematic analysis, which captured trends in responses.FindingsThe findings show that companies are implementing and communicating CSR policies heavily focussed on reducing the environmental impact of their work and matching social debates on human rights, with which traditional CSR policies (corporate governance, supporting local communities and consultation with stakeholders) are fading away. Instead, companies have shifted attention towards the gender pay gap, modern slavery and extensive environmentalism. The interviews with packaging professionals and CSR managers from the retail industry show that the packaging industry designs CSR policies in line with requests from supermarkets, which are, in turn, influenced by consumer activism.Practical implicationsThis paper shows the circular relationship between media coverage, consumer activism, which comes as a result, and the impact and changes this brings to the industry. To avoid reputation damage, companies should closely follow media debates to pre-empty consumer criticism and activism.Social implicationsThe findings show that companies are "mirroring the zeitgast" and going with trends to meet consumer expectations, which brings into question the sincerity of CSR policies and revives the criticism of capitalism and raises a question whether CSR is used by companies as a smokescreen that on the outset makes a difference to the society but keeps status quo intact.Originality/valueThe paper provides an insight into CSR implementation of three industries that faced heavy criticism from campaigners and the general public for their environmental impact. The paper shows how the CSR policy shifted to match this expectation and thus provides a good ground for studying the evolution of CSR using a case study from three selected industries.

Abstract
The 'personalization of the law,' based on new technological possibilities such as algorithmic analysis of Big Data, is said to be the wave of the future. Especially default rules seem to be particularly apt for personalization, because they are – at first glance – supposed to mirror what the parties would have wanted. This article aims to unveil the limits of preference-based personalization of default rules. In the first part, I attack default rule personalization on theoretical grounds. I analyze the theoretical underpinnings of default rule personalization, which I describe as 'empirical subjectivism,' and I challenge this position with arguments from classical and behavioral law and economics. I thereby develop the opposite explanatory model: 'normative objectivism.' The arguments presented also provide new insights of default rule analysis which are valid well beyond the personalization debate. The 'default rule paradox,' 'pushing vs pulling default rules,' or the analysis of default rules as 'property rules' and as 'rules of civility' are some examples. In the second part, I attack default rule personalization on constitutional grounds with particular focus on the Constitutions of the United States and Germany, as well as the European Charter of Fundamental Rights. So far, neither default rules nor personalization have received a detailed analysis based on constitutional principles. My article provides this analysis with regard to the principles of freedom and equality. I show how personalization reduces freedom in the private and public sphere, because the so-called choice- or agency-dimension of freedom will be significantly limited. In broader terms, the paternalistic tendencies of personalization will trigger the replacement of the 'entrepreneur' and 'citizen' by the 'consumer' as role-model of societal organization. Economically, this development will be accompanied by a shift from capitalism to what I call 'micro-socialism.' With regard to the principle of equality, I analyze how personalization leads to inequality by distinguishing 'intra-preference-classifications' and 'inter-preference-classifications.' I then present justification problems, especially with regard to discriminations that trigger strict and intermediate scrutiny. Finally, I sketch out how personalization would dissolve the essence of the principle of equality and thereby trigger a shift 'from contract to contact' or 'from association to accumulation,' which is no less important than the previous societal shift 'from status to contract' or 'from community to association.' In sum, the article combines different discourses around default rules, personalization, and constitutional law, and thereby provides new insights in each of them.

AbstractIn the call for the special issue for the EAEPE Journal, we can find the word "scenario." The question is if the authors can imagine scenarios in which "potential strategies for the appropriation of existing capitalist infrastructures […] in order to provoke the emergence of post-capitalist infrastructures" can be described. Obviously, the call verges on the border of science fiction—and this is not a bad thing. Diverse strands of media studies and science and technology studies have shown (e.g., Schröter 2004; Kirby 2010; Jasanoff and Kim 2015; McNeil et al. 2017) that not only the development of science and (media) technology is deeply interwoven in social imaginaries about possible outcomes and their implicated futures, but there is a whole theoretical tradition in which societies as such are fundamentally constituted by imaginary relations (Castoriadis 1975/2005). But in all these discussions, one notion very seldom appears: that of an "imaginary economy," meaning a collectively held system of more or less vague or detailed ideas, what an economy is, how it works, and how it should be (especially in the future; but see the somewhat different usage recently in Fabbri 2018). The aim of the paper is to outline a notion of "imaginary economy" and its necessary functions in the stabilization of a given economy, but even more so in the transformation to another economy—how should a transformation take place if there's not at least a vague image where to go? Of course, we could also imagine a blind evolutionary process without any imaginary process but that seems not to be the way in which human societies—and economies—work. Obviously a gigantic research field opens up—so in the proposed paper, only one type of "imaginary economy" can be analyzed: It is the field that formed recently around the proposed usages and functions of 3D printing. In publications as diverse as Eversmann (2014) and Rifkin (2014), the 3D printer operates as a technology that seems to open up a post-capitalist future—and thereby it is directly connected to the highly imaginary "replicator" fromStar Trek. In these scenarios, a localized omnipotent production—a post-scarcity scenario (see Panayotakis 2011)—overcomes by itself capitalism: But symptomatically enough, questions of work, environment, and planetary computation are (mostly) absent from these scenarios. Who owns the templates for producing goods with 3D printers? What about the energy supply? In a critical and symptomatic reading, this imaginary economy, very present in a plethora of discourses nowadays, is deconstructed and possible implications for a post-capitalist construction are discussed.

