Suchergebnisse

Purpose. Recently, the demand for reuse of industrial buildings that have not been in operation for some time has been increasing in Ukraine. Herewith, quite often the design of their roof requires the complete replacement and renovation by using modern roofing materials to meet the requirements of new government standards. Therefore, the choice and justification of the rational design of steel roof on the example of a short-span industrial building (18-24 m span), which is planned to be returned to exploitation after idle time, is the main goal of this publication. The object of the analysis is an unheated building equipped with bridge cranes of a small capacity (up to 10 tons). Me-thodology. To achieve this purpose, the comparison of structural variants of a roof steel collar tie was performed. Such variants include two types of collar tie cross-section –a lattice truss and a solid I-girder. The first type was analyzed for four possible types of section of elements – double angles, a roll-welded square profile, an electric-welded round tube and a rolled round tube. The second type was analyzed for two possible types of section – rolled I-section made of normal strength steel and fabricated sections of thin-gage high-strength steel. The design variants were compared on the basis of a numerical analysis of their work using the finite element method based on the software complex SCAD for Windows. Findings. According to the research results it should be stated that for the conditions of the city of Dnipro the most cost-effective variant of the steel collar tie cross section for the short-span industrial building is the truss made of electric-welded round tubes. Also the construction of collar tie made of roll-welded square profiles or fabricated section of thin-gage high-strength steel is considered quite effective. Originality. The research presented in the publication allows estimating the possibility and economic efficiency of usage for various types of cross-sections for the collar tie of a steel non-insulated roof of the industrial building for the reconstruction conditions in the Dnipro-city. Practical value. A practical estimation of mass and cost parameters for steel collar ties of various types has been carried out, and the methodology for conducting such estimation has been substantiated. ; Цель. В последнее время в Украине возрастает спрос на повторное использование промышленных зданий, которые на протяжении определенного времени не находились в эксплуатации. При этом довольно часто конструкция их покрытия требует полной замены и обновления из современных кровельных материалов с учетом требований новых государственных норм. Поэтому выбор и обоснование рациональной конструкции стального покрытия на примере малопролетного промышленного здания (пролет 18–24 м) для возврата в эксплуатацию после простоя является основной целью публикации. Объект анализа – неотапливаемое здание, оборудованное мостовыми кранами незначительной грузоподъемности (до 10 т). Методика. Для достижения поставленной цели было выполнено сопоставление конструктивных вариантов несущего стального ригеля покрытия. В качестве таких вариантов рассмотрено два типа сечения ригеля – сквозной в виде фермы и сплошной в виде двутавровой балки. Первый тип проанализирован для четырех возможных типов сечения элементов – двойные уголки, гнутосварной квадратный профиль, электросварная круглая труба и прокатная круглая труба. Второй тип исследован для двух возможных типов сечения – прокатный двутавровый профиль из стали обычной прочности и сварной профиль из тонкостенной стали повышенной прочности. Сопоставление конструктивных вариантов выполнено на основе численного анализа их работы методом конечных элементов на базе проектно-вычислительного комплекса SCAD for Windows. Результаты. Проведенное исследование даёт возможность констатировать, что для условий г. Днепр наиболее экономически эффективным вариантом сечения стального ригеля промышленного здания небольших пролетов является ферма из электросварных круглых труб. Также достаточно эффективной следует считать конструкцию ригеля, выполненную из ферм с гнутосварными квадратными профилями или сварного двутаврового типа из тонкостенной стали повышенной прочности. Научная новизна. Представленные в публикации исследования позволяют оценить возможность и экономическую эффективность использования различных типов сечений в качестве ригеля стального неутепленного покрытия промышленного здания для условий реконструкции в г. Днепр. Практическая значимость. Выполнена практическая оценка массовых и стоимостных показателей для стальных ригелей различных типов, а также обоснована методика проведения подобной оценки. ; Мета. Останнім часом в Україні зростає попит на повторне використання промислових будівель, які протягом певного часу не перебували в експлуатації. При цьому досить часто конструкція їх покрівлі потребує повної заміни й оновлення із сучасних покрівельних матеріалів з урахуванням вимог нових державних норм. Тому вибір та обґрунтування раціональної конструкції сталевого покриття на прикладі малопрогонової