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Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Navule Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 684 ha in Chikkanayakanahalli taluk of Tumkur district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 700 mm, of which about 378 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 179 mm during north-east and the remaining 143 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 94 per cent is covered by soils and six per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 29 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 2nd week of July to 3rd week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 34 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 61 per cent of the soils are deep (100-150 cm) to very deep (>150 cm), 30 per cent moderately deep and 3 per cent moderately shallow.  About 23 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface and 67 per cent loamy soils.  About 34 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m).  About 80 per cent of the area has nearly level (0-1%) to very gently sloping (1- 3% slope) lands and 13 per cent gently sloping (3-5%).  An area of about 69 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 24 per cent moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 24 per cent has soils that are slightly acid (pH 5.0-6.5) to moderately acid, 38 per cent neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 32 per cent slightly to moderately alkaline.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 3 per cent of the soils are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is high (>10 ppm) in about 12 per cent area and medium (10- 20 ppm) in about 79 per cent area and low (4.5 ppm) in 91 per cent and deficiant in 3 per cent area.  Available manganese, copper and zinc are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 34 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure,marked price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 144 (21) 274(40) Guava 16 (2) 350 (51) Fodder Sorghum 144 (21) 274(40) Pomogranate 16 (2) 348 (51) Maize 144 (21) 48 (7) Banana 16 (2) 348 (51) Upland paddy 144 (21) 298 (44) Jackfruit 16 (2) 307 (45) Finger millet 144 (21) 126 (18) Jamun 16 (2) 226 (33) Redgram 144 (21) 274 (40) Musambi 16 (2) 402 (32) Horse gram 144 (21) 472 (69) Lime 16 (2) 402 (32) Field bean 144 (21) 274 (40) Cashew 16 (2) 350 (51) Cowpea 144 (21) 274 (40) Custard apple 164 (24) 453 (56) Groundnut 144 (21) 246 (36) Amla 144 (21) 472 (69) Sunflower 16 (2) 402 (59) Tamarind 16 (2) 226 (33) Onion 144 (21) 143 (21) Marigold 144 (21) 274 (40) Chilli 144 (21) 274 (40) Chrysanthemum 144 (21) 274 (40) Brinjal 144 (21) 274 (40) Jasmine 144 (21) 274 (40) Tomato 144 (21) 274 (40) Coconut 16 (2) 176 (26) Mango 16 (2) 600 (88) Arecanut 16 (2) 176 (26) Sapota 16 (2) 176 (26) Mulberry 68 (10) (3247) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This helps in maintaining ecological balance and contribute to mitigating climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Navule micro-watershed (Anekatte sub-watershed, Chikkanayakanahalli taluk, Tumkur district) is located in between 13025' – 13026' North latitudes and 76033' – 76035' East longitudes, covering an area of about 684.17 ha, bounded by Muddenahalli, Shavashettyhalli, Katenahalli, Navule, Yarehalli, Aralikere and Muddhenahalli villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days.We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Navule micro-watershed (Anekatte subwatershed, Chikkanayakanahalli taluk, Tumkur district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 49 to 51 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 49 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 95.8 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) is around 10.0 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 20.0 per cent.  About 80.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (60.0 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 70.0 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities among all the sample households.  Institutional participation is only 6.3 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 10 per cent of households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 0.64 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small farmers. The rainfed land is around 48.6 % and irrigated land is around 51.4 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 4.3 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 61.7 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 12134 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average farm assets value is around Rs. 103179 per household, about 30.0 per cent of sample farmers having plough and sprayer.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 47000 per household; among all household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 693.4 grams (1638.3 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 80.0 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 83358 per household. About 60 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.1328. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 484 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 310009 per year for the total area of 451.5 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grains production is around Rs. 28636/ha/year. Per hectare food grains production services is maximum in coconut (Rs. 87821) followed by maize (Rs.21942), ragi (Rs. 11884), green gram (Rs. 6969), sorghum and horse gram are negative return  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around sorghum (Rs. 3437) followed by ragi (Rs. 2408), horse gram (Rs. 2058), maize (Rs. 1825), green gram (Rs. 396) and coconut (Rs. 127).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in coconut (Rs. 317967) followed by greengram (Rs. 37276), horse gram (Rs. 23758), maize (Rs. 22303), sorghum (Rs. 19640) and ragi (Rs. 16479). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is greengram (27.9 %) followed by ragi (22.9 %), coconut (20.6 %), maize (14.7 %), areca nut (6.2 %), cardamom (6.2 %), horse gram (0.6 %) and sorghum (0.6 %).  In Navule micro-watershed, major soil is Gollarahatti (GHT) soil are moderately deep well drained, around 21.55 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing coconut. Balapur (BPR) soil series having soils are deep soil depth cover around 12.41 % of areas; crops are greengram (40.6 %), maize (30.3 %) and ragi (29.1 %). Giddadapalya (GDP) and Nagalapur (NGP) are also having soils are deep soil depth cover around 7.52 % and 5.53 % of area, respectively; the crops are greengram and ragi. Shirur (SRR) soil having are deep moderately well drained, around 11.29 % of area; crops are horse gram (29.4 %) and sorghum (70.6 %). Muradi (MRD) and Thondigere (TDG) soil series having are very deep soil depth covered around 2.35 % and 13.81 % of area, respectively. The major crops grown are coconut and ragi.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for coconut ranges between Rs.102779/ha in TDH soil (with BCR of 1.63) and Rs. 31404/ha in GHT (with BCR of 3.79).  In ragi the cost of cultivation of range between Rs. 59287/ha in TDG soil (with BCR of 1.13) and Rs. 26060/ha in BPR soil (with BCR of 1.65).  In green gram the cost of cultivation range between and Rs. 38449 in GDP soil (with BCR of 1.00) and Rs. 22173/ha in BPR soil (with BCR of 1.53).  In horse gram the cost of cultivation in SRR soil is Rs.31605/ha (with BCR of 1.51).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation in SRR soil is Rs 15995/ha (with BCR of 1.14) and maize the cost of cultivation in BPR soil is Rs 10910 /ha (with BCR of 3.18)  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. 4  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in coconut (20.9 to 42.9 %), ragi (57.4 to 77.0%), green gram (30.5 to 36.6 %), horse gram (40.9 %), maize (78.0 %) and sorghum (29.7 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Nandihalli Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 354 ha in Gubbi taluk of Tumakuru district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 813 mm, of which about 466 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 196 mm during north-east and the remaining 151 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 57per cent is covered by soils. 41 per cent is covered by gullied lands and 2 per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 13 soil phases (management units) and 6 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from 3rd week of June to third week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 34 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 57 percent area is suitable for agriculture and 41 percent is not suitable for agriculture  About 48 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) to very deep (>150 cm) and 8 per cent of the soils are moderately shallow.  About 10 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface and 47 per cent loamy soils.  About 48 per cent of the soils are non gravelly, 7 per cent of the soils are gravelly (200 mm/m) available water capacity.  About 52 per cent of the area has nearly level (0-1%) to very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and about 4 per cent of the area is gently sloping (3-5%).  An area of about 36 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 19 per cent moderately eroded (e2). Very small area of about 1 per cent is severely eroded and 41 per cent is covered by gullied lands.  Maximum area of about 70 per cent has soils that are slightly acidic to strongly acid (pH 5.0-6.5), 27 per cent area is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus and 61 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha).  About 48 per cent of the soils are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is medium (10 -20 ppm) in an area of about 76 per cent and high (>20 ppm) in an area of 22 per cent.  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in maximum area about 84 per cent and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 14 per cent area.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 54 per cent of soils of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 34 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 110 (31) 41(12) Guava 90(26) 32(9) Fodder Sorghum 110 (31) 41(12) Pomegranate 110 (31) 12(3) Maize 56(16) 95(27) Banana 110 (31) 12(3) Upland paddy 110 (31) 41(12) Jackfruit 110 (31) 12(3) Finger millet 110 (31) 41(12) Jamun 110 (31) 89(25) Red gram 110 (31) 41(12) Musambi 110 (31) 12(3) Horse gram 121(34) 79 (22) Lime 110 (31) 12(3) Field bean 110 (31) 41(12) Cashew 90(26) 32(9) Cowpea 110 (31) 41(12) Custard apple 110 (31) 89(25) Groundnut 17(5) 163 (26) Amla 110 (31) 89(25) Sunflower 110 (31) 12(3) Tamarind 110 (31) - Onion 76 (21) 75(21) Marigold 110 (31) 89(25) Chilli 110 (31) 41(12) Chrysanthemum 110 (31) 89(25) Brinjal 110 (31) 41(12) Jasmine 110 (31) 89(25) Tomato 110 (31) 41(12) Coconut 90(26) 32(9) Mango 110(31) - Arecanut 90(26) 32(9) Sapota 110 (31) 12(3) Mulbery 15(5) 107(30) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contributes to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Nandihalli micro-watershed (Pillahalli sub-watershed, Gubbi taluk, Tumkur district) is located in between 13028' – 13029' North latitudes and 76053' – 76055' East longitudes, covering an area of about 353.56 ha, bounded by Malamachanakunte and Nallur villages with an length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Nandihalli micro-watershed (Pillahalli subwatershed, Gubbi taluk, Tumkur district) presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 57.1 to 42.9 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 59.2 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 71.5 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste OBC is around 50.0 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among 90.0 per cent.  About 80.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (70.0 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 90.0 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 70 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 6.12 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 30 per cent of households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.98 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land of 54.7 % and irrigated land 45.3 % of total cultivated land among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 82.1 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 7.8 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 10528 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 126927 per household, about 40 per cent of sample farmers having plough and sprayer.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 23229 per household; about 40 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 659.9 grams (1380.4 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Among all sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 113300 per household. About 60.0 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs. 1233. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 634 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 125033 per year for the total area of 348 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 307802/ ha/year. Per hectare food production services is maximum in mango (Rs 378917) followed by areca nut (Rs. 193859), coconut (Rs. 65339), sorghum (Rs. 14607), horse gram (Rs. 7705), ragi (Rs. 7297), greengram (Rs. 4482).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 1520/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in greengram (Rs. 2100) followed by horse gram (Rs 1630), ragi (Rs. 1610) and sorghum (Rs. 741).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in coconut (Rs. 3 291170), sorghum (Rs. 48936), green gram (Rs. 34116), horse gram (Rs. 21794), ragi (Rs. 12918) and arecanut (Rs. 10284). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is coconut (29.0 %) followed by ragi (24.0 %), arecanut (16.7 %), sorghum (5.4 %), mango (3.2 %) and greengram (7.2 %) and horse gram (19.0 %).  In Nandihalli micro-watershed, major soil is Hallikere (HLK) soil series are having very deep soil depth cover around 11.09 per cent of areas. On present farmers growing crops are arecanut (15.4 %), coconut (26.4 %), horse gram (16.2 %) and, ragi (38.5 %). Kadagathur (KDT) and Niduvalalu (NDL) soils are also very deep soil depth covers around 9.71 per cent and 13.51 per cent of areas, respectively; the crops are arecanut (8.1 %), coconut (39.8 %), green gram (6.6 %), horse gram (9.9), ragi (22.3 %) and sorghum (13.3 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for arecanut ranges between Rs. 170736/ha in KDT soil (with BCR of 2.27) and Rs. 44110/ha in HLK soil (with BCR of 4.90).  In coconut the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs. 104051/ha in NGP soil (with BCR of 1.71) and Rs. 53371/ha in HLK soil (with BCR of 1.90).  In horse gram the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 21154/ha in HLK soil (with BCR of 1.23) and Rs. 17249/ha in KDT soil (with BCR of 1.79).  In ragi the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 26647/ha in KDT soil (with BCR of 1.56) and Rs. 15725/ha in HLK soil (with BCR of 1.02).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation is Rs. 22319/ha in KDT soil (with BCR of 1.69) and mango the cost of cultivation is Rs. 32750/ha in NDL soil (with BCR of 12.57).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices. 4  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in arecanut (86.1 to 76.5 %), ragi (75.7 to 60.2 %), coconut (53.5 to 18.7 %), horse gram (39.3 to 15.7 %), green gram (42.2 %), mango (47.3 %) and sorghum (42.8 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Pinnenahalli Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 472 ha in Gubbi taluk of Tumakuru district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 813 mm, of which about 466 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 196 mm during north-east and the remaining 151 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 99 per cent is covered by soils and one per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and 4 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from 3rd week of June to third week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 34 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area is suitable for agriculture.  