The devotee of Beauty Nikolai Ivanovich Kiyashchenko believed that the aesthetic should permeate all spheres of life and any work. He thought of Beauty as the basis of a high culture and, accordingly, a worthy development of a person, a harmonious co-evolution of a person, society and nature. Researchers have repeatedly raised the topic of beauty in science in literature, but with a new iteration of scientific, technical and cultural development, the concept took on new meanings. Plato did not think of the ideal of beauty separately from the ideals of goodness and truth, which is reflected in the concept of good. The idea of a synthesis of thought, word and action passes through many cultures. In the ancient Russian mentality, good as an ethical aspect of thought at the level of its origin (thoughts) was conveyed through the concept of justice – "direct knowledge of the truth", an impulse that originates in the depths of the heart and does not require proof. Modern transitional era proposes a leap in cognitive evolution: from the differentiation of cultural spheres to their convergence on the path of dialogue, interpenetration, and the emergence of synthetic forms of creativity. The aesthetics of life of science returns to the origins of the synthesis of science, art and religion, but on a new basis. The concept of post-non-classical rationality by V.S. Stepin leads to synthesis, which implies a wide dialogue between science and non-scientific forms of cognition and experience, cementing the space of creative contacts. The objective aspects of beauty are embedded in the fundamental categories of natural science. In a technogenic civilization, science aestheticizes its tools. Thought in action is realized in engineering, design, ecodesign.
Problematic of Brexit in the Context of Company Law On June 23 of 2016 a referendum of British citizens expressed a support for the United Kingdom withdrawal from the European Union. Despite the fact, this public decision was advisory, it paved the way further for United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union. The paper discusses the Court of Justice of the European Union assessment of the United Kingdom unilateral notice of withdrawal. As the formation of a state exit from the European Union is taking place for the first time, many legal issues have arisen, including alternative, 28th legal regime of company law and cross-border mergers between United Kingdom companies and European Union member states companies. This paper examines the theoretical foundations of cross-border mergers in the field of freedom of establishment in national, European and international regulation, taking into account the conditions applicable to reorganization and legislation invoked in European Union, United Kingdom and the Republic of Lithuania. Relevant cases brought before the United Kingdom Supreme Court help to understand how European Union law will be treated in the United Kingdom after Brexit transitional period if one of the parties of the merger or establishment is in a Member State of the European Union. The paper also discusses the 28th alternative legal regime of company law and its post-Brexit status. The aim is to explore the perspectives of the European Union-formed institutes - European Company (SE) and European Economic Interest Grouping (EEIG) in the United Kingdom in the context of state exits. Thus, the paper reviews the prospects of Brexit in the context of cross-border mergers and the 28th alternative legal regime.
Problematic of Brexit in the Context of Company Law On June 23 of 2016 a referendum of British citizens expressed a support for the United Kingdom withdrawal from the European Union. Despite the fact, this public decision was advisory, it paved the way further for United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union. The paper discusses the Court of Justice of the European Union assessment of the United Kingdom unilateral notice of withdrawal. As the formation of a state exit from the European Union is taking place for the first time, many legal issues have arisen, including alternative, 28th legal regime of company law and cross-border mergers between United Kingdom companies and European Union member states companies. This paper examines the theoretical foundations of cross-border mergers in the field of freedom of establishment in national, European and international regulation, taking into account the conditions applicable to reorganization and legislation invoked in European Union, United Kingdom and the Republic of Lithuania. Relevant cases brought before the United Kingdom Supreme Court help to understand how European Union law will be treated in the United Kingdom after Brexit transitional period if one of the parties of the merger or establishment is in a Member State of the European Union. The paper also discusses the 28th alternative legal regime of company law and its post-Brexit status. The aim is to explore the perspectives of the European Union-formed institutes - European Company (SE) and European Economic Interest Grouping (EEIG) in the United Kingdom in the context of state exits. Thus, the paper reviews the prospects of Brexit in the context of cross-border mergers and the 28th alternative legal regime.
