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This article deals with the impact of legislation in the seed sector on incentives for variety creation. The first category of rules consists in intellectual property rights and is intended to address a problem of sequential innovation and R&D investments. The second category concerns commercial rules that are intended to correct a problem of adverse selection. We propose a dynamic model of market equilibrium with vertical product differentiation that enables us to take into account the economic consequences of imposing either Plant Breeders' Rights (PBRs) or patents as IPRs and either compulsory registration or minimum standards as commercialisation rules. The main result is that the combination of minimum standards and PBRs (patents) provides higher incentives for sequential and initial innovation and may be preferred by a public regulator when sunk investment costs are low (high) and the probability of R&D success is sufficiently high (low). ; Cet article porte sur l'impact de la législation dans le secteur semencier, en particulier sur les incitations à la création variétale. La première catégorie de règles consiste en des droits de propriété intellectuelle et est présente pour corriger des problèmes d'incitation à innover. La seconde catégorie concerne des règles de commercialisation dans le but de remédier à un problème de sélection adverse. Nous proposons un modèle dynamique d'équilibre de marché avec une différenciation verticale des produits. Ceci nous permet de prendre en compte les conséquences économiques de l'utilisation d'un Certificat d'Obtention Végétale (COV) ou un brevet comme DPI et d'un catalogue ou des standards minimum comme règle de commercialisation. Le résultat principal est que la combinaison des standards minimum et des COV (brevet) apporte une plus grande incitation à la fois pour une innovation initiale ou séquentielle et peut être préférée par les autorités publiques quand les coûts de R&D sont bas (haut) et que la probabilité de succès est suffisamment haute (basse).

This article deals with the impact of legislation in the seed sector on incentives for variety creation. The first category of rules consists in intellectual property rights and is intended to address a problem of sequential innovation and R&D investments. The second category concerns commercial rules that are intended to correct a problem of adverse selection. We propose a dynamic model of market equilibrium with vertical product differentiation that enables us to take into account the economic consequences of imposing either Plant Breeders' Rights (PBRs) or patents as IPRs and either compulsory registration or minimum standards as commercialisation rules. The main result is that the combination of minimum standards and PBRs (patents) provides higher incentives for sequential and initial innovation and may be preferred by a public regulator when sunk investment costs are low (high) and the probability of R&D success is sufficiently high (low). ; Cet article porte sur l'impact de la législation dans le secteur semencier, en particulier sur les incitations à la création variétale. La première catégorie de règles consiste en des droits de propriété intellectuelle et est présente pour corriger des problèmes d'incitation à innover. La seconde catégorie concerne des règles de commercialisation dans le but de remédier à un problème de sélection adverse. Nous proposons un modèle dynamique d'équilibre de marché avec une différenciation verticale des produits. Ceci nous permet de prendre en compte les conséquences économiques de l'utilisation d'un Certificat d'Obtention Végétale (COV) ou un brevet comme DPI et d'un catalogue ou des standards minimum comme règle de commercialisation. Le résultat principal est que la combinaison des standards minimum et des COV (brevet) apporte une plus grande incitation à la fois pour une innovation initiale ou séquentielle et peut être préférée par les autorités publiques quand les coûts de R&D sont bas (haut) et que la probabilité de succès est suffisamment haute (basse).

This article deals with the impact of legislation in the seed sector on incentives for variety creation. The first category of rules consists in intellectual property rights and is intended to address a problem of sequential innovation and R&D investments. The second category concerns commercial rules that are intended to correct a problem of adverse selection. We propose a dynamic model of market equilibrium with vertical product differentiation that enables us to take into account the economic consequences of imposing either Plant Breeders' Rights (PBRs) or patents as IPRs and either compulsory registration or minimum standards as commercialisation rules. The main result is that the combination of minimum standards and PBRs (patents) provides higher incentives for sequential and initial innovation and may be preferred by a public regulator when sunk investment costs are low (high) and the probability of R&D success is sufficiently high (low). ; Cet article porte sur l'impact de la législation dans le secteur semencier, en particulier sur les incitations à la création variétale. La première catégorie de règles consiste en des droits de propriété intellectuelle et est présente pour corriger des problèmes d'incitation à innover. La seconde catégorie concerne des règles de commercialisation dans le but de remédier à un problème de sélection adverse. Nous proposons un modèle dynamique d'équilibre de marché avec une différenciation verticale des produits. Ceci nous permet de prendre en compte les conséquences économiques de l'utilisation d'un Certificat d'Obtention Végétale (COV) ou un brevet comme DPI et d'un catalogue ou des standards minimum comme règle de commercialisation. Le résultat principal est que la combinaison des standards minimum et des COV (brevet) apporte une plus grande incitation à la fois pour une innovation initiale ou séquentielle et peut être préférée par les autorités publiques quand les coûts de R&D sont bas (haut) et que la probabilité de succès est suffisamment haute (basse).