About 78 per cent of the soils are deep (100-150 cm) to very deep (>150 cm), 16 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100cm) and 5 per cent of the soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm).  About 16 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface and 83 per cent loamy soils.  About 47 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils (200 mm/m) available water capacity.  About 99 per cent of the area has gently sloping (1-3%) to very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 67 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 32 per cent moderately eroded (e2).  Maximum area of about 79 per cent has soils that are slightly acidic to strongly acid (pH 5.0-6.5) and 20 per cent area has neutral (pH 6.5-7.3).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 3 per cent of the soils are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is medium (10 -20 ppm) in an area of about 4 per cent and high (>20 ppm) in an area of 94 per cent.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 36 per cent of soils of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 34 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 119 (25) 24 (5) Guava 109 (23) 216 (46) Fodder Sorghum 119 (25) 24 (5) Pomegranate 109 (23) 9(2) Maize - 133 (28) Banana 109 (23) 9(2) Upland paddy 109 (23) 109 (23) Jackfruit 109 (23) - Finger millet 109 (23) 100 (21) Jamun 109 (23) 9(2) Redgram 109 (23) 33 (7) Musambi 119 (25) - Horse gram 133 (28) 332 (71) Lime 119 (25) - Field bean 109 (23) 33 (7) Cashew 109 (23) - Cowpea 109 (23) 33 (7) Custard apple 119 (25 ) - Groundnut - 456 (97) Amla 119 (25 ) - Sunflower 119 (25) - Tamarind 109 (23) 9(2) Onion - 133 (28) Marigold 119 (25) 55 (12) Chilli 119 (25) 24 (5) Chrysanthemum 119 (25) 55 (12) Brinjal 119 (25) 24 (5) Jasmine 119 (25) 55 (12) Tomato 119 (25) 24 (5) Coconut 109 (23) - Mango 109 (23) - Arecanut 109 (23) - Sapota 109 (23) - Mulbery - 324 (69) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contributes to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Pinnenahalli Microwatershed (Tyagatur sub-watershed, Gubbi taluk, Tumkur district) is located in between 13027' – 13028' North latitudes and 76049' – 76052' East longitudes, covering an area of about 471.74 ha, bounded by Pinnenahalli, Karegondanahalli, Kempanahalli, Varthikatte, Maddenahalli and Jogihalli villages with an length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Pinnenahalli Microwatershed in Gubbi taluk and Tumkur district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 56.8 to 43.2 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 63.6 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 84.1 per cent.  Social groups belong to general category of all sample households.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LGP) is the source of energy for a cooking of all sample households.  About 30 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (20.0 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on rations cards for food grains through public distribution system about 80.0 percent of farm households.  Swachha bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 50.0 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 13.6 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 45 per cent of sample household. Economic Indicators; 2  The average land holding is 0.55 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal farmers. The dry land of 90.3 % and irrigated land 9.7 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 59.1 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour services is main occupation for 2.3 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 52198 households. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.70579 per household, about 30 per cent of sample farmers having plough and tractor.  The average value livestock of is around Rs.14380 per household, about 75 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 478.1 grams (1188.29) kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Among all sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 37269 per household. About 90 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.749. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 471 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 219334 per year for the total area of 471.7 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 20287 /ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in coconut (Rs. 62915) followed by red gram (Rs. 20804), sorghum (Rs. 16238), horse gram (Rs. 10607), green gram (Rs. 7117) and ragi (Rs. 4039).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 2193/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in ragi (Rs. 3850) followed by sorghum (Rs. 2198), green gram (Rs. 1611) and horse gram (Rs. 1112).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water coconut (Rs. 305755), red gram (Rs. 57220), sorghum (Rs. 51041), green gram (Rs. 37082), horse gram (Rs. 22808) and ragi (Rs 15041). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is coconut (57.3 %) followed by ragi (33.7 %), red gram (13.9 %), sorghum (7.0 %), green gram (6.8 %) and horse gram (5.9 %).  In Pinnenahalli micro-watershed, major soil are soils of granite gneiss landscape of Kethanapura (KTP) series is having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 5.0 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing ragi. Bidanagere (BDG) is also having moderately deep soil depth cover 16.1% of area, the crops are ragi (50 %) and sorghum (50 %). Balapur (BPR) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 45.8% of areas, crops are coconut (15.9 %), green gram (13.8%), horse gram (12.0 %), ragi (30.1 %) and red gram (28.2 %). Shyanadrahalli (SNH) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 2.0 % of area; crops are coconut. Kadagathur (KDT) soil series are having very deep soil depth cover around 23.1 % of area; the major crops grown are coconut (68.4 %) and ragi (31.6 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for coconut ranges between Rs. 67960/ha in BPR soil (with BCR of 1.97) and Rs. 28631/ha in KDT soil (with BCR of 4.39).  In ragi the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 39120/ha in BPR soil (with BCR of 1.25) and Rs. 20020/ha in KDT soil (with BCR of 1.54).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation in BDG soil is Rs. 18928/ha (with BCR of 1.97).  In red gram the cost of cultivation in BPR soil is Rs. 20187/ha (with BCR of 2.03).  In green gram the cost of cultivation in BPR soil is RS. 277885/ha (with BCR of 1.31) and horse gram the cost of cultivation in BPR soil is Rs. 16069/ha (with BCR of 1.73).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. 4  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in ragi (57.9 to 67.6 %), coconut (36.6 to 38.9 %), sorghum (40.3 %), bengal gram (37.1 %), horse gram (24.1 %) and red gram (13.9 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kadenhalli Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false color composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for Physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 476 ha in Chikkanayakanahalli taluk of Tumkur district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 700 mm, of which about 378 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 179 mm during north-east and the remaining 143 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 96 per cent is covered by soils and 4 per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 15 soil series and 31 soil phases (management units) and six land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 2nd week of July to 3rd week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 34 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area of about 94 per cent in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture and two per cent not suitable for agriculture.  About 15 per cent of the soils are deep (100-150 cm) to very deep (>150 cm), 24 per cent moderately deep (75-100cm) and 54 per cent moderately shallow to shallow (25- 75%) soils.  About 2 per cent of the area has clayey soils, 2 % sandy soils and 92 per cent loamy soils at the surface.  About 52 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils, 22 per cent gravelly (15-35%) and 21 per cent very gravelly to extremely gravelly (35-80%) soils.  About 83 per cent has soils that are very low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 8 per cent of the soils are low (10 ppm) in about 36 per cent area, low (0.6 ppm) in about 92 per cent area and deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 3 per cent area.  The land suitability for 34 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Kadenhalli Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 59 (1) 294 (62) Guava 25 (5) 91 (19) Fodder Sorghum 59 (12) 303 (64) Pomegranate 54 (11) 46 (10) Maize 30 (6) 262 (55) Banana 54 (11) 46 (10) Upland paddy 59 (12) 303 (64) Jackfruit 54 (11) 107 (23) Finger millet 59 (12) 320 (67) Jamun 54 (11) - Redgram 59 (1) 294 (62) Musambi 54 (11) 107 (23) Horse gram 109 (23) 269 (57) Lime 54 (11) 107 (23) Field bean 59 (1) 294 (62) Cashew 25 (5) 152 (32) Cowpea 59 (1) 294 (62) Custard apple 59 (12) 319 (67) Groundnut 30 (6) 257 (54) Amla 59 (12) 382 (67) Sunflower 54 (11) 107 (23) Tamarind 54 (11) - Onion 59 (1) 233 (49) Marigold 59 (1) 294 (62) Chilli 59 (1) 294 (62) Chrysanthemum 59 (1) 294 (62) Brinjal 59 (1) 294 (62) Jasmine 59 (1) 294 (62) Tomato 59 (1) 294 (62) Coconut 25 (5) 75 (16) Mango 54 (11) - Arecanut 25 (5) 75 (16) Sapota 54 (11) 107 (23) Mulberry 25 (5) 75 (16) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub-marginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder, fuel and generate lot of biomass. This helps in maintaining ecological balance and contributes to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Kadenahalli micro-watershed (Anekatte sub-watershed, Chikkanayakanahalli taluk, Tumkur district) is located in between 13021' – 13023' North latitudes and 76036' – 76039' East longitudes, covering an area of about 476.20 ha, bounded by Kadenahalli, Dabbegatta, Tharabenahalli, Jayachamarajapura and Bairaganahalli villages length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days.We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Kadenahalli Microwatershed (Anekatte subwatershed, Chikkanayakanahalli taluk, Tumkur district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 53.7 to 46.3 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 51.2 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 92.7 per cent.  Social groups belong to general caste among the all sample households.  Liquefied petroleum gas is the source of energy for a cooking among 95.2 per cent.  About 61.9 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  About 10.0 per cent of farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grain through public distribution system is around 70.0 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities having among all the sample households.  Institutional participation is only 24.4 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 7.3 per cent of farm households.  Women participation in decisions making for agriculture production among all sample households. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 0.4 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belonging to marginal farmers. The dry land of 81.4 per cent and irrigated land 18.6 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 52.8 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 19.4 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.10282 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.78671 per household, about 70.0 per cent of sample farmers having plough and sprayer  The average value of livestock is around Rs.19550 per household; about 86.0 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 605 grams (1504 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 90.0 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.92308 per household. About 40 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.801. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 591 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 264732 per year for the total area of 476.20 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 18704/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in areca nut (Rs. 92098), coconut (Rs. 25904), ragi (Rs. 17996), red gram (Rs. 9462), black gram (Rs. 6711), green gram (Rs. 3540) and sorghum is negative return.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 4254/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in sorghum (Rs. 10725) Followed by ragi (Rs. 3075), greengram (Rs. 1790) and horse gram (Rs. 1425).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in coconut(Rs. 3 481866), black gram (Rs. 272925), sorghum (Rs.167301), red gram (Rs. 90506) horse gram (Rs.65792), green gram (Rs.54717), ragi (Rs. 33117) and areca nut (Rs. 6128). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is coconut (28.0 %) followed by ragi (27.2 %), greengram (18.1 %), sorghum (9.1 %), areca nut (8.0 %), horse gram (7.7 %) and black gram (1.9 %).  In Kadenahalli micro-watershed, major soil is of Bidanagere (BDG) series is having moderately deep soil depth cover around 1.9 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing green gram. Bhimanakunte (BMK) is also having moderately deep soil depth cover 2.0 % of area, the crops are black gram (56.2 %) and ragi (43.8%). Balapur (BPR) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 3.9 % of areas, crops are greengram (50.0 %) and ragi (50.0 %). Bedwatti (BWT) soil series having moderately deep soil depth cover around 12.9 % of area, main crop is sorghum. Dambarahalli (CSR) soil series are having shallow soil depth cover around 3.6 % of area, respectively. The major crops grown are areca nut (84.9%) and coconut (15.1 %). Gollarahatti (GHT) soil series are having moderately deep soil depth covers around 1.0 % of area; the major crop grown is horsegram (50.0 %) and redgram. Hooradhahalli (HDH) soil series having moderately deep soil depth cover 6.8 % of areas respectively; crops are cotton (50.0 %) and ragi (50.0 %). Ranatur (RTR) soil series having very deep soil depth cover 6.1% of areas; main crops are coconut and Thammadahalli (TDH) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover 19.3 % of areas main crop is coconut.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for coconut ranges between Rs.160451/ha in TDH soil (with BCR of 1.17) and Rs.27147/ha in HDH soil (with BCR of 2.61).  In green gram the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 32058/ha in BDG soil (with BCR of 1.03) and Rs.24399/ha in BPR (with BCR of 1.53).  In ragi the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 58521/ha in BMK soil and Rs.15002/ha in BPR soil (with BCR of 2.91).  In red gram the cost of cultivation in GHT soil is Rs.41600/ha (with BCR of 1.20).  In black gram the cost of cultivation in BMK soil is Rs. 49275/ha (with BCR of 1.14) and sorghum the cost of cultivation in BWT soil is Rs.36792/ha (with BCR of 1.03).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil 4 and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in areca nut (22.8 %), coconut (43.5 to 52.6 %), ragi (42.2 to 60.9 %), redgram (2.7 %), horse gram (27.0 %) and greengram (13.2 to 30.1 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kallupalya Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 402 ha in Gubbi taluk of Tumakuru district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drough-prone with an average annual rainfall of 813 mm, of which about 466 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 196 mm during north-east and the remaining 151 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 88 per cent is covered by soils and 12 per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 18 soil phases (management units) and 6 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from 3rd week of June to third week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 33 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 87 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 13 per cent is not suitable for agriculture  About 84 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) to very deep (>150 cm) and 4 per cent of the soils are moderately shallow.  