The subject of research is the socio-professional staff of the founders, members and co-workers of publishing cooperatives operating in the USSR to study the issues of Economic History. The goalof research is to study with regard to Economic History the socio-professional staff of the founders, members and co-workers of publishing cooperatives operating in the USSR to study the issues of Economic History. Methods of research. All components of the study are based on fundamental principles – scientific, historicism, objectivity, system, development, priority of concrete verity, pluralism; and also the methods of knowledge of social and economic processes of social development – analysis, synthesis, problem-chronological, comparative analytical, archaeological, retrospective, statistical, a systematic and integrated approach. Research methodology. In the process of the study, the fundamental principles were based on Economic History and History of Economic Thought, the Ukrainian and foreign scientists' works and experts in this area. Results of work. In the article, the socio-professional staff of the founders, members and co-workers of publishing cooperatives operating in the USSR to study the issues of Economic History has studied. The field of application of results. The results of this research can be applied to study the issues of Economic History and History of Economic Thought, History of the Publishing Industry. Conclusions. Thus, the staff training system for the book-trading network, including the publishing cooperative, had some specific features. Compared to the program to train workers of printing production, where the state took part actively, the financing for the training of booksellers and cooperative publishers was totally devoid of state support. This was the fundamental position of the Soviet state, which, despite the New Economic Policy, continued "to look" at the sphere of trade and the associated need to study the book market, as a relic of capitalism. It is undeniable that giving the cooperative the opportunity to organize a training system for the book-trading network to some extent intensified the market relations in the republic, facilitated the study of the specificity of readers' demand as well as stimulated the development of publishing activity in Ukraine. However, the peaceful coexistence of the socialist-organized production of printed matter and the market system of its proliferation lengthy until the end of the 1920s, when, together with the cooperative publishing houses, a training staff system for the book trade was state-controlled.

La innovación y el desarrollo tecnológico son una fuente crucial de competitividad dentro del entorno comercial global. En el siglo XXI, firmas automotrices alemanas como Audi, Volkswagen y Mercedes-Benz se han posicionado en el top de empresas con reconocimiento internacional por su calidad y prestigio innovador. No es ninguna novedad destacar que cada vez existen más compañías productoras de automóviles que se establecen a partir de la reproducción a bajo costo de los modelos de las principales marcas. Sin embargo, cabe destacar el hecho de que la industria automotriz alemana ha extendido su vinculación con las empresas ensambladoras de automóviles en China, que se han vuelto conocidas por duplicar el producto alemán. Mediante un análisis bajo los lentes de la seguridad económica, la dinámica del espionaje industrial moderno y la cultura del capitalismo chino, este trabajo se enfoca en evidenciar cómo el espionaje corporativo constituye una parte más del juego comercial moderno, particularmente en el contexto de la industria automotriz alemana en China. Así, se analizan los principales casos de espionaje chino de la industria alemana, las acciones defensivas emprendidas por Alemania y las estrategias que su industria automotriz prioriza para mantener la competitividad en un entorno de espionaje e incertidumbre.
Abstract
Innovation and technological development are a crucial source of competitiveness within the global trading environment. So far in the 21st century, some German automotive firms, such as Audi, Volkswagen, and Mercedes-Benz, have positioned at the top of internationally recognized car companies for their quality and innovative prestige. It is no novelty to mention that there are more and more car-producing companies, which reproduce the models of the main brands at a lower cost, and in doing so, they have positioned themselves internationally. However, it is especially noteworthy the fact that the German automobile industry has been spreading its linkage with the manufacturers and assemblers of cars in China, which have become famous by doubling the German product. This article shows how corporate espionage constitutes a part of the modern commercial game, particularly in the context of the German automotive industry in China, under the lens of economic security, the dynamics of modern industrial espionage and the culture of China's capitalism. For such ends, it discusses the main cases of Chinese espionage of the German industry, the defensive actions undertaken by the German Government, and the strategies that the German automotive industry prioritizes in order to maintain its competitiveness in an environment of espionage and uncertainty.

