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This country diagnostics assessment seeks to strengthen financial preparedness for disasters in Nepal, focusing on insurance and other risk transfer instruments. It explores the current application of disaster risk financing solutions by the government, businesses, and individual households; related demand and supply constraints; and opportunities for improvement. The assessment forms one of a series of country diagnostics undertaken using a common methodology to determine the state of the enabling environment for disaster risk financing.

[eng] The thesis is framed in the disciplinary field of urban sociology and aims to analyse municipal entrepreneurship support policies promoted by the cities of Milan (Italy) and Barcelona (Spain), with a focus on the experiences of young people up to the age of thirty-five who have benefited from the different measures during the years 2012 to 2016. The concept of entrepreneurship, explicitly and sometimes implicitly accompanied by that of self-employment, is central in many policy agendas at many levels of government. In Europe, indeed, the growing concern about the persistence of high levels of unemployment, especially among young people, combined with the consolidation of activation as a paradigm in the reorientation of public actions for social inclusion, have made entrepreneurship a key instrument not only for economic development strategies, but also for activation policies (inclusive entrepreneurship). At the local level, European cities are particularly active in supporting inclusive entrepreneurship, being also able to count on the fact that new economic opportunities have found fertile ground in urban contexts, driven primarily by the growth of the service sector and a distinctive capacity for innovation. However, despite its relevance, this issue has been scantly addressed in the literature. In this context, the thesis proposes an interpretative framework for exploring this object of study that incorporates, on the one hand, neo-Marxist-inspired and neo-Weberian approaches to urban policy and governance and, on the other hand, the socio-economic literature and theoretically relevant institutional documentation on entrepreneurship, including within the framework of studies on the reorganization of the welfare state. The critical reading of the reference literature has led to two analytical macro-approaches. The first highlights the thesis of the convergence of urban policies towards neoliberal modes of governance, and welfare models based on market needs and competitiveness instead of social cohesion. A trend that entrepreneurship support policies seem to exemplify. The second highlights the peculiarities of the European city, identified with the resistance of the compromise between growth and social inclusion objectives, and supports the opposite thesis of the divergence between cities, the relevance of the political dimension and the local policy actors. Within this framework, the research has focused on how local political actors interpret, invalidate or reproduce the mainstream approach to entrepreneurship support policies and the role played in this respect by institutional factors and political aspects. Besides, the investigation included the analysis of the implications in terms of redistribution of risks and opportunities among the young people interviewed. To this ends, the research has availed itself of a qualitative methodology, case-based comparative analysis and the technique of the interview. The study revealed the heterogeneity of municipal entrepreneurship support policies concerning ideas and values, objectives, measures and tools, as well as the experiences of the young beneficiaries. Finally, the thesis highlights how policy orientations, local political paradigms, institutional legacies and governance arrangements interact to shape specific and different approaches to entrepreneurship support policies in the two cities, and how these influence the capacity to govern socio-economic changes.

It has been argued that the accumulation of technological competence is a path-dependent and context-specific process, being partly firm-specific and partly location-specific. MNCs spread the competence base of the firm, and acquire new technological assets or sources of competitive advantage. For their part indigenous firms benefit from local knowledge spillovers from MNCs, given the access of the latter to complementary streams of knowledge being developed in other locations. This paper examines how the particular corporate technological trajectories of multinational corporations (MNCs) have interacted with spatially-specific resources for the creation of new competence in some of the leading regions in Europe. Yet foreign investments, and the associated skills and capabilities that they bring, are arguably of crucial importance as a catalyst for local growth: learning curve advantages are mainly people- and institution-embodied and regional systems may substantially benefit from global corporations investing in innovation and local human capital. Although a break has thus occurred with the conventional economic approach - in which spatial factors shaping innovation were usually considered secondary (if not thoroughly negligible) - too little is still known about the regional scope with respect to the geographical location of innovatory capacity in the global economy. This is all the more relevant in the presence of an in-depth process of economic integration, as is the case of the EU, which arose from the need to define the problems, and the policies aimed at solving them, in terms of geographical location and centre/periphery economic convergence. We use data on the patents granted in the United States to large firms for inventions emanating from research facilities located in eight selected European countries (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK) over a 27 year period (1969-1995). The location-specific patent data is complemented through the use of other indicators such as the regional distribution of expenditure on basic scientific research, and the R&D expenditure personnel given by the EU database New-Cronos-Regio. The aim is to improve our understanding of some aspects of the effects of Innovation and Globalisation on Firms and Regions - i.e. technological spillovers - by examining the patterns of technological (by technological field of the largest firms) and production (by industry of the output of the largest firms) specialisation in each region. Differences between the two specialisation profiles may be indicative of technological diversification by industry, and hence potential technological overlaps between industries. These overlaps may be more pronounced in higher order centres, due to their greater technological breadth (which may show a greater technological diversification within the typical industry represented in the region, and not merely a greater span of industries). We then distinguish between intermediate centres (with significant levels of technologically focused activity) and lower order regions (backward regions, with little activity at all). The patterns of technological diversification of industries are then checked by examining which firms are responsible for a positive technological specialisation in the case of a region that lacks specialisation in the equivalent industrial category, and how this fits into the overall pattern of technological diversification of the firms in question.

