Suchergebnisse

Die hier vorgestellte Untersuchung des Vermögens privater Haushalte als ein möglicher Indikator für den Wohlstand einer Gesellschaft hat für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland einen starken Anstieg der Vermögen seit 1970 aufgezeigt. Dies gilt sowohl für die makroökonomischen Resultate der Finanzierungsrechnung der Deutschen Bundesbank als auch für die mikroökonomischen Ergebnisse der Einkommens- und Verbrauchsstichproben des Statistischen Bundesamts. Allerdings werden auch wesentliche Unterschiede im Aussagegehalt der einzelnen Datensätze deutlich. Während die Finanzierungsrechnung eine Steigerung des Nettovermögens um 808 Prozent in 27 Jahren aufweist (von 1,3 Billionen DM im Jahr 1970 auf 12,1 Billionen DM im Jahr 1997) lautet der entsprechende Prozentwert auf der Berechnungsbasis der Einkommens- und Verbrauchsstichproben nur 280 Prozent in 25 Jahren bei einer wesentlich niedrigeren Gesamthöhe in späteren Untersuchungen (von 2,2 Billionen DM im Jahr 1973 auf nur 8,3 Billionen DM im Jahr 1998). Die Untersuchung der Daten der EVS hat aufgezeigt, welch große Bedeutung das Immobilienvermögen für die Vermögenssituation der privaten Haushalte hat. Allerdings ist es nicht so, dass alle Haushalte über Eigentum an Grund- und Hausbesitz verfügen. In Westdeutschland hat es zwar eine starke Steigerungen der Eigentümerquote seit 1961 gegeben. Seit 1993 ist jedoch eine Stagnation bei etwa 50 Prozent zu konstatieren. Die Analyse der Vermögensverteilung nur bezogen auf die westdeutschen Haushalte hat im Zeitraum von 1973 bis 1993 eine abnehmende Konzentration sowohl bei der Betrachtung der Anteile einzelner Haushaltsquintile am Nettogesamtvermögen als auch bei der Analyse des Gini-Koeffizienten ergeben. Allerdings hat sich dieser Trend in den Jahren bis 1998 nicht weiter fortgeführt. Für das Jahr 1998 ist in Westdeutschland feststellbar, dass die unteren 40 Prozent der Haushalte über praktisch kein Vermögen verfügen, während das oberste Quintil über 60 Prozent des Gesamtvermögens aufweisen kann. Für Ostdeutschland sind starke Anpassungstendenzen hin zu den Werten der westdeutschen Bundesländer festzustellen. Dies betrifft einerseits die absolute Höhe der Vermögenswerte, auch wenn diese bisher nur 38 Prozent des entsprechenden Wertes westdeutscher Haushalte bei einer Betrachtung der Durchschnittswerte je Haushalte im Jahr 1998 erreichen. Andererseits ist auch die Eigentümerquote an Haus- und Grundbesitz nach der Wiedervereinigung stark angestiegen. Durch dieses Immobilieneigentum auf breiterer Basis wird die Ungleichheit der Vermögensverteilung in Ostdeutschland im Zeitablauf etwas verringert, so dass der Gini-Koeffizient in den Jahren von 1993 zu 1998 leicht gesunken ist. Jedoch kann auch für die neuen Bundesländer festgestellt werden, dass die unteren 40 Prozent der Haushalte über praktisch kein Vermögen verfügen, während das oberste Quintil ostdeutscher Haushalte sogar über 70 Prozent des Gesamtvermögens aufweisen kann. Feststellbar ist weiterhin eine hohe Übereinstimmung der Vermögensverteilung in Ost- und Westdeutschland. Sowohl die Vermögensverteilung auf der Basis der Quintilswerte als auch die Resultate der Gini-Koeffizienten weisen ähnliche Ergebnisse auf, wobei eine starke Angleichungstendenz zwischen beiden Landesteilen gegeben ist. Diese Ähnlichkeit der Ergebnisse kann nur als erstaunlich bezeichnet werden, wenn man bedenkt, dass beide Landesteile für über 40 Jahre unterschiedlichen wirtschaftspolitischen Leitbildern gefolgt sind – die Bundesrepublik Deutschland der sozialen Marktwirtschaft und die Deutsche Demokratische Republik der sozialistischen Planwirtschaft. ; This investigation of the wealth of private households as a possible indicator for the prosperity of a society indicated a strong increase in wealth for the Federal Republic of Germany since 1970. This applies both to the macro-economic results of the financial accounting of the Deutsche Bundesbank and to the micro-economic results of the Income and Consumption Surveys of the Federal Statistical Office. However, substantial differences become clear in the content expressed by these two different sets of data. While the financial accounting of the Deutsche Bundesbank shows an increase of net assets of around 808 per cent over 27 years (from 1.3 trillion DM in the year 1970 to 12.1 trillion DM in 1997), calculations on the basis of the Income and Consumption Surveys yield a corresponding value of only 280 per cent in a 25-year period, with a substantially lower overall magnitude in later investigations (from 2.2 trillion DM in 1973 to only 8.3 trillion DM in 1998). Investigation of the EVS data pointed out the great importance of property for the wealth situation of private households. However, not every household has property in the form of housing and real estate. In West Germany, ownership rates have increased substantially since 1962. However, since 1993 these rates have stagnated at about 50 per cent. The analysis of the distribution of wealth for West German households yielded a decline in the concentration of wealth in the period from 1973 to 1993, both in terms of the shares of total wealth held by individual quintiles of households, and as expressed by the Gini coefficients. However, this trend did not continue in the years between 1993 and 1998. For the year 1998 it can be determined that the lowest 40 per cent of households in West Germany had practically no wealth, while the highest quintile claimed over 60 per cent of total assets. For East Germany, strong tendencies are established toward adapting to the values in the West German Länder. This concerns first the absolute level of net assets, even though in 1998 these amounted to just 38 per cent of the analogous value in West German households, in terms of the average value per household. Similarly, the ownership rates of housing and real estate also rose dramatically after reunification. The inequality of the distribution of wealth in East Germany was reduced somewhat by this broader basis of real-estate ownership over the course of time, such that the Gini coefficient decreased slightly in the period from 1993 to 1998. However, it is also true for the new Länder in the Federal Republic that the lowest 40 per cent of households have practically no wealth, while the highest quintile of East German households claim over 70 per cent of total assets, even higher than its share in West Germany. Furthermore, the distribution of wealth is remarkably congruous in East and West Germany. Both the distribution of wealth as expressed by the quintile values and the results of the Gini coefficients yield similar results, whereby the trend in both regions is toward convergence. The similarity of these results must be regarded as nothing less than amazing, considering that the two regions followed different economic models for over forty years: the social free-market economy (Soziale Marktwirtschaft) in the Federal Republic of Germany, and the socialist planned economy (Sozialistische Planwirtschaft) in the German Democratic Republic.