About 6 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface and 82 per cent loamy soils.  About 39 per cent of the soils are non gravelly, 19 per cent of the soils are gravelly (200 mm/m) available water capacity.  About 81 per cent of the area has nearly level (0-1%) to very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and about 7 per cent of the area is gently sloping (3-5%).  An area of about 52 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 29 per cent moderately eroded (e2). A very small area of about 7 per cent is severely eroded.  Maximum area of about 57 per cent has soils that are strongly acid to moderately acid and slightly acid (pH 5.0-6.5) and 31 per cent neutral (pH 6.5-7.3).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus and 1 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha).  About 23 per cent of the soils are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is medium (10 -20 ppm) in an area of about 4 per cent and high (>20 ppm) in an area of 83 per cent.  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in maximum area about 77 per cent area and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 11 per cent area.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire microwatershed area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 36 per cent of soils of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 34 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 74 (16) 62(13) Guava 74 (16) 185(40) Fodder Sorghum 74 (16) 62(13) Pomegranate 74 (16) 45(10) Maize 43 (9) 93(20) Banana 74 (16) 45(10) Upland paddy 74 (16) 140(30) Jackfruit 74 (16) 45(10) Finger millet 74 (16) 119(26) Jamun 74 (16) 45(10) Redgram 74 (16) 62(13) Musambi 74 (16) 45(10) Horse gram 91(20) 272(59) Lime 74 (16) 45(10) Field bean 74 (16) 62(13) Cashew 74 (16) 105(23) Cowpea 74 (16) 62(13) Custard apple 74 (16) 119(43) Groundnut 12(3) 276(60) Amla 74 (16) 197(43) Sunflower 74 (16) 45(10) Tamarind 74 (16) 45(10) Onion 43 (9) 93(20) Marigold 74 (16) 83(18) Chilli 74 (16) 62(13) Chrysanthemum 74 (16) 83(18) Brinjal 74 (16) 62(13) Jasmine 74 (16) 83(18) Tomato 74 (16) 62(13) Coconut 74 (16) 45(10) Mango 74 (16) 45(10) Arecanut 74 (16) 45(10) Sapota 74 (16) 45(10) Mulberry 12(3) 300(65) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contributes to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Kallupalya micro-watershed (Tyagatur sub-watershed, Gubbi taluk, Tumkur district) is located in between 13026' – 13028' North latitudes and 76049' – 76052' East longitudes, covering an area of about 462.13 ha, bounded by Pinnenahalli, Unaganala, Hosakere, Maddinahalli and Harehalli villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Kallupalya micro-watershed (Tyagatur subwatershed, Gubbi taluk, Tumkur district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 54.8 to 45.2 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age group of 18 to 30 populations is around 57.1 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 81.0 per cent.  Social groups belong to general caste is around 90.0 per cent  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the major source of energy for a cooking around 90.0 per cent.  About 60.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  About 70.0 percent of farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system among the all sample households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 70.0 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 12.0 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 40.0 per cent of households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 0.7 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land account for 32.7 per cent and irrigated land of 68.3 per cent of total cultivable land among the sample households.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 87.8 per cent and agriculture is the main and private service is subsidiary occupation for 6.1 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 14223 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 11271 per household, about 40 per cent of sample farmers are owing plough.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 42692 per household; about 92.9 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 634.4 grams (1402.2 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition recommendation at 827 gram. Among all sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 92384 per household. About 70.0 per cent of farm households are above poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs. 1151. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 639 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 258190 per year for the total area of 462.1 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 40996/ ha/year. Per hectare food grains production services is maximum in areca nut (Rs. 221324) followed by coconut (Rs. 76700), red gram (Rs. 36621), maize (Rs. 29025), aware (Rs. 28750), chillies (Rs. 14048), cowpea (Rs. 8223) and ragi, horse gram and sorghum is negative return.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 3681/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in sorghum (Rs. 6893) followed by horse gram (Rs. 5434), ragi (Rs. 3605), cowpea (Rs. 2100) and maize (Rs. 371).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in coconut (Rs. 3 324418) followed by aware (Rs 67233), maize (Rs. 60367), red gram (Rs. 53787), sorghum (Rs. 35017), chillies (Rs. 23218), horse gram (Rs. 22808), ragi (Rs. 9104), areca nut (Rs. 8896), and cowpea (Rs. 6205). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is coconut (34.4 %) followed by sorghum (17.3 %) maize (16.5 %), horse gram (16.5%), chillies (8.6 %), areca nut (8.2 %), ragi (6.1 %), aware (4.5 %), red gram (4.1 %), sorghum (0.5 %) and cowpea (0.5 %).  In Kallupalya micro watershed, major soils are soil of alluvial landscape of Bidanagere (BDG) series are moderately deep soil depth cover around 12.4 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing chilies (45.9 %), coconut (27.1 %) and ragi (27.1 %). Soil of granite and granite gneiss landscape of Balapur (BPR) are also having deep soil deep cover around 25.6 % of area, the crops are areca nut (55.4 %) and coconut (44.6 %). Kadagathur (KDT) soil series having very deep soil depth cover around 6.6 % of areas, crops cowpea (16.3 %), horse gram (16.3 %), maize (65.3 %), and sorghum (2.1 %). Muradi (MRD) soil series are having very deep soil depth cover around 11.2 % per cent of area, respectively. The major crops grown are aware (16.4%), coconut (34.4%), ragi (32.8 %) and redgram (16.4 %). Thimmasandra (TSD) soil series are having very deep soil depth covers around 9.7 % of area, the major crop grown is coconut.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for cotton ranges between Rs. 134524/ha in BPR soil (with BCR of 1.21) and Rs. 46521/ha in TSD soil (with BCR of 4.58).  In ragi the cost of cultivation range between Rs 32802/ha in BDG soil (with BCR of 1.12) and Rs. 11034/ha in MRD soil (with BCR of 1.25).  In chillies the cost of cultivation in BDG soil is Rs.91809//ha (with BCR of 1.15).  In areca nut the cost of cultivation in BPR soil is Rs 57547/ha (with BCR of 4.85).  In maize the cost of cultivation in KDT soil is Rs 30255/ha (with BCR of 1.97).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation in KDT soil is Rs 34985/ha (with BCR of 1.12).  In horse gram the cost of cultivation in KDT soil is Rs 34569/ha (with BCR of 1.12) and aware the cost of cultivation in MRD soil is Rs 26825/ha (with BCR of 2.07).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. 4 Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in cotton (18.7 to 87.3 %), ragi (19 to 67.4 %), horse gram (24.1 %), maize (40.5%), sorghum (59.1%), cowpea (59.5%) and aware (48.4%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

The land resource inventory of Ranganahalli Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiographic and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 354 ha in Gubbi taluk of Tumakuru district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 813 mm, of which about 466 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 196 mm during north-east and the remaining 151 mm durinfg the rest of the year. An area of about 95 per cent is covered by soils and 5 per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 18 soil phases (management units) and 6 land use classes (LUCs).  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from 3rd week of June to third week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 34 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 95 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 5 per cent is not suitable for agriculture  About 88 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) to very deep (>150 cm) and 7 per cent of the soils are shallow to moderately shallow.  About 18 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface and 77 per cent loamy soils.  About 73 per cent of the soils are non gravelly, 16 per cent of the soils are gravelly (200 mm/m) available water capacity.  About 93 per cent of the area has nearly level (0-1%) to very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and about 2 per cent of the area is gently sloping (3-5%).  An area of about 43 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 52 per cent moderately eroded (e2).  Maximum area of about 44 per cent has soils that are slightly acidic to strongly acid (pH 5.0-6.5), 44 per cent area has neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 7 per cent of the soils are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus and 65 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha).  About 8 per cent of the soils are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is medium (10 -20 ppm) in an area of about 95 per cent.  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in maximum area about 76 per cent area and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 19 per cent area.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in an area of about 95 per cent.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 33 per cent of soils of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 34 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 314 (61) 30(6) Guava 250(49) 95(18) Fodder Sorghum 314 (61) 30(6) Pomegranate 296 (58) 18(3) Maize 190(37) 153(30) Banana 296 (58) 18(3) Upland paddy 314(61) 79(16) Jackfruit 296 (58) 18(3) Finger millet 314 (61) 85(16) Jamun 246 (48) 51(10) Redgram 314 (61) 30(6) Musambi 296 (58) 18(3) Horse gram 334(65) 147 (29) Lime 296 (58) 18(3) Field bean 314 (61) 30(6) Cashew 250(64) 64(12) Cowpea 314 (61) 30(6) Custard apple 314 (61) 167 (33) Groundnut 107(21) 327 (64) Amla 314 (61) 167 (33) Sunflower 296 (58) 18(3) Tamarind 246 (48) 51(10) Onion 236 (46) 108(21) Marigold 314 (61) 87(17) Chilli 314 (61) 30(6) Chrysanthemum 314 (61) 87(17) Brinjal 314 (61) 30(6) Jasmine 314 (61) 87(17) Tomato 314 (61) 30(6) Coconut 250(49) 64(12) Mango 246 (48) 51(10) Arecanut 250(49) 64(12) Sapota 296 (58) 18(3) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contributes to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Ranganahalli micro-watershed (Pillahalli sub-watershed, Gubbi taluk, Tumkur district) is located in between 13028' – 13029' North latitudes and 76052' – 76054' East longitudes, covering an area of about 353.56 ha, bounded by Malamachanakunte, Kallugudi, Thalekoppa, Ranganahalli an Ankasandra villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Ranganahalli micro-watershed (Pillahalli sub-watershed, Gubbi taluk, Thumkur district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 51.1 to 48.9 Per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is 64.4 around per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 73.4 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) 80 percent and general caste 20 percent.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among all the sample households.  About 20.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Farm households are having MGNREGA card only 40 per cent for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 90 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities among all sample households.  Institutional participation is only 8.9 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 90 per cent of households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.01 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land of 73.4 per cent and irrigated land 26.5 per cent of total cultivated land area among the sample households.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 84.4 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 8.9 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.14771. per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 2472 per household. Among all sample farmers having weeder and plough (30 %).  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 26687 per household; about 66.6 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 612.2 grams (1374.7 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Among the all sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.67122 per household. About 50.0 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs. 946. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 637 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 309674 per year for the total area of 535.5 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 53002/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in ragi (Rs. 3371) followed by coconut (Rs. 66505) and areca nut (Rs. 142384).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 1883/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in horse gram (Rs. 2779) and ragi (Rs. 988).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in turmeric (Rs.69577) followed by coconut (Rs. 246668), horse gram (Rs. 20907), ragi (Rs. 12073) and areca nut (Rs. 7058). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is coconut (62.5 %) followed by ragi (17.3 %) areca nut (15.6 %) and horse gram (4.5 %).  In Ragenahalli micro-watershed, major soil series are Kutegoudanahundi series are having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 15.2 % of area. On this soil farmer are presently growing horse gram (50 %) and ragi (50 %). Bidanagere series having moderately soils depth cover around 9.5 % of areas; the major crops are coconut. Balapur and Jedigere series are having deep soil depth cover around 6.0 % and 7.6 % of areas respectively, crops are coconut, areca nut and ragi grown. Hallikere, Niduvalalu and Ranatur series having very deep soil depth covers around 16.1 per cent, 11.2 per cent and 9.0 per cent of areas, respectively; the major crops are coconut, areca nut and horse gram can grow.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for horse gram ranges between Rs.34886/ha in KGH soil (with BCR of 1.13) and Rs.19954/ha in NDL soil (with BCR of 1.12).  In ragi the cost of cultivation range between Rs 25530/ha in KGH soil (with of 1.32) and Rs. 22068/ha in HLK soil (with BCR of 1.39).  In coconut the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 136691/ha in RTR soil (with BCR of 1.69) and Rs. 54014/ha in BPR soil (with BCR of 2.0).  In areca nut the cost of cultivation range between is Rs.109416ha in RTR soil (with BCR of 3.24) and Rs.48323/ha JDG soil (with BCR of 3.79).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments. 4  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in horse gram (24.1 to 36.7 %), ragi (67.6 %), coconut (57.7 to 30.7 %) and areca nut (88.2 to 83.3 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Sanabanahalli Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 462 ha in Gubbi taluk of Tumakuru district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought- prone with an average annual rainfall of 813 mm, of which about 466 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 196 mm during north-east and the remaining 151 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 97 per cent is covered by soils and three per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 13 soil phases (management units) and 3 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from 3rd week of June to third week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 34 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 97 per cent area is suitable for agriculture.  