El autor de este artículo parte, como premisa previa, de la práctica ausencia de estudios previos sobre la relación musical entre los dos países. Plantea luego el marco general, partiendo, en primer lugar, de la potencialidad militar en relación con el conflicto de ambas naciones por el dominio de Flandes e Italia, que termina en 1659 con la Paz de los Pirineos y el nacimiento de un nuevo equilibrio europeo. En segundo lugar, examina la índole de las políticas matrimoniales, a través de las cuales se observa un mutuo intercambio cultural; y termina con el acercamiento a la afición filarmónica de los monarcas de ambas naciones. Desciende luego a la comparacion entre los géneros (música vocal, música instrumental, teatral y litúrgica), los instrumentos, la estilística, los lenguajes (monodia, polifonia, policoralidad expresiva) y los recursos retóricos, añadiendo una interesante hipótesis final sobre el mutuo acercamiento real y asimétrico de ambos países, entre los parámetros musicales propios. ; L'auteur de cet article part de la prémisse de la presque absence d'études précédentes sur la relation entre les deux pays dans le domaine de la musique. Il présente ensuite le cadre général, en premier lieu à partir de la potentialité militaire en relation avec le conflit des deux nations pour la domination des Flandres et de l'Italie, s'achevant en 1659 par la Paix des Pyrénées et la naissance d'un nouvel équilibre européen. En second lieu, il examine la nature des politiques matrimoniales à travers lesquelles s'observe un échange culturel mutuel; finalement, il fait un rapprochement entre le goût pour la philharmonie des monarques des deux nations. Il entreprend ensuite une comparaison entre les genres (musique vocale, musique instrumentale, théâtrale et liturgique), les instruments, la stylistique, los langages (monodie, polyphonie, polychoralité expressive) et les ressources rhétoriques, en ajoutant une intéressante hypothèse finale sur le rapprochement mutuel et asymétrique des deux pays, entre leurs propres paramètres musicaux. ; As the basis of his argument, the author of this article uses the virtual absence of previous studies on the musical relationship between the two countries. He then considers the general framework, starting from, firstly, the military potentiality regarding the conflict between the two countries for the control of Flanders and Italy, which came to an end in 1659 with the Treaty of the Pyrenees and the birth of a new equilibrium in Europe. Secondly, he examines the nature of matrimonial policies, through which a mutual cultural exchange can be observed; and he concludes by addressing the philharmonic interest of the Monarchs of both nations. He compares genres (vocal music, instrumental, theatre and liturgical music), instruments, style, languages (monody, polyphony, expressive multichorus) and rhetoric resources, adding an interesting final hypothesis about the real and asymmetric mutual rapprochement of both countries, between the musical parameters themselves. ; Der Autor dieses Artikels geht als Prämisse von der fehlenden Erfahrung durch vorangegangene Studien über die musikalische Beziehung zwischen den zwei Ländern aus. Er legt dann den allgemeinen Rahmen dar und geht zuerst von der militärischen Leistungsfähigkeit in Bezug auf den Konflikt beider Länder durch die Dominanz von Flandern und Italien aus, die 1659 mit dem Pyrenäischen Frieden endet, sowie der Entstehung eines neuen europäischen Gleichgewichts. Zweitens untersucht er den Charakter der politischen Ehe, worin ein gegenseitiger kultureller Austausch zu beobachten ist, und endet mit der Annäherung an die philharmonische Vorliebe der Monarchen beider Nationen. Danach folgt ein Vergleich der Gattungen (Vokalmusik, Instrumentalmusik, Theater- und liturgische Musik), der Instrumente, der Stilistik, der Sprache (Monodie, Polyphonie, ausdrucksvolle Mehrchörigkeit) und der rhetorischen Ressourcen. Er fügt eine interessante Schlusshypothese über die gegenseitige reale und asymmetrische Annäherung beider Länder innerhalb der musikalischen Parameter hinzu.