This thesis develops a theory and praxis of (r)evolutionary love to animate radical social transformation in the 21st century, questioning the perceived antinomy of revolutionary and evolutionary theories of social change and proposing (r)evolution as an alternative model. Tracing the ever-flowing series of interconnected movement waves in struggle with the constantly evolving capitalist world system, a distinct lineage of (r)evolutionary love is outlined, and a close analytical reading of the works of anarchist/autonomist thinkers Emma Goldman and Michael Hardt is undertaken in relation to love as a political concept. Next, a turn to posthuman theory explores the agency of a more-than-human (r)evolutionary love in relation to averting the imminent anthropogenic ecocide. We then locate the Collective Visioning methodology adopted by this research in a strong tradition of knowledge co-production between political activists and the academy. And the thoughts, feelings, ideas and imaginings of a global cross section of ecological, anti-capitalist, feminist and anti-racist activists are explored in relation to this research focus. Part two deals with the fruits of the collective visioning process – synergised and formulated as an ideological framework of three parts: Critique, Utopia, and Praxis. It is in this second part of the thesis that the voices of the activists are brought to life. Big Data Capitalism, algorithmic conditioning, and the subsequent assault on free will, imagination and agency are all examined, as are the causes of our current ecological and climate emergency. Popular conceptions of the commons are extended to include our more-than-human psycho-socio-material relations, and this Deep Commons is proposed as a ground through which (r)evolutionary love might then circulate in order for new political (inter)subjectivities to manifest. The apparent binary tension between personal autonomy and social solidarity is re-examined in light of these more-than-human loving entanglements, and indigenous concepts of the deep commons are considered as alternatives to our current colonial, capitalist and anthropocentric political imaginaries. (R)evolutionary love is explored as a radical solidarity – productive of mutual aid and affinity both in and across contemporary movements. And following an examination of the history and sociology of a number of modern revolutions, the temporal gap between current struggles and imagined futures is problematised, and a politics of immanence explored in remedy. Finally, the co-constitution of a global 'community of communities' – grounded in the deep commons – is proposed as a liberatory alternative to the current system.

Queer time speaks to those who live in different rhythms. As ECRs (early career researchers), who are, by turns, too feminist, too queer, too old, too young, or too brown for normative conceptualisations of the ECR; queer time may help us understand, and reimagine, the performative, political and pedagogical possibilities of being an ECR. The increasingly used category of 'early career researcher' has an evolutionist ring to it. An ECR is typically conceptualised as a specific career phase, usually extending to 5 years post-doctorate, during which 'new' academics learn what it means to be part of the academy. The identity of ECR is thus conceptualised with a particularly salient temporal dimension and positioned as a becoming; an identity that new academics will, through progress and development, transcend in time. These seemingly neutral notions of 'progress' and 'development' toward some other (assumed) more 'ideal' academic identity (Lund, 2012), however, erase or marginalise the ways in which 'different' or non-normative identities are targeted with institutional and personal violence because of racism, sexism, or heterosexism. In order to both understand the pain of erasure for non-normative ECRs and the political possibilities of being 'different' in the academy, we turn to queer time. Temporality and time have been continual and intimate concerns of queer theory, that help to understand the experiences of those whose identities are lived in different rhythms. Queer identities have long been positioned as 'backwards'; as a 'drag on civilisation' (Love, 2009: 6) and positioned outside "the quotidian temporal rhythms" of family (McCallum & Tuhkanen, 2011: 8) and capitalism (Freeman, 2010). Queer time, therefore, is often positioned in opposition to "the institutions of family, heterosexuality, and reproduction" (Halberstam, 2006: 1). Alternatively, queer time is characterised by lives that disrupt norms of gender and sexuality and are indeterminate, unfixed, imprecise, and refuse to reproduce normative notions of progress, development, and longevity. Drawing on the notion of queer time, we engage in a collaborative autoethnography to explore our embodied experiences as ECRs and reflect on how multiple lines of our identity, including our shared identities as middle class women and our divergences in age, ethnicity, familial status, and sexuality, shaped our embodied experiences of being an ECR. Ultimately, we use queer time to reconceptualise the learning of academic identities not in terms of progress, development, and reproduction, but in terms of being out of step, out of place, and, ultimately, productive of alternatives within the academy.