This article delves into the relationship between newspaper readership and civic attitudes, and its effect on economic development. To this end, we investigate the long-term consequences of the introduction of the printing press in the 19th century. In sub-Saharan Africa, Protestant missionaries were the first both to import the printing press technology and to allow the indigenous population to use it. We build a new geocoded dataset locating Protestant missions in 1903. This dataset includes, for each mission station, the geographic location and its characteristics, as well as the educational and health-related investments undertaken by the mission. We show that, within regions located close to missions, proximity to a printing press significantly increases newspaper readership today. We also document a strong association between proximity to a printing press and contemporary economic development. Our results are robust to a variety of identification strategies.

This article deals with the impact of legislation in the seed sector on incentives for variety creation. The first category of rules consists in intellectual property rights and is intended to address a problem of sequential innovation and R&D investments. The second category concerns commercial rules that are intended to correct a problem of adverse selection. We propose a dynamic model of market equilibrium with vertical product differentiation that enables us to take into account the economic consequences of imposing either Plant Breeders' Rights (PBRs) or patents as IPRs and either compulsory registration or minimum standards as commercialisation rules. The main result is that the combination of minimum standards and PBRs (patents) provides higher incentives for sequential and initial innovation and may be preferred by a public regulator when sunk investment costs are low (high) and the probability of R&D success is sufficiently high (low). ; Cet article porte sur l'impact de la législation dans le secteur semencier, en particulier sur les incitations à la création variétale. La première catégorie de règles consiste en des droits de propriété intellectuelle et est présente pour corriger des problèmes d'incitation à innover. La seconde catégorie concerne des règles de commercialisation dans le but de remédier à un problème de sélection adverse. Nous proposons un modèle dynamique d'équilibre de marché avec une différenciation verticale des produits. Ceci nous permet de prendre en compte les conséquences économiques de l'utilisation d'un Certificat d'Obtention Végétale (COV) ou un brevet comme DPI et d'un catalogue ou des standards minimum comme règle de commercialisation. Le résultat principal est que la combinaison des standards minimum et des COV (brevet) apporte une plus grande incitation à la fois pour une innovation initiale ou séquentielle et peut être préférée par les autorités publiques quand les coûts de R&D sont bas (haut) et que la probabilité de succès est suffisamment haute (basse).

This article deals with the impact of legislation in the seed sector on incentives for variety creation. The first category of rules consists in intellectual property rights and is intended to address a problem of sequential innovation and R&D investments. The second category concerns commercial rules that are intended to correct a problem of adverse selection. We propose a dynamic model of market equilibrium with vertical product differentiation that enables us to take into account the economic consequences of imposing either Plant Breeders' Rights (PBRs) or patents as IPRs and either compulsory registration or minimum standards as commercialisation rules. The main result is that the combination of minimum standards and PBRs (patents) provides higher incentives for sequential and initial innovation and may be preferred by a public regulator when sunk investment costs are low (high) and the probability of R&D success is sufficiently high (low). ; Cet article porte sur l'impact de la législation dans le secteur semencier, en particulier sur les incitations à la création variétale. La première catégorie de règles consiste en des droits de propriété intellectuelle et est présente pour corriger des problèmes d'incitation à innover. La seconde catégorie concerne des règles de commercialisation dans le but de remédier à un problème de sélection adverse. Nous proposons un modèle dynamique d'équilibre de marché avec une différenciation verticale des produits. Ceci nous permet de prendre en compte les conséquences économiques de l'utilisation d'un Certificat d'Obtention Végétale (COV) ou un brevet comme DPI et d'un catalogue ou des standards minimum comme règle de commercialisation. Le résultat principal est que la combinaison des standards minimum et des COV (brevet) apporte une plus grande incitation à la fois pour une innovation initiale ou séquentielle et peut être préférée par les autorités publiques quand les coûts de R&D sont bas (haut) et que la probabilité de succès est suffisamment haute (basse).

