Suchergebnisse

El incremento desmesurado del n?mero de personas que diariamente abandonan su territorio por cuestiones de guerra, violencia, discriminaci?n, persecuci?n pol?tica, entre otras; buscan preservar su integridad f?sica y la protecci?n de sus familias, se ha vuelto este un tema de inter?s para todos los pa?ses del mundo, pues su incremento se convierte en un problema donde todos los estados parte se deben hacer responsable y cooperar para bajar las tasas de desplazamiento y persecuci?n. Como podremos ver en este trabajo de grado, conoceremos la triste realidad que afronta y ha afrontado el mundo por d?cadas, donde la mayor?a de pa?ses est?n direccionados cooperar para combatir esta crisis que padecen muchas familias en la una sociedad determinada. Dice el alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados (ACNUR) que m?s de 5,6 millones de personas han huido de Siria desde el 2011, buscando algo se seguridad en L?bano, Turqu?a, Jordania entre otros, 13,1 millones de personas en necesidad de protecci?n en Siria, 6,6 millones de personas desplazadas internamente; ?ACNUR trabaja arduamente para brinda ayuda, liderando un esfuerzo coordinado en toda la regi?n. Junto con sus socias, las ONG y los gobiernos de los pa?ses de acogida, trabajan para salvar vidas de personas que necesitan ayuda.? (ACNUR, 2018, p?g. 2). ; The disproportionate increase in the number of people who daily leave their territory due to war, violence, discrimination, political persecution, among others; they seek to preserve their physical integrity and the protection of their families, this has become an issue of interest for all the countries of the world, as its increase becomes a problem where all the states parties must be responsible and cooperate to lower the cups of displacement and persecution. As we can see in this graduate work, we will know the sad reality that the world faces and has faced for decades, where most countries are directed to cooperate to combat this crisis that many families suffer in a given society. Says the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) that more than 5.6 million people have fled Syria since 2011, looking for something to be safe in Lebanon, Turkey, Jordan among others, 13.1 million people in need of protection in Syria, 6.6 million people internally displaced; "UNHCR works hard to provide assistance, leading a coordinated effort throughout the region. Together with their partners, NGOs and governments of the host countries, they work to save the lives of people in need of help. "(UNHCR, 2018, page 2).

El incremento desmesurado del n?mero de personas que diariamente abandonan su territorio por cuestiones de guerra, violencia, discriminaci?n, persecuci?n pol?tica, entre otras; buscan preservar su integridad f?sica y la protecci?n de sus familias, se ha vuelto este un tema de inter?s para todos los pa?ses del mundo, pues su incremento se convierte en un problema donde todos los estados parte se deben hacer responsable y cooperar para bajar las tazas de desplazamiento y persecuci?n. Como podremos ver en este trabajo de grado, conoceremos la triste realidad que afronta y ha afrontado el mundo por d?cadas, donde la mayor?a de pa?ses est?n direccionados cooperar para combatir esta crisis que padecen muchas familias en la una sociedad determinada. Dice el alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados (ACNUR) que m?s de 5,6 millones de personas han huido de Siria desde el 2011, buscando algo se seguridad en L?bano, Turqu?a, Jordania entre otros, 13,1 millones de personas en necesidad de protecci?n en Siria, 6,6 millones de personas desplazadas internamente; ?ACNUR trabaja arduamente para brinda ayuda, liderando un esfuerzo coordinado en toda la regi?n. Junto con sus socias, las ONG y los gobiernos de los pa?ses de acogida, trabajan para salvar vidas de personas que necesitan ayuda.? (ACNUR, 2018, p?g. 2). ; The disproportionate increase in the number of people who daily leave their territory due to war, violence, discrimination, political persecution, among others; they seek to preserve their physical integrity and the protection of their families, this has become an issue of interest for all the countries of the world, as its increase becomes a problem where all the states parties must be responsible and cooperate to lower the cups of displacement and persecution. As we can see in this graduate work, we will know the sad reality that the world faces and has faced for decades, where most countries are directed to cooperate to combat this crisis that many families suffer in a given society. Says the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) that more than 5.6 million people have fled Syria since 2011, looking for something to be safe in Lebanon, Turkey, Jordan among others, 13.1 million people in need of protection in Syria, 6.6 million people internally displaced; "UNHCR works hard to provide assistance, leading a coordinated effort throughout the region. Together with their partners, NGOs and governments of the host countries, they work to save the lives of people in need of help. "(UNHCR, 2018, page 2).