промислової будівлі (прогін 18–24 м) для повернення її до експлуатації після простою є основною метою цієї публікації. Об'єкт аналізу – неопалювана будівля, обладнана мостовими кранами незначної вантажопідйомності (до 10 т). Методика. Для досягнення поставленої мети виконано зіставлення конструктивних варіантів несного сталевого ригеля покрівлі. Розглянуто два типи перерізу ригеля: наскрізний – у вигляді ферми й суцільний – у вигляді двотаврової балки. Перший тип проаналізовано для чотирьох можливих типів перерізу елементів – подвійні кутики, гнутозварний квадратний профіль, електрозварна кругла труба й прокатна кругла труба. Другий тип досліджено для двох можливих типів перерізу – прокатний двотавровий профіль зі сталі звичайної міцності і зварний профіль із тонкостінної сталі підвищеної міцності. Зіставлення конструктивних варіантів виконано на основі чисельного аналізу їх роботи методом скінченних елементів на базі проектно-обчислювального комплексу SCAD for Windows. Результати. Проведене дослідження дає змогу констатувати, що для умов м. Дніпро найбільш економічно ефективним варіантом перерізу сталевого ригеля промислової будівлі невеликих прогонів є ферма з електрозварних круглих труб. Також досить ефективною слід вважати конструкцію ригеля, виконану з ферм із гнутозварними квадратними профілями або зварного двотаврового типу з тонкостінної сталі підвищеної міцності. Наукова новизна. Описане в публікації дослідження дозволяє оцінити можливість, а також економічну ефективність використання різних типів перерізів для ригелів сталевої неутепленої покрівлі промислової будівлі з метою реконструкції в м. Дніпро. Практична значимість. Виконано практичну оцінку масових і кошторисних показників для сталевих ригелів різних типів, а також обґрунтовано методику проведення подібної оцінки.

The purpose of this article is to analyze and highlight the views of the prominent Polish historian, one of the founders of the Krakow historical school, Jozef Szujski, on the history of the Ukrainian Cossacks at the beginning of the seventeenth century, expressed in the second volume of «The History of Poland in Recent Studies», published in 1862, as well the perception of Tsetsora and Khotyn events, published in an article under the same name, printed in 1877. The main task of the author is to determine how Jozef Szujski estimated the importance of the Ukrainian Cossacks for the historical development of the Commonwealth at the beginning of the seventeenth century, and how he assessed and described the events under Tsetsora in 1620 and Khotin in 1621, which place was assigned to the Ukrainian Cossacks and their prominent representative – Hetman P. Konashevich-Sagaidachny. The methodology of the research is based on the general scientific principles of systematicity, reliability, historicism, logic. Biographical, comparative-historical, and comparative-textual methods were used for profound analysis of the scholar's scientific work. The scientific novelty of the research is that for the first time the scientific work of the outstanding representative of the Krakow School of History, Jozef Szujski, was analyzed for the first time through the prism of his views on the history of the Ukrainian Cossacks from 1619 to 1621 and in the general context of the history of the Commonwealth. The specificity of the Cossack perception as well as its reflection in the synthetic and specialized work of the scientist is highlighted. Conclusions. The analysis of «History of Poland .» suggests that Jozef Szujski concentrated, first of all, on the socio-political side of historical events, which is characteristic of the Krakow historical school, but, unlike M. Bobzhinsky, he devoted considerable attention to military aspects of history and the Commonwealth. It was important for the historian to comprehensively describe the history of his own state through the prism of international relations, internal social-political processes and military actions as the agents of these processes. On the one hand, the Cossacks received a negative assessment due to unlawful, unauthorized military actions that damaged diplomatic relations with the Ottoman Empire in a difficult time for the Commonwealth. On the other hand, the historian noted the assistance of the Ukrainian Cossacks in the defense of the Commonwealth, although he emphasized on the negative features and the disastrous consequences of their assistance to the state, which is particularly clearly reflected in the course of the battle at Khotyn. An analysis of the history of the Ukrainian Cossacks in the events of the Tsetsora battle and Khotyn War in the brochure under the same name makes it possible to state that Jozef Szujski paid much less attention to this issue, comparing it with the «History of Poland .», his statements were more carefull, without expressing controversial remarks regarding their role and significance in the battle, he added new small details related to the Cossack subject and made new judgments. However, information on Cossack topics in general, unfortunately, is not enough. One can assume