У поліпшенні підготовки з судової медицини вітчизняних та іноземних студентів чимала роль належить знанням з основ судової медицини. Студенти стосовно витоків судової медицини повинні знати, що судова медицина як наука бере початок у XVI столітті, із часу виходу роботи Амбруаза Паре «Opera chirurgica» (1594), у якій як самостійний розділ дається «Tractatus de renuntiationibus et cadaveris embammatis» (Трактат про висновки лікарів і бальзамування трупів). Однак, більш правильним на наш погляд, виникнення судової медицини слід віднести до древнього Китаю, де судова медицина існувала вже в ХІІІ столітті. В час царювання імператора Сун-ю (1241-1255) був опублікований трактат судово-медичного характеру, автором якого вважають голову карного суду однієї з китайських провінцій Сун-ци». Він мав на увазі трактат «Сі Юань-лу» («Як змити несправедливість»). Отже, «Сі Юань-лу» не тільки пам'ятник древньої культури Китаю, ця книга складає інтерес різноманіттям зведень з судової медицини. Вона свідчить про те, що багато питань, що цікавлять зараз судових медиків і криміналістів, майже вісім століть назад вже цікавили китайських вчених, що намагалися їх розв'язати.В улучшении подготовки по судебной медицине отечественных и иностранных студентов немалая роль принадлежит знанием основ судебной медицины. Студенты относительно истоков судебной медицины должны знать, что судебная медицина как наука берет начало в XVI веке, со времени выхода работы Амбруаза Паре «Opera chirurgica» (1594), в которой как самостоятельный раздел дается «Tractatus de renuntiationibus et cadaveris embammatis» (Трактат о заключения врачей и бальзамирования трупов). Однако, более правильным на наш взгляд, возникновение судебной медицины следует отнести к древнему Китай, где судебная медицина существовала уже в XIII столетии. Во время царствования императора Сун-й (1241-1255) был опубликован трактат судебно-медицинского характера, автором которого считают главу уголовного суда одной из китайских провинций Сун-ци ». Он имел в виду трактат «Си Юань-лу» («Как смыть несправедливость»). Итак, «Си Юань-лу» не только памятник древней культуры Китая, эта книга составляет интерес многообразием сведений по судебной медицине. Она свидетельствует о том, что многие вопросы, интересующие сейчас судебных медиков и криминалистов, почти восемь веков назад уже интересовали китайских ученых, пытавшихся их решить.In improving the training of forensic medicine of domestic and international students a considerable role belongs to the knowledge of the foundations of forensic medicine. Students about the origins of forensic medicine should know that forensic science as a science dates back to the XVI century, since the release of Ambroise Pare «Opera chirurgica» (1594), which is given as a separate section of the «Tractatus de renuntiationibus et cadaveris embammatis» (Treatise on Conclusions Physicians and embalming corpses). However, a more correct in our view, the emergence of forensic science should be attributed to the ancient laws of Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, Greece. The second half of the XVI century in the medical literature, there were no special works on forensic medicine. The first attempt in this regard frantsuzskyy made famous surgeon Ambroise Pare. However, later known Russian scientist MV Popov wrote: "preserved historical sites, pointing out that China's forensic science already existed in the thirteenth century. In the reign of Emperor Song-yu (1241-1255) published a treatise forensic nature, sponsored by the chairman of the Criminal Court of one of the Chinese provinces Sun-chi. " He was referring to the treatise "Si Yuan-lu" ("How to wash away injustice"). Thus, the "Si Yuan-lu" not only a monument of ancient Chinese culture, this book is of interest differently-manittyam reports of forensic medicine. It shows that many matters of interest is forensic and forensic almost eight centuries ago the Chinese were interested scientists tried their solution of the zaty. There is evidence that suggests that different versions of "Xi-Yuan Lu" were widely known in Korea, Japan, countries in Indo-China and had a huge impact on the development of criminology and forensic science in these countries. The impact on the justice of this treatise was so great that the people had a proverb: "He who judges for" C-Yuan Lu, "never make a mistake. " The new law on criminal proceedings in China, was adopted in 1912, it allowed "Post Mortem or exhumation of the corpse to study everything you need. " In 1913, approved the "Rules autopsy corpse", which ukazuvalosya that police and prosecutors should appoint a forensic medical study of corpses to be installed in doubtful cases the cause of death of the deceased. Judicial reform has stimulated the development of forensic medicine, demanded accelerated training and the publication of the literature. The new law on criminal proceedings in China to allow "Post Mortem or exhumation of the corpse to study everything you need. " In 1913, approved the "Rules autopsy corpse", which ukazuvalosya that police and prosecutors should appoint a forensic medical study of corpses to be installed in doubtful cases the cause of death of the deceased. Judicial reform has stimulated the development of forensic medicine, demanded accelerated training and the publication of the literature. In 1932, the pioneer of Chinese Forensic Medicine Professor Lin Ji (was 1897-1951) founded the first institute of forensic medicine in China and began to publish a special magazine. However, "Xi Yuan-lu" never lost its importance. Currently, this remarkable achievement of Chinese criminology and forensic medicine published in China in the new edition. It is clear that the proportion of teaching organizational and procedural foundations of forensic skym by Ukrainian legislation is somewhat sore use by another compared to the criminal procedure law in other countries. Thus, one way to improve the training of forensic medicine of domestic and international students a considerable role to play in comparison legislation both in terms of comparison with other countries, and in historical perspective, particularly regarding the origins of forensic medicine. Students are introduced to the basics of organizational and procedural forensics for criminal procedural code of Ukraine them, comparing them with the appropriate legal cal norms of other countries at different times. This contributes to the enrichment of their legal culture, helps to better understand the possible ways of improving forensic in their countries.