Introducción: actualmente el derecho a la salud forma parte de los derechos humanos fundamentales y es reconocido a nivel internacional por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas. El objetivo de este artículo es describir experiencias de programas educativos de derechos en salud, y plantea retos para el fortalecimiento de las competencias en el marco de los derechos en salud, analizando al Perú como caso concreto. Desarrollo: para asegurar una atención de salud oportuna y de calidad, basada en los derechos en salud, y en el marco de lo establecido por normativas a nivel global sobre estos, se requiere que los profesionales de la salud se desarrollen en un entorno favorable para la práctica sanitaria y de servicios complementarios con los recursos apropiados. Las instituciones sanitarias deben ofrecer, en coordinación con las universidades y entidades del Estado, programas de formación sobre derechos en salud considerando el marco legal vigente y la capacitación continua de los profesionales. Conclusiones: es importante promover capacitaciones a los profesionales de salud en el tema de derechos en salud a nivel global y local, considerando los determinantes de la salud y los diferentes entornos socioculturales, iniciativas que deben ser impulsadas tanto desde la academia como desde el gobierno. Para el caso de Perú, a nivel del gobierno se propone promoverlo desde el Ministerio de Salud y la Superintendencia Nacional de Salud, ente encargado de proteger y promover los derechos en salud. ; Introduction: Currently the right to health is part of the fundamental human rights and is recognized internationally by the United Nations Organization. The objective of this article is to describe expe- riences of educational programs of health rights, and poses challenges for strengthening competencies within the framework of health rights, analyzing Peru as a specific case. Development: To ensure timely and quality health care, based on health rights, and within the framework of what is established by global regulations on human rights in health, health professionals are required to develop in a favora- ble environment for health practice and complementary services with appropriate resources. Health institutions must offer, in coordination with the universities and state entities, training programs on health rights considering the current legal framework and the continuous training of professionals. Conclusions: It is important to promote training for health professionals in the area of health rights at a global and local level, considering the determinants of health and the different socio-cultural environments, initiatives that should be promoted both from the academy as from the government. In the case of Peru, at the government level, it is proposed to promote it from the Ministry of Health and the National Health Superintendence, the entity in charge of protecting and promoting health rights.

The Ph.D. project aimed to analyze the right to privacy in light of the recent restrictions and derogations put in place in international and European law, particularly in response to the terrorist attacks that occurred on 11th September, 2001. In this context, tensions peaked in 2013 when former NSA employee, Edward Snowden, denounced mass surveillance programs put in place by the American government. These programs, made also possible by the collaboration of the most important American internet service providers, aimed to monitor American citizens and not. Undeniably, in 2013 the international community gained greater awareness of the potential risks connected to the indiscriminate collection of personal information by the National Security and law enforcement authorities. In fact, there are still many States that consider mass surveillance an effective tool in protecting national security and preventing terrorist attacks. However, these measures simultaneously contain considerable risks for citizens' rights, due to either the frequent lack of adequate jurisdictional control at a national level or the indiscriminate nature of the data collected. Despite the importance of the right to privacy, there is still a lack of adequate legislation in this matter. This is especially evident at the international level. Notably, Article 12 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Article 17 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights both fail to explicitly provide for the protection of personal data. Furthermore, there is no mention of this right in article 8 ECHR. The legal deficiencies, mainly caused by the lack of adequate technical knowledge on the matter during the period that these conventions were drafted and ratified, have been partially compensated for by the development in case-law put in place by the European Court of Human Rights, beginning with the Klass and others v. Germany sentence until the more recent Big Brother Watch and others v. United Kingdom. In particular, according to the judges of Strasbourg, any limitation must be provided for by law, pursuing a legitimate aim, is necessary in a democratic society and respectful of the principle of proportionality. From a legislative point of view, the situation seems to be consistently more favorable in the European context where the right to privacy has become a fundamental right, according to Article 8 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and Article 16 TFEU. In the final part of the project have been also identified and analyzed other significant unresolved issues in the context of the right to privacy, regarding in particular corporate responsibility for illegitimate transmission of personal data to National Security and law enforcement authorities, which violates international standards protecting human rights, and possible extraterritorial exercise of jurisdiction by monitoring bodies.

