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This study focuses on the notion of power as a way of conceptualisation, representation and functioning in the Russian and English-speaking media discourse and its role in the life of the younger generation of the third millennium. Power and its language have always remained an actual research question of interdisciplinary scientific analysis. However, studying young people's linguistic and paralinguistic perception of power in the era of digitalisation becomes extremely important due to an empowering role young adults have started playing in modern society employing new media and their discursive communication there. The study regards the theoretical background of the phenomenon of power, based on A. Gramsci's hegemonic approach. The authors of the research suggest that the media discourse is a hegemonic form of power that maintains its position through the elaboration of a particular worldview, which makes a significant impact on young individuals, the so-called net-generation. The study relies on free-associative and graphic experiments to analyse and perceive "power" concept and its influence on young individuals' consciousness. Results indicate that both Russian and English-speaking media discourse represents "power" through the prism of anthroponyms as well as toponyms. Besides, the findings of the free-associative experiment, conducted among young adults, demonstrated the dominance of the lexical units belonging to the same grammatical class of words as the stimulus word "power". Furthermore, a graphic experiment revealed young people's emotional evaluations of power in media discourse communication. As such, the results suggest that "power" is a natural, complex and multifaceted linguacultural and social phenomenon realised through a variety of linguistic and paralinguistic means, and it produces a dualistic effect on young people's consciousness through their interaction in the media discourse space.

With the spread use of internet, especially the web of social media, an unusual quantity of information is found that includes a number of study fields such as psychology, entertainment, sociology, business, news, politics, and other cultural fields of nations. Data mining methodologies that deal with social media allows producing enjoyable scene on the human behaviour and interaction. This paper demonstrates the application and precision of sentiment analysis using traditional feedforward and two of recurrent neural networks (gated recurrent unit (GRU) and long short term memory (LSTM)) to find the differences between them. In order to test the system's performance, a set of tests is applied on two public datasets. The first dataset is collected data from IMDB that contains movie reviews expressed through long sentences of English, whereas the second dataset is a collection of keyword search results of tweets using the Twitter Search API; these tweets are written in English words with short sentences. In this work, a certain pre-processing operation is added to the system and a set of tests is conducted to evaluate the performance enhancement on the whole system due to the addition of these operations. The results of the usage of the traditional feedforward neural networks are poor and do not perform the desired purpose in analysis, because of their inability to save information at a long term and, therefore, their loss of efficiency. While the results of using GRU and LSTM are relatively good and do perform the desired purpose in analysis. A recurrent neural network has been built so that any type of text-related data can be pushed to get the polarity of sentiment by multi deep operations that are dependent on the extracted information.

In an effort to face various challenges and developments, the enactment of Law no. 23 of 2014, in article 221 paragraph 1 that, in the Dutch colonial era Agusen village was a village for the disposal of people affected by leprosy, this village was also a village left behind and far from the hustle / city center, low levels of education, and low economic growth, known as cannabis-producing villages. This study aims to reveal about: (1) Blangkejeren District government efforts in empowering rural tourism-based Islamic communities, their empowerment processes and changes after the process, in order to improve the economy of Agusen village communities, the Type of research used is Field research with a qualitative descriptive approach. Data sourced from primary data and secondary data, with data collection techniques interview, observation, and documentation, as well as data analysis by collecting data, data education, data presentation, and conclusions. The results of research conducted by the Blangkejeren District Government are approaching, the program used to be the village of cannabis now a tourist village, coffee commodity farmers, English language courses, and increasing the entrepreneurial spirit of the community. In the process of empowering the Agusen village-based village tourism community through awareness, planning the Agusen village tourism village program, training and skills development, rural tourism development, coffee farmers commodity, English courses. changes after the process of empowering the village-based tourist community is the emergence of new businesses for the Agusen village community, such as food stalls, coffee shops and also income from admission, parking, and rental of equipment for rafting which is supporting the improvement of the community's economy.Keywords: Community Empowerment, Tourism Villages, Community Economy.