This article aims to understand some aspects of communication in organizations in order to identify which elements are essential for a communication dynamic focused on the culture of peace in a context that may or may not naturalize organizational violence. Although it may seem controversial, both dynamics (focused on a peace culture or violence) can be strained in the organizational environment as they value and legitimize strategic elements of communication in these same organizations. This conception is based on the understanding that companies, through the diffusion of their media discourses, either through their own official spaces or by other means, assume a significant role in society to schedule matters and establish standards. Thus, a demand arises for responsible communication, which has been used by companies as a form of competitive advantage to create and / or strengthen bonds with their audiences and, therefore, differentiate themselves in a market with competition fierce. For this, based on the principles discussed in Peace Studies and considering its multidisciplinary nature, there is in the Communication for Peace the debate about the appearance (or not) of violence through communicational dynamics. For this reason, we also support this paper in the strategic elements of Peace Journalism, which indicates forms of communication that stimulate a culture of peace in conflict scenarios. From this, it was possible to construct analytical categories, in order to list the essential characteristics that could indicate a direction of organizational communication as a potentializer of actions directed to the culture of peace or legitimizing organizational violence. This is because the communicational actions of companies, especially when referring to an institutional positioning, can influence behaviors and, consequently, in the consolidation of the organizational culture itself. In an attempt to check in a practical way the formulation of the developed categories, we selected three Brazilian companies that have long been committed to the Global Compact, an initiative of the United Nations, which seeks to bring elements linked to ethical and sustainable management into the organizational sphere, they are: Natura, Copel and ArcelorMittal. Therefore, we analyzed the institutional speeches propagated in the three selected videos of these companies, "Natura – The most beautiful tune"; "Institutional Copel Energia" and "Safety Day - ArcelorMittal" referring to the institutional campaigns of these companies that were published in the first half of 2019 on their official YouTube channels. The analysis of the material was performed based on the discursive proposal of stereotypes offered by Amossy (2008), which aligns the aspects of the enunciator's search for legitimation before an audience. To this end, four analytical categories were established to identify a communication directed towards peace, that is, one that is concerned with promoting dialogue, building collective values, generating social transformation and considering the historical and socio-cultural context in which they are inserted. The development of these categories was inspired by the perspective of Journalism for Peace (Lynch and Mcgoldrick, 2007; Cabral and Salhani, 2017) and by the dimensions of essential communication skills (Calonego, 2018). With the study, it was possible to identify that although organizations are committed to the goals established by the Global Compact, these elements are not necessarily presented in their institutional campaigns, indicating the need for organizational communication focused on peace. In addition, problems related to the alignment between the formulation of organizational discourse and its institutional communication were detected.

The Government of Banten Province during the years 2011-2014 has not received an Unqualified Opinion (WTP) of The Supreme Audit Agency (BPK) in its financial statements. The opinion had been given by BPK during the years of 2011-2012 is The Qualified Opinion (WDP). The opinion for years of 2013-2014 is Disclaimer Opinion (TMP).The key to giving WDP and TMP, among others, for the presentation of assets are considered not meet the principles of fairness appropriate presentation of The Government Accounting Standards (SAP). The research objective to describe fixed asset management system. The results of the performance of the system in the form of presentation of fixed assets. The next goal to identify internal and external factors affecting fixed asset management system. The ultimate destination for formulating strategies to improve management of fixed assets. The study was conducted in The Government of Banten Province, particularly the Bureau of Equipment and Assets (BPA) under the Regional Secretary and all work units (SKPD). Methods for assessing the performance of the presentation of fixed assets is Transformation Index. Identification of factors that affect the management of assets and formulate a strategy used SWOT Analysis Method. Methods of Analysis Hierarchy Process (AHP) to ge the priority of a strategy based on expert opinion. Conclusion the study shows the priority of asset management strategy is a strategy to improve the quality of data assets, strategy implementation Improvement Action Plan (RTP) and strategies for improving inter-agency cooperation. The formulation of the strategy is also supported by the proposed program of each strategy. The results of the study are expected to improve fixed asset management system and its implementation in The Government of Banten Province.Key words: financial statement, fixed asset, strategy ABSTRAK Pemerintah Provinsi Banten selama tahun 2011-2014 belum memperoleh opini Wajar Tanpa Pengecualian (WTP) dari Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan (BPK) pada laporan keuangannya. Opini yang diberikan oleh BPK untuk tahun 2011 dan 2012 adalah Wajar Dengan Pengecualian (WDP). Opini untuk tahun 2013 dan 2014 berupa Tidak Menyatakan Pendapat (TMP). Kunci dari pemberian opini WDP dan TMP antara lain karena penyajian aset tetap dianggap belum memenuhi prinsip kewajaran penyajian sesuai Standar Akuntansi Pemerintah (SAP). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan sistem pengelolaan aset tetap. Hasil dari sistem berupa kinerja penyajian aset tetap. Tujuan berikutnya mengidentifikasi faktor internal dan eksternal yang mempengaruhi sistem pengelolaan aset tetap. Tujuan terakhir untuk merumuskan strategi perbaikan pengelolaan aset tetap. Penelitian dilakukan pada Pemerintah Provinsi Banten, khususnya Biro Perlengkapan dan Aset (BPA) di bawah Sekretaris Daerah beserta seluruh Satuan Kerja Perangkat Daerah (SKPD). Metode untuk menilai kinerja penyajian aset tetap adalah Transformasi Indek. Identifikasi faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pengelolaan aset dan merumuskan strategi digunakan Metode Analisis SWOT. Metode Analisis Hierarchy Process (AHP) membantu pemilihan prioritas strategi berdasarkan pendapat ahli. Kesimpulan penelitian menunjukkan prioritas strategi pengelolaan aset adalah strategi peningkatan kualitas aset data, strategi pelaksanaan Rencana Tindak Perbaikan (RTP)/action plan dan strategi peningkatan kerjasama antar lembaga. Perumusan strategi juga ditunjang dengan usulan kebijakan/program terhadap masing-masing strategi. Hasil dari penelitian diharapkan dapat memperbaiki sistem pengelolaan aset tetap dan pelaksanaannya di Pemerintah Provinsi Banten.Kata Kunci: Laporan Keuangan, Aset Tetap, Strategi

Фразеология является важнейшим средством связи человека с окружающей действительностью, при этом фразеологические единицы выполняют роль социокодов. Кроме того, в художественном произведении фразеология является отражением авторского мировидения и авторской стратегии. Жанр произведения существенно влияет на выбор инструментов, с помощью которых создается текст. Так, жанр драмы позволяет выявить большой пласт фразеологических единиц, выполняющих различные функции в тексте. Одной из главных функций фразеологии является создание речевой характеристики, а также образа персонажа в целом. Значительное число таких единиц находим в драматургии А. В. Сухово-Кобылина. Целью данного исследования стал анализ фразеологии в речи четырех персонажей драм «Свадьба Кречинского», «Дело» и «Смерть Тарелкина». Примечательно, что по сюжету все герои являются чиновниками. Найденные фразеологические единицы преимущественно имеют негативный денотат и указывают на отрицательные стороны в характере персонажей: жажду наживы, расчетливость, бессердечность, жестокость, глупость, желание безраздельной власти. Драматург обличает чиновников и всю систему судопроизводства России XIX в., а фразеологизмы становятся символом беззакония государственной власти. Высокий эмоциональный потенциал индивидуально-авторских трансформаций традиционных фразеологизмов воспринимается не только как средство обличения чиновников и всей системы судопроизводства, но и как переживание личного трагического опыта столкновения с этой системой. Изучение фразеологии позволяет выявить специфику языка художественного произведения, более точно представить характеры, а также обозначить способы передачи авторской установки, в частности, в изображении гротеска. ; Phraseology is an important means of reflecting the author''s worldview and strategy. The genre of a literary work strongly influences the choice of tools for text creation. Thus, the genre of drama reveals a large layer of phraseological units that perform various functions within the text. Phraseology is also an important means of linking man to the outside world. Phraseological units act as social codes. One of the main functions of phraseology is creating a speech characteristic and the image of the character. Large numbers of such units are found in Sukhovo-Kobylin''s drama. The aim of this study is to analyze the phraseology in the speech of four characters of the dramas "The Case" ("Delo") and "Tarelkin''s Death" ("Smert'' Tarelkina"). It is worth noting that according to the plot, all the characters are officials, representing the government and law. The analysis shows that the phraseological units have mostly negative connotations and denote negative sides of the characters: greed, mercenariness, heartlessness, cruelty, stupidity and lust for unbridled power. The playwright condemns the officials and the entire court system of the 19th century Russia. The phraseological units are an effective means of expressing the author''s position, becoming a symbol of the government''s lawlessness. In the context of the analysis, it is necessary to take into account some biographical data behind "The Case" and "Tarelkin''s Death": Sukhovo-Kobylin had long been suspected of murder and consequently, knew the details of legal proceedings well. High emotional potential of the transformations of ordinary phraseological units by the author not only works as a means of blaming the officials and the whole judicial system, but also becomes the manifestation of a personal tragic experience. Studying phraseology allows the reader to identify the peculiarities of the language of a literary work, and to imagine the characters more distinctly. It also helps to conveying the author's strategy by different means and devices, especially grotesque.