Adopted by the United Nations (UN) General Assembly in December 2018, the Global Compact on Refugees (GCR) and its Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework (CRRF) point to a paradigm shift in international refugee policy. The social and economic independence of refugees in destination countries and communities in particular is to be increased. In return, the international community commits to engage in burden- and responsibility-sharing by supporting hosting countries and communities with knowledge and resources. With this new deal, the UN announced its intention to break existing vicious cycles of displacement and dependence on aid in order to ensure that refugees and host communities benefit equally from the measures.The East African nation of Kenya is one of 15 pilot countries working to promote the implementation of the CRRF. The Kenyan Government pledged at the UN Summit for Refugees and Migrants in September 2016 to integrate refugees more effectively and involve them in national and local development planning processes. It underscored its commitments in March 2017 in the context of the regional Nairobi Declaration and Action Plan (NAP). While the national operational plan announced at the time has not yet been adopted, individual commitments are already being implemented. These also include the (further) development of the integrated refugee settlement of Kalobeyei in Turkana Country in the far north-west of the country, a project supported by the international community as part of the CRRF, but originally initiated at local level.The example of Kenya and Turkana County shows that the (capacity for) implementation of global agreements depends not least on the specific interests of sub-national actors. Requirements of the CRRF, such as better infrastructure for refugees and host communities, are compatible with the local government's economic development priorities. The capacity of Kenyan counties to take action has also been improved as a result of the decentralisation process in 2010. To a certain degree at least, counties can challenge the national security-related narratives which restrict the opportunities of refugees to participate in society to this day. In neighbouring Tanzania, implementation of the CRRF failed due in no small part to the fact that barely any consideration was given to the concerns of local actors in the nation's centralised political system.Based on our analysis, we make the following recommendations for German development policy:Local state and non-governmental actors should be involved in drafting global norms and dialogue between municipalities should be promoted,Partner governments should be made aware of the benefits of integrating refugees and political and administrative implementation should be supported,Local stakeholders should be actively involved and supported in the planning and prioritisation of refugee integration strategies.

The authors developed economic and statistical analysis on bilateral economic and trade and investment partnership between the Republic of Kyrgyzstan and the Russian Federation for the past decade and formulated proposals for the further coordination of long-term foreign economic policy.The paper provides an analytical review of intercountry trade and investment cooperation with emphasis on manufacturing. It is based on data from various international organizations (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Eurasian Economic Commission) and the National statistical committee of the Kyrgyz Republic. Extensive statistical material supports the thesis on using the benefits of integration for the economy of the Kyrgyz Republic, even though it remains dependent on political fluctuations and has an underdeveloped business environment.The authors examine the implementation of bilateral contracts, projects and agreements from 2008 to 2016, with an emphasis on critical long-term interests of two states, and discuss perspectives for trade and economic cooperation in the medium and long terms. They also cover questions regarding coordination of economic policy in the abovementioned areas. Considerable attention is given to evidence-based reasoning in favor of strengthening the Russian-Kyrgyz partnership in the field of trade and investment. There is also a need for statistical support for the implementation of joint programs to improve the sustainability and competitiveness of national economies, as well as a broad integration cooperation agenda within the Eurasian Economic Union and other associations. ; Авторами статьи проведен экономико-статистический анализ торгово-экономических и инвестиционных отношений между Киргизской Республикой и Российской Федерацией за последнее десятилетие и сформулированы предложения по дальнейшей координации внешнеэкономической политики двух стран.На основе статистических данных международных организаций (Конференции ООН по торговле и развитию, Евразийской экономической комиссии) и Национального статистического комитета Киргизской Республики дан аналитический обзор межстранового взаимодействия в области торговой и инвестиционной деятельности, преимущественно по обрабатывающей промышленности. С использованием большого статистического материала раскрывается тезис об использовании преимуществ интеграционного процесса применительно к экономике Киргизской Республики, несмотря на то, что она по-прежнему остается зависимой от политических колебаний и имеет недостаточно развитую бизнес-среду.Проанализирован ход выполнения двусторонних договоров, проектов и соглашений периода 2008-2016 гг., акцентировано внимание на ключевых долгосрочных интересах двух государств и обозначены направления в развитии двусторонних торгово-экономических отношений в средней и долгосрочной перспективе. Аргументируется авторская позиция по вопросам координации экономической политики в рассматриваемых сферах деятельности. Значительное внимание уделено фактологическому обоснованию укрепления российско-киргизского партнерства в сфере торговли и инвестиций, необходимости статистического сопровождения реализации совместных программ по повышению устойчивости и конкурентоспособности национальных экономик, а также широкой интеграционной повестки сотрудничества в рамках Евразийского экономического союза и других объединений.