This investigation of the wealth of private households as a possible indicator for the prosperity of a society indicated a strong increase in wealth for the Federal Republic of Germany since 1970. This applies both to the macro-economic results of the financial accounting of the Deutsche Bundesbank and to the micro-economic results of the Income and Consumption Surveys of the Federal Statistical Office. However, substantial differences become clear in the content expressed by these two different sets of data. While the financial accounting of the Deutsche Bundesbank shows an increase of net assets of around 808 per cent over 27 years (from 1.3 trillion DM in the year 1970 to 12.1 trillion DM in 1997), calculations on the basis of the Income and Consumption Surveys yield a corresponding value of only 280 per cent in a 25-year period, with a substantially lower overall magnitude in later investigations (from 2.2 trillion DM in 1973 to only 8.3 trillion DM in 1998). Investigation of the EVS data pointed out the great importance of property for the wealth situation of private households. However, not every household has property in the form of housing and real estate. In West Germany, ownership rates have increased substantially since 1962. However, since 1993 these rates have stagnated at about 50 per cent. The analysis of the distribution of wealth for West German households yielded a decline in the concentration of wealth in the period from 1973 to 1993, both in terms of the shares of total wealth held by individual quintiles of households, and as expressed by the Gini coefficients. However, this trend did not continue in the years between 1993 and 1998. For the year 1998 it can be determined that the lowest 40 per cent of households in West Germany had practically no wealth, while the highest quintile claimed over 60 per cent of total assets. For East Germany, strong tendencies are established toward adapting to the values in the West German Länder. This concerns first the absolute level of net assets, even though in 1998 these amounted to just 38 per cent of the analogous value in West German households, in terms of the average value per household. Similarly, the ownership rates of housing and real estate also rose dramatically after reunification. The inequality of the distribution of wealth in East Germany was reduced somewhat by this broader basis of real-estate ownership over the course of time, such that the Gini coefficient decreased slightly in the period from 1993 to 1998. However, it is also true for the new Länder in the Federal Republic that the lowest 40 per cent of households have practically no wealth, while the highest quintile of East German households claim over 70 per cent of total assets, even higher than its share in West Germany. Furthermore, the distribution of wealth is remarkably congruous in East and West Germany. Both the distribution of wealth as expressed by the quintile values and the results of the Gini coefficients yield similar results, whereby the trend in both regions is toward convergence. The similarity of these results must be regarded as nothing less than amazing, considering that the two regions followed different economic models for over forty years: the social free-market economy (Soziale Marktwirtschaft) in the Federal Republic of Germany, and the socialist planned economy (Sozialistische Planwirtschaft) in the German Democratic Republic. ; Die Entwicklung des aggregierten Privatvermögens und seine Verteilung in Deutschland seit 1970 Die hier vorgestellte Untersuchung des Vermögens privater Haushalte als ein möglicher Indikator für den Wohlstand einer Gesellschaft hat für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland einen starken Anstieg der Vermögen seit 1970 aufgezeigt. Dies gilt sowohl für die makroökonomischen Resultate der Finanzierungsrechnung der Deutschen Bundesbank als auch für die mikroökonomischen Ergebnisse der Einkommens- und Verbrauchsstichproben des Statistischen Bundesamts. Allerdings werden auch wesentliche Unterschiede im Aussagegehalt der einzelnen Datensätze deutlich. Während die Finanzierungsrechnung eine Steigerung des Nettovermögens um 808 Prozent in 27 Jahren aufweist (von 1,3 Billionen DM im Jahr 1970 auf 12,1 Billionen DM im Jahr 1997) lautet der entsprechende Prozentwert auf der Berechnungsbasis der Einkommens- und Verbrauchsstichproben nur 280 Prozent in 25 Jahren bei einer wesentlich niedrigeren Gesamthöhe in späteren Untersuchungen (von 2,2 Billionen DM im Jahr 1973 auf nur 8,3 Billionen DM im Jahr 1998). Die Untersuchung der Daten der EVS hat aufgezeigt, welch große Bedeutung das Immobilienvermögen für die Vermögenssituation der privaten Haushalte hat. Allerdings ist es nicht so, dass alle Haushalte über Eigentum an Grund- und Hausbesitz verfügen. In Westdeutschland hat es zwar eine starke Steigerungen der Eigentümerquote seit 1961 gegeben. Seit 1993 ist jedoch eine Stagnation bei etwa 50 Prozent zu konstatieren. Die Analyse der Vermögensverteilung nur bezogen auf die westdeutschen Haushalte hat im Zeitraum von 1973 bis 1993 eine abnehmende Konzentration sowohl bei der Betrachtung der Anteile einzelner Haushaltsquintile am Nettogesamtvermögen als auch bei der Analyse des Gini-Koeffizienten ergeben. Allerdings hat sich dieser Trend in den Jahren bis 1998 nicht weiter fortgeführt. Für das Jahr 1998 ist in Westdeutschland feststellbar, dass die unteren 40 Prozent der Haushalte über praktisch kein Vermögen verfügen, während das oberste Quintil über 60 Prozent des Gesamtvermögens aufweisen kann. Für Ostdeutschland sind starke Anpassungstendenzen hin zu den Werten der westdeutschen Bundesländer festzustellen. Dies betrifft einerseits die absolute Höhe der Vermögenswerte, auch wenn diese bisher nur 38 Prozent des entsprechenden Wertes westdeutscher Haushalte bei einer Betrachtung der Durchschnittswerte je Haushalte im Jahr 1998 erreichen. Andererseits ist auch die Eigentümerquote an Haus- und Grundbesitz nach der Wiedervereinigung stark angestiegen. Durch dieses Immobilieneigentum auf breiterer Basis wird die Ungleichheit der Vermögensverteilung in Ostdeutschland im Zeitablauf etwas verringert, so dass der Gini-Koeffizient in den Jahren von 1993 zu 1998 leicht gesunken ist. Jedoch kann auch für die neuen Bundesländer festgestellt werden, dass die unteren 40 Prozent der Haushalte über praktisch kein Vermögen verfügen, während das oberste Quintil ostdeutscher Haushalte sogar über 70 Prozent des Gesamtvermögens aufweisen kann. Feststellbar ist weiterhin eine hohe Übereinstimmung der Vermögensverteilung in Ost- und Westdeutschland. Sowohl die Vermögensverteilung auf der Basis der Quintilswerte als auch die Resultate der Gini-Koeffizienten weisen ähnliche Ergebnisse auf, wobei eine starke Angleichungstendenz zwischen beiden Landesteilen gegeben ist. Diese Ähnlichkeit der Ergebnisse kann nur als erstaunlich bezeichnet werden, wenn man bedenkt, dass beide Landesteile für über 40 Jahre unterschiedlichen wirtschaftspolitischen Leitbildern gefolgt sind – die Bundesrepublik Deutschland der sozialen Marktwirtschaft und die Deutsche Demokratische Republik der sozialistischen Planwirtschaft.

ESPAÑOL: Presentamos una revisión del problema de la génesis del reino de Pamplona. Frente a la idea de un cápsula hispanovisigótica destinada a hacer eclosión tras la crisis del emirato, proponemos comprender la historia de este periodo en términos dialécticos. Por un lado, las estructuras políticas del Pirineo occidental se articulan como un sistema periférico del emirato, lo que genera procesos de jerarquización interna y regional. Por otro, un sector de la sociedad enarbola el estandarte de un cristianismo de combate opuesto a las estrechas vinculaciones de los dirigentes de Pamplona con AlÁndalus, lo que acelera la destilación de un discurso de monarquía cristiana. Este juego de tensiones se salva con una legitimidad doble: los Íñigo son emires dependientes de Córdoba hacia el exterior y príncipes cristianos hacia el interior. Al tiempo, instrumentos como la justicia o el dominio del yermo son utilizados por los dirigentes para convertir el poder político en formas de control social y territorial de la población rural. / ENGLISH: Constructing a kingdom on the edge of al-Andalus: Pamplona and the Western Pyrenees in the eighth and ninth centuries. The traditional vision of Navarrese society during the two centuries after the Muslim conquest is of an hispanovisigothic island, protected from direct Islamic influence by the initial pact of rendition to Cordoba and the payment of the corresponding tributes, that only would develop into a true Christian monarchy with the emergence of the Jimena dynasty at the start of the tenth century. However, there are various reasons to re-address the question of the origins of the kingdom of Pamplona. Some are quite recent: the work done in the last ten years on the funeral archaeology of the period after the Islamic conquest; and a recent and important reappraisal of the neighbouring Banu Qasi, alternately allies and enemies of Pamplona. More generally, and going further back, previous explanations of the process by which fragmented local powers turned into a kingdom have hardly been satisfactory. In the area around Pamplona we know of the existence of three eighth century necropoleis. One of them is a Muslim cemetery, which suggests the pacific presence of an Islamic community during several generations, but it is the two Christian cemeteries which contain the most striking finds. Shortly after the arrival of the Muslims, in the higher ranking tombs artefacts have appeared which suggest links with the new masters of the land, above all signet rings bearing cufic inscriptions. That this should happen in a context so sensitive to representations of social order suggests that the links between the ruling families and the Muslims were closely than had previously been thought. During the ninth century the political structures of the Western Pyrenees function as a peripheric part of the Emirate, with each individual or group's position determined by their role in the different alliances, conflicts or processes of wealth redistribution that connected them with al- Andalus. The rulers of Pamplona appear as the principal regional interlocutors with Muslim power, both when it came to organising military coalitions or when tributes (jizya) had to be paid. This last point is particularly eloquent: the people of the Western Pyrenees paid the jizya the same as all other Christians in al-Andalus. As J. Lorenzo has recently shown in his doctoral thesis, the Navarrese were not regarded as foreigners, but rather were protected by Islam. The governor of Pamplona was not a sovereign, but rather a dependent of the Emir of Cordoba. That, however, is but one side of the coin. The eventual emergence of the kingdom is best understood as the resolution of a series of tensions, and in contrast to the rulers of Pamplona who paid the jizya, fought alongside the Banu Qasi, married their daughters to Muslims and were in general seduced by al-Andalus, with a power base in the Pyrenean monasteries there was a section of society that embraced militant Christianity. The clearest manifestation of which is the earliest anti-Muslim pamphlet in Western Europe, the Life of Mohammed that Eulogius of Cordoba came across in the Navarrese monastery of Leire in 848, although there would also be links forged with the voluntary martyrs of Cordoba. Such tensions never reach breaking-point because the two tendencies needed each other. The rulers of Pamplona had to respect the rules in operation in al-Andalus, but they also needed a legitimising discourse for internal consumption that only the Church could provide. For their part, the abbots, bishops and related families were dependent upon their Christian ruler while no suitable alternative was available. What's more, the divergent tendencies actually made the emergence of a Christian monarchy possible: with the concentration of power in Pamplona on the one hand, and by way of reaction sections of the Church coming to favour a Christian monarchy. To all this we can add the use by the rulers of Pamplona of instruments such as justice and control of uncultivated land as means of exercising social and territorial control over the rural population. The paradox of the situation, then, is that it would be the influence of al-Andalus on Navarrese society that enabled the emergence of a monarchy which, after the crisis of the Emirate, would unite with the Leonese against al-Andalus itself.