This article deals with the impact of legislation in the seed sector on incentives for variety creation. The first category of rules consists in intellectual property rights and is intended to address a problem of sequential innovation and R&D investments. The second category concerns commercial rules that are intended to correct a problem of adverse selection. We propose a dynamic model of market equilibrium with vertical product differentiation that enables us to take into account the economic consequences of imposing either Plant Breeders' Rights (PBRs) or patents as IPRs and either compulsory registration or minimum standards as commercialisation rules. The main result is that the combination of minimum standards and PBRs (patents) provides higher incentives for sequential and initial innovation and may be preferred by a public regulator when sunk investment costs are low (high) and the probability of R&D success is sufficiently high (low). ; Cet article porte sur l'impact de la législation dans le secteur semencier, en particulier sur les incitations à la création variétale. La première catégorie de règles consiste en des droits de propriété intellectuelle et est présente pour corriger des problèmes d'incitation à innover. La seconde catégorie concerne des règles de commercialisation dans le but de remédier à un problème de sélection adverse. Nous proposons un modèle dynamique d'équilibre de marché avec une différenciation verticale des produits. Ceci nous permet de prendre en compte les conséquences économiques de l'utilisation d'un Certificat d'Obtention Végétale (COV) ou un brevet comme DPI et d'un catalogue ou des standards minimum comme règle de commercialisation. Le résultat principal est que la combinaison des standards minimum et des COV (brevet) apporte une plus grande incitation à la fois pour une innovation initiale ou séquentielle et peut être préférée par les autorités publiques quand les coûts de R&D sont bas (haut) et que la probabilité de succès est suffisamment haute (basse).

This article delves into the relationship between newspaper readership and civic attitudes, and its effect on economic development. To this end, we investigate the long-term consequences of the introduction of the printing press in the 19th century. In sub-Saharan Africa, Protestant missionaries were the first both to import the printing press technology and to allow the indigenous population to use it. We build a new geocoded dataset locating Protestant missions in 1903. This dataset includes, for each mission station, the geographic location and its characteristics, as well as the educational and health-related investments undertaken by the mission. We show that, within regions located close to missions, proximity to a printing press significantly increases newspaper readership today. We also document a strong association between proximity to a printing press and contemporary economic development. Our results are robust to a variety of identification strategies.

This article delves into the relationship between newspaper readership and civic attitudes, and its e↵ect on economic development. To this end, we investigate the long-term consequences of the introduction of the printing press in the 19th century. In sub-Saharan Africa, Protestant missionaries were the first both to import the printing press technology and to allow the indigenous population to use it. We build a new geocoded dataset locating Protestant missions in 1903. This dataset includes, for each mission station, the geographic location and its characteristics, as well as the educational and health-related investments undertaken by the mission. We show that, within regions located close to missions, proximity to a printing press significantly increases newspaper readership today. We also document a strong association between proximity to a printing press and contemporary economic development. Our results are robust to a variety of identification strategies.

This article delves into the relationship between newspaper readership and civic attitudes, and its e↵ect on economic development. To this end, we investigate the long-term consequences of the introduction of the printing press in the 19th century. In sub-Saharan Africa, Protestant missionaries were the first both to import the printing press technology and to allow the indigenous population to use it. We build a new geocoded dataset locating Protestant missions in 1903. This dataset includes, for each mission station, the geographic location and its characteristics, as well as the educational and health-related investments undertaken by the mission. We show that, within regions located close to missions, proximity to a printing press significantly increases newspaper readership today. We also document a strong association between proximity to a printing press and contemporary economic development. Our results are robust to a variety of identification strategies.