The objectives of this research were; 1) to analyze the context,problems andobstaclesinthecommunitydevelopmentbyBuddhistaccording to Aparihaniyadhamma in Yasothon Province, 2) to study the mean to apply the appropriate concepts and theoriesandAparihaniyadhamma for communitydevelopmentby Buddhistin YasothonProvince, and 3) to propose a model of the community development by Buddhist according to Aparihaniyadhamma in Yasothon Province. The research findings were found as follows:1)Most respondents were male, 70 people, representing 51.0,the highest age from 40-49 years, representing 31.3,there are 76 undergraduate studies, 56.7,with monthly income from 5,001-10,000 baht or 38.5,there is a relationship in the community which is 94 people living in the community, representing 67.2.;2)The general condition that is a problem is government organizations or government agencies. Should care about the welfare and infrastructure in the community.And the development of people in the community to have morality and ethics in order to be a valued person with virtue.Should consider the factors of human resource development, namely the level of individual wisdom in receiving and learning cultivating public consciousness,reduce selfishness and training skills in knowledge and ethics.The development of people in the community must be promoted in the career of innovation. Opportunity for new generations to participate in expressing opinions for community development. And must be promoted support Buddhism including the application of the principles of the Apiriyatham in the life of progress.;3) CommunityreviewsthedevelopmentbyBuddhistaccordingto Aparihaniyadhamma in Yasothon Province were at the highest level ( =4.56, S.D.=.40)when considered each side it was found that the opinion of community development by Buddhist according to Aparihaniyadhamma in Yasothon Province were at the highest level on all sides. On average of descending order are: Respect the adults ( = 4.73, S.D.=.35), lady protection do not be persecuted( = 4.67, S.D.=.48), the pagoda is a monument of national importance ( = 4.65, S.D.=.43), the protection of monks and nuns who practice well in the state( =4.65,S.D.=.44),the meeting was convened simultaneously. And united at the meeting ( =4.49,S.D.=.54), the aspect of regular meeting( =4.40,S.D.=.60), and non-destructiveor abandonment provisions following order ( = 4.33, S.D.=.86) ; การวิจัยเรื่องนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์ 1) เพื่อศึกษาวิเคราะห์สภาพทั่วไปของปัญหาและอุปสรรคในการพัฒนาชุมชนเชิงพุทธโดยใช้หลักอปริหานิยธรรมในจังหวัดยโสธร 2) เพื่อศึกษาการประยุกต์ใช้หลักอปริหานิยธรรมในการพัฒนาชุมชนเชิงพุทธโดยใช้หลักอปริหานิยธรรมในจังหวัดยโสธรและ 3) เพื่อสร้างแนวทางการพัฒนาชุมชนเชิงพุทธโดยใช้หลักอปริหานิยธรรมในจังหวัดยโสธรผลการวิจัยพบว่า1)ผู้ตอบแบบสอบถามส่วนมากเป็นเพศชาย จำนวน 70 คนคิดเป็นร้อยละ 51.0 มีอายุมากที่สุดตั้งแต่ 40-49 ปี คิดเป็นร้อยละ 31.3 มีการศึกษาอยู่ในระดับปริญญาตรี 76 คน คิดเป็นร้อยละ 56.7 มีรายได้ต่อเดือนตั้งแต่ 5,001-10,000บาท คิดเป็นร้อยละ 38.5 มีความสัมพันธ์ในชุมชนโดยเป็นผู้อาศัยอยู่ในชุมชน94 คน คิดเป็นร้อยละ67.22) สภาพทั่วไปที่เป็นปัญหา คือ องค์กรภาครัฐหรือหน่วยงานราชการ ควรดูแลเกี่ยวกับเรื่องของสวัสดิการและโครงสร้างพื้นฐานในชุมชน และการพัฒนาคนในชุมชนให้มีจริยธรรม คุณธรรม เพื่อให้เป็นบุคลาคลที่ทรงคุณค่า ทรงคุณธรรม โดยควรคำนึงถึงปัจจัยแห่งการพัฒนาทรัพยากรบุคคล คือ ระดับภูมิปัญญาของแต่ละบุคคลในการรับและเรียนรู้ การปลูกฝังจิตสำนึกแห่งการมีจิตสาธารณะ ลด ละ ความเห็นแก่ตัว และการฝึกอบรมทักษะความรู้ด้านคุณธรรม จริยธรรม การพัฒนาคนในชุมชนจะต้องมีการส่งเสริมด้านอาชีพนวัตกรรม เปิดโอกาสให้คนรุ่นใหม่มีส่วนร่วมในการแสดงความคิดเห็นเพื่อพัฒนาชุมชน และจะต้องมีการส่งเสริมสนับสนุนพระพุทธศาสนา รวมทั้งการนำหลักอปริหานิยธรรมมาใช้ในการการดำเนินชีวิตให้มีความเจริญก้าวหน้า3)ผู้ตอบแบบสอบถามมีความคิดเห็นต่อแนวทางการพัฒนาชุมชนเชิงพุทธโดยใช้หลักอปริหานิยธรรมในจังหวัดยโสธร โดยรวมอยู่ในระดับมากที่สุด( =4.56,S.D.=.40) เมื่อพิจารณารายด้านพบว่า ผู้ตอบแบบสอบถามมีความคิดเห็น โดยเฉลี่ยจากมากไปหาน้อยตามลำดับ คือ ด้านเคารพผู้หลักผู้ใหญ่( = 4.73,S.D.=.35), ด้านคุ้มครองกุลสตรี มิให้ถูกข่มเหง ( =4.67,S.D.=.48),ด้านเคารพ เจดีย์ อนุสาวรีย์คนสำคัญของชาติ( =4.65,S.D.=.43), ด้านให้การคุ้มครองอารักขาสมณะ ชี พราหมณ์ ผู้ปฏิบัติดีปฏิบัติชอบในรัฐ ( = 4.65,S.D.=.44), ด้านเมื่อประชุมก็พร้อมกันเข้าประชุม และพร้อมเพรียงกันเลิกประชุม( =4.49,S.D.=.54),ด้านหมั่นประชุมกันเนืองนิตย์( = 4.40,S.D.=.60), และด้านไม่ทำลายหลักการ( =4.33,S.D.=.86) ตามลำดับ