About 97 per cent of the soils are deep (100-150 cm) to very deep (>150 cm).  About 21 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface and 76 per cent loamy soils.  About 81 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils and 16 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel).  About 42 per cent has soils that are low (51-100 mm/m) in available water capacity, 32 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m) and 24 per cent has very high (>200 mm/m) available water capacity.  About 89 per cent of the area has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and 8 per cent area has nearly level (0-1%) lands.  An area of about 65 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 32 per cent moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 39 per cent has soils that are slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 31 per cent moderately acid (pH 5.5-6.0), 13 per cent strongly acid (pH 5.0-5.5) and 13 per cent area is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 14 per cent of the soils are low (4.5 ppm) in 86 per cent area and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 16 per cent of soils of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 34 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (Class S1) and moderately suitable (Class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 205 (44) 85 (18) Guava 186 (40) 211 (46) Fodder Sorghum 205 (44) 85 (18) Pomegranate 205 (44) 85 (18) Maize 77(17) 164 (35) Banana 205 (44) 85 (18) Upland paddy 205 (44) 85 (18) Jackfruit 205 (44) 36(8) Finger millet 205 (44) 36(8) Jamun 199(43) 91 (20) Red gram 205 (44) 85 (18) Musambi 205 (44) 85 (18) Horse gram 205 (44) 241 (52) Lime 205 (44) 85 (18) Field bean 205 (44) 85 (18) Cashew 186 (15) 55 (12) Cowpea 205 (44) 85 (18) Custard apple 205 (44) 241(52) Groundnut 6 (1) 373 (81) Amla 205 (44) 241(52) Sunflower 205 (44) 85 (18) Tamarind 199(43) 91 (20) Onion 97 (21) 194 (42) Marigold 205 (44) 85 (18) Chilli 205 (44) 85 (18) Chrysanthemum 205 (44) 85 (18) Brinjal 205 (44) 85 (18) Jasmine 205 (44) 85 (18) Tomato 205 (44) 85 (18) Coconut 186 (40) 55 (12) Mango 199(43) 42 (9) Arecanut 186 (40) 55 (12) Sapota 205 (44) 36(8) Mulbery 6 (1) (2832) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 3 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contributes to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Sanabanahalli microwatershed (Bangihalli sub-watershed, Gubbi taluk, Tumkur district) is located in between 13027' – 13028' North latitudes and 051'76054' East longitudes, covering an area of about 604.37 ha, bounded by Anthapura, Gadi Ankanahalli, Madhenahalli, Sanabanahalli and Thalekoppa villages with an length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Sanabanahalli micro-watershed (Bangihalli sub-watershed, Gubbi taluk, Tumkur district) presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 40.3 to 59.7 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 52 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 57.6 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward castes (OBC) is around 45.5 per cent.  Wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 27.3 per cent.  About 27.3 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households 45.5% per cent are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 72.7 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 72.7 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 1.92 per cent of sample households. Economic Indicator:  The average land holding is 0.5 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belongs to marginal and small farmers. The accounted for dry land of 54.7 per cent and irrigated land of 45.3 per cent to total cultivated land among sample households. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 10.5 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 86.8 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 67494 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 27500 per household; about 66.7 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 731.6 grams (1605.1 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 72.7 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.40810 per household. About 18.1 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1194. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 463 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 207147 per year for the total area of 461.60 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food production is around Rs. 18763/ ha/year. Per hectare food production services is maximum in coconut (Rs. 78340) followed by mango (Rs. 76674), ragi (Rs.10415), horse gram (Rs. 8039), cowpea (Rs. 6799), greengram (Rs. 2496) maize (Rs. 353), bajra and sorghum is negative returns.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 10074/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs. 35568) followed by bajra (Rs. 6367), sorghum (Rs.5443), horse gram (Rs. 1547) and ragi (Rs. 1445).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in coconut (Rs. 256015) followed maize (Rs. 72440), green gram (Rs. 48736), mango (Rs. 48121), bajra (Rs. 46641), sorghum (Rs. 45171), horse gram (Rs. 21379), ragi (Rs. 12914) and cowpea (Rs. 9306). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern followed by bajra (1.0 %), coconut (12.7 %), cowpea (0.4 %), greengram (0.8 %), horse gram (16.9 %), maize (0.6 %), mango (12.6 %), ragi (35.0 %) and sorghum (20.1 %). 3  In Sanabanahalli Microwatershed, major soil is soil of Balapura (BPR) series is having deep soil depth cover around 33.9 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing horse gram (34.3 %) mango (31.2 %) ragi (34.3 %), Hallikere (HLK) are also having very deep depth cover 15.47 % of area, the crops are horse gram (26.7 %) mango (10.9 %), ragi (49.4 %), sorghum (12.8 %) and Kadagathur (KDT) soil series having very deep soil depth cover around 23.57 % of areas, crops are green gram (25.1 %) and maize (14.9 %) ragi (59.8 %). Thondigere (TDG) soil series having very deep soil depth cover around 10.66 % of area, crops are bajra, coconut, cowpea, horse gram, ragi and sorghum.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for mango ranges between Rs. 57315/ha in HLK soil (with BCR of 3.04) and Rs. 29944/ha in BPR soil (with BCR of 1.65).  In ragi the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 31318/ha in KDT soil (with BCR of 1.23) and Rs. 24711/ha in BPR soil (with BCR of 1.25).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs. 38190/ha in TDG soil (with BCR of 1.11) and Rs. 22068/ha in HLK soil (with BCR of 1.23).  In horse gram the cost of cultivation range between is Rs.24611/ha in HLK soil (with BCR of 1.20) and Rs. 11655/ha in TDG soil (with BCR of 1.38).  In maize the cost of cultivation in KDT soil is Rs. 106350/ha (with BCR of 1.34).  In bajra the cost of cultivation in TDG soil is Rs.47903/ha (with BCR of 0.84)  In coconut the cost of cultivation in TDG soil is Rs.26467/ha (with BCR of 2.73) and green gram the cost of cultivation in KDT soil is Rs.34200/ha (with BCR of 1.07).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of live stock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments. 4  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation there is scope to increase yield in mango (89.9 to 55.3 %), ragi (67.8 to 59.5 %), sorghum (56.0 to 42.8 %), hors egram (49.4 to 29.1 %), coconut (47.7 %) cowpea (39.3 %), bajra (28.8 %), maize (28.6 %) and greengram (17.4 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Handrahalu-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 592 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 95 per cent is covered by soils, five per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 26 soil phases (management units) and 7 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  Entire area is having clayey soils at the surface.  About 41per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils, 42 per cent has gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel) and 11 per cent has very gravelly (35- 60% gravel) soils.  With respect to available water capacity 3 per cent of the area has very low (200mm/m).  An area of about 8 per cent area has nearly level (0-1%) lands and 86 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 43 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 51 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 6 per cent has soils that are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 to 8.4) ,59 per cent strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0) and 29 per cent soils very strongly alkaline (pH>9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in 8 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 3 per cent of the soils.  Available potassium is high (>337 kg/ha) in the entire area.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 49 per cent area of the soils  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 50 per cent area and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 45 per cent area.  Available iron is deficient in 3 per cent of the area and sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 92 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 28 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 218(37) 297(50) Pomegranate - 374(63) Maize - - Guava - - Bajra - 9(1) Jackfruit - - Redgram - 355(60) Jamun - 245(41) Bengalgram 218(37) 297(50) Musambi 111(19) 262(44) Groundnut - 9(1) Lime 111(19) 262(44) Sunflower 109(18) 256(43) Cashew - - Cotton 218(37) 297(50) Custard apple 239(40) 295(50) Chilli - - Amla 534(90) Tomato - Tamarind 253(43) Drumstick 373(63) Marigold - 517(87) Mulbery - 534(90) Chrysanthemum - 517(87) Mango - Jasmine - 151(26) Sapota - - Crossandra - 65(11) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which inturn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: The Handrahalu-1 micro-watershed (Koppal taluk and district) is located in between 15017' – 15019' North latitudes and 7601' – 7604' East longitudes, covering an area of about 592.03 ha, bounded by Narasapura, Hireshindhogi, Handrala and Hanvala villages. Agro Ecological Region (AER) – 3: (Deccan plateau, hot arid ecosubregion). Karnataka Plateau (Rayalseema as inclusion), hot arid ESR with deep loamy and clayey mixed red and black soils, low to medium AWC and LGP 60-90 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified for each watershed. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Handrahalu-1 Microwatershed in Koppal taluk and district are presented here Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 52.9 to 47.1 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 56.9 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 75.5 per cent.  Social groups belong to SC/ST is around 29 per cent.  Wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 97.4 per cent.  About 78.9 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (92.1%) are having MGNREGA card for rural employments.  Dependence on ration cards through public distribution system is around 89.5 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 52.6 per cent.  Institutional participation is only 5.45 per cent.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 8.3 per cent.  Women participation is decisions making are around 47.3 per cent were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 2.04 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to medium and semi-medium farmers. The dry land account for 70.4 % and irrigated land is 9.8 % of total cultivated land of the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 4.5 per cent and Agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is predominant subsidiary occupation for 58.8 per cent.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs 45685 per household. Mobile and television are mass popular mass communication media.  The average farm assets a value is around Rs 41955 per household, about 36.1 per cent of sample farmers are owing plough.  The average livestock value is around Rs 20785 per livestock; about 52.8 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 683 grams (1822.9 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 74.4 per cent of sample farmers are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs 26410 per household. About 15.8 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly expenditure is around Rs 845 per household. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs 900.3 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs 505064 per year for the total area of 571.4 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food production is around Rs 7638/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in wheat (Rs 14947/ha) followed by sorghum (Rs 12876/ha), sunflower (Rs 11021/ha), bengal gram (Rs 10034/ha), maize (Rs 5619/ha), green gram (Rs 5071/ha), cotton (Rs 4463/ha) and bajra is negative returns.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs 1562/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs 2009/ha) followed by sorghum (Rs 1992/ha) and bajra (Rs 684 /ha).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in bengal gram (Rs 60694) followed by cotton (Rs 59710), sorghum (Rs 53817), bajra (Rs 52810), 3 sunflower (Rs 37915), green gram (Rs 35038), maize (Rs 20463) and wheat (Rs 19072). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is maize (52.3 %) followed by sunflower (14.4 %), sorghum (13.9 %), bengal gram (8.3 %), bajra (3.7 %), green gram (3.7 %), wheat (2.6 %), cotton (1.2 %).  In Handrahalu-1 micro watershed, major soils are soil of alluvial landscape of Ravanaki (RNK) series are having moderately shallow soil deep cover around 25.57 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing maize (31.9 %) sorghum (24.2%), sunflower (20.2 %), bengal gram (12 %) and bajra (11.7 %). Soil of granite and granite gneiss landscape of Kutegoudanahundi (KGH) are also having having moderately shallow soil deep cover around 0.97 % of area, the crops are maize (50.9 %), bajra and sunflower was 24.5 % each. Gatareddihal (GRH) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 23.42 % of areas, crops are maize (31.9 %) and sorghum (68.1 %). Narasapura (NSP) and Dambarahalli (DRL) soil series are having moderately deep soil depth cover around 15.53 % and 1.87 per cent of area, respectively. The major crops grown are maize (63.3 % and 37.5 %), cotton (37.5 %), sunflower (25 %), bengal gram (20.9%) and sorghum (15.7 %). Belagatti (BGT) soil series are having very shallow soil depth covers around 3.31 % of area, the major crop grown is maize, sorghum and sunflower. Bardur (BDR) and Murlapur (MLR) soil series having very deep soil depth cover 1.54 % and 0.41 % of areas respectively; crops are wheat, bajra, maize, sunflower and sorghum.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for bajra ranges between Rs.27889/ha in MLR soil (with BCR of 1.17) and Rs.14448/ha in KGH soil (with BCR of 1.08).  In bengal gram the cost of cultivation range between Rs 36127/ha in RNK soil (with of 1.26) and Rs.18079/ha in NSP soil (With BCR of 1.63).  In maize the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 52523/ha in BDR soil (with BCR of 0.99) and Rs. 15329/ha in MLR soil (with BCR of 1.34).  In sorghum cost of cultivation range between is Rs.29466/ha in GRH soil (with BCR of 1.61) and Rs 16475 in RNK soil (with BCR of 1.10).  In sunflower the cost of cultivation range between is Rs 39247/ha in DRL soil (with BCR of 1.10) and Rs. 13809/ha in MLR soil (with BCR of 2.25).  In cotton the cost of cultivation in DRL soil is Rs.32587/ha (with BCR of 1.14) and wheat cultivation in MLR soil is Rs 19253/ha (with BCR of 1.74).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of Farm Yard Manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and 4 water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. Fertilizer applications are deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in bajra (9.2 to 12.5 %), bengal gram (9.9 % %), cotton (19 %), maize (44.2 to 78.8 %), sorghum (43.5 %), sorghum (0.1 to 35.4 %), sunflower (0.0 to 11.1 %) and wheat (63.1 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Honavalu-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 452 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 95 per cent is covered by soils, five per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 12 soil series and 22 soil phases (management units) and 9 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  About 12 per cent of the area is having loamy soils and 83 per cent has clayey soils at the surface.  