This article delves into the relationship between newspaper readership and civic attitudes, and its e↵ect on economic development. To this end, we investigate the long-term consequences of the introduction of the printing press in the 19th century. In sub-Saharan Africa, Protestant missionaries were the first both to import the printing press technology and to allow the indigenous population to use it. We build a new geocoded dataset locating Protestant missions in 1903. This dataset includes, for each mission station, the geographic location and its characteristics, as well as the educational and health-related investments undertaken by the mission. We show that, within regions located close to missions, proximity to a printing press significantly increases newspaper readership today. We also document a strong association between proximity to a printing press and contemporary economic development. Our results are robust to a variety of identification strategies.

This article delves into the relationship between newspaper readership and civic attitudes, and its e↵ect on economic development. To this end, we investigate the long-term consequences of the introduction of the printing press in the 19th century. In sub-Saharan Africa, Protestant missionaries were the first both to import the printing press technology and to allow the indigenous population to use it. We build a new geocoded dataset locating Protestant missions in 1903. This dataset includes, for each mission station, the geographic location and its characteristics, as well as the educational and health-related investments undertaken by the mission. We show that, within regions located close to missions, proximity to a printing press significantly increases newspaper readership today. We also document a strong association between proximity to a printing press and contemporary economic development. Our results are robust to a variety of identification strategies.

This article delves into the relationship between newspaper readership and civic attitudes, and its e↵ect on economic development. To this end, we investigate the long-term consequences of the introduction of the printing press in the 19th century. In sub-Saharan Africa, Protestant missionaries were the first both to import the printing press technology and to allow the indigenous population to use it. We build a new geocoded dataset locating Protestant missions in 1903. This dataset includes, for each mission station, the geographic location and its characteristics, as well as the educational and health-related investments undertaken by the mission. We show that, within regions located close to missions, proximity to a printing press significantly increases newspaper readership today. We also document a strong association between proximity to a printing press and contemporary economic development. Our results are robust to a variety of identification strategies.

This article delves into the relationship between newspaper readership and civic attitudes, and its e↵ect on economic development. To this end, we investigate the long-term consequences of the introduction of the printing press in the 19th century. In sub-Saharan Africa, Protestant missionaries were the first both to import the printing press technology and to allow the indigenous population to use it. We build a new geocoded dataset locating Protestant missions in 1903. This dataset includes, for each mission station, the geographic location and its characteristics, as well as the educational and health-related investments undertaken by the mission. We show that, within regions located close to missions, proximity to a printing press significantly increases newspaper readership today. We also document a strong association between proximity to a printing press and contemporary economic development. Our results are robust to a variety of identification strategies.

This paper inverts the usual logic of applied optimal income taxation. It starts from the observed distribution of income before and after redistribution and corresponding marginal tax rates. Under a set of simplifying assumptions, it is then possible to recover the social welfare function that would make the observed marginal tax rate schedule optimal. In this framework, the issue of the optimality of an existing tax-benefit system is transformed into the issue of the shape of the social welfare function associated with that system and whether it satisfies elementary properties. This method is applied to the French redistribution system with the interesting implication that the French redistribution authority may appear, under some plausible scenario concerning the size of the labor supply behavioral reactions, non Paretian (e.g. giving negative marginal social weights to the richest class of tax payers). ; Cet article renverse la logique classique de la littérature de la fiscalité optimale. On part de la distribution observée des revenus bruts et des revenus disponibles d'une population et des taux d'imposition marginaux observés calculés par un modèle de microsimulation. On montre alors que, sous certaines conditions simplificatrices, il est possible d'identifier la fonction de bien-être social qui rendrait optimal le schéma des taux marginaux observés sous certaines hypothèses sur les préférences consommation-loisir. Dans ce cadre, la question de l'optimalité d'un système tax-benefit concret peut être analysée en vérifiant si la fonction de bien-être social associée satisfait certaines propriétés. Cette méthode est appliquée au système de redistribution français. On observe que, ou l'autorité fiscale assigne des valeurs peu élevées aux élasticités de l'offre de travail, ou bien elle assigne des poids sociaux négatifs aux agents les plus riches.