La dimensión social europea ha adquirido, al menos en el plano teórico político de los últimos tres años, una cierta autosuficiencia que parece alejarla de aquel escenario inmediato a la implosión de la crisis de la eurozona donde las declaraciones y propuestas para la vialidad del proyecto se circunscribían, sin ambages, a la supervivencia de la gobernanza económica europea. Empero, esta renaissance de la integración social en el discurso oficial no ha sido fruto de una variable estocástica, sino de una doble conjunción de factores: inicialmente, un guiño a las reiteradas demandas del Reino Unido de limitar las ayudas sociales a ciudadanía europea económicamente inactiva, con la finalidad de neutralizar, entonces, un hipotético triunfo del Brexit. En un momento posterior, para paliar los déficits democráticos de la Unión durante la gestión de la crisis cuyos efectos sociales en los Estados miembros han sido correlativos al peligroso incremento exponencial en los parlamentos nacionales de fuerzas políticas eurófobas. Unos enfoques tácticos, pragmáticos y programáticos presentes en los programas de trabajo de la Comisión Europea de 2016, 2017 y 2018, en los que la integración positiva continúa anclada a propuestas donde lo social es viable en los fines, pero no en los medios. ; The European social dimension has acquired, at least on the theoretical political plane of the last four years, a certain self-sufficiency that seems to move it away from that immediate scenario to the implosion of the Eurozone crisis where the declarations and proposals for the project's viability circumscribed, without ambiguity, to the survival of European economic governance. However, this renaissance of social integration in the official discourse has not been the result of a stochastic variable, but of a double conjunction of factors: initially, a nod to the repeated demands of the United Kingdom to limit social aid to economically inactive European citizenship, with the aim of neutralizing, then, a hypothetical triumph of Brexit. At a later stage, to alleviate the Union's deficits during crisis management, the social effects of which in the Member States have been correlated with the dangerous exponential increase in national parliaments of Europhobic political forces. A tactical, pragmatic and programmatic approaches present in the European Commission's work programmes of 2016, 2017 and 2018, in which positive integration continues to be anchored in proposals where the social is viable in the ends, but not in the means. ; El presente estudio se enmarca dentro del proyecto de investigación, Estado Económico, Capitalismo financiarizado, Constitución, Gobernanza (DER 2017-84562-P) financiado por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, en el marco del Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica de Innovación 2013-2016.

This article analyzes the armed conflict in the Caribbean Region and its insertion into La Universidad del Atlántico between 1998 and 2006. Based on the field of recent history and studies on the armed conflict, the way this public education institution was fractured in a social, political and cultural manner by the actions of the North Block and the José Pablo Díaz Front of the Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia (United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia) is problematized. The differentiated modalities of the armed conflict in the Department of Atlántico and their relation with targeted killings, displacement and stigmatization of student and union leaders of the Alma Mater, together with the forms in which these violent plots coincided with the financial crisis that the institution suffered are examined. The findings are based on different sources from State entities, files extracted from social organizations, and press coverage from the period under study. ; El artículo analiza el conflicto armado en la región Caribe y su inserción en la Universidad del Atlántico entre 1998 y 2006. Desde el campo de la historia reciente y los estudios sobre conflicto armado, se problematiza la manera en que esta institución de educación pública fue fracturada social, política y culturalmente por el accionar del Bloque Norte y del Frente José Pablo Díaz de las Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia. Se examinan, a partir de distintas fuentes de organismos del Estado, archivos de organizaciones sociales y prensa del periodo de estudio, las modalidades diferenciadas del conflicto armado en el departamento del Atlántico y su relación con el asesinato selectivo, desplazamiento y estigmatización de líderes estudiantiles y sindicales de la Alma Máter, y los modos en que estas tramas de violencia coincidieron con la crisis financiera que vivió la institución. ; O artigo analisa o conflito armado na região Caribe e sua inserção na Universidade do Atlântico entre 1998 e 2006. Desde o campo da história recente e os estudos sobre o conflito armado, problematiza-se a forma na que esta instituição de educação pública foi fraturada social, política e culturalmente pelo acionar do Bloque Norte e do Frente José Pablo Díaz das Autodefesas Unidas da Colômbia. Examinam-se, a partir de diferentes fontes de órgãos do Estado, arquivos de organizações sociais e imprensa do período de estudo as modalidades diferenciadas do conflito armado no departamento do Atlântico e sua relação com o assassinato seletivo, deslocamento forçado e estigmatização de líderes estudantis e sindicais da Alma Mater, e os modos em que estas tramas de violência coincidiram com a crise financeira que viveu a instituição.