About 49 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m).  An area of about 7 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) lands and 88 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) land.  An area of about 34 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 61 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 9.0).  An area of about 90 per cent of the soils are non saline (0.75%) in 23 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is low (337 kg/ha) in 85 per cent of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 86 per cent area of the soils  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 5 per cent area of the soils.  Available iron is deficient in 14 per cent of the area and sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 80 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 87of the area and sufficient in 7 per cent of the area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 28 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 110(24) 207(46) Pomegranate - 235(52) Maize - 35(8) Guava - 7(1) Bajra - 61(14) Jackfruit - 7(1) Redgram - 210(47) Jamun - 154(34) Bengal gram 110(24) 226(50) Musambi 66(15) 169(37) Groundnut - 61(14) Lime 66(15) 169(37) Sunflower 66 (15) 162 (36) Cashew - 7(1) Cotton 110(24) 233(52) Custard apple 160(35) 183(41) Chilli - 35(8) Amla 7(1) 337(75) Tomato - 35(8) Tamarind - 147(32) Drumstick - 247(55) Marigold - 319(70) Mulberry - 325(72) Chrysanthemum - 319(70) Mango - - Jasmine - 90(20) Sapota - 7(1) Crossandra - 91(20) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 9 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: The Honavalu-1 micro-watershed (Koppal taluk and district) is located in between 15018' – 15020' North latitudes and 7603' – 7605' East longitudes, covering an area of about 451.51 ha, bounded by Hireshindhogi, Narasapura, Katrahalli and Honavala villages Agro Ecological Region (AER) – 3: (Deccan plateau, hot arid eco-sub region) Karnataka Plateau (Rayalseema as inclusion), hot arid ESR with deep loamy and clayey mixed Red and Black soil, low to medium AWC and LGP 60-90 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified for each watershed. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Honavalu-1 Microwatershed in Koppal taluk and district are presented here Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 49.0 to 51.0 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 51 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 71.1 per cent.  Social groups belong to SC is around 7.1 per cent.  Wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 95.2 per cent.  About 61.9 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (85.7 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employments.  Dependence on ration cards through public distribution system is around 95.2 per cent  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 66.7 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 7.4 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 0.5 per cent of farm households.  Women participation is decisions making are around 60 per cent of households were found. Economic Indicators; 2  The average land holding is 1.98 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land of 68.7 % and irrigated land 18.6 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 14.9 per cent and Agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is predominant subsidiary occupation for 59.9 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.58671 per household. Mobile and television are mass popular mass communication media.  The average farm assets a value is around Rs.45247 per household, about 31.0 per cent of sample farmers owen plough and sprayer (38.1).  The average livestock value is around Rs.18988 per livestock; about 52.8 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 758.7 grams (1938.5 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 40.5 per cent of sample farmers are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.47780 per household. About 2.4 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly expenditure is around Rs.1057 per household. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.834.1 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs.357009 per year for the total area of 451.5 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food production is around Rs 10000/ ha/year. Per hectare food production services is maximum in chillies (Rs.61493) followed by bengal gram (Rs.9586), sunflower (Rs 9419), sorghum (Rs 9370), cotton (Rs.8027), groundnut (Rs.4923) maize (Rs. 2373), green gram (Rs. 1539) bajra (Rs.206) and redgram is negative returns.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs 2924/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs 6519) followed by sorghum (Rs 1754) and bajra (500).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in cotton (Rs.75621) followed by red gram (Rs.72996), bengal gram (Rs.62473), green gram (Rs.57963), bajra (Rs.49517), sorghum (Rs.38085), sunflower (Rs. 37893), maize (Rs.23566), groundnut (Rs.21309) and onion (Rs 11735). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is sorghum (27.8 %) followed by maize (26.4 %), bengal gram (14.6 %), sunflower (8.8 %), bajra (8.7 %), cotton (6.0 %), redgram (3.2 %), groundnut (1.2 %), onion (0.9 %), Green gram (0.8%), guava (0.8 %) and chillies (0.4 %).  In Honavalu-1 micro-watershed, major soil are soil of alluvial landscape of Harve (HRV) series is having shallow soil deep cover around 3.6 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing maize (51.2 %) sorghum (48.9 %), Soil of granite and granite gneiss landscape of Muttal (MTL) are also having shallow soil deep cover 14.9 % of area, the crops are bajra (8.8 %) bengalgram (31.7 %), cotton (11.5 %), redgram (4.4 %) and sorghum (43.6 %) each. Mukhadahalli (MKH) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 7.8 % of areas, crops are cotton (50.0 %) and maize (50.0 %). Ravanaki (RNK) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 12.1 % of area, crops are bajra (8.1 5), green gram (6.0 %), groundnut (6.0 %), maize (25.5 %), onion (6.6 %), sorghum (23.9 %) and sunflower (23.9 %), Dambarahalli (DRL) soil series are having moderately deep soil depth cover around 8.2 % of area, respectively. The major crops grown are bengalgram (29.4 %), maize (17.6 %) cotton (41.2 %) and sunflower (11.8 %). Narasapura (NSP) soil series are having very shallow soil depth covers around 9.7 % of area, the major crop grown is bajra (23.5 %), bengalgram (30.6 %), groundnut (6.8 %) maize (32.2 %) and sunflower (6.8 %). Gatareddihal (GRH) soil series having very deep soil depth cover 24.2 % of areas respectively; crops are bajra (46.2 %), cotton (15.4 %), maize (23.1 %) and sunflower (15.4 %). Lakshmanagudda (LGD) soil series having deep soil depth cover 4.3 % of areas respectively; crops are bengal gram (17.4 %), maize (33.4 %) and sorghum (49.2 %), Murlapur (MLR) soil series having very deep soil depth cover 14.9 % of areas respectively; crops are chillies (7.5 %), cotton (7.4 %), maize (39.2 %) and sunflower (46.0 %)  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for maize ranges between Rs.70433/ha in GHR soil (with BCR of 1.04) and Rs.16275/ha in LGD soil (with BCR of 1.09).  In cotton the cost of cultivation range between Rs 62728/ha in MTL soil (with of 1.04) and Rs.31190/ha in DRL soil (with BCR of 1.09).  In sunflower the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs.39247/ha in DRL soil (with BCR of 1.1) and Rs. 17619/ha in NSP soil (with BCR of 2.36).  In bajra cost of cultivation range between is Rs.32917/ha in MTL soil (with BCR of 1.07) and Rs 17273 in RNK soil (with BCR of 1.02).  In groundnut the cost of cultivation range between is Rs 27072/ha in NSP soil (with BCR of 1.26) and Rs.25890/ha in RNK soil (with BCR of 1.11). 4  In bengal gram the cost of cultivation rage between is Rs.26508/ha in DRL soil (with BCR of 1.68) and Rs.18518/ha in NSP soil (with BCR of 1.68).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation rage between is Rs.21166/ha in RNK soil (with BCR of 1.25) and Rs.16497/ha in LGD soil (with BCR of 1.52).  In chillies the cost of cultivation in MLR soil is Rs 55893/ha (with BCR of 2.1).  In onion cultivation in RNK soil is Rs 38870/ha (with BCR of 1.11) and green gram cultivation in RNK soil is Rs 30355/ha (with BCR of 1.05).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of Farm Yard Manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. Fertilizer applications are deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in chillies (89.9 %), onion (80.6 %), maize (39.1 to 83.8 %), sunflower (2.6 to 7.9 %), sorghum (13.6 to 50.8 %), bajra (12.03 to 33.02 %), cotton (24.41 to 25.7 %), bengal gram (8.6 to 11.3 %), groundnut (8.6 to19.1 %), green gram (-35.9 %) and red gram (-45.5 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kavalur East-6 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 441 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area 98 per cent is covered by soils and 2 per cent is by water bodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 19 soil phases (management units) and 4Land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  About 97 per cent area has clayey soils at the surface and small area of 200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 94 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands and 4 per cent area has nearly level (0-1%) lands.  About 19 per cent area is slightly eroded (e1) and about 79 per cent area is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  Entire area is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) to very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in 3 per cent area.  An area of about 96 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 16 per cent area.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 3 per cent area.  Available iron is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 24 per cent area.  Available copper and manganese is sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 28 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 59 (13) 203 (46) Pomegranate 194 (44) Maize - - Guava - - Bajra - - Jackfruit - - Groundnut - - Jamun - 54 (12) Sunflower 23 (5) 170 (39) Musambi 23 (5) 170 (39) Cotton 59 (13) 203 (46) Lime 23 (5) 170 (39) Red gram - 91 (20) Cashew - - Bengalgram 59 (13) 203 (46) Custard apple 59 (13) 203 (46) Chilli - - Amla - 263 (59) Tomato - - Tamarind - 54 (12) Drumstick - 194 (44) Marigold - 263 (59) Mulberry 164 (37) Chrysanthemum - 263 (59) Mango - - Jasmine 68 (15) Sapota - - Crossandra - 127 (29) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which inturn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 176 (52.78%) men and 68 (47.22%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.33, marginal farmers' was 3.75, small farmers' was 4.07 and semi medium farmers' was 5.  The data indicated that, 25 (17.36%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 67 (46.53%) were in 16-35 years of age, 40 (27.78%) were in 36-60 years of age and 12 (8.33%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Kavalur East-6 had 22.92 per cent illiterates, 38.89 per cent of them had primary school education, 3.47 per cent of them had middle school education, 20.83 per cent of them had high school education, 7.64 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.39 per cent did ITI, 3.47 per cent of them had degree education and 1.39 per cent did masters.  The results indicate that, 80.56 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 11.11 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 5.56 per cent of household heads were practicing general labour and 2.78 per cent of the household heads were government service.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 60.42 per cent of the household members, 10.42 per cent were agricultural laborers, 2.78 per cent were general laborers 2.08 per cent were in government service and private service, 21.53 per cent were students and 0.69 per cent were housewives.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 2.78 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 88.89 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 8.33 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 80.56 per cent of the households possess TV, 55.56 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 36.11 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 33.33 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 88.89 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 9,034, mixer grinder was Rs. 1,865, bicycle was Rs.1769, motor cycle was Rs. 29,333 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,425.  About, 2.78 per cent possess tractor and 97.22 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of tractor was Rs. 300,000 and the average value of weeder was Rs.46.  The results indicate that, 2.78 per cent of the households possess bullocks, local cow and sheep and 5.56 per cent of the households possess sheep. 2  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.70, average own labour (women) available was 1.20, average hired labour (men) available was 12.27 and average hired labour (women) available was 10.23.  The results indicate that, 83.33 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Kavalur East-6 micro-watershed possess 34.62 ha (100%) of dry land. Marginal farmers possess 13.01 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 19.59 ha (100%) of dry land. Semi medium farmers possess 2.02 ha (100%) of dry land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 256,960.84. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 330,460.48 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 219,396.82 for dry land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 148,200.00 for dry land.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown bajra (7.3 ha), Bengal gram (4.67 ha), green gram (0.93 ha), groundnut (4.19 ha), maize (3.24 ha), red gram (0.81 ha), sesamum (0.40 ha), sorghum (9.18 ha) and sunflower (3.79 ha). Marginal farmers have grown Bengal gram, green gram, groundnut, maize, red gram, sesamum, sorghum and sunflower. While small farmers have grown bajra, bengal gram, groundnut, maize, sorghum and sunflower. Semi medium farmers have grown sorghum. T  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Kavalur East-6 microwatershed was found to be 95.18 per cent.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 28992.94. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 34995.53. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 6002.58. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.21.  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 34877.34. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 44337.49. The net income from Bengal gram cultivation was Rs. 9460.14. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.27.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 43383.96. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 40726.29. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. -2657.67. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.94.  The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs 21032.13. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 29369.84. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 8337.71. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.4.  The total cost of cultivation for sesamum was Rs. 22791.12. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 4940.00. The net income from sesamum cultivation was Rs. -17851.12. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.22. 3  The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 20253.85. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 25009.37. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 4755.52. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.23.  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 26256.96. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 34281.62. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 8024.66. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.31.  The results indicate that, 8.33 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder and green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 84,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 53,328.13, for small farmers it was Rs. 110,565.38 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 106,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 9,690.31. For landless households it was Rs. 10,638.89, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 2,164.58, for small farmers it was Rs. 15,414.20 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 50,000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 4 coconut trees in their field and 1 coconut tree in their backyard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 1 teak, 15 neem and 2 banyan trees in their field and 1 teak and 1 neem in their backyard.  The results indicated that, bajra, Bengal gram, groundnut, maize, red gram sorghum and sunflower was sold to the extent of 100 per cent and sesamum was sold to the extent of 50 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 86.11 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village. The results indicated that, 86.11 per cent of the households used tractor.  The results indicated that, 19.44 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 83.33 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 63.89 per cent of the households used firewood and 36.11 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 100 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 25 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 94.44 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 5.56 per cent of the households did not possess PDS card.  The results indicated that, 25 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. 4  The results indicated that, cereals and pulses were adequate for 97.22 per cent of the households, vegetables were adequate for 8.33 per cent, fruits were adequate for 11.11 per cent, milk, egg and meat was adequate for 100 per cent.  The results indicated that, cereals and pulses were inadequate for 2.78 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 100 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 91.67 per cent and fruits were inadequate for 88.89 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil, frequent incidence of pest and diseases, inadequacy of irrigation water, high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals and high rate of interest on credit was the constraint experienced by 83.33 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field and low price for the agricultural commodities (80.56%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (55.56%), inadequate extension services (8.33%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (8.56%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Lachankeri microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of about 716 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 84 per cent is covered by soils, 2 per cent by mining/industrial and 16 per cent by habitation and water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 14 soil series and 25 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils.  About 2 per cent sandy soils at the surface, 65 per cent has loamy soils at the surface and 16 per cent has clayey soils at the surface.  About 55 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 13 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 71 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 34 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 50 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 0.75%) in 72 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is high (>57 kg/ha) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available potassium content is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in an area of about 59 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 82(11) 305(43) Sapota 89(12) 171(24) Maize 20(3) 368(51) Pomegranate 89(12) 171(24) Bajra 153(21) 315(44) Musambi 89(12) 171(24) Groundnut 75(10) 439(61) Lime 89(12) 171(24) Sunflower 71(10) 110(15) Amla 153(21) 388(54) Red gram 71(10) 110(15) Cashew 29(4) 217(30) Bengalgram - 388(54) Jackfruit 89(12) 172(24) Cotton 56(8) 332(46) Jamun 34(5) 226(32) Chilli 104(15) 284(40) Custard apple 153(21) 388(54) Tomato 104(15) 284(40) Tamarind 34(5) 95(13) Brinjal 109(15) 275(38) Mulberry 89(12) 245(34) Onion 58(8) 326(46) Marigold 49(7) 339(47) Bhendi 58(8) 326(46) Chrysanthemum 49(7) 339(47) Drumstick 89(12) 165(23) Jasmine 49(7) 339(47) Mango 34(5) 83(12) Crossandra 49(7) 338(54) Guava 44(6) 217(30)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY Baseline socioeconomic characterization is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Lachankari micro-watershed in Karkihalli Sub-watershed (Koppal taluk and district) is located in between 15014'–15013' North latitudes and 76014' – 76013' East longitudes, covering an area of about 715.81 ha, bounded by Lachanakeri, Karkihalli and Kunakeri villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Lachankari micro-watershed in Koppal taluk and district are presented here.  The data indicated that there were 149 (58.66%) men and 105 (41.34%) were women among the sampled households. The average family size of marginal farmers was 4.19, a small farmer was 5, a semi medium farmer was 4.33, a medium farmer was 4 and for large farmers it was 4.22.  There were 54 (21.26%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 127 (50%) were in 16- 35 years of age, 62 (24.41 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 11 (4.33%) were above 61 years of age.  The Lachankeri had 33.46 per cent illiterates, 0.39 per cent functional literates, 20.87 per cent of them had primary school education, 11.42 per cent of them had middle school education, 17.72 per cent of them had high school education, 8.27 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.39 per cent of them had ITI, 4.33 per cent of them had degree education and 3.15per cent of them had other education.  The results indicate that, 94.12 per cent of households practicing agriculture and 3.92 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 65.35 per cent of the household members, 1.18 per cent were agricultural labourers, 1.97 per cent were general labours, 0.79 per cent of them were in government sector and 27.56 per cent of them were students.  The results shows that 0.39 per cent of them participated in self help groups, 3.54 per cent of them participated in user groups and 95.28 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions. About 0per cent of landless farmers have participated in self help groups and 95.24 per cent have not participated in any local institutions. Marginal farmers participated in self help group (0%) and user groups (5.45%). 2  The results indicate that 1.96 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 0 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 3.92 per cent of them possess pucca house and 7.84 per cent of them household's posses' semi pucca house.  The results shows that 94.12 per cent of the households possess TV, 78.43 per cent of the households possess mixer grinder, 11.76 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 37.25 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, and 88.24 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  About 41.18 per cent of the households possess plough, 7.84 per cent of them possess tractor and 60.78 per cent of the households possess sprayer. The average value of plough was Rs.1, 738, the average value of tractor was Rs.3, 76,250 and the average value of sprayer was Rs.4, 741.  The results indicate that, 21.57 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 41.18 per cent of the households possess local cow, 17.65 per cent of the households possess crossbred cows, 5.88 per cent of the households possess buffalo and 1.96 per cent of the households possess sheep.  Average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.76, average own labour (women) available was 1.36, average hired labour (men) available was 6.9 and average hired labour (women) available was 5.62.  The results indicate that, 88.24 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate and 3.9 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate.  Households of the Lachankeri micro watershed possess 29.54 ha (46.6 %) of dry land and 53.4 ha (33.86%) of irrigated land.  The average value of dry land was Rs. 3, 80, 989 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 5, 65,389.  Marginal farmers had irrigated area of 0.53 hectares, small farmers had 11.67 hectares, semi medium farmers had 13.7 hectares of irrigated land and medium farmers had 10.26 hectares of irrigated land.  Farmers have grown cotton (0.81 ha), cow pea (1.3 ha), ground nut (8.72 ha), maize (18.74 ha), paddy (3.5 ha) and pearl millet (Sajje) (7.77 ha), red gram (togari) (45.54 ha). Marginal farmers have grown sugarcane (0.4 ha), ground nut (0.4ha), and maize (2.99 ha), Small farmers have grown ground nut (3.34 ha), sugarcane (1.3 ha) and maize (5.91 ha). Semi medium farmers have grown maize (4.99 ha), paddy (2.97ha), pearl millet (Sajje) (3.43 ha) and sugarcane (0.81ha).Medium farmers have grown maize (4.86 ha) and ground nut (2.96 ha).  The cropping intensity Lachankeri micro watershed was found to be 152.38 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, for small farmers it was 94.38 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 86.11 per cent, medium farmers had cropping intensity of 275.89 per cent 3  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 63206. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 72628. The net income from ground nut cultivation was Rs. 9421.94, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.15.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 37238. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 26355.59. The net income from Bajra cultivation was Rs. -10882.68. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 01:00.7.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for cowpea was Rs. 43484. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 35506.25. The net income from cowpea cultivation was Rs-7977.92, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 01:00.8.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 49293. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs 74100. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs 24806.22. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 01:01.5.  The results indicate that, households have planted 2 teak, 77 neem trees, 3 tamarind, 1 peepul tree and 6 banyan trees. Marginal farmers have planted 12 neem, 2 teaks, 1 peepul and 1 banyan tree. Small farmers have planted 27 Neem. Semi medium farmers have planted 26 neem and 1 tamarind trees. Medium farmers have planted 12 neem trees.  Bore well was the major source for drinking water for 82.35 per cent includes 20 per cent of landless, 83.33 per cent of marginal, 87.5 per cent of small farmers, 100 per cent of semi medium and 83.33 per cent of medium.  Electricity was the major source of light for all the households in micro watershed. Kerosene was major source of light for 1.96 per cent of the households  The results indicated that,49.02 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 20 per cent of landless, 16.67 per cent of marginal, 87.5 per cent of small, 16.67 per cent of semi medium and 100 per cent of medium and large farmers had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 90.2 per cent of the households sampled possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, wild animal menace on farm field (65.31%) of the households, frequent incidence of pest and diseases (19.61%), High cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (9.8%), , high rate of interest on credit (33.33%), low price for the agricultural commodities (9.8%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (39.22%), less rain fall (72.55%), Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/ Mobile) (15.69%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Horanchi-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 511 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 460 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 22 ha covered by rock outcrops and 29 ha by others (Habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 15 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area about 460 ha (90%) in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 29 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100 - >150 cm) 9 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100) whereas 1 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50 -75 cm) and 50 per cent soils are shallow (25 -50 cm) in the microwatershed.  About 19 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 47 percent soils are loamy and 24 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Entire cultivated area in the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 7 percent soils are medium (51-100), 4 per cent soils are low (51-100 mm/m) and 50 per cent area is very low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 7 percent of the soils are low (4.5ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 82(16) 87(17) Guava - 11(2) Maize - 198(39) Sapota - 11(2) Bajra - 169(33) Pomegranate - 162(32) Groundnut - 11(2) Musambi 151(29) 11(2) Sunflower 82(16) 80(16) Lime 151(29) 11(2) Redgram - 162(32) Amla - 169(33) Bengal gram 151(29) 18(4) Cashew - - Cotton 82(16) 87(17) Jackfruit - 11(2) Chilli - 169(34) Jamun - 151(29) Tomato - 169(34) Custard apple 162(32) 7(1) Brinjal 52(10) 116(23) Tamarind - 151(29) Onion - 87(17) Mulberry - 11(2) Bhendi 121(24) 48(10) Marigold - 169(33) Drumstick - 162(32) Chrysanthemum - 169(33) Mango - 52(10)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Horanchi-1 is located at 16051'19.293'' to 160 49'49.293'' and East longitude 770 8'1.757'' to 7706'20.417'' covering an area of about 510.57 ha coming under Horunacha, Venkateshwaranagara and Kanchagarahalli Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 respondents, 4 (11.76%) were landless, 11 (32.35%) were marginal and small farmers and 8 (23.53%) were semi medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 91 (52.60%) men and 82 (47.4%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4, marginal farmers' was 5, small farmers' was 5.5 and semi medium farmers' was 5.1.  Majority of the respondents 31 (17.92%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 82 (47.4%) were in 16-35 years of age, 50 (28.9%) were in 36-60 years of age and 10 (5.78%) were above 61 years of age.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 53.76 per cent illiterates, 24.28 per cent of them had primary school, 6.94 per cent of them had Middle school education, 6.36 per cent of them had high school, 2.89 per cent of them had PUC, 1.16 per cent of them had ITI and 3.47 per cent of them had degree education.  About, 53.76 per cent illiterates, 24.28 per cent of them had primary school, 6.94 per cent of them had Middle school education, 6.36 per cent of them had high school, 2.89 per cent of them had PUC, 1.16 per cent of them had ITI and 3.47 per cent of them had degree education.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 19.65 per cent of the household members, 58.96 per cent were agricultural labourers, 20.23 per cent were student and 1.16 per cent were children.  In this micro watershed, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  In the study area, 17.65 per cent of the households possess thatched, 67.65 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 14.71 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 85.29 per cent of the households possess TV, 58.82 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder and motor cycle, 2.94 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 44.12 per cent of the household's possess motor cycle and 73.53 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 14.71 per cent each of the households possess bullock cart, 64.71 per cent each of the households possess 2 plough, 20.59 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 11.76 per cent of the households possess sprinkler, 44.12 per cent of the households possess weeder, 5.88 per cent of the households possess harvester and 17.65 per cent of the households possess thresher.