Problematic of Brexit in the Context of Company Law On June 23 of 2016 a referendum of British citizens expressed a support for the United Kingdom withdrawal from the European Union. Despite the fact, this public decision was advisory, it paved the way further for United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union. The paper discusses the Court of Justice of the European Union assessment of the United Kingdom unilateral notice of withdrawal. As the formation of a state exit from the European Union is taking place for the first time, many legal issues have arisen, including alternative, 28th legal regime of company law and cross-border mergers between United Kingdom companies and European Union member states companies. This paper examines the theoretical foundations of cross-border mergers in the field of freedom of establishment in national, European and international regulation, taking into account the conditions applicable to reorganization and legislation invoked in European Union, United Kingdom and the Republic of Lithuania. Relevant cases brought before the United Kingdom Supreme Court help to understand how European Union law will be treated in the United Kingdom after Brexit transitional period if one of the parties of the merger or establishment is in a Member State of the European Union. The paper also discusses the 28th alternative legal regime of company law and its post-Brexit status. The aim is to explore the perspectives of the European Union-formed institutes - European Company (SE) and European Economic Interest Grouping (EEIG) in the United Kingdom in the context of state exits. Thus, the paper reviews the prospects of Brexit in the context of cross-border mergers and the 28th alternative legal regime.
Problematic of Brexit in the Context of Company Law On June 23 of 2016 a referendum of British citizens expressed a support for the United Kingdom withdrawal from the European Union. Despite the fact, this public decision was advisory, it paved the way further for United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union. The paper discusses the Court of Justice of the European Union assessment of the United Kingdom unilateral notice of withdrawal. As the formation of a state exit from the European Union is taking place for the first time, many legal issues have arisen, including alternative, 28th legal regime of company law and cross-border mergers between United Kingdom companies and European Union member states companies. This paper examines the theoretical foundations of cross-border mergers in the field of freedom of establishment in national, European and international regulation, taking into account the conditions applicable to reorganization and legislation invoked in European Union, United Kingdom and the Republic of Lithuania. Relevant cases brought before the United Kingdom Supreme Court help to understand how European Union law will be treated in the United Kingdom after Brexit transitional period if one of the parties of the merger or establishment is in a Member State of the European Union. The paper also discusses the 28th alternative legal regime of company law and its post-Brexit status. The aim is to explore the perspectives of the European Union-formed institutes - European Company (SE) and European Economic Interest Grouping (EEIG) in the United Kingdom in the context of state exits. Thus, the paper reviews the prospects of Brexit in the context of cross-border mergers and the 28th alternative legal regime.
While analysing constitutions of various countries in the legal literature, typically not only the form and the content but also the structure of the constitution is discussed. The structure of the constitution is an internal organisational order of the norms of the constitution. Although every state's constitution has a unique structure, certain regularities can be discerned. The analysis of the structure of various constitutions leads to the conclusion that normally each constitution consists of the following standard structural parts: the preamble, the main part, the final, transitional or additional provisions, and in some constitutions there can also be annexes. The article confirms that most constitutions begin with an introductory part, the preamble. Only the constitutions of several countries (e.g. Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, Italy, Greece) contain no preamble. The preamble reflects the historical context and the circumstances of the adoption of a constitution, names the goals of the constitutional regulation, fortifies the values to be attained, declares the key political principles or even the fundamental human rights and freedoms, etc. Often the preamble reveals the methods of adoption of a constitution. The preamble is an important structural part of the constitution that helps to understand the established constitutional regulation. The principles enshrined in it can be considered a significant argument for the constitutional justice institutions while solving the case of whether the law or any other legal act in question contradicts the constitution. The preamble is not only a political, ideological, and/or philosophical category; it undoubtedly also carries a legal burden, therefore it is considered to have legal validity. Preambles are characterized as having a so-called higher style; they are usually formulated not in compliance with the requirements of legal technique.