El aporte que los autores clásicos Augusto Comte, Max Weber y Carlos Marx, han hecho a las Ciencias Sociales desde diferentes ámbitos ha sido muy significativo, éstos se materializan en la fundación de corrientes como el positivismo, la sociología y el marxismo. El presente artículo no solo pretende analizar cómo estos autores a través del cristianismo han mantenido vigente su pensamiento sino comprender la vigencia del pensamiento clásico por medio de apreciaciones a esta religión. Con algunas producciones intelectuales, éstos clásicos de las ciencias sociales han establecido contrastes y similitudes respecto a la utilidad del cristianismo en la historia, desde la filosofía positivista de Comte, lo visibilizó con la llamada ley de la evolución intelectual de la humanidad o ley de los tres estadios. Weber, hace una interpretación del cristianismo a través de su obra cumbre la Ética Protestante y el Espíritu del capitalismo; y Marx, hace algunas consideraciones partiendo del origen del cristianismo y luego analiza la relación con el marxismo, en este punto se pudo evidenciar que en América Latina existen puntos de convergencia. Respecto a las conclusiones, la más evidente enfatiza la relación entre cristianismo y marxismo, la cual más que de esencia filosófica es de conveniencia ideológica, y política. ; The contribution that the classic authors Augusto Comte, Max Weber and Carlos Marx have made to the Social Sciences from different areas has been very significant, these materialize in the foundation of currents such as positivism, sociology and Marxism. The present article not only tries to analyze how these authors through Christianity have maintained their thought but to understand the validity of the classic thought by means of appreciations to this religion.With some intellectual productions, these classics of the social sciences have established contrasts and similarities with respect to the usefulness of Christianity in history, from the positivist philosophy of Comte, he visualized it with the so-called law of the intellectual evolution of humanity or the law of the three stadiums. Weber, makes an interpretation of Christianity through his masterpiece the Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of capitalism; and Marx, makes some considerations starting from the origin of Christianity and then analyzes the relationship with Marxism, at this point it was possible to show that in Latin America there are points of convergence.Regarding the conclusions, the most evident one emphasizes the relationship between Christianity and Marxism, which is more of ideological and political convenience than of philosophical essence.

Russia is regarded as a "late take-off" society (other participants in this "cohort" – Germany, Japan, Italy), the modernization of which was guided from above, by the state and its agencies, indirectly reflecting the lack of alternative, spontaneous modernization option. The author, while exploring the phenomenon of modern Russian society in the unity of historical, economic, sociocultural and political forms of existence, tries to identify the similarities as well as differences between the domestic society, on the one hand, and the "classical" West, that is Northwest Europe, on the other. The comparison demonstrates: Russia is the most complex organism among the "late take-off" societies, in the modernization of which the state has played and continues to play a pivotal role in its various historical and political forms and manifestations. The paper outlines the main stages of the "guided" transformation of Russian society. Fundamental to the modernization of Russia were: Peter and Catherine's societal transformations, the first industrial revolution in the country (1850–1890s), emergence of the "organized capitalism" system in Germany, Japan, and later in the USA, the October Revolution, World War II, Soviet-American bipolarity. The accelerated transition of Russia from rural to industrial society was accompanied by deformations (deviations from the West European "standard"), return movements ("counter-reforms"), and impediments to reception of representative institutions and practices by the masses. External pressure reinforced the tendency of state domination over society, which subsequently transformed into paternalistic behavior patterns. Migration flows were not accompanied by social and professional diversification of Russian society. From now on, the logic of the accelerated development of Russia was shaped by competition with the West that was undergoing the industrial revolution. This competition endangered the homeostatic equilibrium of traditional society. The World War I revealed the peripheral, subordinate position of Russia in the international system. The most radical approach to regaining a major power status in world politics was proposed by the Bolshevik Party, who led the October Revolution of 1917. The Communist model has become instrumental of advancing transformation of traditional/rural society into a modern, urban one. Subsequently, the exhaustion of the communist model's internal resources gave rise to a painful search for a new modernization and development paradigm. Currently, Russia's existential task is to accelerate the pace of economic growth, help society enter the trajectory of sustainable development and, consequentially, participate in the world system on the basis of "strategic autonomy" that is unconditional sovereignty.