that the interpretation of events by Jozef Szujski changed, first of all, given the patriotic and educational purpose of this work, the new socio-political processes in the Krakow historical environment, and the final departure of the historian from the romantic views of J. Levelel, which took place in the 70-ies of the 19th century. ; Метою даної статті є аналіз й висвітлення поглядів видатного польського історика, одного із фундаторів краківської історичної школи – Ю. Шуйського на історію українського козацтва початку XVII ст., виражених у другому томі «Історії Польщі за останніми дослідженнями», виданої в 1862 р., а також безпосередньо подіям під Цецорою та Хотином в однойменній розвідці, надрукованій у 1877 р. Головне завдання автора – визначити, як Ю. Шуйський розглядав значення українських козаків для історичного розвитку І Речі Посполитої початку XVII ст., як оцінював та описував події під Цецорою 1620 р. та Хотином 1621 р., яке місце в них відводив українському козацтву та його видатному представнику – гетьману П. Конашевичу-Сагайдачному. Методологія дослідження ґрунтуються на загальних наукових принципах: системності, достовірності, історизму, логічності. Для глибокого аналізу наукового доробку вченого застосовувалися біографічні, порівняльно-історичні, та порівняльно-текстологічні методи. Наукова новизна дослідження полягає в тому, що вперше проаналізовано науковий доробок видатного представника краківської історичної школи Ю.Шуйського крізь призму його поглядів на історію української козаччини 1619 – 1621 рр. в контексті історії І Речі Посполитої. Відображено специфіку сприйняття козацтва й висвітлено її відображення у синтетичній та спеціалізованій праці вченого. Висновки. Проведений аналіз «Історії Польщі.» дозволяє стверджувати, що Ю. Шуйський зосередився в ній, в першу чергу, на суспільно-політичній стороні історичних подій, що характерно для краківської історичної школи, але, на відміну від М. Бобжинського, значну увагу присвятив військовим аспектам історії І Речі Посполитої. Для історика було важливим всесторонньо описати історію власної держави крізь призму міжнародних стосунків, внутрішніх суспільно-політичних процесів та військових дій як виразників цих процесів. З одного боку, негативну оцінку козацтво отримало через незаконні, несанкціоновані військові дії, що шкодили дипломатичним стосункам з Османською імперією в складний для Речі Посполитої час. З іншого боку, історик відзначав допомогу українських козаків в обороні Речі Посполитої, хоча й акцентував увагу на негативних рисах та згубних наслідках їх допомоги для держави, що особливо виразно відображено в сюжеті про битву під Хотином. Аналіз висвітлення історії української козаччини в подіях Цецорської і Хотинської битви в однойменній брошурі дозволяє констатувати, що Ю. Шуйський значно менше приділив їй уваги, порівнюючи з «Історією Польщі…», висвітлював більш обережно, не висловлюючи контроверсійних зауважень стосовно їх ролі та значення в битві, додав нових дрібних подробиць, пов'язаних з козацькою тематикою та подав нові судження. Однак інформації з козацької тематики в цілому, на жаль, обмаль. Можна припустити, що трактування подій Ю. Шуйським змінилося, в першу чергу, з огляду на патріотично-виховне призначення даної роботи, нові суспільно-політичні процеси в краківському історичному середовищі та остаточний відхід історика від романтичних поглядів Й. Лелевеля, який відбувся в 70-х роках XIX ст.

Проаналізовано Національну доповідь "Цілі сталого розвитку України" (2017 р.) у контексті публічного управління з позиції біоетики. У стислому вигляді висвітлено 17 інноваційних тез щодо різних напрямків розвитку суспільства – від подолання голоду в світі до вирішення глобальних екологічних та кліматичних проблем, які стосуються Резолюції Генеральної Асамблеї ООН "Перетворення нашого світу: Порядок денний в області сталого розвитку на період до 2030 року", прийнятої 25 вересня 2015 р. Порушено питання необхідності впровадження Цілей сталого розвитку в систему публічного управління в Україні на засадах біоетики. ; Problem setting. It is considered the necessity to integrate the principles of bioethics in the projects of United Nations (hereinafter UN) to transform the world, since the Sustainable Development Summit of this organization adopted the Sustainable Development Goals as a priority task for governments and countries around the world from 2015 to 2030, the implementation of which will ensure a higher stage of development to a number of poor countries and a qualitatively new standard of living to human society as a whole. This organization helps third world countries to overcome problems with drinking water, food shortages, unequal, access to education, work, property, etc. However, public administration authorities should emphasize the problems of the value and dignity of human life, which should be respected and protected from the moment of fertilization to natural death.Recent research and publications analysis. Currently, the attention of both the scientific community and practitioners has been paid to the study of the implementation of sustainable development goals in the context of public administration in Ukraine. The Ukrainian researchers N. Horshkov, N. Walker, S. Kubiv, E. Libanova, S. Kuibida, M. Bilynska, V. Hoshovska, L. Pashko and others studied various aspects of this issue. Nevertheless, the issue of their implementation into the system of public administration on the basis of bioethics requires further investigations and elaboration considering the priority of Ukraine's integration into the European community and launching the course on the implementation of sustainable development goals.