Abstract While analysing constitutions of various countries in the legal literature, typically not only the form and the content but also the structure of the constitution is discussed. The structure of the constitution is an internal organisational order of the norms of the constitution. Although every state's constitution has a unique structure, certain regularities can be discerned. The analysis of the structure of various constitutions leads to the conclusion that normally each constitution consists of the following standard structural parts: the preamble, the main part, the final, transitional or additional provisions, and in some constitutions there can also be annexes. The article confirms that most constitutions begin with an introductory part, the preamble. Only the constitutions of several countries (e.g. Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, Italy, Greece) contain no preamble. The preamble reflects the historical context and the circumstances of the adoption of a constitution, names the goals of the constitutional regulation, fortifies the values to be attained, declares the key political principles or even the fundamental human rights and freedoms, etc. Often the preamble reveals the methods of adoption of a constitution. The preamble is an important structural part of the constitution that helps to understand the established constitutional regulation. The principles enshrined in it can be considered a significant argument for the constitutional justice institutions while solving the case of whether the law or any other legal act in question contradicts the constitution. The preamble is not only a political, ideological, and/or philosophical category; it undoubtedly also carries a legal burden, therefore it is considered to have legal validity. Preambles are characterized as having a so-called higher style; they are usually formulated not in compliance with the requirements of legal technique.
This article uses the two amnesties granted by the Cambodian government in 1994 and 1996 to explore two important legal issues raised by amnesties generally: 1) to whom is the amnesty granted; and 2) for how long will the amnesty last. The first issue addresses the beneficiary question – who is able to take advantage of an amnesty. The most interesting issue raised by the beneficiary question is whether an amnesty should be restricted to either superiors or subordinates. The article discusses this choice in the context of the Cambodian amnesties, other amnesties, and international law, and highlight the moral, legal, and practical advantages of restricting an amnesty to either superiors or subordinates. The second issue concerns the temporal reach of amnesties. As most recently illustrated by the repeal of the amnesty laws by the Argentinean Congress, the modern trend is to grant amnesties for human rights abuses during a transitional period, only to have those amnesties repealed (either legislatively or judicially) once peace and stability have been established. The article discuss statutes of limitation, immunities, and other temporal legal doctrines to better understand the legal significance of this emerging state practice. The article concludes with some suggestions for the tribunal that the UN and Cambodian government are establishing to address the gross violations of human rights committed by the Khmer Rouge. The statute establishing the tribunal leaves the question of whether to recognize the 1994 and 1996 amnesties to the tribunal judges. The article argues that those judges should look to the modern state practice concerning amnesties and neither categorically accept or reject those amnesties, but instead use them to further the goals of justice, truth, and reconciliation that underlie the creation of the tribunal.
A new system of assessments of historical events and figures – the post-totalitarian memory – began to emerge in Ukrainian society in the period after the fall of the Soviet Union. If the totalitarian regime, with its censorship of images and historical narratives, manipulated memory (the result of such processes was the emergence of the socalled «repressed memory»), then after 1991 changed the conditions that now allowed to reconsider its past from the standpoint of democratic society. The images of the era of totalitarianism created by the «ministries of memory» go back to the background, and the created vacuum fills up the images of events and figures that have contributed most to the establishment of independence, the struggle for it and the formation and consolidation of a national idea. The issue of historical memory for post-totalitarian countries is important in the context of a transitional society, which is characterized by a position on its past or «forgive and forget», or «persecute and punish». Transitional legislation also provides for compensation for victims of the previous regime. In this case, the living witnesses of those events or participants are no longer left, so the reimbursement is possible only symbolically: the establishment appropriate memorials to the people or