В статье отмечается, что стремительное ухудшение социально-экологической ситуации на планете и возникновение реальной угрозы антропоэкологической катастрофы диктует необходимость отказа от старой модели цивилизационного развития и формирования вначале в теории, а затем и на практике новой стратегии устойчивого развития человечества с учётом основного социоприродного противоречия. Эта новая форма цивилизационного развития должна стать рационально управляемой в планетарном масштабе, обеспечивая выживание и темпоральное продолжение существования человечества и биосферы. Авторы рассматривают устойчивое развитие как жизненно важную (в перспективе доминирующую) ориентацию международных, мирополитических и глобальных процессов, что обуславливает необходимость интеграции данной концепции в соответствующие научные дисциплины и направления исследований. Используя подход А. Д. Богатурова к концептуализации дисциплины «мировая политика», авторы статьи исходят из понимания мировой политики как прежде всего эволюционной формы глобального политического развития. Глобальным аттрактором этой эволюционной трансформации является обретение международно-мировой политикой реальной глобальной целостности, что отражает социоприродную специфику всех глобальных процессов. Авторы предполагают, что эти процессы будут развёртываться через переход к устойчивому развитию. В качестве фундаментального процесса на пути усложнения глобально-политической структуры в контексте перехода к устойчивому развитию авторы рассматривают развитие глобальной системы мирополитической субъектности, которая в эволюционной перспективе перехода к устойчивому развитию должна привести к формированию единого субъекта глобальной политики и глобальной деятельности во всех её ракурсах. В статье показано, что доминирующий государствоцентричный подход воспроизводит политическую модель неустойчивого развития, для которой характерны архаичные предпосылки политического реализма, стихийное выстраивание системы и нарастание угрозы глобальной безопасности. ; The article points out that the progressive deterioration of the social and environmental situation on the planet and the emergence of the real threat of anthropo-ecological catastrophe necessitate the abandoning of the current model of civilizational development and the formation (first in theory and then in practice) of an ultimately new one. This innovative strategy, which means taking account of the main socio-natural contradiction, is called a sustainable development strategy. This new form of civilizational development must become rationally governed on a planetary scale, thus providing the survival and temporal continuation of the existence of humans and biosphere. The authors regard sustainable development as a vitally important (later on dominating) orientation of international, political and global processes. This vision makes it crucially important to embed this conception into the proper scientific disciplines and research fields. The authors make use of the A.D. Bogaturov's conceptualization approach for the scientific discipline of world politics and consider the latter as an evolutionary form of global political development. The real global integrity of the world political system serves as a global attractor of this evolutionary transformation, and this aspect represents the specific pattern of all global processes. It is supposed that these processes will unfold through transition to sustainable development. The development of the global system of political actorship is considered a fundamental process within the growth of overall complexity of the global political structure. In the evolutionary sustainable development perspective it should result in the formation of an integral subject of global politics and global activity. The article shows that the dominating state-centric approach reproduces the political model of unsustainable development, which is characterized by archaic prerequisites of political realism, spontaneous formation of system, and growing threats to global security.

Reviewed in this article:GREAT BRITAINT. F. T. Baker (Ed.)‐ The Victoria History of the Counties of England: A History of Middlesex, Vol. vil. Acton, Chiswick, Ealing and Willesden Parishes.Leonard Cantor (Ed.)‐ The English Medieval Landscape.Paul H. W. Booth. The Financial Administration of the Lordship and County of Chester, 1272‐1377.Keith Thomas. Man and the Natural World: Changing Attitudes in England, 1500‐1800.N. W. Alcock (Ed.). Warwickshire Grazier and London Skinner, 1532‐1555: The Account Book of Peter Temple and Thomas Heritage.P. J. Corfield. The Impact of English Towns, 1700‐1800.A. P. W. Malcolmson. The Pursuit of the Heiress: Aristocratic Marriage in Ireland, 1750‐1820.J. M. Goldstrom and L. A. Clarkson (Eds.).David Wainwright. Broadwood by Appointment: A History.A. F. J. Brown. Chartism in Essex and Suffolk.Andrew Charlesworth (Ed.). An Atlas of Rural Protest in Britain, 1548‐1900.Sheila Marriner. The Economic and Social Development of Merseyside.B. L. Anderson and P. J. M. Stoney (Eds.).R. C. O. Matthews, C. H. Feinstein and J. C. Odling‐Smee. British Economic Growth, 1856‐1973.Jonathan Schneer. Ben Tillett: Portrait of a Labour Leader.Donald Read (Ed.)