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. Overall, Sustainable Development Goals have proven to play a positive role in the third world countries, but these projects would have a positive impact on public morals, which could lead to certain changes.The paragraph 2 of the SDG deals with overcoming hunger and developing agriculture. The very formulation of these goals is quite noble, but the public administration authorities need to develop a mechanism that will ensure the control of sowing seed and mineral fertilizers to increase yields.Paragraph 3 is responsible for good health and well-being, but in terms of medical support, public authorities should pay attention to such issues that contradict the principles of bioethics: contraception, abortion, euthanasia, artificial insemination, the use of abortive materials, an unethical method of conducting birth control, which can cause fatal consequences, etc. All these actions are regarded as direct threat to life and health of the nation, primarily its spiritual component.Therefore, bioethics should be given a leading role in the field of medicine. All actions must be consistent with ensuring the dignity, integrity and inviolability of human life. Particular control requires the implementation of paragraph 5 of the SDG, which deals with the so-called "gender equality".It is necessary to introduce such innovations that extend women's rights, provide them with the opportunity of equal access to education, work, decent wages, etc. However, from the standpoint of bioethics, it should be emphasized that Ukrainians are traditional ethnic group, which is inherently respectful of the family institution, as well as such meaningful concepts for each person as "mother-father", "man-woman", etc.Tendencies of a morally unacceptable model as "relative 1 and relative 2" instead of parents and partners instead of "male-female" tandem, and the "freedom" of LGBT-communities are dangerous because they neglect the traditional institution of the family for Ukrainians and they are considered to be direct threat for the family. The use of all other items of the SDG in state-building processes is positive, because they concern the preservation of ecology, resources and the development of society.Paper main body. In order to attract public attention to the issues covered in the article, it is necessary to define priorities correctly. Positive changes, which undoubtedly follow the implementation of the UN program for the transformation of the world, Ukrainian society should reconsider its moral and ethical criteria.The world is moving in the direction of inevitable global processes leading to the elimination of borders between states, national and mental differences, allowing many people in remote regions of poor countries to get education, comprehensive medical care, clean water, ecological food, safe renewable energy.This is certainly very significant, but there is another side of the issue. However, taking positive experience, the most important thing is not to lose your national identity, high moral and spiritual values. It is necessary to create conditions under which the implementation of the SDG in Ukraine will be safe and beneficial for the whole society. Such algorithms are always the result of cooperation.UN projects are based on democratic principles which currently require reconsideration due to the general demoralization, Islamization of European countries and others. The obvious factor is that a number of countries, namely, Great Britain, Germany, and France are experiencing an influx of migrants, and the benefits of multiculturalization of the European community still to be proved.Ukrainians are one of the oldest nations, whose spirituality is an invaluable resource; therefore, it is so important to gain, not to lose from cooperation.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Specific suggestions have been made to public administration at those points where the implementation of sustainable development goals requires the principles of bioethics. Any changes in society should serve to a personality and, consequently, must be coordinated with the principles of bioethics.Perspectives for further investigations in this direction. Public administrators need to involve social institutions represented by reputable bioethics specialists, scientists, doctors, community volunteers, in which the implementation of the sustainable development goals on the principles of bioethics will be safe and beneficial for society.