La lógica del mercado y al cambio de modelo de desarrollo en América Latina, en el intento de poder competir a nivel mundial, ha agudizado las disparidades y el deterioro ambiental. La presión que ejercen las grandes empresas y ciertos grupos con poder, el enquistamiento de una estructura administrativa que puja por mantener esquemas tradicionales ya perimidos y la falta de planificación impiden atender uno de los problemas claves que plantea la economía en el territorio, el de la concentración y los desequilibrios territoriales. Surge entonces el Ordenamiento Territorial como alternativa válida para atenuar estos procesos y dar respuesta a la sociedad. El caso que se presenta pone en el tapete muchos de estos temas que hoy preocupan y puede servir como experiencia transferible y aplicable a otras realidades que buscan consolidar un desarrollo local sustentable. El ante-proyecto de Ley de Ordenamiento Territorial y Usos del Suelo para la provincia de Mendoza, República Argentina, es un instrumento elaborado en el año 2006 por el sector académico-científico que desde una visión interdisciplinaria incorpora fundamentos técnicos y aportes de los actores sociales involucrados. La metodología aplicada permite consensuar por la sociedad en su conjunto los principios que sustentan la Ley, determinar la aplicación de ciertos instrumentos para efectivizar acciones en el territorio y definir una forma innovadora de hacer política, gestionar y planificar el uso del suelo. La propuesta considera al Ordenamiento Territorial como una política de Estado que debe propiciar condiciones de gobernabilidad. Sus principios y normas priorizan la equidad y el bienestar general por encima de los intereses particulares así como también el respeto de los valores y costumbres de la sociedad. Surge de un proceso participativo y sus principios y fines responden a los problemas actuales. Incorpora una serie de instrumentos debidamente jerarquizados conforme a las competencias jurisdiccionales y existencia de distintas escalas geográficas, como también, instrumentos jurídicos y prácticas administrativas innovadoras que permiten la resolución de conflictos territoriales. Identifica además recursos financieros para implementarla y prioriza el fortalecimiento de los mecanismos de control para un funcionamiento más ágil y eficaz de la gestión pública. Sin embargo existen riesgos vinculados a la voluntad política y el poder económico que pueden impedir que esta utopía se transforme en realidad. Solo la participación social es la que puede lograr vencer los intereses en juego y conseguir la aprobación de la Ley. Si esto se consigue se habrá dado un paso muy importante a ser imitado, sin lugar a dudas, en otros lugares de Argentina y América Latina. ; The logic of the market and the changing pattern of development in Latin americas, in an attempt to be able to compete globally, has exacerbated the disparities and environmental degradation. The pressure exerted by large companies and certain groups with power, enquistamiento of an administrative structure that bid to maintain traditional patterns and perimidos and lack of planning impede meet one of the key problems posed by the economy in the territory, the concentration and territorial imbalances. Surge then land use planning as a valid alternative to mitigate these processes and respond to society. The case shown in the table puts many of these issues that concern today and experience can serve as transferable and applicable to other realities that are seeking to consolidate a sustainable local development. The face-Bill spatial planning and land use for the province of Mendoza, Argentina, is an instrument developed in 2006 by academics-from a scientific vision that incorporates interdisciplinary technical foundations and contributions from social actors involved. The methodology allows consensus by society as a whole the principles underpinning the Act, determine the application of certain instruments to effectuate actions in the territory and define an innovative way of doing politics, manage and plan the land use. The proposal considers the spatial planning as a state policy that should promote conditions of governability. Its principles and norms prioritize equity and the general welfare over individual interests as well as respect for the values and mores of society. Surge of a participatory process and its principles and purposes respond to current problems. It incorporates a range of instruments properly classified under the jurisdiction and existence of different geographical scales, as well as legal instruments and innovative management practices that allow the resolution of territorial conflicts. Identifies further financial resources to implement and prioritizes strengthening control mechanisms for a more agile and efficient governance. But there are risks associated with the political and economic power that can prevent this utopia is transformed into reality. Only social participation is what can be done to overcome the interests involved and get the approval of Law. If this is achieved will be given a very important step to be followed, no doubt, elsewhere in Argentina and Latin americas. ; Fil: Gudiño, María Elina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. Instituto de Investigación y Formación para el Ordenamiento Territorial

In Deutschland ist die soziale Integration von Problemgruppen ein immer wiederkehrender Schwerpunkt in der politischen Diskussion. Gerade in urbanen Zentren, in denen die Bevölkerung kumuliert, treten Integrationsprobleme unterschiedlicher gesellschaftlicher Gruppen auf. Da durch Integration ein nachhaltiger, gesamtgesellschaftlicher Nutzen erreicht wird, ist es notwendig, dass verschiedene Sektoren bzw. Institutionen zur Lösung der Integrationsprobleme beitragen. Einen Lösungsbeitrag sollten ebenfalls die kommunalen Forstverwaltungen leisten, die über die Funktionen des Waldes eine Verpflichtung zur sozialen Nachhaltigkeit eingehen. Die bisherige Definition von sozialer Nachhaltigkeit der Forstwirtschaft, die z.B. Arbeitsplätze im Wald und den Beitrag des Forstsektors zum Bruttoinlandsprodukt umfasst, sollte um Integration erweitert werden. Dies lässt zur übergeordneten Fragestellung der Untersuchung überleiten: Können die kommunalen Forstverwaltungen in urbanen Zentren das soziale Potential des Waldes erschließen und einen Beitrag zur sozialen Integration leisten? Die Arbeit basiert auf der Theorie des "Liberalen Modells der sozialen Integration" (Fuchs, 1999), welches die Ebenen des demokratischen Systems (Kultur, Struktur und Prozess) beinhaltet. Die Prozessebene ist von Handlungen gekennzeichnet, die zur Solidarität mit und der Tolerierung der Anderen und somit zur sozialen Integration beitragen. Weiterhin wird auf die Formen der Sozialintegration von Esser (2001), Kulturation, Plazierung, Interaktion und Identifikation Bezug genommen. Die Theorie des kooperativen Verwaltungshandelns (Benz, 1994) ergänzt die theoretischen Grundlagen, da davon auszugehen ist, dass die Erschließung des Potentials zur sozialen Integration des Waldes nicht allein von den kommunalen Forstverwaltungen zu leisten ist. Neben der Strategie der Kooperation kann die Entwicklung des Produktes "Integration" eine Möglichkeit darstellen, das soziale Potential des Waldes zu nutzen. Die kommunalen Forstverwaltungen könnten so eine vorhandene Produktlücke (Mantau, 2001) aus den Waldfunktionen schließen. Diese theoretischen Grundlagen führen zu einer spezifizierten Fragestellung: Können die kommunalen Forstverwaltungen das soziale Potential des Waldes in Kooperation mit anderen Institutionen oder durch die Entwicklung eines neuen Produktes erschließen und so den eigenen Handlungsspielraum erweitern. Zur Beantwortung der Forschungsfragen wurden in acht ausgewählten Großstädten (Göttingen, Kassel, Freiburg i.Br., Frankfurt a.M., Hamburg, Düsseldorf, Berlin und Nürnberg) Experteninterviews durchgeführt. Die Auswahl der Experten erfolgte über die Institutionen, die an integrativen Projekten im Wald beteiligt sind. Das entstandene Datenmaterial wurde der qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse nach Mayring (1997) unterzogen, wobei das Auswertungsprogramm MAXQDA zur Datenbearbeitung genutzt wurde . Die Analyse des Datenmaterials zeigt, dass die Forstverwaltung durchaus in der Lage ist, das soziale Potential des Waldes zu erschließen. Es kann eine Beteiligung der kommunalen Forstämter an Projekten zur Integration von Problemgruppen nachgewiesen werden. Der Beitrag schlägt sich vor allem in der Bereitstellung von Flächen für Beschäftigungsprojekte nieder. Weiterhin wird festgestellt, dass die Forstverwaltungen das soziale Potential ausschließlich in Kooperation mit Institutionen des sozialen Sektors, z.B. Beschäftigungsfirmen erschließen können. Die Kooperation bringt eine Erweiterung des Handlungsspielraums der Forstverwaltungen mit sich, da Kenntnisse und Informationen erweitert werden, die dann in die Lösung von gesellschaftlichen Problemen eingebracht werden können. Die Strategie der Produktentwicklung kann für die kommunalen Forstverwaltungen nicht nachgewiesen werden. Zudem werden durch die Angebote zur Integration keine finanziellen Ressourcen erschlossen. Dennoch ist die kommunale Forstverwaltung von einem sich wandelnden Aufgabenverständnis gekennzeichnet, wobei eine stärkere Hinwendung zum sozialen Potential bzw. zur Integrationsleistung des Waldes erfolgen sollte. ; The integration of marginal groups represents an ongoing political discussion in Germany. Even in urban centers, where the population accumulates, the integration problems of different groups of society are evident. Because this integration has a continuing societal effect, it is necessary that different sectors (respectively institutions) contribute to the solution. The municipal forest administration should partake in this effort as well due to their obligation for social sustainability derived from forest functions. The previous definition of the forestry's 'social sustainability' includes efforts such as forest employment and the contribution of forestry to the GDP (growth domestic product) and shows a lack of integrative aspects. This leads to the general question of this research project: Are the municipal urban forest administrations able to open up the social potential of the forest and make a contribution to the social integration? The research project is based on the 'liberal model of the social integration' theory (Fuchs, 1999), which is divided into three levels of the democratic system: Culture, structure, and process. The main interest of this research project has focused on the process level, which is characterized by actions that contribute to the solidarity and the tolerance of others, and therefore to the social integration. Furthermore the research project refers to the four types of social integration: Culturalization, placement, interactions and identification (Esser, 2001). The theory of the 'cooperative acting of administrations' is also added because of the assumption that municipal forest administrations are unable to realize and implement the social integration potential. Among the strategies of cooperation, the development of a product called 'integration' represents a viable possibility to use the social potential of forests. Forest administrations in urban areas could close the 'gap of products' (Mantau, 2001) by using and defining the forest functions. These theoretical foundations lead to a more specific research question: Are the municipal forest administrations able to take advantage of the social potential of forests by cooperating with other institutions or by developing a new product, thereby increasing their own expansion of services? To answer the research questions, expert-interviews were conducted in eight selected cities: Göttingen, Kassel, Freiburg i.Br., Frankfurt a.M., Hamburg, Düsseldorf, Berlin und Nürnberg. The selection of experts was based on the institutions which participate with integrative forest projects. A qualitative content analysis (Mayring, 1997) was applied to the collected data, and the program MAXQDA was used for data evaluation. The analysis of the data shows that forest administrations are quite able to make the social potential of forests accessible. A participation of municipal forest administrations with integrative projects for marginal groups can be proven. The contribution is reflected in the provision of areas for employment projects. Furthermore, it can be stated that the forest administrations are able to make the social potential of forests accessible only in cooperation with institutions of the social sector, e.g. employment companies dealing with long-term unemployed. Because of this cooperation, the forest administration is in the position to increase their expansion of services. The extended information and knowledge by these cooperations can contribute to the solution of social problems. A strategy of developing a product 'integration' by the forest administration cannot be proven and there is no access to financial resources by offering integration projects. Yet the municipal forest administration is characterized by a changing scope of duties but there is a need of increasing concentration towards the social potential of the forests.