‐ Edwardian EnglandDerek H. Aldcroft. The British Economy Between the Wars.R. A. Bryer, T. J. Brignall, and A. R. Maunders. Accounting for British Steel: A Financial Analysis of the Failure of the British Steel Corporation, 1967‐80, and who was to Blame.Leslie Hannah. Engineers, Managers, and Politicians: The First Fifteen Years of Nationalized Electricity Supply in Britain.GENERALRENFE. Los Ferrocarriles y el Desarrollo Económico de Europa Occidental durante el SigloXIX.A. Goamez Mendoza. Ferrocarriles y Cambio Económico en España (7855‐/973): Un Enfoque de Nueva Historia Económica.London School of Economics Institute of Latin American Studies, LondonAldo De Maddalena. Dalla Citta al Borgo: Avvio di una metamorfisi economica e sociale nella Lombardia spagnola.Colin Jones. Charity and Bienfaisance: The Treatment of the Poor in the Montpellier Region, 1740‐1815.Robert McC. Netting. Balancing on an Alp: Ecological Change and Continuity in a Swiss Mountain Community.Herbert Kisch. Die Hausindustriellen Textilgewerbe am Niederrhein vor der Industriellen Revolution.U. Buuttner. Hamburg in der Staats‐ und Wirtschaftskrise, 1928‐31.R. J. Overy. The Nazi Economic Recovery, 1932‐1938.University of Manchester Institute of Science and TechnologyWolfram Engels and Hans Pohl (Eds.)‐ German Yearbook on Business History, 1982.Adi Schnytzer. Stalinist Economic Strategy in Practice: The Case of Albania.John Gould. The Rake's Progress? The New Zealand Economy since 1945.Tamara K. Hareven. Family Time and Industrial Time: The Relationship between the Family and Work in a New England Industrial Community.David M. Gordon, Richard Edwards, and Michael REICH. Segmented Work, Divided Workers: The Historical Transformation of Labour in the United States.Gerald G. Eggert. Steelmasters and Labor Reform, 1886‐1923.Karen Spalding (Ed.)‐ Essays in the Political, Economic, and Social History of Colonial Latin America.Bill Albert. South America and the World Economy from Independence to 1930.Gehart Jacob Wendler. Deutsche Elektroindustrie in Lateinamerika: Siemens und AEG (1890‐1914).A. K. Banerji. Aspects of Indo‐British Economic Relations, 1858‐1898.Norman Levy. The Foundations of the South African Cheap Labour System.Leonard Blussea and Femme GaastraJohn Gallagher. The Decline, Revival, and Fall of the British Empire: The Ford Lectures and Other Essays, (ed. Anil Seal).Mark Casson (Ed.). The Growth of International Business.J. J. Van Duijn. The Long Wave in Economic Life.

В статье представлен анализ наполеоновского мифа в российской словесной культуре начала 1810-х гг. на материале поэзии двухтомника «Собрание стихотворений, относящихся к незабвенному 1812 году» (М., 1814) под редакцией Н.М. Кутушева. Выявлены ключевые клише, реализации анималистических и националистических мотивов образа Наполеона-безбожника и врага христиан; установлен их генезис. ; The era of the Napoleonic wars is one of the most difficult in the Russian history and culture: it is the period of changes and active military-political events, unprecedented unity of the Army and the people, the church and the state; still, it is the period of great myths, which were created to strengthen and support the feeling of national dignity. The fiction of military and post-war time bears the impress of ideology and serves to some extent to promote patriotism thus becoming historical journalism. Philosophical and aesthetic problems fade before the essential problems of culture, the natural need to comprehend the recent past and the present in the changed realities. "Collection of Poems Relating to the Unforgettable 1812" is unique in scale: the edition united more than a hundred authors, both well-known (N.M. Karamzin, G.R. Derz-havin, V.A. Zhukovsky, etc.) and anonymous, who signed by toponyms (e.g., "Starorusino Village"). The two-volume collection included the already known texts and the new poems of different styles (from Classicist to folklore stylizations) and genres (from the ode to the lament), which forces to perceive it in the important contemporary context with the major role belonging to the people, the masses, not high artistry. The image of Napoleon-atheist, the enemy of Christians was the most popular, key cliche. Its introduction in public consciousness organized one of the main activities of orthodox clergy the anti-Napoleonic church sermon. The main poetic figure the authors-poets used to describe the features of the French Commander-in-Chief is comparison. Comparing Napoleon to tyrants was a favourite method of the pamphleteers. The sequence of bad names Napoleon is defined with ends by calling him evil in the religious sense. Satan, Devil, Antichrist these names become an integral part of the anti-Bonaparte myth. Images of animals are also used developing the idea of the beastly nature of Antichrist act. So, the French emperor is represented by the Russian poets as "a greedy, fierce animal", "an alien predator"; "a hydra with killing poison"; "darkness-headed dragon". The third form of depicting Napoleon in the Collection is connected with the national motive. Everything French is reconsidered. The name "Gaul" becomes a curse in the works of the poets. As a result of these collective efforts the heroic image of Napoleon is totally discredited and opposed to all Russian citizens. The Collection repeats the same motives and expressions, thus reaching the main communicative goal connected with ideology glorification of the military deed of the perished and the survived compatriots, and the defeat of the evil enemy.