Whilst tariffs have declined following discipline instituted by the World Trade Organization (WTO), the use of non-tariff measures (NTMs) is on the rise worldwide (UNCTAD, 2013). This trend is also reflected in the updated NTM database of the Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), where the number of NTMs in ASEAN has increased over time. Since NTMs have the potential to restrict trade, the increase has raised concerns about returning to protectionism, which could hamper ASEAN's integration efforts. Tariff reduction and the removal of non-tariff barriers (NTBs) are amongst the key components of ASEAN's efforts to enhance intra-regional trade. In principle, the ASEAN Trade in Goods Agreement (ATIGA), which came into force in 2010 (ASEAN Secretariat, 2010), explicitly stated obligations regarding NTMs. In practice, however, the integration agenda has focused primarily on tariffs, which have been reduced to 0.2% on average (ASEAN Secretariat, 2018). As room to liberalise tariffs further is limited, addressing NTMs is fundamental to realise the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC). Because NTMs constitute a grey area where trade policy meets public policy goals, effective NTM management must consider not only their trade-distorting effects but also their potential benefits. The prerequisite for NTM management is a comprehensive and up-to-date database. The official ASEAN NTM database, which was collected in 2009 based on WTO notifications, does not reflect the actual incidence of NTMs in the region due to under-notification. Moreover, ASEAN Member States (AMSs) have undergone substantial reform during the last 10 years. To respond to this urgent need, ERIA and UNCTAD have cooperated to construct a detailed ASEAN NTM database. The first database was launched in 2015, and an update was completed in early 2019 to capture the dynamics of regulatory reform in ASEAN. We analyse the application of NTMs in ASEAN countries, based on the updated ERIA–UNCTAD database, and discuss regional and national progress in addressing NTMs. Section 2 briefly describes NTMs. Section 3 documents the pattern of NTM application in ASEAN countries. To illustrate the evolution of NTMs, we compare the data collected in 2015 and 2018. We present descriptive statistics on the incidence of NTMs in ASEAN, based on standard indicators. Section 4 explores the correlation between NTMs and tariffs. This exercise assesses the possibility of NTMs being used as a protection tool in the context of tariff reduction. Section 5 discusses ASEAN's ongoing efforts to address NTMs, broad initiatives, and sector-specific arrangements on NTMs. Section 6 summarises the key findings and recommends policies.

Adopted by the United Nations (UN) General Assembly in December 2018, the Global Compact on Refugees (GCR) and its Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework (CRRF) point to a paradigm shift in international refugee policy. The social and economic independence of refugees in destination countries and communities in particular is to be increased. In return, the international community commits to engage in burden- and responsibility-sharing by supporting hosting countries and communities with knowledge and resources. With this new deal, the UN announced its intention to break existing vicious cycles of displacement and dependence on aid in order to ensure that refugees and host communities benefit equally from the measures. The East African nation of Kenya is one of 15 pilot countries working to promote the implementation of the CRRF. The Kenyan Government pledged at the UN Summit for Refugees and Migrants in September 2016 to integrate refugees more effectively and involve them in national and local development planning processes. It underscored its commitments in March 2017 in the context of the regional Nairobi Declaration and Action Plan (NAP). While the national operational plan announced at the time has not yet been adopted, individual commitments are already being implemented. These also include the (further) development of the integrated refugee settlement of Kalobeyei in Turkana Country in the far north-west of the country, a project supported by the international community as part of the CRRF, but originally initiated at local level. The example of Kenya and Turkana County shows that the (capacity for) implementation of global agreements depends not least on the specific interests of sub-national actors. Requirements of the CRRF, such as better infrastructure for refugees and host communities, are compatible with the local government's economic development priorities. The capacity of Kenyan counties to take action has also been improved as a result of the decentralisation process in 2010. To a certain degree at least, counties can challenge the national security-related narratives which restrict the opportunities of refugees to participate in society to this day. In neighbouring Tanzania, implementation of the CRRF failed due in no small part to the fact that barely any consideration was given to the concerns of local actors in the nation's centralised political system. Based on our analysis, we make the following recommendations for German development policy: Local state and non-governmental actors should be involved in drafting global norms and dialogue between municipalities should be promoted, Partner governments should be made aware of the benefits of integrating refugees and political and administrative implementation should be supported, Local stakeholders should be actively involved and supported in the planning and prioritisation of refugee integration strategies.