events, the conduct of commemorating actions. The normative and legal acts of the authorities are directed on this. Rehabilitation laws are aimed at restoring justice in relation to the repressed and compensating for the damage in European traditions. The victims of the totalitarian regime were all disobedient to him, so it is logical that during the period of change, there was a need for their rehabilitation. ; У період після падіння Радянського Союзу в українському суспільстві почала формуватися нова система оцінок історичних подій та діячів – посттоталітарна пам'ять. Якщо тоталітарний режим з його цензурою образів та історичних наративів маніпулював пам'яттю (результатом таких процесів стала поява так званий «репресованої пам'яті»), то після 1991 р. змінилися умови, які тепер дозволили переглянути своє минуле з позиції демократичного соціуму. Творені «міністерствами пам'яті» образи епохи тоталітаризму відходять на задній план, а утворений вакуум заповнюють образи подій і діячів, які чи не найбільше спричинилися до утвердження незалежності, боротьби за неї і формування та утвердження національної ідеї. Питання історичної пам'яті для посттоталітарних країн важливе в контексті перехідного суспільства, для якого характерна позиція щодо свого минулого або «пробачити й забути», або «переслідувати й карати». Законодавство перехідного періоду передбачає і відшкодування жертвам попереднього режиму. На сьогодні живих свідків тих подій чи учасників уже не залишилося, тому відшкодування можливе тільки символічне: встановлення відповідних меморіалів діячам чи подіям, проведення комеморативних заходів. На це спрямовані і нормативно-правові акти органів влади. В європейській традиції закони про реабілітацію спрямовані на відновлення справедливості по відношенню до репресованих і компенсацію їм заподіяної шкоди. Жертвами тоталітарного режиму були усі непокірні йому, тому закономірно, що у період змін настала потреба у їхній реабілітації
El precedente judicial en Colombia está enmarcado como fuente de derecho, cuyo fin es garantizar igualdad, seguridad jurídica, confianza legítima por medio de la orientación univoca normativa del aparato judicial quien administra justicia y quien hace las veces de intérprete de la norma con estricta sujeción a la ley, y es que las altas cortes al dar el alcance a la constitución política de 1991, deben también dar aplicación a la coherencia del sistema jurídico colombiano, es decir garantizar el principio de unidad en las interpretaciones que realicen de la ley. Ahora bien, el precedente judicial en el derecho administrativo en materia pensional, no resultó ser suficiente para proteger a quienes, siendo beneficiarios del régimen de transición desde el 01 de abril de 1994, fecha de la entrada en vigencia de la Ley 100 de 1994, adquirieron condiciones más favorables, como quiera que la Corte advirtió que la interpretación realizada por el juez contencioso resultaba ser inconstitucional y afectaba no solo el plexo de principios sino también reglas y derechos de rango constitucional. La liquidación de la pensiones de los servidores públicos tenían su razón de ser en diferentes y variados asientos normativos, situación que conllevo a que el legislador profiriera la Ley 33 de 1985, la cual liquidaba las pensiones teniendo como referente el último año de prestación de servicios, situación que con el tiempo fue modificada por el legislador quien expidió la Ley 100 de 1993, creando un sistema general de pensiones, que a su vez trajo consigo el respeto de ciertos derechos, tales como edad, tiempo de servicio y monto, pero también la falta de claridad en la norma, como bien sucedió con el Ingreso Base de Liquidación (IBL) para la respectiva liquidación de las pensiones de los servidores públicos. El juez al momento de interpretarla creo una regla en lo concerniente al IBL considerando los últimos diez años y sobre los cuales se hubiere efectuado aportes, situación que fue pacífica por los órganos de cierre aduciendo que las pensiones debían ser liquidadas con el último año de servicio y con la inclusión de todos los factores salariales devengados por el pensionado, pero dicha unidad de criterios culmino el 7 de mayo de 2013 fecha en la cual se profirió la sentencia de la corte constitucional C-258, mediante al cual se determinó que el IBL no era sujeto de transición por lo que debía regirse con el nuevo sistema general de pensiones, postura que no fue adoptada por el órgano de cierre de la jurisdicción contenciosa administrativa solo hasta el 28 de agosto de 2018, escenario que genero una etapa de inseguridad jurídica e carencia de certeza respecto de cual criterio interpretativo debía seguir el operador judicial en casos de servidores públicos sometidos al régimen de transición. Sin embargo, mediante el estudio de constitucionalidad del Derecho viviente, la Corte Constitucional pudo revisar la interpretación que los operadores judiciales realizaban de los supuestos normativos que se encontraban en normas derogadas pero que seguían produciendo efectos jurídicos; esta forma de estudio de constitucionalidad demuestra