The environmental bioavailability of contaminants, rather than their total concentrations in the soil compartment play a decisive role for the risks associated with contaminated sites. Various soil constituents and abiotic conditions have strong influence on bioavailability, which may vary substantially between different locations. It is therefore necessary to site-specifically use tools that reflect the fractions of contaminants that are available to biota and pose the highest potential environmental risks. Bioassays provide integrated toxic responses which include effects from unknown contaminants or combinatory toxic effects from mixtures of contaminants. Thus, biological effect data greatly contribute to establish more realistic exposure and risk-scenarios at contaminated sites. The work underlying this thesis presents possible techniques for high capacity screening for site-specific hazards at contaminated areas. By combining rapid water extractions and cell-based in vitro designs measures of the toxic potential in soils was obtained. Toxicologically bioavailable fractions of mixed metal pollution, including arsenic, were primarily investigated in this thesis. In two of the studies, environmental availability and toxicological bioavailability of arsenic was explored in CCA-contaminated soils. Application of cell-based in vitro screening techniques was also conducted at a metal contaminated industrial site to obtain spatial distribution of toxicity. Multivariate association techniques were employed in the interpretation of environmental exposure and cytotoxicity data. It was shown that cell-based in vitro systems for both basal cytotoxicity and specific end-points targeting arsenic could assess the toxic potential from extracts obtained by several water-based extraction techniques including Pressurised Liquid Extraction (PLE). The cell-based in vitro systems were found to add important information on the site-specific differences in arsenics genotoxic potential from CCA-contaminated soils. The results highlight the importance of taking speciation and toxicological bioavailability into account in the risk analysis, rather than to base risk estimates on total load of contaminants. The presented screening approach was successfully applied at a metal polluted industrial site where spatial distribution of toxicity was obtained. PLE extraction also provided means for combined toxicological and chemical screening of explosives in soils from live-fire training ranges. Multivariate association techniques highly facilitated the interpretation of complex environmental data. The PLE was found to be a rapid extraction technique that has sufficient environmental relevance to be used in environmental impact analyses. It was also concluded that other cell-based in vitro systems that target specific toxic effects have large potential for being used in screening for a variety of environmental chemicals. Keywords: Environmental availability, Environmental bioavailability, Toxicological bioavailability, mixture toxicity, hazard screening, contaminated soils, heavy metals, arsenic, CCA, explosives, soil extraction, water extracts, cell-based in vitro tests, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, PLE, MVDA, PCA, PLS. ; Föroreningars biotillgänglighet snarare än deras totala koncentration i markmiljön styr den risk som kan förknippas med förorenade områden. Biotillgängligheten är ofta långt från 100% p.g.a. en rad olika bindningsytor och processer i jorden som reducerar biotillgängligheten. Således kan biotillgängligheten variera kraftigt mellan olika förorenade platser och även inom samma plats till följd av de specifika förhållanden som råder på respektive plats. Tillämpning av biologiska indikatorer som ger ett mått på den samlade giftigheten från biotillgängliga föroreningar är därför viktiga verktyg i platsspecifika exponerings- och farobedömningar. Många biologiska tester är ofta laborativt intensiva och dyra och lämpar sig mindre väl i testning av ett stort antal prover vilket är önskvärt om en tillräcklig geografisk täckning ska uppnås över ett förenat område. Testsystem som har kapacitet att hantera många prover till en rimlig kostnad är därför mycket användbart för screening i ett inledande skede av en miljöriskanalys av ett förorenat område. Föreliggande avhandlingsarbete presenterar möjliga lösningar i att kombinera snabb vattenextraktionsmetodik med cellbaserade in vitro system för platsspecifik toxikologisk faroscreening av metallförorenade områden. Metodiken erbjuder hög kapacitet för många jordprover. Tillämpning av metodiken har gjorts mot huvudsakligen metallföroreningar, inklusive arsenik. I två delarbeten studerades två modelljordar från CCA-förorenade fastigheter avseende tillgänglighet och giftighet av framför allt arsenik. Vidare studerades om det med applicerad metodik gick att illustrera geografisk utbredning av toxicitet, mätt i cellbaserade in vitro system, som biotillgängliga föroreningar uppvisar på ett metallförorenat industriområde. Slutligen studerades lämpligheten i att använda PLE för kombinerad kemisk och toxikologisk screening av jordar från militära skjutfält som var förorenade med explosivämnen. Cellbaserade in vitro system för mätning av både generell toxicitet och mer specifika effektmarkörer för arsenik visade sig användbara vid mätning från flera vattenbaserade extraktionsmetoder, inklusive PLE (trycksatt vätskeextraktion). Resultaten visade på PLEs tillämplighet som en snabb extraktionsmetod med bibehållen relevans för miljöanalyser. Applikation av cellbaserade in vitro system på vattenextrakt från förorenad jord gav värdefull information bl.a. om platsspecifik genotoxisk potential där specieringen av arsenik hade avgörande betydelse i en fallstudie med CCA-förorenade jordar. Vattenextraktion av jordprover kombinerat med cellbaserade in vitro system kunde också ge en geografisk bild av den omedelbara faran från biotillgängliga metallföroreningar inom ett industriområde. Vattenextraktion med PLE visade sig även användbart för screening av explosivämnen där extrakten direkt kunde användas för såväl kemisk karakterisering som för toxikologisk analys. Även andra typer av in vitro system än de som användes i detta arbete har stor framtida potential för tillämpning i faroscreening av ett stort antal olika typer av miljöföroreningar.

From the late 1970s, many scientific publications have made more comprehensible the production and transportation mechanisms of woody debris in the rivers. Most of these studies were geographically held on creeks in North America, in regions characterized by wood industry and old temperate forests. The knowledge about the woody debris process in greater rivers is still deficient. The goal is now to identify, on the hydrographic network scale, the origin and the transportation factors of woody debris, in order to point the mechanisms and the areas of production and stocking. The results of this study should lead in a near future to suitable solutions for the maintenance of the hydrographic system and prevention of the associated risks. The Isère River upstream of Grenoble is concerned by all these questions. Thus, a global study was engaged for this thesis on this specific hydrographic network. It considers three thematic axis. A first step was to cover the Isère River between the dam of Aigueblanche and Grenoble, the Arc River from Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne to the confluence with the Isère River, the Arly River from Ugine to the Isère River. The result allowed to map the different forms of woody debris accumulation along the riverbed, and to identify the preferential stocking zones (and vice-versa) as well as certain parameters controlling the woody debris spatial distribution along the riverbed. The second step considered the highly woody crowded zones. Measurements were taken of the trunks piled in the different riverbeds to elaborate the identity card of the woody debris. Three methodological tests were then done to identify the geographic origin of the woody debris stocked in the Isère riverbed below Albertville. The third step presents the results of a test started in 2002 that consisted in tracing debris and of the experimentation held in June 2003 while operating a dam release. Then we studied the woody debris dynamic according to the hydrology of the rivers. From the results obtained, management propositions were made. There objectives are to diminish the flooding and damaging risks of buildings and built areas, to diminish the costs of debris removal and exploitation constraints of dams and bridges. Another aim was to find a solution to avoid systematic maintenance on the full-length bed, which is financially and ecologically expensive, and to offer some rules promoting the impact of the maintenance policy applied. ; Depuis la fin des années 1970, de nombreuses publications scientifiques ont permis de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de production et de transport des bois morts dans les cours d'eau. La plupart de ces travaux se sont concentrés géographiquement sur des torrents ou des petits cours d'eau localisés en Amérique du Nord, dans des régions caractérisées par l'industrie forestière et la présence de vieilles forêts tempérées. Les connaissances relatives à la dynamique du bois mort dans les cours d'eau de grande taille sont encore très lacunaires. Il s'agit aujourd'hui d'identifier, à l'échelle du réseau hydrographique, l'origine, les conditions de mobilité et de transfert du bois mort, afin de mieux cibler les mécanismes et les secteurs de production et de stockage. Ces démarches devraient permettre à moyen terme de proposer des solutions adaptées en termes d'entretien des cours d'eau et de gestion des risques associés. Toutes ces questions se posent sur l'Isère à l'amont de Grenoble. Une démarche holistique est ainsi engagée dans le cadre de cette thèse à l'échelle de ce bassin. Elle s'est organisée autour de trois axes thématiques. Une première étape a consisté à parcourir les linéaires de l'Isère entre le barrage d'Aigueblanche et Grenoble, de l'Arc entre Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne et la confluence de l'Isère, de l'Arly entre Ugine et la confluence de l'Isère. Le résultat a permis de cartographier les différentes formes d'accumulation du bois mort le long du linéaire et d'identifier les zones préférentielles de dépôts (et inversement) ainsi que certains paramètres contrôlant la distribution spatiale des accumulations de bois mort le long de ce linéaire. La deuxième étape s'est appuyée sur les secteurs où de fortes concentrations en bois mort ont été déterminées. Sur ces sites, des mesures ont été réalisées sur les troncs stockés dans les chenaux des différents cours d'eau afin d'élaborer la carte d'identité des bois morts en transit. Trois tests méthodologiques ont ensuite été effectués afin d'identifier l'origine géographique des bois morts stockés dans le chenal de l'Isère à l'aval d'Albertville. La troisième étape présente les résultats issus d'un test de suivi des bois par traçage mis en place en 2002 et de l'expérimentation réalisée en juin 2003 lors d'un lâcher de barrage. Nous avons étudié ensuite la dynamique des bois morts en rapport avec l'hydrologie des cours d'eau. A partir des résultats obtenus, des propositions de gestion ont été formulées. Elles ont eu pour objectifs de réduire les risques d'inondations et de dommages au niveau des ouvrages et des zones urbaines, de réduire les coûts d'extraction et les contraintes d'exploitation aux barrages et aux ponts. Il s'agissait, en outre, de trouver une solution permettant d'éviter une systématisation de l'entretien sur tout le linéaire qui est financièrement et écologiquement coûteuse, et de proposer quelques règles permettant de promouvoir l'impact des politiques d'entretien mises en place.