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 41.18 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 11.76 per cent of the households possess local cow and goat and 2.94 per cent of the households possess buffalo.  The average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.85, average own labour (women) available was 1.68, average hired labour (men) available was 9.69 and average hired labour (women) available was 10.2.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 35.06 ha (88.26%) of dry land and 4.67 ha (11.74%) of irrigated land.  Marginal farmers possess 8.04 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 12.98 ha (88.66%) of dry land and 1.66 ha (11.34 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 14.04 ha (82.36%) of dry land and 3.01 ha (17.64 %) of irrigated land.  There were 8 functioning and 3 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  Bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 23.53 per cent of the farmers.  The major crops have cotton (4.28%), groundnut (5.83 Ha), horse gram (1.62 ha), maize (5.59 ha), paddy (0.81 ha), red gram (20.25 ha) and sorghum (1.21 ha).  The sample households possessed 85.29 per cent of the households have bank account and savings.  About 85.29 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Cotton, maize, Red gram, Horse gram, Sorghum, groundnut and paddy was Rs. 38144.92, 15184.09, 26741.88, 16727.24, 33363.87, 34774.16 and 26182.46 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.6, 1:2.02, 1:1.88, 1:2.21, 1:1.11, 1:2.79 and 1:2.22, respectively.  Further, 29.41 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.94 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate and green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income was Rs. 41,250 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 68,636.36, for small farmers it was Rs. 79,909.09 and semi medium farmers it was Rs. 137,750.  The average annual expenditure is Rs. 5,695.29. For large farmers it was Rs. 5,750, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 4,485.95, for small farmers it was Rs. 4,044.63 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 9,600.45.  Sampled households have planted 6 mango trees in their field to cultivate horticultural crops. 3  Households have planted 1 cashew and pongamia, 45 neem, 2 tamarind, 13 banyan and 4 acacia trees in their field to cultivate forest species.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 7,617.65 for land development, Rs. 441.18 for irrigation facility and Rs.705.88 for improved crop production.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned; loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 20.59 per cent for land development, 2.94 per cent for irrigation facility and 14.71 per cent for improved crop production. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 29.41 for land development and 2.94 for improved crop production.  Regarding marketing channels, 29.41 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant and 61.76 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market.  Further, 91.18 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation.  Majority of the households 85.29 per cent have Incidencee of soil and water erosion problems.  The household possess, (85.2%) were interested towards soil testing.  The household possess, 97.06 per cent of the households used fire wood and 2.94 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  Piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 64.71 per cent and 35.29 per cent of the households used bore well in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households. In the study area, 50 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 94.12 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 8.82 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 17.65 per cent, fruits were adequate for 26.47 per cent, milk were adequate for 29.41 per cent, egg were adequate were for 11.76 per cent and meat were adequate for 14.71 per cent of the households.  pulses were inadequate for 5.88 per cent of the households, oilseed were inadequate for 82.35 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 85.29 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 55.88 per cent, milk were inadequate for 50 per cent, egg and meat were inadequate for 82.35 per cent of the households.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 91.18 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (82.35%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (35.29%), Inadequacy of irrigation water (17.65%), high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals (32.35%), high rate of interest on credit 4 (8.82%), Low price for the agricultural commodities and lack of marketing facilities in the area (11.76%),Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (29.41%), inadequate extension service (14.71%), less rainfall (41.18%) and Source of Agri-technology information (32.35%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Yadgir RF1Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 490 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 485 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 0.25 ha by rock outcrops and 5 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 3 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 32 per cent area is very shallow (0.75%).  Entire area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 70 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium and 29 per cent is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 87 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 29 (6) 20 (4) Guava - - Maize - 20 (4) Sapota - - Bajra 29 (6) 20 (4) Pomegranate - 50 (10) Groundnut - - Musambi - 50 (10) Sunflower 1- 50 (10) Lime - 50 (10) Redgram - 50 (10) Amla - 49 (10) Bengal gram 29 (6) 20 (4) Cashew - - Cotton - 50 (10) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 50 (10) Jamun - - Tomato - - Custard apple 20 (4) 29 (6) Brinjal 50 (10) - Tamarind - - Onion 50 (10) - Mulberry - - Bhendi 50 (10) - Marigold - 50 (10) Drumstick - 50 (10) Chrysanthemum - 50 (10) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 111(55.78%) men and 88 (44.22%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.6, marginal farmers' was 5.3, small farmers' was 5.45 and semi medium farmers' was 7.8.  The data indicated that, 32 (16.08%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 91 (45.73%) were in 16-35 years of age, 44 (22.11%) were in 36-60 years of age and 32 (16.08%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Yadgir Rf-1 had 51.76 per cent illiterates, 0.50 per cent of them had functional illiterate, diploma, ITI and masters, 12.06 per cent of them had primary school, 6.03 per cent of them had middle school and degree education, 11.56 per cent of them had high school education and 4.52 per cent of them had PUC education.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 25.13 per cent of the household members, 30.65 per cent were agricultural labourers, 1.51 per cent were in general labour, 4.02 per cent were private service, 4.52 per cent were trade and business, 12.56 per cent were students, 15.08 per cent were housewives and 6.53 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 77.14 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 22.86 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 80 per cent of the households possess TV, 11.43 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder and bicycle, 2.86 per cent of the households possess refrigerator, 20 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 100 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 8,785, mixer/grinder was Rs.2000, refrigerator was Rs. 8,000, bicycle was Rs. 2,325, motor cycle was Rs.50,714 and mobile phone was Rs.2,787.  About 2.86 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 42.86 per cent of them possess plough, 2.86 per cent of them possess seed/fertilizer drill and 40 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 19,000, plough was Rs. 2,426, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs. 2,000 and the average value of weeder was Rs.51.  The results indicate that, 34.29 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 31.43 per cent of the households possess local cow, 11.43 per cent of the households possess buffalo and 5.71 per cent of the households possess goat and poultry birds. 2  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.31, average own labour (women) available was 1.66, average hired labour (men) available was 14.59 and average hired labour (women) available was 11.22.  The results indicate that, 91.43 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Yadgir Rf-1 micro-watershed possess 32.95 ha (93.24%) of dry land, 1.98 ha (5.61%) of irrigated land and 0.40 ha (1.15%) of permanent fallow land. Marginal farmers possess 9.17 ha (95.13%) of dry land, 0.06 ha (1.92%) and 0.4 ha (4.20%) of permanent fallow land. Small farmers possess 11.52 ha (85.73%) of dry land and 1.92 ha (14.27%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 12.26 ha (100%) of dry land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 646,088.67; the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 1,310,612.24 and the average value of permanent fallow land was Rs. 1,976,000. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,144,022.94 for dry land, the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 6,175,000.14 and the average value of permanent fallow land was Rs. 1,976,000. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 563,926.94 for dry land and Rs. 1,146,413.50 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 350,643.78 for dry land.  The results indicate that, there were 4 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 11.43 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 12.19 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal and small farmers had an irrigated area of 0.06 ha and 1.92 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown red gram (31.5 ha), groundnut (2.44 ha), paddy (0.61 ha) and green gram (4.02 ha). Marginal farmers have grown red gram, paddy and green gram. Small farmers have grown red gram, groundnut and paddy. Semi medium farmers have grown red gram and groundnut.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Yadgir Rf-1 micro-watershed was found to be 99.20 per cent.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 31285.33. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 61970.38. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 30685.06. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.98.  The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 70223.42. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 61750. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. -8473.42. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.88. 3  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 292727.65. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 310942.70. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 18215.05. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.06.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 69276.29. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 100829.94. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 31553.65. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.46.  The results indicate that, 45.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 48.57 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 108,333.33 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 105,785, for small farmers it was Rs. 179,718.18 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 191,928.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 18,655.77. For landless households it was Rs. 45,000, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 9,227.20, for small farmers it was Rs. 16,506.06 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 37,750.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 2 coconut and 17 custard apple and mango tree in their field and also 2 coconut, custard apple and guava trees in their backyard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 65 neem and 2 tamarind trees in their field and also 26 neem trees in their backyard.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3,428.57 for land development, Rs. 15,285.71 for irrigation facility and Rs. 285.71 for improved crop production.  The results indicated that loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 14.29 per cent for land development, 28.57 for irrigation facility and for 2.86 per cent of irrigation facility.  The results indicated that, green gram was sold to the extent of 60 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 71.43 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 26.83 per cent and red gram to the extent of 61.98 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 82.86 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 11.43 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated markets.  The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 42.86 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the households used firewood and 2.86 per cent of them used LPG as a source of fuel. 4  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 100 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 57.14 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards.  The results indicated that, 82.86 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals, milk, egg and meat were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 94.29 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 5.71 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 71.43 per cent and fruits were adequate for 17.14 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 5.71 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 94.29 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 51.43 per cent and fruits were inadequate for 82.86 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil, frequent incidence of pest and diseases, inadequacy of irrigation water and high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals was the constraint experienced by 91.43 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field and high rate of interest on credit (88.57%), low price for the agricultural commodities (11.43%), lack of marketing facilities in the area and inadequate extension services (2.86%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Danda Cheruvu-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 665 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 646 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 12 ha by rock outcrops and 6 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 16 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 22 per cent area are very shallow to shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 42 per cent area medium (101-150 mm/m), 44 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 21 per cent area very low (0.75%) in 30 per cent area.  1 per cent area is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus, 46 per area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 50 per area is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 21(3) 439(66) Guava - 27(4) Maize 17(3) 485(73) Sapota - 27(4) Bajra 17(3) 443(67) Pomegranate - 194(29) Groundnut - 27(4) Musambi 167(25) 27(4) Sunflower 4(<1) 189(29) Lime 167(25) 27(4) Redgram - 193(29) Amla 17(3) 444(67) Bengal gram 167(25) 294(44) Cashew - 17(3) Cotton 167(25) 294(44) Jackfruit - 27(4) Chilli - 298(45) Jamun - 167(25) Tomato 17(3) 281(42) Custard apple 194(29) 267(40) Brinjal 21(3) 440(66) Tamarind - 167(25) Onion - 294(44) Mulberry - 27(4) Bhendi 4(<1) 456(69) Marigold - 460(69) Drumstick - 193(29) Chrysanthemum - 460(69) Mango - 4(<1)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 101 (58.05%) men and 73 (41.95%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.4, marginal farmers' was 5, small farmers' was 5.42 and semi medium farmers' was 4.75.  