This article has been accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Soicety © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved ; We present results of the first dynamical stream fits to the recently discovered Tucana III stream. These fits assume a fixed Milky Way potential and give proper motion predictions, which can be tested with the upcoming Gaia Data Release 2 (DR2). These fits reveal that Tucana III is on an eccentric orbit around the Milky Way and, more interestingly, that Tucana III passed within 15 kpc of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) approximately 75 Myr ago. Given this close passage, we fit the Tucana III stream in the combined presence of the Milky Way and the LMC. We find that the predicted proper motions depend on the assumed mass of the LMC and that the LMC can induce a substantial proper motion perpendicular to the stream track. A detection of this misalignment will directly probe the extent of the LMC's influence on our Galaxy, and has implications for nearly all methods which attempt to constraint the Milky Way potential. Such a measurement will be possible with the upcoming Gaia DR2, allowing for a measurement of the LMC's mass. ; DE and VB acknowledge that the research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007- 2013) / ERC Grant Agreement no. 308024. EB acknowledges financial support from the European Research Council (StG-335936). ABP acknowledges generous support from the George P. and Cynthia Woods Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy at Texas A&M University. Funding for the DES Projects has been provided by the U.S. Department of Energy, the U.S. National Science Foundation, the Ministry of Science and Education of Spain, the Science and Technology Facilities Council of the United Kingdom, the Higher Education Funding Council for England, the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago, the Center for Cosmology and Astro- Particle Physics at the Ohio State University, the Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy at Texas A&M University, Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos, Fundacâo Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico and the Ministério da Ciência, Tecnología e Inovacâo, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the Collaborating Institutions in the Dark Energy Survey

The relevance of this study is due to the fact that in terms of decentralization the opportunities for rural development are expanding. The purpose of the article is to develop a mechanism for diversification of rural development in terms of decentralization. It is justified that the mechanism of diversification of rural development in terms of decentralization implies the introduction of special tools and methods aimed at optimizing the structure of this process, while focusing on improving the quality of life of the rural population; ensuring the competitiveness of rural areas and achieving environmental security. It is proved that the development of the mechanism of diversification of rural development should be carried out taking into account strategic directions and analysis of the socio-ecological and economic development of rural territories. It is determined that the object of diversification of rural development in terms of decentralization is the socio-ecological and economic development of rural territories. The subjects of diversification of rural development are included state authorities; local governments; rural population; legal and natural persons; other subjects. It is substantiated that the diversification of rural development in terms of decentralization is possible in the presence of regulatory, scientific and methodological, financial, institutional and other types of resources. There are four groups of instruments for diversification of rural development in terms of decentralization: social, economic, environmental and organizational. It is noted that the mechanism of diversification of rural development should be implemented through the development of a national strategy for diversification of rural development, participation in national and international projects, improvement of existing rural development programs. It is determined that the methods and instruments of diversification of rural development in terms of decentralization should be flexible and adapt to the socio-ecological and economic development of specific rural territories of Ukraine. It is proved that all the methods and tools of this mechanism should be correlated with each other, since only in the complex they will contribute to the complex development of rural united territorial communities. ; У статті розроблено механізм диверсифікації розвитку сільських територій в умовах децентралізації. Обґрунтовано, що механізм диверсифікації розвитку сільських територій в умовах децентралізації передбачає запровадження спеціальних інструментів та методів, спрямованих на оптимізацію структури даного процесу, акцентуючи при цьому увагу на підвищення якості життя сільського населення; забезпечення конкурентоспроможності сільських територій та досягнення екологічної безпеки. Доведено, що розробка механізму диверсифікації розвитку сільських територій повинна проводитись з урахуванням стратегічних напрямів та аналізу стану соціо-еколого-економічного розвитку сільських територій. Відмічено, що механізм диверсифікації розвитку сільських територій слід реалізовувати за допомогою розробки загальнодержавної стратегії диверсифікації розвитку сільських територій, участі у вітчизняних та міжнародних проектах, удосконалення існуючих програм розвитку сільських територій.