From the late 1970s, many scientific publications have made more comprehensible the production and transportation mechanisms of woody debris in the rivers. Most of these studies were geographically held on creeks in North America, in regions characterized by wood industry and old temperate forests. The knowledge about the woody debris process in greater rivers is still deficient. The goal is now to identify, on the hydrographic network scale, the origin and the transportation factors of woody debris, in order to point the mechanisms and the areas of production and stocking. The results of this study should lead in a near future to suitable solutions for the maintenance of the hydrographic system and prevention of the associated risks. The Isère River upstream of Grenoble is concerned by all these questions. Thus, a global study was engaged for this thesis on this specific hydrographic network. It considers three thematic axis. A first step was to cover the Isère River between the dam of Aigueblanche and Grenoble, the Arc River from Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne to the confluence with the Isère River, the Arly River from Ugine to the Isère River. The result allowed to map the different forms of woody debris accumulation along the riverbed, and to identify the preferential stocking zones (and vice-versa) as well as certain parameters controlling the woody debris spatial distribution along the riverbed. The second step considered the highly woody crowded zones. Measurements were taken of the trunks piled in the different riverbeds to elaborate the identity card of the woody debris. Three methodological tests were then done to identify the geographic origin of the woody debris stocked in the Isère riverbed below Albertville. The third step presents the results of a test started in 2002 that consisted in tracing debris and of the experimentation held in June 2003 while operating a dam release. Then we studied the woody debris dynamic according to the hydrology of the rivers. From the results obtained, management propositions were made. There objectives are to diminish the flooding and damaging risks of buildings and built areas, to diminish the costs of debris removal and exploitation constraints of dams and bridges. Another aim was to find a solution to avoid systematic maintenance on the full-length bed, which is financially and ecologically expensive, and to offer some rules promoting the impact of the maintenance policy applied. ; Depuis la fin des années 1970, de nombreuses publications scientifiques ont permis de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de production et de transport des bois morts dans les cours d'eau. La plupart de ces travaux se sont concentrés géographiquement sur des torrents ou des petits cours d'eau localisés en Amérique du Nord, dans des régions caractérisées par l'industrie forestière et la présence de vieilles forêts tempérées. Les connaissances relatives à la dynamique du bois mort dans les cours d'eau de grande taille sont encore très lacunaires. Il s'agit aujourd'hui d'identifier, à l'échelle du réseau hydrographique, l'origine, les conditions de mobilité et de transfert du bois mort, afin de mieux cibler les mécanismes et les secteurs de production et de stockage. Ces démarches devraient permettre à moyen terme de proposer des solutions adaptées en termes d'entretien des cours d'eau et de gestion des risques associés. Toutes ces questions se posent sur l'Isère à l'amont de Grenoble. Une démarche holistique est ainsi engagée dans le cadre de cette thèse à l'échelle de ce bassin. Elle s'est organisée autour de trois axes thématiques. Une première étape a consisté à parcourir les linéaires de l'Isère entre le barrage d'Aigueblanche et Grenoble, de l'Arc entre Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne et la confluence de l'Isère, de l'Arly entre Ugine et la confluence de l'Isère. Le résultat a permis de cartographier les différentes formes d'accumulation du bois mort le long du linéaire et d'identifier les zones préférentielles de dépôts (et inversement) ainsi que certains paramètres contrôlant la distribution spatiale des accumulations de bois mort le long de ce linéaire. La deuxième étape s'est appuyée sur les secteurs où de fortes concentrations en bois mort ont été déterminées. Sur ces sites, des mesures ont été réalisées sur les troncs stockés dans les chenaux des différents cours d'eau afin d'élaborer la carte d'identité des bois morts en transit. Trois tests méthodologiques ont ensuite été effectués afin d'identifier l'origine géographique des bois morts stockés dans le chenal de l'Isère à l'aval d'Albertville. La troisième étape présente les résultats issus d'un test de suivi des bois par traçage mis en place en 2002 et de l'expérimentation réalisée en juin 2003 lors d'un lâcher de barrage. Nous avons étudié ensuite la dynamique des bois morts en rapport avec l'hydrologie des cours d'eau. A partir des résultats obtenus, des propositions de gestion ont été formulées. Elles ont eu pour objectifs de réduire les risques d'inondations et de dommages au niveau des ouvrages et des zones urbaines, de réduire les coûts d'extraction et les contraintes d'exploitation aux barrages et aux ponts. Il s'agissait, en outre, de trouver une solution permettant d'éviter une systématisation de l'entretien sur tout le linéaire qui est financièrement et écologiquement coûteuse, et de proposer quelques règles permettant de promouvoir l'impact des politiques d'entretien mises en place.

From the late 1970s, many scientific publications have made more comprehensible the production and transportation mechanisms of woody debris in the rivers. Most of these studies were geographically held on creeks in North America, in regions characterized by wood industry and old temperate forests. The knowledge about the woody debris process in greater rivers is still deficient. The goal is now to identify, on the hydrographic network scale, the origin and the transportation factors of woody debris, in order to point the mechanisms and the areas of production and stocking. The results of this study should lead in a near future to suitable solutions for the maintenance of the hydrographic system and prevention of the associated risks. The Isère River upstream of Grenoble is concerned by all these questions. Thus, a global study was engaged for this thesis on this specific hydrographic network. It considers three thematic axis. A first step was to cover the Isère River between the dam of Aigueblanche and Grenoble, the Arc River from Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne to the confluence with the Isère River, the Arly River from Ugine to the Isère River. The result allowed to map the different forms of woody debris accumulation along the riverbed, and to identify the preferential stocking zones (and vice-versa) as well as certain parameters controlling the woody debris spatial distribution along the riverbed. The second step considered the highly woody crowded zones. Measurements were taken of the trunks piled in the different riverbeds to elaborate the identity card of the woody debris. Three methodological tests were then done to identify the geographic origin of the woody debris stocked in the Isère riverbed below Albertville. The third step presents the results of a test started in 2002 that consisted in tracing debris and of the experimentation held in June 2003 while operating a dam release. Then we studied the woody debris dynamic according to the hydrology of the rivers. From the results obtained, management propositions were made. There objectives are to diminish the flooding and damaging risks of buildings and built areas, to diminish the costs of debris removal and exploitation constraints of dams and bridges. Another aim was to find a solution to avoid systematic maintenance on the full-length bed, which is financially and ecologically expensive, and to offer some rules promoting the impact of the maintenance policy applied. ; Depuis la fin des années 1970, de nombreuses publications scientifiques ont permis de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de production et de transport des bois morts dans les cours d'eau. La plupart de ces travaux se sont concentrés géographiquement sur des torrents ou des petits cours d'eau localisés en Amérique du Nord, dans des régions caractérisées par l'industrie forestière et la présence de vieilles forêts tempérées. Les connaissances relatives à la dynamique du bois mort dans les cours d'eau de grande taille sont encore très lacunaires. Il s'agit aujourd'hui d'identifier, à l'échelle du réseau hydrographique, l'origine, les conditions de mobilité et de transfert du bois mort, afin de mieux cibler les mécanismes et les secteurs de production et de stockage. Ces démarches devraient permettre à moyen terme de proposer des solutions adaptées en termes d'entretien des cours d'eau et de gestion des risques associés. Toutes ces questions se posent sur l'Isère à l'amont de Grenoble. Une démarche holistique est ainsi engagée dans le cadre de cette thèse à l'échelle de ce bassin. Elle s'est organisée autour de trois axes thématiques. Une première étape a consisté à parcourir les linéaires de l'Isère entre le barrage d'Aigueblanche et Grenoble, de l'Arc entre Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne et la confluence de l'Isère, de l'Arly entre Ugine et la confluence de l'Isère. Le résultat a permis de cartographier les différentes formes d'accumulation du bois mort le long du linéaire et d'identifier les zones préférentielles de dépôts (et inversement) ainsi que certains paramètres contrôlant la distribution spatiale des accumulations de bois mort le long de ce linéaire. La deuxième étape s'est appuyée sur les secteurs où de fortes concentrations en bois mort ont été déterminées. Sur ces sites, des mesures ont été réalisées sur les troncs stockés dans les chenaux des différents cours d'eau afin d'élaborer la carte d'identité des bois morts en transit. Trois tests méthodologiques ont ensuite été effectués afin d'identifier l'origine géographique des bois morts stockés dans le chenal de l'Isère à l'aval d'Albertville. La troisième étape présente les résultats issus d'un test de suivi des bois par traçage mis en place en 2002 et de l'expérimentation réalisée en juin 2003 lors d'un lâcher de barrage. Nous avons étudié ensuite la dynamique des bois morts en rapport avec l'hydrologie des cours d'eau. A partir des résultats obtenus, des propositions de gestion ont été formulées. Elles ont eu pour objectifs de réduire les risques d'inondations et de dommages au niveau des ouvrages et des zones urbaines, de réduire les coûts d'extraction et les contraintes d'exploitation aux barrages et aux ponts. Il s'agissait, en outre, de trouver une solution permettant d'éviter une systématisation de l'entretien sur tout le linéaire qui est financièrement et écologiquement coûteuse, et de proposer quelques règles permettant de promouvoir l'impact des politiques d'entretien mises en place.