Between 1960 and 2015, Cameroon has projected herself at the level of the international scene as one of the best peace crusading Nations in Sub Saharan Africa. Unfortunately, the reverse became for the first time in the History of Cameroon, a historical fact from 2016. This was as a result of the long outstanding Anglophone-Cameroonian squabble in Cameroon termed "Non-Existential", relegated and poorly managed by the government for the past five decades, which transformed by October 2017 into a "Deadly Armed Conflict" in the two English Speaking Regions of Cameroon, between the Armed Separatists and Republican Soldiers of the Central Administration. This article thus examined the verdicts of Human Rights and the unlawful acts orchestrated by the Armed Separatists, likewise the Republican Soldiers, during the course of the "Deathly Armed Conflict", which were not in line with the norms of International Humanitarian Law. From critical analyses made, this work unveiled that; both the Armed Separatists and the Republican Soldiers, went against Jus Cogens norms governing Armed Conflicts. It also un-raveled that; the belligerents committed a lot of atrocities which were not in conformity with International Human Rights Norms during the course of the Armed Conflict. These defiant acts weren't limited to extra-judicial killings, kidnappings, burning of villages, mass-arrest, illegal detentions, maiming, deprivation from education, violence against humanitarian workers and institutions. These atrocities committed by the parties in this "Asymmetric War" in the two English speaking Regions of Cameroon, resulted to the killing of over 4.000 persons and the displacement of over 100.000 civilians, both internally and internationally. Keywords: Anglophone-Cameroonian, Armed Conflict, International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights, ; This article has been published at www.cjar.eu , Issue: 1, Vol.#1, April 2020.

The article under discussion has focused on the peculiarities the conceptual metaphor usage in the speeches of the 45th and current president of the United States Donald Trump. The topicality of the investigation is predetermined by the steady increase of professional interest of political discourse participants, mass media in particular, in the choice of effective instruments of political and ideological relations coverage with a simultaneous public request for quality of the politically directed content. The differentiation of political metaphor features and its functions in publicistic discourse is essential for the exploration of efficient linguistic means of impact on the political mediatext audience. Grounding on the empiric material analysis (leading English-language mass media) the linguistic factors of the leader of a democratic country political image formation have been considered. The characteristics of the use of metaphor as a multilingual means of a politician mass media image formation based on the contemporary mass media have been outlined. The article suggests a complex study of the use of political metaphor in the texts of English-language mass media with the emphasis on the leading tendencies of the political utterance metaphorization within the framework of the contemporary political discourse. The major types of conceptual metaphor, facilitating the political image formation, have been studied. ; Обсуждаемая статья сосредоточена на особенностях использования концептуальной метафоры в выступлениях 45-го президента США Дональда Трампа. Актуальность исследования предопределена неуклонным ростом профессионального интереса участников политического дискурса, в частности СМИ, к выбору эффективных инструментов освещения политических и идеологических отношений с одновременным общественным запросом на качество политически направленного контента. Разграничение характеристик политической метафоры и ее функций в публицистическом дискурсе имеет важное значение для исследования эффективных языковых средств ...

The Agriculture Course of Dr Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925) is the seminal text of biodynamic farming and the organic agriculture movement. It has appeared in 16 languages. The Austrian New Age philosopher, Dr Rudolf Steiner, presented his Agriculture Course in the village of Koberwitz, Germany (now Kobierzyce, Poland) in the summer of 1924. The course of eight lectures laid the foundations for the emergence, over the following two decades, of biodynamic farming and organic agriculture. There were 111 attendees at the course at Koberwitz, many were farmers, all were Anthroposophists. The Agriculture Course was presented in German. It was one of the final lecture series that Rudolf Steiner conducted in his lifetime. It was a course of what Rudolf Steiner called "hints", to be put to the test, not prescriptions nor dogmas. The Agriculture Course appeared in print in German in 1926. It was initially available only to members of the Experimental Circle of Anthroposophic Farmers and Gardeners (until some time after WW2). Members of the Experimental Circle agreed to test Rudolf Steiner's ideas with the view to the publication of the results. The first translation of the Agriculture Course appeared in English in 1929. That translation was by George Kaufmann (later known as George Adams) who brought to the task his years of masterfully and extemporaneously rendering into English Rudolf Steiner's lectures in German for audiences. The Agriculture Course has been translated into a further 14 (at least) other languages: French (1943); Swedish (1966); Italian (1973); Danish (1976); Dutch (1977); Spanish (1988); Hebrew (1989); Norwegian (1992); Romanian (1997); Russian (1997); Serbian (2004); Portuguese (2005); Polish (2007); and Esperanto (2009). As organic agriculture continues to increasingly attract consumers, advocates, practitioners, and scholars, interest endures in the seminal text of biodynamics and the organics movement.