38Gesellschaftlicher Widerstand: die wirtschaftlichen und politischen Streiks in Polen und im oberschlesischen Industriebezirk nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg (1944–1970)ARTICLES Ryszard KACZMAREK Kazimierz MIROSZEWSKIerwies. Giereks Herrschaftsmodell in Oberschlesien unterschied sich von den in anderen Teilen Polens geltenden Regierungsstrategien, in denen es aufgrund von Mangel an Finanzmitteln und politischer Willenskraft nicht möglich war, einen "Wohlfahrtsstaat" aufzubauen. Es waren also erst die Ereignisse von 1980 an der polnischen Küste, die die Arbeiterstreiks in Oberschlesien mit seinen Kohlengruben und Eisenhütten wieder auslösten und sich rasch in die meisten Industrieanlagen in der Region ausbreiteten. In Anbetracht der Bedeutung, die der oberschlesische Industrieregion für ganz Polen hatte, wäre der Erfolg der Solidarität von 1980 ohne die oberschlesischen Streikaktionen nicht möglich gewesen.SchlüsselwörterOberschlesien, Streik, sozialer Widerstand, Volksrepublik Polen, Edward GierekAbstractThe backgrounds of workers strikes in the Polish communist era varied, depending on which historical period they were taking place in. In Upper Silesia, their specificity was additionally more acute due the heavy industry concentration in the region and vast numbers of workers. In Polish historiography of the post-1945 era it has become quite common to treat the strikes almost solely as elements of social resistance against the powers that be. What has frequently been overlooked is that social resistance is a broader phenomenon, as a rule defined as any spontaneous, unorganized and unguided protest against an imposed political and/or ideological order, usually bound up with defence of traditional values. Strikes constitute but one part of such protests; what is more, only a segment of them was of a political nature. The authors of the present article analyse the impact that workers strikes which had occurred in Poland's largest industrial region exerted on the situation of the Polish People's Republic (PRL).During the 1940s and at the beginning of the 1950s the Upper Silesian industrial region (Polish: GOP) was the centre of the resistance movement. The year 1956, when a special system of privileges and incentives was put forth for workers in the heavy industry sector, marked the end of social strikes in Upper Silesia for nearly two decades, in contrast to what was happening at the time in other parts of Poland. The system is now popularly identified with the figure of Edward Gierek, who was the first secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party. Gierek's system can be compared to the Hungarian Kadarism or the GDR model proposed by Erich Honecker which proved quite effective up until the 1980s. Gierek's model of rule in Upper Silesia differed from governmental strategies in force in other parts of Poland, where due to both a lack of financial means and political willpower it was not possible to build a veritable 'welfare state'. It was only the 1980 events on the Polish coast that ignited the workers strikes in Upper Silesia and its coal mines and ironworks, quickly spreading to most of industrial plants in the region. Considering the significance of the Upper Silesian industrial region for the whole of Poland, without these Silesian strikes the 1980 success of Solidarity would not have been possible.

O sarampo é uma doença viral grave e altamente contagiosa. O vírus do sarampo é um vírus de ARN, cadeia simples, do gênero Morbillivirus, da família Paramyxoviridae, transmitido pelas vias aéreas, através de gotículas de aerossóis ou por contato direto com secreções respiratórias de indivíduos infectados. A infecção é adquirida pelo contato dessas gotículas com a mucosa do trato respiratório ou conjuntiva. Em 2005, a Organização Mundial de Saúde estabeleceu que o objetivo para a erradicação do sarampo na Região Europeia seria até 2010 mas, apesar das medidas adotadas pelos diversos países, o sarampo ressurgiu, com 10271 casos relatados somente em 2013 em 30 estados da União Europeia, com mais de 91% deles na Alemanha, Itália, Holanda e Reino Unido. No início de 2017, Portugal foi ameaçado por um surto de sarampo, relatando nos primeiros cinco meses do ano 31 casos confirmados, 20 (65%) em adultos (com idade igual ou superior a 18), dos quais 45% (13) foram em profissionais de saúde. Face a este surto de sarampo ter tantos casos em adultos, os autores decidiram fazer uma breve revisão, tentando relembrar uma infeção antiga, não tão conhecida pelos médicos mais jovens e que pode ser esquecida na abordagem de um doente adulto. Os autores salientam igualmente que o vírus do sarampo pode virtualmente ser erradicado, pois existe uma vacina eficaz e não existe na natureza nenhum reservatório para o vírus, além dos humanos. ; Measles is a serious, highly contagious viral disease. The measles virus is a single-stranded, RNA virus of the genus Morbillivirus within the family Paramyxoviridae, transmitted by air, through droplets of aerosols or by direct contact with respiratory secretions of infected individuals. The infection is acquired through the mucosa of respiratory tract or conjunctiva. In 2005, the World Health Organization established that measles eradication in the European Region should be achieved by 2010, but despite the measures adopted by the various countries, measles re-emerged, with 10271 cases reported only in 2013 in 30 states of European Union, with more than 91% of them in Germany, Italy, Netherland and United Kingdom. In the beginning of 2017, Portugal was threatened with a measles outbreak, reporting in the first five months of the year 31 confirmed cases, 20 (65%) of them in adults (18 or older), of which 45% (13) were in health professionals. Because this measles outbreak had so many cases in adults, the authors decided to make a brief review, trying to remember an old infection, not so well known by younger doctors, and that can be overlooked in the approach of the adult patients. The authors also point out that measles virus could virtually be eradicated as there is an effective vaccine and there is no reservoir in nature for the virus other than humans.