Die jüngste Vergangenheit und Gegenwart ist durch eine auffällige Dominanz des Marktes gekennzeichnet, politische Systeme werden ebenso tangiert wie Räume. Standortalternativen von Betrieben erweitern sich, Standortqualitäten werden neu bewertet. Dies ist grundsätzlich nichts Neues, doch unterscheidet sich das Ausmaß u.die Geschwindigkeit dieser Ent-wicklung sehr von jener der Vergangenheit. Dieser Prozess wird als Globalisierung bezeichnet. Immobile Regionen sind in einen Wettbewerb um mobile wirtschaftliche Akteure u. mobiles Humankapital getreten. Mithilfe von fünf als relevant unterstellten Standortfaktoren ? Regionale Netzwerkfähigkeit; Markt- und Kundenorientierung; Innovation und Humankapital; Verkehrsinfrastruktur und weiche Standortfaktoren - werden die regionalen Standortqualitäten am Beispiel der Rolle der produktionsorientierten Dienstleister, d.h. der eigentlichen Produktion vor- bzw. nachgelagerten, aber auch der sie begleitenden Leistungen, untersucht. Von ihnen wird erwartet, dass sie bei der Umgestaltung der Wirtschaftsstrukturen und für eine Rationalisierung sowie einer daraus folgenden Steigerung der Wertschöpfung ein hohes Gewicht haben. Verarbeitendes Gewerbe und produktionsorientierte Dienstleiter bilden eine symbiotische Beziehung. Die Globalisierung trifft in West- und in Ostdeutschland auf sehr verschiedene Strukturen von Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Diese Verschiedenheit lässt unterschiedliche Anpassungs-prozesse erwarten. Produktionsorientierte Dienstleister suchen häufig eine räumliche Nähe zum verarbeitenden Gewerbe. In der Region Leipzig fehlt die Nachfrage nach produktionsorientierten Dienstleistungen als Folge eines zu geringen Besatzes im verarbeitenden Gewerbe. In der Region Stuttgart wird insgesamt mit einer steigenden Nachfrage nach Dienstleistungen gerechnet. Dies basiert auf einer weiteren Konzentration auf betriebliche Kernkompetenzen und einer damit verbundenen Spezialisierung bzw. Rationalisierung, insbesondere von Betrieben des sekundären Sektors, welchem Outsourcing-Potenzial unterstellt wird. Stadt/Umland. Der Beitrag des suburbanen Raumes für die Entwicklung der Region Leipzig wird heute positiv bewertet. Die Phase der egoistischen kommunalen Ansiedlungspolitik konnte durch die Eingemeindung von Umlandgemeinden zur Stadt Leipzig gebremst werden. Die Suburbanisierung in der Region Stuttgart dauert bereits einige Jahrzehnte und traf auf bestehende Siedlungsstrukturen. Sie sind meist längst suburban geprägt. Die Umland-kommunen unterscheiden sich dadurch von jenen des suburbanen Raumes in der Region Leipzig. Regionale Clusterbildung. Die Ansprüche des globalen Marktes bieten Chancen aber auch Risiken. Neben einer Globalisierungsstrategie muss aber, mindestens gleichrangig, jene der Regionalisierung verfolgt werden. Regionale Standortqualitäten werden aufgewertet. Regionale Cluster sind dann wettbewerbsfähig, wenn die zu erbringenden Leistungen, meist als Ergebnis einer Vernetzung von Resultaten aus Forschung und Entwicklung unterschiedlicher wissenschaftlicher Disziplinen, im globalen Maßstab wettbewerbsfähig sind. Dazu bedarf es: - einer Stärkung der Raumentwicklung - einer regionalen flexiblen Wirtschaftsstruktur (Wirtschaftscluster) regionaler Kreisläufe - Imagebildung durch weiche Standortqualitäten - Qualifizierung regionalen Humankapitals - (über-)regionalen Kooperationen - persönlicher Beziehungen zwischen regionalen Akteuren - Aufbau einer leistungsfähigen Forschungs- und Entwicklungsstrategie und der Umsetzung der Ergebnisse in der Region In der Region Leipzig wird es in erster Linie darum gehen, die Ergebnisse aus Forschung und Entwicklung in regionale Nachfrage, insbesondere durch das verarbeitende Gewerbe und in Arbeitsplätze aller Qualifikationsniveaus, umzusetzen. Für die Region Stuttgart liegt der Schwerpunkt in der Umstrukturierung alter Industrien entsprechend den Anforderungen globaler Nachfrage und dient damit der Sicherung des Wirtschaftsclusters. ; Our recent past and the present time have been marked by an obvious dominance of the market, political systems as well as areas are affected. Alternatives for company locations extend, qualities for a location are newly revised and valued. This is basically not new, but the extent and the speed of this development differ a lot compared to the past. This process is called globalization. Consequently immobile regions have entered into competition for mobile economic players and mobile human capital. By means of five factors, which we assume to be relevant for selecting a company location, - regional network ability, market and customer orientation, innovation and human capital, infrastructure for transport and communication, "soft" location factors - the regionally relevant qualities for a location are investigated, illustrated by the role of the production orientated service industry, i.e. services which are necessary before or after and during production respectively. We expect them to have a major impact on the change of the economic structures and the rationalization as well as for the resulting increase of the value added. The processing industry and the production orientated service industry have a symbiotic relationship. Globalization meets very different economic and social structures in West and East Germany. Because of this difference we can expect different processes in adapting to these circumstances. The production orientated service industry frequently searches the local proximity to the processing branch of industry. As a result of the low presence of the processing industry in the region of Leipzig the demand for the production orientated service industry is missing here. In contrast an increasing demand for the service industry is expected in the region of Stuttgart. This assumption is also based on a further concentration on company core power and thus a specialization and rationalization respectively, especially for companies of the secondary sector granting that there is outsourcing potential. Town/region. The advantages of the suburban area around Leipzg such as regional common interests give a chance for further development and are more strongly perceived after a phase of an egoistic settlement policy in communities. The suburbanization in the region of Stuttgart has already lasted for some decades and met with existing settlement structures. The communities surrounding Stuttgart are suburban by definition. In fact they have mostly had an urban character for a long time. Thus the surrounding communities mostly differ from those of the suburban area in the region of Leipzig. Regional clusters. The claim of a global market power can offer chances but also risks. Besides a strategy for globalization there must be one for regionalization pursued at least of equal importance. Regional qualities for a location are revalued and upgraded despite or just because of globalization. Regional clusters will be competitive, if their goods and services achieved as a result of networks of research and development of various scientific disciplines are competitive according to the global standard - irrespective of the destination of demand. Requirements needed: - strengthening of the development planning - regional and flexible economic structure (cluster) - regional circulatory flows - building image by "soft" location factors - qualifying human capital within the region - regional and national cooperations - personal relationships between the regional players - set up of an efficient research and developmant strategy and performance of the results in the region The crucial point for the region of Leipzig is to implement the results of research and development into regional demand, especially by the processing industry, and into jobs of all levels of qualification. The focus for the region of Stuttgart lies in restructuring old industries according to the global demand and thus ensuring the economic clusters.