This study is an analysis of Taiwanese companies' promotional texts. The products advertised include computer programs and games, high-tech computer equipment, machinery, spare parts for cars, LEDs, cosmetics, and other goods for distribution in Russian-speaking markets of CIS countries. Therefore, the target language (TL) of translation was Russian. The researcher has been collecting Taiwanese promotional translation texts for over ten years. This research utilizes an empirical inductive method and is supported by relevant translation theories such as Skopostheorie by Vermeer [1989] and re-contextualization theory by House [2008]. The article analyzes the difficulties in translating promotional materials from Chinese as the source language (SL) into English as the intermediary language (IL) and then from English into Russian as the target language (TL). The article demonstrates how an intercultural competence can be developed in doing international business when there are language barriers. Data analysis has revealed that Taiwanese promotional texts frequently use epithets, metaphors, idioms, sayings and proverbs which are integral to Chinese culture and speech. This type of figurative language is often difficult to translate due to cultural differences and lack of equivalent meanings or insufficient encyclopedic knowledge. In order to accurately convey the essence of the text translated, deliver effective promotional materials, and maintain the attractiveness of the product being advertised for the companies and their end users, a translator must become an intercultural mediator. This research will provide a greater insight into the interlingual and intercultural challenges and offer translation strategies that can assist translators in producing more accurate translations and maintaining more positive intercultural relations between Taiwan and other countries. This intercultural research will contribute to a greater understanding of how Taiwanese products can be better promoted in Russian- speaking markets.

The Japanese state is represented by its flag, the national anthem, and the emperor. Literature on the history of these symbols, including their use by the fascist Japanese Empire during the Second World War, is extensive, however, information on the impact of these symbols after the war is sparse, especially in English. As an outlier among former Axis nations, Japan continues to use the flag, anthem, and imperial system as national symbols similarly to the way they were used during the war. This paper seeks to understand how these symbols became acceptable in a nominally peaceful and democratic state. Extensive historical context from before the war to the present is provided, giving support to a tracking of policy positions towards the flag (hinomaru), the anthem (kimigayo), and the imperial system under the U.S. occupation of Japan between 1945 and 1952. Through an analysis of primary and secondary sources in both English and Japanese, this study concludes that the U.S. government, in creating a Japanese state and people who would support democracy and U.S. military policy in the face of the Cold War, retained the symbols of the flag, anthem, and emperor because they were already part of a wartime united Japanese national identity. To this end, the U.S. removed these symbols from their wartime context in Asia and from contemporary Japanese history altogether to strengthen the U.S.-Japan alliance. As a result, Japanese born after the war have been far less exposed to the true history of their flag, anthem, and imperial system, therefore establishing a falsely constructed popular consensus that these symbols can be justifiably used to represent the current Japanese state despite protests from their Asian neighbors who suffered under Japanese imperialism.

The volume under review is a most welcome addition to the still relatively slim collection of economics volumes written in English by Indonesian scholars. There is an established tradition of senior Indonesian policy makers writing major scholarly volumes in their fields of expertise before or after holding high office. One thinks for example of Widjojo Nitisastro's Population Trends in Indonesia (1970), Radius Prawiro's Indonesia's Struggle for Economic Development: Pragmatism in Action (1998), and Soedradjad Djiwandono's Bank Indonesia and the Crisis: An Insider's View (2005), among several others. (It is noteworthy that two of these authors were also Bank Indonesia governors.) In an earlier era, Professor Sumitro Djojohadikusumo was the trailblazer, combining serious scholarship along with high policy responsibilities. It is testimony to Indonesia's political leaders and governance tradition over several decades that policy leadership and serious scholarship have been able to comfortably and productively co-exist. ; The volume under review is a most welcome addition to the still relatively slim collection of economics volumes written in English by Indonesian scholars. There is an established tradition of senior Indonesian policy makers writing major scholarly volumes in their fields of expertise before or after holding high office. One thinks for example of Widjojo Nitisastro's Population Trends in Indonesia (1970), Radius Prawiro's Indonesia's Struggle for Economic Development: Pragmatism in Action (1998), and Soedradjad Djiwandono's Bank Indonesia and the Crisis: An Insider's View (2005), among several others. (It is noteworthy that two of these authors were also Bank Indonesia governors.) In an earlier era, Professor Sumitro Djojohadikusumo was the trailblazer, combining serious scholarship along with high policy responsibilities. It is testimony to Indonesia's political leaders and governance tradition over several decades that policy leadership and serious scholarship have been able to comfortably and productively co-exist.