como existe una mutación en el sistema de fuentes del ordenamiento jurídico colombiano lo que representa la asimilación de la teoría posmodernista del derecho gracias a la fuerza obligatoria del precedente. Es pertinente adelantar un análisis investigativo respecto de la esencia del presente jurisprudencial y el efecto que este tiene sobre la seguridad jurídica y la certidumbre del derecho, como quiera que se debe garantizar la unidad de citerior interpretativos de una misma norma por los tribunales de cierre; y en este orden de ideas, presentar como pese a los inconvenientes que la disparidad de criterios genera en la confianza del operador judicial y del mundo jurídico, se evidencia una mutación constitucional del sistema de fuentes, gracias al control del derecho viviente y como este escenario se traduce en una aceptación tácita del posmodernismo jurídico. Para lograr resolver el problema de la presente investigación se propone en primer lugar, determinar cuáles son los presupuestos normativos que dispuso el legislador respecto del régimen de transición para los servidores públicos y que normas regulan su parte dogmática y general para lo cual se requerirá previamente hacer una reseña histórica normativa que contenga un recuento claro y conseguido en el que el lector identifique la unidad practica abstracta de la actividad del legislador. Posteriormente señalar de manera específica la conceptualización de la evolución de los paradigmas existentes entre el Consejo de Estado y la Corte Constitucional frente IBL del régimen pensional de los servidores públicos hasta llegar a la unificación de criterios para abordar un estudio de los efectos en el tiempo en el precedente en el derecho administrativo y las consecuencias a nivel de la seguridad jurídica, que este proceso de cambio generó en el ordenamiento jurídico. De conformidad con lo expuesto, en la primera parte de la investigación encontraremos una primera parte dedicada al análisis dogmático de las normas que regulan el régimen de transición para los servidores públicos, en la segunda parte se abordará lo referente a la temática especifica frente a los puntos de divergencia y convergencia de la jurisprudencia en materia pensional de los servidores públicos con los efectos que esto generó en la teoría de la seguridad jurídica y la certidumbre del derecho. Y en la tercera parte, se presentará, un análisis del derecho viviente y como este representa una manifestación clara y evidente de la mutación del sistema colombiano de fuentes, debido a la asimilación en Colombia de la teoría posmodernista del derecho. La consecución de los objetivos se desarrollará conforme al análisis jurisprudencial y doctrinal mediante las cuales se pretende señalar los aspectos más relevantes respecto de la aplicación del precedente jurisprudencial en materia pensional de los servidores públicos beneficiarios del régimen de transición de la Ley 100 de 1993, y a su vez desentrañar si el artículo 230 superior mutó tácitamente, ante la obligatoriedad del precedente y el estudio de constitucionalidad del derecho viviente, lo que demuestra la aceptación e incorporación del posmodernismo jurídico en el ordenamiento jurídico colombiano. ; The judicial precedent in Colombia is framed like law source, which purpose is to warrant equality, legal security, legitimate trust, through the univocal normative orientation of the judicial apparatus which manages justice and the which one that is an interpreter of the rule with strict subjection to the law, and when the high courts give scope to the political constitution of 1991, they must give application to the coherence of the Colombian legal system too, it means to guarantee the principle of unity in their interpretations of the law. Then, the judicial precedent in the administrative law in pension matters, it was not enough to protect people who being beneficiaries of the transitional regime since April 1st of 1994, the date of entry into validity of law 100 of 1994, they acquired better conditions and the court warned that the interpretation done by the contentious judge turned out to be unconstitutional and it affected not only the plexus of principles, but also rules and rights into the constitutional rank. The liquidation of pensions to the public serves had reason to be in different and varied normative seats, it entailed that the legislative uttered the 33 law of 1995, which settled the pensions taking as a reference the last year of service provision, situation that was modified by the legislative who send out the 100 law of 1993, creating a general pensions system, which bring the respect of some rights, like the age, service time and amount, but also the lack of clarity in the way, like happened with the base income of liquidation (IBL in spanish) to the respective pensions liquidation of public servers. The judge created a rule at the moment of interpret it about the base income of liquidation considering the last ten years and which contributions have been made, the situation was peaceful by the closing organs adducing that the pensions must be liquidated