Corpus Christi, Corpus Delicti: A new narrative contract. Władysław Pasikowski's Aftermath (2012) and the invalidation of the category of the Polish Witness to the HolocaustWładysław Pasikowski's 2012 feature film Aftermath recapitulates and works through the existing resources in documentary cinema that deals with the Polish context of the Holocaust (Claude Lanzmann, Paweł Łoziński, Marian Marzyński, Agnieszka Arnold). It is also founded on the knowledge amassed in the wake of the countrywide debate about the 1941 Jedwabne massacre (2000–1). As such, it rejects the majority narrative of the Holocaust, one told under the banners of the Righteous Among the Nations (the paradigm of innocence), the Polish witness to the Holocaust (triggering an unjustified identification of the Jaspersian paradigm of unimputable, metaphysical guilt with unwarranted guilt), and the alleged collective Polish trauma of the Holocaust.Aftermath is analyzed as a treatise on antisemitism which problematizes and narrativizes phantasms that are central to this socio-cultural pathology, visualizing the mechanism whereby the phantasm of the Jew is constructed and imposed on actual individuals. It also touches upon the Christian roots and identitarian dimension of antisemitism, alongside its central figure: the Crucifixion. Antisemitism is a matter of religion as a doctrine but also religion as an institution.By displaying a plexus of discourses and practices, attitudes and behaviors, Pasikowski defends the great quantifier as a legitimate category to describe the Polish context of the Holocaust. He debunks the essential differentiation between pre-modern and modern antisemitism (including notions about the secondary nature of Polish antisemitism in relation to the German Nazi exterminatory projects targeted at the Jews).The film convincingly portrays antisemitism as dominating the experience and its representation to such an extent that antisemitic culture loses the ability to reflect on the human condition. Where a non-antisemite sees the irreducible strangeness that is inherent to individual existence, the antisemite sees a Jew, etc. The long duration of violence and exclusion has turned the phantasmic and alternative reality of antisemitism into reality tout court, as it produces a materiality of its own, up to and including the materiality of the atrocity (stolen property, looted corpses, etc.).The text offers an extensive discussion of the essential conflict between Aftermath and the system of Polish culture. The aesthetic is political. The juxtaposition of two genre films (the thriller and the Western) and a plebeian protagonist with a domain that is perceived as proper to the intelligentsia provoked widespread shock and rejection. Accusations of kitsch, exaggeration, improbability, and a colonial gaze enabled critics to sidestep, if not invalidate, the director's argument. A study of the reception of Aftermath is a study of class distinction in action.Pasikowski's film portrays antisemitism as a problem of an antisemitic culture and an antisemitic society. This entails a radical invalidation of the notion of antisemitism as an inter-group conflict, thus exposing the fiction and falsehood of such constructs as "dialogue" and "reconciliation."Despite its pessimistic diagnosis, Aftermath raises the possibility of change and the emancipatory potential of self-empowerment. By considering the cultural and social implications of our knowledge about antisemitism and the Polish context of the Holocaust, the film reveala systemic challenge posed by the imperative to revise culture and reject its toxic models. From this perspective, a new narrative becomes possible as a critique of narratives. Corpus Christi, corpus delicti – nowy kontrakt narracyjny. Pokłosie (2012) Władysława Pasikowskiego wobec kompromitacji kategorii polskiego świadka ZagładyFilm fabularny Pokłosie (2012) Władysława Pasikowskiego przynosi rekapitulację i przepracowanie dotychczasowych zasobów kina dokumentalnego dotyczącego polskiego kontekstu Zagłady (C. Lanzmann, P. Łoziński, M. Marzyński, A. Arnold). Ufundowany jest także na wiedzy narosłej po debacie jedwabieńskiej (2000) oraz na odrzuceniu dotychczasowych dominujących większościowych narracji o Zagładzie: spod znaku Sprawiedliwych (paradygmat niewinności) i spod znaku polskiego świadka Zagłady (paradygmat Jaspersowskiej winy niezarzucanej oraz zbiorowej polskiej traumy Zagłady).Tekst proponuje spojrzenie na Pokłosie jako traktat o antysemityzmie, który problematyzuje i narratywizuje fantazmaty oraz mechanizmy kluczowe dla tej społeczno-kulturowej patologii. Wizualizacja obejmuje mechanizm konstruowania fantazmatu Żyda i nakładania go na realne podmioty. Nie omija też chrześcijańskich korzeni i tożsamościowego wymiaru antysemityzmu z centralną figurą Ukrzyżowania. Antysemityzm jest sprawą religii jako doktryny, ale też instytucji.Unaoczniając