The data indicated that, 28 (16.09%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 80 (45.98%) were in 16-35 years of age, 55 (31.61%) were in 36-60 years of age and 11 (6.32%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Dandacheruvu-2 had 58.05 per cent illiterates, 1.15 per cent functional literates, 8.05 per cent of them had primary school education, 2.30 per cent of them had middle school education, 14.37 per cent of them had high school education, 8.62 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.57 per cent did ITI and 2.87 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 82.86 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 14.29 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers and 2.86 per cent of them were general labour.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 61.49 per cent of the household members, 6.90 per cent were agricultural laborers, 2.87 per cent were general labourers, 0.57 per cent were in private service, 22.99 per cent were students, 2.30 per cent were housewives and 2.87 per cent were children.  The results show that 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 28.57 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 51.43 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 20 per cent of them possess pucca house.  The results show that 65.71 per cent of the households possess TV, 28.57 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 2.86 per cent of the households had refrigerator, 2.86 per cent of them had bicycle, 34.29 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 74.29 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs.9043, mixer grinder was Rs.1920, refrigerator was Rs.9000, bicycle was Rs.2000, motor cycle was Rs.56666 and mobile phone was Rs.3535.  The results indicated that no households possessed farm implements in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, 11.43 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 2.86 per cent of the households possess local cow.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.26, average own labour (women) available was 1.68, average 2 hired labour (men) available was 10.33 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.52.  The results indicate that, 88.57 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Dandacheruvu-2 micro-watershed possess 31.23 ha (98.72%) of dry land and 0.40 ha (1.28%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 12.43 ha (96.85%) of dry land and 0.40 ha (3.15%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 9.28 ha (100%) of dry land. Semi medium farmers also possess 9.52 ha (100%) of dry land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 891,517.63 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 1,976,000. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 3,258,264.89 for dry land and Rs. 4,882,629.11 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,903,948.43 for dry land. And in case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,115,821.92 for dry land.  The results indicate that, there was 1 functioning bore well in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 2.86 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 3.05 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal farmers had an irrigated area of 0.40 ha.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (8.47 ha), greengram (9.73 ha), groundnut (3.32 ha), paddy (4.16 ha) and redgram (10.19 ha). Marginal and small farmers have grown cotton, Greengram, groundnut, paddy and redgram. Semi medium farmers have grown cotton and Greengram. Medium farmers have grown paddy and redgram.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Dandacheruvu-2 microwatershed was found to be 100 per cent.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 38935.18. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 92512.94. The net income from Redgram cultivation was Rs. 53577.75, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.38.  The total cost of cultivation for Paddy was Rs. 115103.96. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 135850. The net income from Paddy cultivation was Rs. 20746.04. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.18.  The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 29745.78. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 90618.12. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 60872.35. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.05. 3  The results indicate that, 8.57 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and another 8.57 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 61,400 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 109,684.21, for small farmers it was Rs. 136,857.14 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 226,750.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 10,639.41. For landless households it was Rs. 8,600, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 5,837.64, for small farmers it was Rs. 10,959.18 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 35,437.50.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 6 custard apple trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 52 neem and 2 tamarind tree in their field.  The results indicated that, all crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 77.14 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 8.57 per cent of them sold in regulated markets.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 5.71 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the households used firewood and 5.71 per cent used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 97.14 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 71.43 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 97.14 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 5.71 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 31.43 per cent, fruits were adequate for 37.14 per cent, milk was adequate for 100 per cent, eggs were adequate for 100 per cent and meat was adequate for 97.14 per cent. 4  The results indicated that, oilseeds were inadequate for 94.29 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 68.57 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 62.86 per cent and meat was inadequate for 2.86 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 85.71 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (77.14%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (85.71%), inadequacy of irrigation water (88.57%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (85.71%), high rate of interest on credit (85.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (82.86%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (14.29%), inadequate extension services (2.86%) and lack of transport for safe transport of agricultural produce to the market. ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Nalla Cheruvu Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 584 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 516 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 68 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 11 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 27 per cent area are very shallow to shallow (150 cm).  About 8 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy and 81 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 65 per cent area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 2 per cent area medium (101-150 mm/m), 32 per cent area low (51- 100 mm/m) and 27 per cent area very low (0.75%) in 47 per cent area.  83 per cent area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium and 36 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in all the soils of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 117 (70.91%) men and 48 (29.9%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.4, marginal farmers' was 4.9, small farmers' was 5, semi medium farmers' was 4.5 and medium farmers were 5.  The data indicated that, 21 (12.73%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 72 (43.64%) were in 16-35 years of age, 63 (38.18%) were in 36-60 years of age and 9 (5.45%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Nalla Cheruvu had 48.88 per cent illiterates, 10.91 per cent of them had Primary School, 0.61 per cent of them had Middle School and masters, 15.15 per cent of them had High School, 7.27 per cent of them had PUC education, 6.6 per cent of them had ITI and 10.30 per cent of them had Degree education.  The results indicate that, 85.29 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 14.71 per cent of the household heads were agricultural laborers and 5.88 per cent of the household's heads were government services.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 57.58 per cent of the household members, 99 per cent were agricultural laborers and private services, 1.21 per cent were in Household government services, 0.61 per cent were trade and business. 21.21 per cent were in student and 1.21 per cent were housewives.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in local institution.  The results indicate that 5.88 per cent of the households possess Thatched house, 64.71 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 29.41 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 94.12 per cent of the households possess TV, 64.71 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 2.94 per cent of the households possess refrigerator, 8.82 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 32.35 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 5.88 per cent of the households possess auto and 82.35 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 9,000, mixer/grinder was Rs. 1,968, refrigerator was Rs. 8,000, bicycle was Rs. 11,500, Motor Cycle was Rs. 35,625, auto was Rs. 117,500 and mobile phone was Rs. 3,253.  About 2.94 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 38.24 per cent of them possess plough, 17.65 per cent of them possess seed/ fertilizer drill, 8.82 per cent of them possess Sprayer and 70.59 per cent of them possess weeder. 2  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 30,000, plough was Rs. 1,576, seed/ fertilizer drill was Rs. 4,050, Sprayer was Rs. 1,333 and the average value of weeder was Rs. 52.  The results indicate that, 47.6 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 29.41 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.94 per cent of the households possess buffalo, sheep and goat and 5.88 per cent of the households possess poultry birds.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.21, average own labour (women) available was 0.93, average hired labour (men) available was 9.34 and average hired labour (women) available was 77.  The results indicate that, 85.29 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Nalla Cheruvu micro-watershed possess 28.76 ha (28.80%) of dry land and 3.34 ha (10.41%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 8.91 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 14.94 ha (96.70%) of dry land and 0.51 ha (3.3%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 4.9 ha (100%) of dry land. Medium farmers possess 2.83 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 1,117,513.38 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 388,740.92. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,340,440.50 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,177,464.81 for dry land and Rs. 1,372,222.23 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 529,867.99 for dry land. Medium farmers, the average land value were Rs. 211,714.29 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 2 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 5.88 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 6.28 meters.  The results indicate that, small and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.51 ha and 2.83 ha respectively. The results indicate that, farmers have grown red gram (21.78 ha), paddy (2.83 ha), green gram (2.15 ha), sorghum (1.23 ha) and cotton (0.45 ha). The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Nalla Cheruvu micro-watershed was found to be 95.87 per cent.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 71717.25. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 83647.68. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 11930.43. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.17. 3  The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 53453. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 54751.57. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 1298.57. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:12.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 20566.59. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 23994.29. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 3427.69. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.17.  The total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs. 43061.38. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 31178.69. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. -11882.69. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.72.  The total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 51426.86. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 72776.79. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 21349.92. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.42.  The results indicate that, 47.6 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 186,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 124,642.86, for small farmers it was Rs. 97,916.67, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 100,000 and medium farmers it was Rs. 99,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 25,117.30. For landless farmers it was Rs. 64,400 for marginal farmers it was Rs. 21,862.24, for small farmers it was Rs. 9,409.72, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 22,500 and medium farmers it was Rs. 68,000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 144 custard apple, 3 jackfruit and 1 lemon trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 4 Teak, 32 neem and 1 tamarind trees in their field and also 9 neem trees in their backyard.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 14,470.59 for land development.  The results indicated that loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 23.53 per cent for land development. Own funds was the source of additional investment for 41.18 per cent for land development. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 17.65 per cent for land development.  The results indicated that, Cotton was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, green gram was sold to the extent of 72.97 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 40 per cent, Sorghum was sold to the extent of 16.67 per cent, and red gram to the extent of 90.4 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 2.94 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to agent/ traders, 82.35 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants. The results indicated that, 85.29 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation. 4  The results indicated that, 82.35 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 85.29 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 82.35 per cent of the households used firewood and 17.65 per cent of them used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 97.6 per cent of the households in the micro watershed and Bore Well was the source of drinking water for 2.94 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 85.29 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 97.6 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 88.24 per cent, vegetables and milk were adequate for 94.12 per cent, fruits were adequate for 14.71 per cent, Egg and meat were adequate for 47.22 per cent.  The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 2.94 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 11.76 per cent, oilseed were inadequate for 100 per cent, vegetables and milk were inadequate for 5.88 per cent and fruits were inadequate for 82.35 per cent.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil and high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals was the constraint experienced by 85.29 per cent of the households, Wild animal menace on farm field (82.35%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (58.82%), Lack of marketing facilities in the area (14.71%), inadequacy of irrigation water and (2.94%), Low price for the agricultural commodities (41.18%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project