with the last year of service and the inclusion of all the salary factors accrued by the pensioner, but those criterions unity ended the may, 7th of 2013, date which the constitutional court C-258 proffered the judgement, by means of that ''IBL'' was determinate like non subject of transition and it have to abide by the new pensions general system, the position was not adopted by the closing body of the contentious administrative jurisdiction until august, 28th of 2018, this setting generated a new legal insecurity stage and a lack of certainty about the judicial operator should follow the interpretative criteria in cases of public servants under the transitional regime. Nevertheless, through the study of living law, the constitutional court could check the interpretation that judicial operators made about regulatory assumptions found in repealed regulations but it still has legal effects. This form of constitutionality study shows how there is a mutation in the source system of the Colombian legal ordering and it represents the assimilation of postmodernist theory of law thanks to the binding force of preceding. It's necessary overtake an investigative analysis about the present jurisprudence essence and its effect that it has on the legal security and the certainty of law, however criteria interpretative unity of just one rule should be guaranteed by closing courts; and in this order of ideas, despite drawbacks that the disparity of criteria generates in the confidence of the judicial operator and the legal world, it is evident a constitutional mutation of the system sources, thanks to the living law control and how this scenario translates into a tacit acceptance of legal postmodernism. In order to solve the problem of the present investigation, it is first proposed to determinate which are the normative budgets established by the legislator regarding the transition regime for public servants and which rules are regulating its dogmatic and general part, for which It will be previously required to make a normative historical review that contains a clear and successful account in which the reader identifies the abstract practical unit of the legislator's activity. Later, designate specifically the conceptualization of the evolution of the existing paradigms between the Council of State and the Constitutional Court against IBL of the pension system of public servers until reach a criteria unification to tackle a study of the effects over time on precedent in administrative law and the legal security consequences that this process of change generated into the legal system. About the exposed information, in the first part of the investigation we will find a first section dedicated to the dogmatic analysis of the norms that regulate the transition regime for public servers, in the second part, the specific subject will be addressed in relation to the points of divergence and convergence of the jurisprudence on pension matters of public servers with the effects that this generated in the theory of legal certainty and the certainty of law. And in the third part, an analysis of living law will be presented and how it represents a clear and evident manifestation of the mutation of the Colombian system of sources, due to the assimilation in Colombia of the postmodernist theory of law. The achievement of the objectives will be developed in accordance with the jurisprudential and doctrinal analysis through which it is intended to point out the most relevant aspects regarding the application of the previous jurisprudential in pension matters of the public servers, beneficiaries of the transition regime of Law 100 of 1993, since in turn, unraveling whether the superior article 230 tacitly mutated, in view of the obligation of the preceding and the study of the constitutionality of living law, which shows the acceptance and incorporation of legal postmodernism into the Colombian legal system. ; CRAI-USTA Tunja
Finally emerging from decades of conflict and isolation, Iraq has endured three devastating wars, the demise of the Saddam Hussein regime, the end of international economic sanctions, and the protracted process of approving a constitution and forming a new democratically elected government. The nation's emergence from war, and efforts to build the foundations of stable governance and economic growth, provides a fascinating case study for analyzing new international norms promoting the "rule of law" in post-conflict countries. This paper addresses arguments that early legal and economic reforms implemented by the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) and the Iraqi Interim Government (IIG) in Iraq during 2003-2005 may have violated the principle of "conservation" in international humanitarian law. The paper further examines whether a new doctrine of "jus post bellum" is emerging, and the extent to which the United Nations and international economic organizations are permitted to support economic reforms as part of a larger effort to engage in peace building and to establish a "rule of law" in post-conflict countries.
Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Author -- Chapter 1: Forgiveness and Revenge -- 1.1 Revenge -- 1.2 Forgiveness and Christianity -- 1.3 The Treaty of Revenge: Versailles 1919 -- References -- Part I: Forgiveness Towards a Foreign Enemy and the Futility of Revenge -- Chapter 2: Robert Schuman, Forgiveness and the Founding of the EU -- 2.1 Early Life -- 2.2 The Founding of the European Coal and Steel Community -- 2.3 The European Economic Community -- References -- Chapter 3: 9/11: The USA´S Revenge on Afghanistan -- 3.1 Al-Qaeda´s Revenge -- 3.2 Forgiveness and Revenge in Islam -- 3.3 MI5 Discerns Vengeance Unlike President Bush -- 3.4 If Bush Had Shown Forgiveness -- 3.5 The USA´S Revenge -- 3.6 The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan -- 3.7 The Price of the War -- 3.8 The Situation Deteriorates -- References -- Chapter 4: Iraq 2003: Deluded Revenge -- 4.1 The USA´s Blind Revenge -- 4.2 The UK and Iraq -- 4.3 The Churches´ Opposition -- 4.4 The Dossier -- 4.5 The Cost of the Iraq War to the USA -- 4.6 The Cost of the War to the UK -- 4.7 The USA Inadvertently Enables Al-Qaeda to Enter Iraq -- 4.8 The Rise of ISIS -- 4.9 Al-Baghdadi -- References -- Chapter 5: Libya and the West: A Cycle of Revenge -- 5.1 Gaddafi´s Rule Resented -- 5.2 Cycle of Revenge -- 5.3 USA´s Revenge -- 5.4 Lockerbie -- 5.5 Protest -- 5.6 National Transitional Council and France -- 5.7 No-Fly Zone -- 5.8 Revenge and Regime Change -- 5.9 Demonisation of Gaddafi -- 5.10 Gaddafi´s Overthrow -- 5.11 The Futility of the Attack -- 5.12 Death Toll -- 5.13 Spread of Islamic Extremism -- 5.14 The Syrian Conflict -- 5.15 Refugees -- References -- Chapter 6: USA and IRAN -- 6.1 Background to the Revenge Cycle Between the USA and Iran -- References -- Chapter 7: Is America a Vengeful Democracy? -- 7.1 Vengeful Democracies -- 7.2 The Death Penalty: Revenge as `Justice´ -- References.