From the late 1970s, many scientific publications have made more comprehensible the production and transportation mechanisms of woody debris in the rivers. Most of these studies were geographically held on creeks in North America, in regions characterized by wood industry and old temperate forests. The knowledge about the woody debris process in greater rivers is still deficient. The goal is now to identify, on the hydrographic network scale, the origin and the transportation factors of woody debris, in order to point the mechanisms and the areas of production and stocking. The results of this study should lead in a near future to suitable solutions for the maintenance of the hydrographic system and prevention of the associated risks. The Isère River upstream of Grenoble is concerned by all these questions. Thus, a global study was engaged for this thesis on this specific hydrographic network. It considers three thematic axis. A first step was to cover the Isère River between the dam of Aigueblanche and Grenoble, the Arc River from Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne to the confluence with the Isère River, the Arly River from Ugine to the Isère River. The result allowed to map the different forms of woody debris accumulation along the riverbed, and to identify the preferential stocking zones (and vice-versa) as well as certain parameters controlling the woody debris spatial distribution along the riverbed. The second step considered the highly woody crowded zones. Measurements were taken of the trunks piled in the different riverbeds to elaborate the identity card of the woody debris. Three methodological tests were then done to identify the geographic origin of the woody debris stocked in the Isère riverbed below Albertville. The third step presents the results of a test started in 2002 that consisted in tracing debris and of the experimentation held in June 2003 while operating a dam release. Then we studied the woody debris dynamic according to the hydrology of the rivers. From the results obtained, management propositions were made. There objectives are to diminish the flooding and damaging risks of buildings and built areas, to diminish the costs of debris removal and exploitation constraints of dams and bridges. Another aim was to find a solution to avoid systematic maintenance on the full-length bed, which is financially and ecologically expensive, and to offer some rules promoting the impact of the maintenance policy applied. ; Depuis la fin des années 1970, de nombreuses publications scientifiques ont permis de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de production et de transport des bois morts dans les cours d'eau. La plupart de ces travaux se sont concentrés géographiquement sur des torrents ou des petits cours d'eau localisés en Amérique du Nord, dans des régions caractérisées par l'industrie forestière et la présence de vieilles forêts tempérées. Les connaissances relatives à la dynamique du bois mort dans les cours d'eau de grande taille sont encore très lacunaires. Il s'agit aujourd'hui d'identifier, à l'échelle du réseau hydrographique, l'origine, les conditions de mobilité et de transfert du bois mort, afin de mieux cibler les mécanismes et les secteurs de production et de stockage. Ces démarches devraient permettre à moyen terme de proposer des solutions adaptées en termes d'entretien des cours d'eau et de gestion des risques associés. Toutes ces questions se posent sur l'Isère à l'amont de Grenoble. Une démarche holistique est ainsi engagée dans le cadre de cette thèse à l'échelle de ce bassin. Elle s'est organisée autour de trois axes thématiques. Une première étape a consisté à parcourir les linéaires de l'Isère entre le barrage d'Aigueblanche et Grenoble, de l'Arc entre Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne et la confluence de l'Isère, de l'Arly entre Ugine et la confluence de l'Isère. Le résultat a permis de cartographier les différentes formes d'accumulation du bois mort le long du linéaire et d'identifier les zones préférentielles de dépôts (et inversement) ainsi que certains paramètres contrôlant la distribution spatiale des accumulations de bois mort le long de ce linéaire. La deuxième étape s'est appuyée sur les secteurs où de fortes concentrations en bois mort ont été déterminées. Sur ces sites, des mesures ont été réalisées sur les troncs stockés dans les chenaux des différents cours d'eau afin d'élaborer la carte d'identité des bois morts en transit. Trois tests méthodologiques ont ensuite été effectués afin d'identifier l'origine géographique des bois morts stockés dans le chenal de l'Isère à l'aval d'Albertville. La troisième étape présente les résultats issus d'un test de suivi des bois par traçage mis en place en 2002 et de l'expérimentation réalisée en juin 2003 lors d'un lâcher de barrage. Nous avons étudié ensuite la dynamique des bois morts en rapport avec l'hydrologie des cours d'eau. A partir des résultats obtenus, des propositions de gestion ont été formulées. Elles ont eu pour objectifs de réduire les risques d'inondations et de dommages au niveau des ouvrages et des zones urbaines, de réduire les coûts d'extraction et les contraintes d'exploitation aux barrages et aux ponts. Il s'agissait, en outre, de trouver une solution permettant d'éviter une systématisation de l'entretien sur tout le linéaire qui est financièrement et écologiquement coûteuse, et de proposer quelques règles permettant de promouvoir l'impact des politiques d'entretien mises en place.

Biomass, a broad term for all organic matter of plants, trees and crops, is currently regarded as a renewable energy source which can contribute substantially to the world's energy supply in the future. Various scenarios for the development of energy supply and demand, such as compiled by the World Energy Council (WEC), the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Shell and the Stockholm Environmental Institute (SEI), indicate that biomass has the potential to make a large contribution to the world's energy supply. Estimates of this potential in the year 2050 vary from 14% to 50% of the total supply, or from 100 to about 300 EJ/yr. It is estimated that currently biomass contributes 10-14% of the energy supply, which is equivalent to about 40-55 EJ/yr. The use of firewood in developing countries makes up a large part of this 40-55 EJ, but there it is for a large part non-commercial and non-sustainable use of biomass. In recent years there has been renewed interest in biomass as a commercial and sustainable source of energy. There are three main reasons for this: 1. Technological developments, in the field of crop production and conversion technology permit the more efficient and cleaner utilisation of biomass at lower costs. These developments make bioenergy more competitive with energy produced from fossil fuels. 2. The agricultural systems of especially the European Union and the United States are producing food surpluses. This situation has led to policies whereby agricultural land is 'set-aside', resulting in depopulation of rural areas. The continuously increasing productivity in agriculture might strengthen these trends. There is therefore a desire to develop alternative crops. Energy crops could be a suitable alternative since there is virtually an infinite market for this, provided the costs are competitive with those of fossil fuels. 3. There is a threat of global climate change due to the rapid increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases, especially CO2 in the atmosphere, resulting mainly from the large scale use of fossil fuels. If produced sustainably, biomass can be a carbon neutral alternative for fossil energy carriers. If biomass is to make a substantial contribution to the world's energy supply it will have to include not only biomass residues - such as from commercial forestry (e.g. thinnings) and agriculture (e.g. straw) - and organic wastes, but also energy crops. Perennial crops seem to be a particularly promising energy source. Crops like Short Rotation Coppice (e.g. Willow and Eucalyptus) and grasses (e.g. Miscanthus) give a relatively high net energy yield per hectare, have a low environmental impact and produce relatively cheap energy. The use of such crops in a Biomass Integrated Gasifier/Combined Cycle (BIG/CC) plant to produce electricity or combined heat and power, and the gasification of these crops to produce fuels like methanol and hydrogen appear to be promising routes for achieving high energy conversion efficiency at relatively low cost. However, despite the promising outlook, various barriers are hampering the large scale development and implementation of commercial biomass energy systems. Currently, the commercial use of biomass to generate electricity is limited mainly to the utilization of zero- or low-cost biomass waste or residues. At the moment specially cultivated biomass is too expensive an option. However, biomass is able to compete on a significant scale in countries, like Sweden, Denmark and Brazil, where government policies support its use financially or have actively discouraged the use of fossil fuels (such as by the introduction of a carbon tax). The complexity of large scale bioenergy systems is also a barrier. Furthermore, biomass has a relatively low energy density. The production of biomass is bound up with seasons and makes high demands on organization and logistics. Furthermore, it involves many different actors involved in the production and utilisation of energy crops: farmers, utilities, industries, governments, etc. Difficulties concerning public acceptability and uncertainties concerning the ecological effects of the large scale production of use of biomass be form another problem. Last but not least, the availability of land may be a major problem if the large scale production of energy crops is being considered. If agriculture is not modernizing, especially in developing countries, there might be very little room left for alternative crops. Energy farming may then conflict with food production, a situation which is highly undesirable. This thesis focuses on a number of aspects relating to the utilization of biomass and waste for energy purposes. The general objective of this work is as follows: "To analyse the possibilities for biomass (both crops and wastes) as a modern energy carrier in the Dutch energy system." Therefore this thesis has the following specific objectives: 1. To analyze of the technical, economic and environmental characteristics of Biomass Integrated Gasifier/Combined Cycle technology for the conversion of biomass and waste streams. 2. To examine the potential energy supply of energy farming, biomass residues, organic waste streams and waste in the Netherlands. 3. To analyze of the potential costs and benefits of different biomass energy systems (including waste treatment) in the Netherlands.

Abstract1. 3 different approaches can apply to the problems to which the rule of first country of asylum responds: a) From a humanitarian point of view the refugee should be allowed to choose his country of asylum freely, and no refugee should be returned with reference to the rule of first country of asylum. b) If the refugee is returned without security of asylum elsewhere, his "right" to asylum is violated. This creates orbit-refugees and refoulement risks, even if this consequence is not intended by the rejecting rountry. c) The duties imposed on the first country of asylum, may violate the principles of burden sharing. 2. The main reason behind the rule of first country of asylum is the necessity to protect countries of asylum from mass influx. However, it is not likely that certain countries are so much more attractive to great masses of sponteneous refugees. The number of individual and general factors determining each refugee's wishes and the variation of countries make distribution more likely than concentration. Experience in countries with en route provisions confirm this. Furthermore the rule of first country of asylum may lead to mass influx in the "first countries". Another reason, which is not suffient in itself, is the administrative advantages of the rule. The restrictive general aliens policy may have off spring effects upon the refugee policy, leading to widespread use of the rule of first country of asylum. A final reason for the rule may be the wish of states to enforce other states to respect their duties to grant asylum. 3. In particular this last reason illustrates that refugees are used "instrumentally", i.e. to further purposes beyond themselves and their lives. The rejection of refugees without security for protection elsewhere is incompatible with a humanitarian legal order. The application of rules of first country of asylum is not just a rejection of elected asylum. The recognition of elected asylum is a humanitarian, and probobly expedient, conduct. Refusal of elected asylum in cases where protection is secured elsewhere, is certainly less humanitarian. Rules according to which refugees are sent on to an insecure and often dangerous life, are ethically unacceptable and inhuman. Accordingly those who wish to maintain the rule of first country of asylum will have to lift the "burden of argument". 4. Refusal of asylum because asylum should be claimed elsewhere appears in many variations. If rejection takes place only when asylum is aquired elsewhere, the only consequence is the rejection of elected asylum. From this situation deterioation may happen in relation to what has been achieved (e. g. a weaker form of protection) as to the level of proof hereof (e. g. a reasonable assumption that asylum may be achieved). However undesirable, pre-screening has no direct relation to the problems of first country of asylum. The refoulement agreements do not contribute to a solution of this problem. On the contrary they only decide which country does not have the responsibility for an asylum-seeker, but contain nothing about which state should positively take up the asylum case. 5. If all countries had similar procedual and material rules, the only disadvantage of the rule of first country of asylum would be the lack of elected asylum. Whereas it might be possible to harmonize rules of procedure, substantial harmonization of material rules seems unlikely. A harmonization of material rules alone (e. g. with recognition of the rule of first country of asylum) would not in itself solve the problem. On the other hand the problem can be solved without harmonization. 6. Principles of burden-sharing and distribution are today hardly suitable for more than declarations of intent. The only possible solution today seems to be a classification and harmonization of the concept of first country of asylum combined with a suspension of these rules in case of mass influx in a first country of asylum. 7. Comments to Melander's draft convention in "Refugees in orbit": a) The precise definition of de facto refugees implies that certain people or categories would be excluded. This can be avoided by merely referring to a country's practice regarding de facto refugees. b) It is right to exclude de facto refugees from the res judicata provision. c) It is reasonable to apply the "en route" model as the basic criterion for defining the first country of asylum, and a common time-limit is necessary even if individual circumstances may influence the reasonable duration of the "en route" requirements in each case. d) It is suggested to include a provision on burden-sharing comprising: - a right for a first country to denounce its duties with reference to mass influx. - a corresponding duty for another country. - a co-ordinating body. 8. It is suggested to accept the concept of a provisional "common asylum" in Western Europe, combined with the establishment of a European Refugee Commission, to decide on the first country of asylum (but not on the material issues). 9. Unfortunately the most ideal solution: A right for each refugee to choose his country of asylum, remains in the world of ideals for the time being.