Рассматривается деятельность Управления Томской железной дороги в 1917-1920 гг. За это время на дороге сменилось три подхода к управлению подход Временного правительства, подход различных социалистических движений, подход Временного Сибирского правительства и правительства Колчака. Приход к власти Временного правительства способствовал росту самоорганизации среди служащих и рабочих. В феврале 1918 г. власть на дороге перешла к железнодорожному союзу, была проведена попытка создать коллегиальное управление. С июня 1918 г., после смены власти в Сибири, происходит возврат к прежним формам управления, основанным на единоначалии. ; The article describes the administration systems, which were used at the Tomsk railroad during 1917-1920. There were 3 such systems: system of Provisional Government, system of socialists and system of the Provisional Siberian Government and Kolchak government. World War I led Russia to social, economic and governmental crisis. When in February of 1917 the government changed in Russia, there was a new model of administration set. The Provisional Government tried to democratise Russian society and administration. It was considered that people should be given more authority. By this policy the old administration of Tomsk railroad was destabilized, organizations of workers and servants came into view and began to struggle for domination. New organizations insisted on reduction of working hours, social improvement and dismissal of some railroad agents. The old administration was not active and could not win intentions of workers and servants to set self-administration. As a result, collegial administration was instituted at the railroad in February of 1918. Instead of one railroad director, the main executive committee was established a college (three or five persons), which was elected by workers and servants of the railroad. In the departments of the railroad colleges were also established. But the activities of that collegial administration led to a transport crisis. This administration was slow and could not solve problems in time. There was an attempt to set a Bolsheviks commissar, who would be the head of the railroad and would act faster than colleges, but at that time a change of government in Siberia happened. So, when the Bolsheviks were unseated in May of 1918, the Provisional Siberian Government and then Kolchak government adopted a policy of reestablishment of traditional methods of administration. These methods were based on the principle of personal leadership the post of the railroad director was reset. Trade unions were admitted on condition that they would not intervene in the management. Collegial administration of workers became outlaw. Military forces were used to keep down workers organizations; the state of martial law was brought into being at Tomsk railroad. The old norms of labour were reset. These measures allowed improving traffic, but the civil and military policy of Kolchak government was losing. When the Bolsheviks won the Civil War, a commissar headed the Tomsk railroad (in January of 1920). It meant that new all-Russian government reoriented at reducing of self-administration in the society.

The First Century of Sociology - and the Next

Sociology got many of its first institutions just one century ago - important and still existing journals and departments of sociology were founded in the last de¬cade of the 19th Century. Sociology of the early 20th Century - the period after the classics - was occupied by the origins and rise of capitalism and its evolution and progress. It is important to notice, that all three fundamental conceptions of classical sociology could be, and were, by the classical protagonists themselves, given different meanings and expressed with different accents. The social world was, above all, a world in evolution, a world historically evolved. In this per¬spective, the origins of things socially had an absolutely central place of inte¬rest. The conditions for social relations and how to create and maintain social solidarity were crucial issues among the first generations of sociologists. It was the dynamic of the modernisation pro¬cesses which concerned sociology while its focus was primarily around the soci¬al space of nation-states - its institutions as well as its theoretical approaches were tuned by nationality and were state-bounded.
This contrasts strongly with today´s sociology which is globally focusing on variability and communication. By the end of the present century strategy and contingency have replaced evolution and progress as the dominant concepts of sociology. Undestanding and discour¬se seem to be the predominant models of cognition in contemporary sociology. It is in this perspective that social labelling, as a way of grasping and conveying the sense of contemporary world, becomes so central to sociologists of prime-time aspirations. Are we living in post-mo¬dernity, or in reflexive modernity, or perhaps in a second modernity. The repertoire of possible sense-making labels is an indefinite quantity. In this context we would need a critical sociology of bad sociology, and of other bad academic out¬puts, analyzing sloppiness and shallow¬ness as institutional effects, rather than as individual deficiences.
Spatially, the practice of sociology has a three-dimensional location - the in¬stitutional space, the stage of performan¬ce and its space of imagination and inve¬stigation. Sociology of this century has been national and European in its approach to the social and society. A global sociology has to turn away from its euro¬centric past and present and to focus mo¬re on global issues such as information technology, capital and social move¬ments analysed in cross-continental perspectives. The paper concludes in a rather optimistic mood emphasizing the huge accummulation of sociological knowledge which has taken place du¬ring its first century. Here can be mentio¬ned recent work on identities - it may be ethnic, sexual or national - studies of in¬stitutionalisation in making political sy¬stems, and new knowledge concerning the dynamics of collective actions and the gendering of social systems as im¬portant achievements which were large¬ly unstated a century ago.