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¿Cómo enfrentar, en el marco de un proceso transicional de paz negociada en Colombia, el legado de graves y sistemáticas violaciones de los derechos humanos, cuando sobre el actor armado responsable se predica la imposibilidad política y jurídica de desmovilización y desarme como ocurre con los Agentes del Estado? -- El presente artículo propone establecer la problemática respecto de la ausencia de una condición y justificación relevante y significativa para la inserción de los Agentes del Estado en los beneficios penales establecidos en el Sistema Integral de Verdad, Justicia, Reparación y No Repetición (SIVJRNR) en el marco de la implementación de los acuerdos de paz en Colombia -- Para tal efecto, se examina, desde elementos teóricos y dogmáticos, el planteamiento adecuado de la problemática de dicha inserción, para así poder derivar del análisis posibles consecuencias que recaen, de manera necesaria, en la vinculatoriedad de exigencias de medidas o condicionamientos que, a manera compensatoria, sustituyan la desmovilización y desarme otorgando garantías de no repetición a las víctimas ; Within the frame of the Transitional Peace Process achieved in Colombia, is it possible to face the legacy of major and systematic violations against human rights, when members of the law enforcement members have no political or judicial possibilities for demobilization and disarmament? -- This article establishes the existing difficulties due to lack of conditions and a significant and relevant reason for the inclusion of law enforcement members in the penal benefits established on the "Comprehensive System for Truth, Justice, Reparation and Non-Repetition" (SIVJRNR by its acronym in Spanish) in the Peace Agreement implementation in Colombia -- For such purpose, the difficulties of such inclusion are examined from theoretical and dogmatic elements to find possible consequences reflected upon the demand of measurements and conditions binding that, in a compensatory way, replace demobilization and disarmament and give guarantees of no-repetition to the victims
Introduction: Transitional coastal environments such as the Galician Rías in the Atlantic coast of NW Spain are densely populated areas. Their environmental problems are highlighted by the conflicting interests of different economic sectors: extensive mariculture activities are located in its waters and intertidal zone; shipbuilding, carbuilding, canning and other industries compete with tourism on their shores; and dairy farming is the main agricultural activity in its surrounding hills and hinterland (Vilas et al., 2008). As a result, the management of the coastal zone is highly complex and it is difficult to balance quality of coastal waters with economic activities. For instance, in the Ría de Vigo, the southernmost of the Rías Baixas, wastewater treatment plants were not installed until the 1990s, and in spite of regional environmental legislation (Lei 8/2001), their capacity was still insufficient in 2005 when the European Court of Justice found Spain guilty of failure to fulfill its obligations under the Article 5 of the Council Directive 79/923/EEC on the quality required for shellfish waters (Case C-26/04 ECJ). This case was closed following Spain's submission of a pollution-reducing programme specifically pertinent to shellfish waters; success of this plan will depend critically on the behaviour of the sediments on the ría bottom. Galician Rías experience seasonal upwelling, which increases marine productivity. This promotes the deposition of high organic matter contents in the bottom sediments and contributes to the observed intense sedimentation rates of 1-6 mm yr-1 (Álvarez-Iglesias et al., 2007; Rubio et al., 2001). Current levels of trace metals (Prego & Cobelo, 2003) in sediments of these Rías have caused a significant concern by local and European authorities in the last ten years, especially in relation to the application of the Water Framework Directive (WFD), aimed to ensure that all waters reach "good status" by 2015. Some of these studies (Álvarez-Iglesias et al., 2003; Belzunce-Segarra ...
During the months leading to the end of the transitional period (January 2005), most academics and actors involved in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (ASFJ) expected the introduction of co-decision as the normal decision-making procedure in this area to change the balance between security and liberty. The involvement of the European Parliament as a co-legislator was thought to be a positive aspect, since this institution had persistently adopted a pro-civil liberties stance. Since then, this question has not been systematically tackled in the literature and consequently the impact of co-decision on the AFSJ remains unclear. However, in 2007, Maurer and Parkes looked at the securitised policy-image governing European asylum policy in order to understand why the European Parliament had been unable to redress the balance and establish civil liberties as a priority. Following their line of reasoning, this paper develops the functional and substantive dimensions introduced by these scholars, in order to explain why the European Parliament, and especially the LIBE committee, has been equally unable to change priorities in the fields of irregular immigration and data protection. I argue that the persistent weakness of the European Parliament in the functional dimension, i.e. the need to legitimise its presence in negotiations dealt with under co-decision, has made changes in the substantive dimension difficult to attain. In those areas were the substantive dimension is weak, as was the case in the Returns directive, the need to legitimise the presence of the EP creates more polarisation among the members of the LIBE committee. In those cases where there is a strong substantive alternative in the LIBE committee, as was the case in the Data retention directive, change is hindered by the Plenary, which establishes the strengthening of the functional dimension as a priority for the institution. In both cases the introduction of co-decision led to the persistence of a securitised policy-image and the impossibility of engaging in conflict expansion.