splot dyskursów i praktyk, postaw i zachowań, Pasikowski broni wielkiego kwantyfikatora jako zasadnej kategorii opisu polskiego kontekstu Zagłady. Obala też istotowe rozgraniczenie między antysemityzmem przednowoczesnym i nowoczesnym (w tym wyobrażenie o podrzędności polskiego antysemityzmu względem niemieckiego nazistowskiego przedsięwzięcia eksterminacyjnego wymierzonego w Żydów).Film w przekonujący sposób pokazuje, że antysemityzm do tego stopnia zawładnął doświadczeniem i jego reprezentacją, że kultura antysemicka straciła możliwość dostępu do namysłu nad ludzką kondycją. Tam, gdzie nieantysemita widzi nieredukowalną obcość przyrodzoną jednostkowej egzystencji, antysemita widzi Żyda etc. Długie trwanie przemocy i wykluczenia sprawia, że z rzeczywistości fantazmatycznej i alternatywnej antysemityzm staje się rzeczywistością tout court. Wytwarza bowiem własną materialność, do materialności zbrodni włącznie.Tekst obszernie omawia istotowy konflikt Pokłosia z systemem kultury polskiej. Estetyczne jest polityczne. Połączenie kina podwójnie gatunkowego (thriller, western) oraz plebejskiego bohatera z domeną uchodzącą za inteligencki monopol wywołało w większości szok i odrzucenie. Zarzuty – kiczu, przesady, braku prawdopodobieństwa, kolonialnego spojrzenia – pozwoliły w dużym stopniu wyminąć, jeśli nie unieważnić, rozpoznania reżysera. Studium recepcji Pokłosia to studium dystynkcji klasowej w działaniu.Film Pasikowskiego pokazuje antysemityzm jako problem kultury antysemickiej i antysemickiego społeczeństwa. Oznacza to radykalną kompromitację wyobrażenia antysemityzmu jako konfliktu międzygrupowego, czego konsekwencją jest obnażenie fałszu i fikcji konstruktów takich, jak "dialog" i "pojednanie".Mimo pesymistycznej diagnozy społecznej, Pokłosie wskazuje na możliwość zmiany i potencjał emancypacji tkwiący w samoupodmiotowieniu. Podejmując refleksję nad tym, co wynika dla kultury i społeczeństwa z wiedzy na temat antysemityzmu i polskiego kontekstu Zagłady, film wskazuje na wyzwanie systemowe w postaci imperatywu rewizji kultury i odrzucenia jej toksycznych wzorów. W tym świetle nowa narracja staje się możliwa – jako krytyka narracji.

The eco society, the knowledge society, the digital society are transforming into an intelligent society. It is built on "smart" work, which is done by "intelligent" government and business representatives, based on "intelligent" infrastructure and "intelligent" citizens, playing a key role in creating culture. In addition, the priority is the development of such industries as smart transport, smart health, smart energy, smart food, etc., which will eventually lead to the creation of a smart world. SMARTs will play a special role in the preparation of new-generation specialists, in which e-learning and personalized learning will have priority positions. In an intelligent society, technologies, previously based on information and knowledge, are transformed into technologies based on interaction, cooperation, exchange of experiences – smart technologies. Citizens, new generation specialists, turn their activities into "intelligent" and implement innovative changes in management strategies. This means that society needs more creative and open thinking persons, so that human dignity, based on flexibility and originality, is a priority. The most important issue is the training of staff with creative, creative potential, able to work and think in the new world. (Smyrnova- Trybulska 2018). The monograph "E-learning and Smart Learning Environment for the Preparation of New Generation Specialists" includes articles based on the best papers prepared and presented by authors from nine European countries and from more than twenty universities during the scientific conference entitled "Theoretical and Practical Aspects of Distance Learning", subtitled: "E-learning and Smart Learning Environment for the Preparation of New Generation Specialists", which was held on 15-16 October 2018, organized by the Faculty of Ethnology and Sciences of Education in Cieszyn, University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. The speakers from University of Extremadura (Spain), Linnaeus University in Kalmar (Sweden), the Comenius University in Bratislava (Slovakia), Plovdiv University "Paisii Hilendarski" (Bulgaria), Lisbon Lusiada University (Portugal), Kirchlische Pedagogische Hochschule, Vienna (Austria), Borys Grinchenko Kyiv University (Ukraine), Gdańsk Technical University (Poland), Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, St. Petersburg (Russia), Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), (Russia), Jagiellonian University (Poland), Warsaw University (Poland), Silesian University in Opava (Czech Republic), Jesuit University of Philosophy and Education "Ignatianum", Cracow, Poland, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra (Slovakia), University of Silesia in Katowice (Poland), University of Defence in Brno (Czech Republic), Kostiantyn Ushynsky South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University (Ukraine), Rzeszów University of Technology (Poland), Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin (Poland), Lublin University of Technology (Poland), Mykhailo Drahomanov National Pedagogical University, Kyiv, (Ukraine), Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz (Poland), Taras Shevchenko National University "Chernihiv Collegium" (Ukraine), University of Ostrava (Czech Republic), Cracow Pedagogical University (Poland), University of Social Sciences and Humanities in Warsaw (Poland), Dniprovsk State Technical University (Ukraine), Poznań University of Medical Sciences (Poland), Warsaw University of Technology, (Poland), Higher School of Education of the Polytechnic Institute of Santarem (Portugal), Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, (Poland), University of Social Sciences and Humanities in Warsaw (Poland), Ternopil University (Ukraine), Federal Research Center "Computer Science and Control" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, (Russia), State Higher Vocational School in Krosno, (Poland) and other educational institutions delivered lectures providing insights into interesting studies, presented their recent research results and discussed about their further scientific work. The authors include experts, well-known scholars, young researchers, highly trained academic lecturers with long experience in the field of e-learning, PhD students, distance course developers, authors of multimedia teaching materials, designers of websites and educational sites. I am convinced that the monograph will be an interesting and valuable publication, describing the theoretical, methodological and practical issues in the field of the use of e-learning for societal needs, offering proposals of solutions to certain important problems and showing the road to further work in this field, allowing for exchange of experiences of scholars from various universities from many European countries and other countries of the world. This book includes a sequence of responses to numerous questions that have not been answered yet. The papers of the authors included in the monograph are an attempt at providing such answers. The aspects and problems discussed in the materials include the following: 1. E-environment and Cyberspace E-environment of the University  SMARTer Education – Preparing a New Generation of E-learning Specialists  Smart-Universities  Smart Technology in education  E-learning in a sustainable society  Internet of things 2. Effective development of teachers' skills in the area of ICT and e-learning  Computer training for prospective and practicing teachers in the area ICT and e-learning  Teachers' and learners' competences in distance learning and computer science Table of Contents 15  Distance Learning and Lifelong Learning  Self-learning based on Internet technology 3. E-learning and Intercultural Competences Development in Different Countries  Legal, social, human, scientific, technical aspects of distance learning and e-learning in different countries  Psychological and ethical aspects of distance learning and e-learning in different countries  Collaborative learning in e-learning 4. E-learning Methodology – Implementation and Evaluation  European and national standards of e-learning quality evaluation  Evaluation of synchronous and asynchronous teaching and learning, methodology and good examples  MOOCs – methodology of design, conducting, implementation and evaluation  Contemporary trends in world education – globalization, internationalization, mobility 5. ICT Tools – Effective Use in Education  Selected Web 2.0 and Web 3.0 technology  LMS, CMS, VSCR, SSA, CSA  Cloud computing environment, social media  Multimedia resources and didactic materials, Video-tutorial design 6. Theoretical, Methodological Aspects of Distance Learning  Successful examples of e-learning  Distance learning in humanities and science  Quality of teaching, training programs and assessment  E-learning for the disabled 7. E-learning in the Development of Key Competences  Key competences in the knowledge society  Use of e-learning in improving the level of students' key competences 8. Alternative Methods, Forms and Techniques in Distance Learning  Simulations, models in distance learning  Networking  Distance learning systems  M-learning Publishing this monograph is a good example of expanding and strengthening international cooperation. ; University of Silesia, MNiSW