[SPA] El hormigón armado es hoy día uno de los materiales más durables y versátiles que se utilizan en construcción, pero, debido a su porosidad, es susceptible de sufrir deterioro provocado por la penetración de agentes agresivos. En el caso de estructuras sometidas a ambiente marino es el cloruro el agente agresivo dominante que puede llegar hasta la armadura de acero provocando daños en la misma. Por tanto, es importante conocer bien cuáles son los mecanismos que influyen en la penetración de cloruros en la estructura de hormigón con objeto de desarrollar un modelo matemático completo que represente este proceso. La presente tesis se centra en el desarrollo de un software que permite determinar la vida útil de las estructuras de hormigón armado en medio marino, y puede aplicarse tanto para determinar el tiempo remanente de uso de las estructuras existentes como para ayudar en el diseño de las formulaciones de los hormigones en el caso de nuevas construcciones. El modelo matemático, planteado en 1D, tiene en cuenta todos los procesos que intervienen en la penetración de cloro en el hormigón: difusión (debida a diferencias de concentración en el soluto), migración (debida al potencial eléctrico que generan las diferentes cargas), advección o arrastre (debido a diferencias de presiones) y succión capilar (que depende de la presión capilar y que se da principalmente cuando la estructura está sometida a procesos de secado-mojado). Por otro lado, el modelo también tiene en cuenta diferentes mecanismos que actúan como sumideros de cloro como son la formación de sales que, o bien quedan adheridas a las paredes de los poros o bien precipitan en el caso de que haya una sobresaturación de iones cloruro. En ambos casos, a diferencia del cloro libre, no consiguen recorrer toda la red de poros y por tanto no llegan hasta la armadura. Una vez concretadas las ecuaciones de gobierno y las condiciones de contorno se aplica el Método de Redes que, mediante la discretización de las principales ecuaciones que controlan el proceso, da lugar a un modelo en red formado por 23 redes básicas y 8 redes auxiliares. Este modelo se ha implementado en MATLAB® y NgSpice y se ha aplicado a diferentes escenarios, todos ellos en ambiente marino. Para la validación del método se han utilizado los datos extraídos tanto de materiales encontrados en la bibliografía como los datos de los materiales que hemos ensayado en el marco de este trabajo. En este sentido, se han realizado ensayos tanto de caracterización de las materias primas y hormigones utilizados, como ensayos de campo sobre probetas de hormigón que se dispusieron en el puerto de Cartagena, sumergidas y en ambiente aéreo. [ENG] Reinforced concrete is nowadays one of the most durable and versatile materials used in construction but, due to its porosity, it can be damaged as a consequence of aggressive agents ingress. In the case of structures subject to marine environment, chloride is the dominant aggressive agent that can reach the steel frame causing damage. Therefore, it is important to know the mechanisms that influence the chloride ingress in the concrete, in order to develop a complete mathematical model that represent this process. The present thesis is focused in the development of a software capable of predicting the reinforced concrete structures service life in marine environment. This software can be implemented for both remaining service life of existing structures and design of concrete prescriptions in the case of new buildings. The 1D mathematical model takes into account all the different processes involved in the concrete chloride ingress: diffusion (due to concentration differences in the solute), migration (due to the electrical potential caused by the different charges), advection (due to pressure differences) and capillary suction (depending on the capillary pressure and mainly in wet-dry processes). Furthermore, the model also considers different mechanisms that act like "chloride-sinks" such as salt formations that get caught in the pore walls or precipitate when there is an oversaturation of chloride. In both cases, unlike free chloride, they do not manage to cover the entire pore network and therefore they do not reach the steel frame. Once the government equations and the boundary conditions have been stablished, the Network Method is applied by means of the dicretization of the main equations that control the process, resulting in a network model formed by 23 basic and 8 auxiliary circuits. This model has been implemented in MATLAB® and NgSpice and has been applied to different scenarios, all of them in marine environments. In order to validate the method, data extracted of materials found in the bibliography as well as data from materials tested within the framework of this work have been used. In this sense, characterization tests on raw materials and concretes have been conducted as well as field tests on specimens submerged and placed under air conditions in Cartagena Port. ; Escuela Internacional de Doctorado de la Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena ; Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena ; Programa de Doctorado en Modelización y Tecnología en Ingeniería Civil, Minera y Ambiental

Stormwater runoff from urban areas is a major source of pollution to surface water bodies. The discharge of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus is particularly damaging as it results in harmful algal blooms which can limit the beneficial use of a water body. Stormwater best management practices (BMPs) have been developed over the years to help address this issue. While BMPs have been investigated for years, their use has been somewhat limited due to the fact that much of the data collected is for specific applications, in specific regions, and it is unknown how these systems will perform in other regions and for other applications. Additionally, the research was spread across the literature and performance data was not easily accessible or organized in a convenient way. Recently, local governments and the USEPA have begun to collect this data in BMP manuals to help designers implement this technology. That being said, many times a single BMP is insufficient to meet water quality and flood control needs in urban areas. A treatment train approach is required in these regions. In this dissertation, the development of methodologies to evaluate the performance of two BMPs, namely green roofs and pervious pavements is presented. Additionally, based on an extensive review of the literature, a model was developed to assist in the evaluation of site stormwater plans using a treatment train approach for the removal of nutrients due to the use of BMPs. This model is called the Best Management Practices Treatment for Removal on an Annual basis Involving Nutrients in Stormwater (BMPTRAINS) model.The first part of this research examined a previously developed method for designing green roofs for hydrologic efficiency. The model had not been tested for different designs and assumed that evapotranspiration was readily available for all regions. This work tested this methodology against different designs, both lab scale and full scale. Additionally, the use of the Blaney-Criddle equation was examined as a simple way to determine the ET for regions where data was not readily available. It was shown that the methods developed for determination of green roof efficiency had good agreement with collected data. Additionally, the use of the Blaney-Criddle equation for estimation of ET had good agreement with collected and measured data.The next part of this research examined a method to design pervious pavements. The water storage potential is essential to the successful design of these BMPs. This work examined the total and effective porosities under clean, sediment clogged, and rejuvenated conditions. Additionally, a new type of porosity was defined called operating porosity. This new porosity was defined as the average of the clean effective porosity and the sediment clogged effective porosity. This porosity term was created due to the fact that these systems exist in the exposed environment and subject to sediment loading due to site erosion, vehicle tracking, and spills. Due to this, using the clean effective porosity for design purposes would result in system failure for design type storm events towards the end of its service life. While rejuvenation techniques were found to be somewhat effective, it was also observed that often sediment would travel deep into the pavement system past the effective reach of vacuum sweeping. This was highly dependent on the pore structure of the pavement surface layer. Based on this examination, suggested values for operating porosity were presented which could be used to calculate the storage potential of these systems and subsequent curve number for design purposes.The final part of this work was the development of a site evaluation model using treatment train techniques. The BMPTRAINS model relied on an extensive literature review to gather data on performance of 15 different BMPs, including the two examined as part of this work. This model has 29 different land uses programmed into it and a user defined option, allowing for wide applicability. Additionally, this model allows a watershed to be split into up to four different catchments, each able to have their own distinct pre- and post-development conditions. Based on the pre- and post-development conditions specified by the user, event mean concentrations (EMCs) are assigned. These EMCs can also be overridden by the user. Each catchment can also contain up to three BMPs in series. If BMPs are to be in parallel, they must be in a separate catchment. The catchments can be configured in up to 15 different configurations, including series, parallel, and mixed. Again, this allows for wide applicability of site designs. The evaluation of cost is also available in this model, either in terms of capital cost or net present worth. The model allows for up to 25 different scenarios to be run comparing cost, presenting results in overall capital cost, overall net present worth, or cost per kg of nitrogen and phosphorus. The wide array of BMPs provided and the flexibility provided to the user makes this model a powerful tool for designers and regulators to help protect surface waters. ; 2014-12-01 ; Ph.D. ; Engineering and Computer Science, Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering ; Doctoral ; This record was generated from author submitted information.