This article analyzes the role played by the State Council of D. Pedro II in combating the international slave trade. Until the mid-1850s, the slave trade was presented as a problem of difficult resolution for Brazilian elites due to a number of factors: as constant threats from the English government, the importance of slave labor in the country's economic structure and in political lobby of slaves owners. England was asserting its economic and military status as a global power to impose on Brazil an end to the interatlantic slave trade. Due to the international pressures suffered by Brazil, the continuity of trafficking has become a matter of concern for national elites. The theme provoked a wide debate in the sessions of the Full Council. The English interventionist stance was severely criticized by the councilors for violating national sovereignty. From the Eusébio de Queiróz law, the Council of State acquired a new configuration not provided for the Constitution: to judge and punish, in the second instance, those involved in the slave trade. In order to guarantee effective punishment for traffickers and to appease the international pressure suffered by Brazil, the State Council tried to attract the processes related to trafficking to its jurisdiction. Punishing those involved in this type of trade was not an easy task due to the complicity and collusion of local authorities. The present text is part of doctoral research developed by the author when turning to the theme of slavery. At the theoretical level, the author seeks to realize an interface between the field of History and Social Sciences, particularly Political Science. This work uses a wide bibliographic collection, in addition to a series of primary sources, in particular, the Minutes of the Council of State.

The volume, variety and velocity of data available to companies about their employees is already significant and likely to increase. Employers hold data about employees that could be used to explore the relationship between workplace practice in their organisation and risks to employee health. However, there is significant uncertainty about whether employers subject to English law are permitted to use this data for this purpose, and even whether they may be under a legal obligation to do so. In this article, the question of whether employers are legally permitted or legally obliged to use employee data to identify associations between workplace practice and risk to employee health is answered through an analysis of two spheres of English Law: data protection law, and health and safety law. The authors establish a hypothetical case study concerning a company that wishes to use employee data in this way, to illuminate a set of detailed legal issues. In particular, the question of whether a reasonable and prudent employer is under an obligation under health and safety law to use the data and analytic tools at his or her disposal to assess risk and inform his or her actions is considered. Also addressed is the question of whether such processing would satisfy the data protection law principles of "lawful, fair, and transparent" processing and that of "purpose limitation". A complex picture emerges. The analysis reveals that data protection legislation may not support a trend towards the re-use of employee data to enhance workplace health and safety; nor is there currently a clear mandate that responsible employers use data in this way. The line between useful insight into workplace practices and intrusion into employees' privacy remains blurred.

Purpose This study aims to examine women's leadership in Oman, seeking to empirically determine whether and how local perceptions of "success" and lifestyle preferences are related to women's agency and propensity for leadership.


Design/methodology/approach Drawing on the literature, this paper qualitatively analyzes 32 semi-structured interviews of diverse Omani women leaders, identifying their conceptions of success as predominantly subjective or objective. At the same time, the study uses Hakim's (2006) lifestyle preference model to explore women's agency.


Findings Contrary to the literature on the central importance of domestic responsibilities for Arab Muslim women, more women in leadership positions are identified as career-centered (14/32, 44%); those who did identify as family-centered (6/32, 19%) did not cite Islam to justify that preference, and success is envisioned more subjectively (19/32, 59%).


Research limitations/implications The sample has an urban bias and does not claim to be representative of all Omani women. Interviews were conducted in English; most women leaders in Oman are required to speak English.


Practical implications By analyzing work-life balance preferences as a proxy for agency and interrogating Omani women's own conceptions of success, the study may lead to more robust and culturally aware policies to support women's leadership.


Social implications Defining in subjective terms suggests that success is not necessarily equated with achieving a high level position for Omani women. Further, only 6/32 were identified as home-centered, thus indicating the critical importance of domestic support from hired labor or family members.


Originality/value This study contributes new empirical findings on women leaders in Oman that illustrates the role of personal agency and lifestyle preference in contrast to many studies that treat culture as a constant.

Over a period of around fifteen years English higher education has become characterised by an increasingly marketise and differentiated system, most recently with the encouragement of new "challenger" providers potentially creating price competition for undergraduate degrees. This paper explores shifting patterns of enrolments between different institution types (those requiring high entry grades and those requiring lower entry grades) for evidence of how these types may be responding to the new market conditions. We introduce the concept of a "dual-pricing" mechanism to model how different institution types may be reacting. Dual pricing would be exemplified as a situation where entry requirements (a "price" based on qualification tariff points required for entry) and tuition-fee are matched in a linear hierarchy of institutions: Only the most prestigious institutions offering the courses demanding the highest entry qualifications (tariff) would command the highest fee (in this case a maxima of £9250 per annum), with fees demanded by institutions requiring lower entry requirements tapering off towards £6000 per year. This dual-pricing mechanism is discussed here as a policy aim, and the intention of this paper is to locate it in relation to market failure (defined as the failing of a market intervention to meet that policy aim). This paper's critique of the marketised direction of travel in English higher education (HE) policymaking is that a dual-price mechanism would seriously undermine efforts to widen access for underrepresented social groups, particularly those from low income households who may be more likely to access low-cost provision rather than more transformative HE opportunities (supposedly those deriving from having a degree from a more prestigious institution), even if they met the entry requirements for higher-cost provision.

AbstractGlobal investments in girls' education have been motivated, in part, by an expectation that more-educated women will have smaller and healthier families. However, in many low- and middle-income countries, the timing of school dropout and first birth coincide, resulting in a rapid transition from the role of student to the role of mother for adolescent girls. Despite growing interest in the effects of pregnancy on levels of school dropout, researchers have largely overlooked the potential effect of adolescent childbearing on literacy and numeracy. We hypothesize that becoming a mother soon after leaving school may cause the deterioration of skills gained in school. Using longitudinal data from Bangladesh, Malawi, and Zambia, we test our hypothesis by estimating fixed-effects linear regression models to address the endogeneity in the relationship between childbearing and academic skills. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the effects of adolescent childbearing on academic skills in low- and middle-income countries. Our results indicate that among those with low levels of grade attainment, first birth has a negative effect on English literacy and numeracy. Among those with higher levels of grade attainment, we find little evidence of effects of childbearing on academic skills. Childbearing also has little effect on local language literacy. Beyond the immediate loss of English literacy and numeracy, if these skills lead to better health and more economic productivity, then adolescent childbearing may have longer-term repercussions than previously understood. In addition to ongoing efforts to increase educational attainment and school quality in low- and middle-income countries, investments are needed to strengthen the academic skills of adolescent mothers to secure the demographic and economic promise of expanded education for girls and women.

The paper looks at the role of traditional foodways and related cultural practices in Oneida's contemporary food sovereignty efforts, and the various understandings of the continuity of food and agricultural traditions in the community. The tribe's Tsyunhehkw^'s (joon-hen-kwa) farm, whose name loosely translates into "life sustenance" in English, serves important cultural, economic and educational purposes. It grows Oneida white flint corn, which is considered sacred by the tribe and is used for ceremonial purposes, it grows the tobacco used for ceremonies and runs a traditional Three Sisters Garden. The Three Sisters – corn, beans and squash, are an important part of the Oneida creation story, as well as the vision of Handsome Lake – a Seneca prophet from the turn of the 19th century, who played an significant role in the revival of traditional religion among the People of the Longhouse.[1] They inform the work done at Tsyunhehkw^ to provide healthful food for the Oneida community.


[1]The Oneida form part of the Iroquois Confederacy (as called by the French), referred to as the League of Five Nations by the English, or the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, as they call themselves. Haudenosaunee translates into the People of the Longhouse. The Confederacy, which was founded by the prophet known as Peacemaker with the help of Hiawatha, is made up of the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas. It was intended as a way to unite the nations and create a peaceful means of decision making. The exact date of the joining of the nations is unknown and it is one of the first and longest lasting participatory democracies in the world ("About the Haudenosaunee Confederacy" 2019).