The article is aimed at presentation of results of archaeological underwater excavations of remains of the early Medieval bridge on the stronghold island Oslborg. There are vestiges of the Slavic and early German stronghold on the Grosser Plòner Lake island near Plon in north Germany. This stronghold has been repeatedly mentioned by Adam of Bremen and Helmold of Bosau - the 11th and 12th century annalists. Underwater excavations, undertaken in two study zones of 75 square meters in total, resulted in discovery of the bridge remains which revealed themselves in the form of 228 posts being elements of its bearing construction placed on the lake bottom. Dendrochronological analysis of 79 posts indicates that the bridge was constructed in 975 AD and it was rebuilt many times afterwards. Trees for subsequent reconstructions were cut down in the years 994, 995, 1005, 1008, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1025 and for the last time in 1096 AD. The excavations revealed also an assemblage of Slavic and early German pottery as well as 56 artefacts including 14 spearheads and 6 axes. These military accessories can possibly be linked with the 1075, 1128 or 1139 war, mentioned by Helmold of Bosau.Bleile R. 1999 Vorbericht zu unterwasserarchàologischen Untersuchungen an einer Slawischen Briickenanlage im PlauerSee bei Quetzin, Landkreis Parchim (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern), "Nachrichtenblatt Arbeitskreis Unterwasserarchaologie" Bd. 5, S. 32-35.Bleile R. 2003 Briicken unter Wasser. Neue Ergebnisse zu slawischen Briicken und Bohlenwegen in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, "Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Archàologie des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit" 14, S. 80-84.Freytag H.J. 1985 Die Lage der slawischen und friihen deutschen Burg Plon, "Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Schleswig-holsteinische Geschichte" Bd. 10, S. 27-52.Hucke K. 1952 Wo lag die wendische Burg Plune?, "Die Heimat" Bd. 59, S. 136—139.Kempke T. 1992 Slawen in Ostholstein. Ausgrabungen in Bosau am Ploner See, (in:) Der Vergangenheit auf der Spur. Archàologische Siedlungsforschung in Schleswig-Holstein, Hrsg. M. Miiller-Wille und D. Hoffmann, S. 141-162.Kempke T. 1998 Archàologische Beitràge zur Grenze zwischen Sachsen und Slawen im 8.-9. Jahrhundert, (in:) Studien zur Archàologie des Ostsseeraumes. Von der Eisenzeit zum Mittelalter (Festschrift Michael Miiller-Wille), Hrsg. A. Wesse, Neumiinster, S. 373-382.Mittelstàdt U. 1976 Die Entwicklung der Stadi Plon bis zum Ausgang des Mittelalters, "Jahrbuch tur Heimatkunde im Kreis Plòn-Holstein" Jg. 7, S. 5-34.Kiefmann H.M. 1978 Historisch-geographische Untersuchungen zur alteren Kulturlandschafts-entwicklung, (in:) Bosau. Untersuchung einer Siedlungskammer in Ostholstein unter Leitung von Hermann Hinz, "Offa-Biicher" Bd. 38.Kola A., Wilke G. 2000 Briicken vor 1000 Jahren. Unterwasserarchaologie bei der polnischen Herrscherpfalz Ostrów Lednicki, Toruń.Krambeck H.J. 1979 A numercial-topographical model of Lake Grofier Plòner See and its application to the calculation of Seiches, "Archiv Hydrobiological" Bd. 87-3, S. 262-273.Wilke G. 1985 Most wczesnośredniowieczny z Bobęcina kolo Miastka. Wstępne wyniki archeologicznych badań podwodnych i analiz dendrochronologicznych jego reliktów [Sum.: The early mediewal ages bridge of Bobącin near Miastko. Preliminary results of archaeological underwater investigations and dendrochronological analyses of its remains], "Acta Universitatis Nicolai Copernici", Archeologia 11, Archeologia Podwodna 2, S. 3-26.Wilke G. 1995 Lokalizacja stanowisk archeologicznych pod lustrem wody na przykładzie Jeziora Płońskiego Wielkiego (Grosser Ploner See) w północno-zachodnich Niemczech [Sum.: Location of archaeological sites under water - level on the example of Płońskie Wielkie Lake (Grosser Ploner See) in North Germany], (in:) Archeologia podwodna jezior Niżu Polskiego, Hrsg. A. Kola, Toruń, S. 71-90.Wilke G. 1998 Archàologie unter Wasser. Untersuchungen der slawischen Briicken in Lednica-See bei der Insel Ostrów Lednicki (Polen), (in:) Studien zur Archàologie des Ostseeraumes. Von der Eisenzeit zum Mittelalter (Festschrift Michael Müller-Wille), Hrsg. A. Wesse, Neumünster, S. 195-203.Wilke G. 2000a Analiza chronologiczno-przestrzenna struktur palowych i próba rekonstrukcji mostu [Sum.: Chronological - spatial analysis of pile structures and an attempt of bridge reconstruction], (in:) Wczesnośredniowieczne mosty przy Ostrowie Lednickim, t. 1 : Mosty traktu gnieźnieńskiego, Hrsg. Z. Kurnatowska, Lednica-Toruń, S. 57-71.Wilke G. 2000b Briicken und Brückenbau im óstlichen Mitteleuropa um 1000, (in:) Europas Mitte um 1000. Beitrage zur Geschichte, Kunst und Archàologie, Hrsg. A. Wieczorek, H.M. Hinz, Handbuch zur Ausstellung, Stuttgart, S. 142-145. ; The article is aimed at presentation of results of archaeological underwater excavations of remains of the early Medieval bridge on the stronghold island Oslborg. There are vestiges of the Slavic and early German stronghold on the Grosser Plòner Lake island near Plon in north Germany. This stronghold has been repeatedly mentioned by Adam of Bremen and Helmold of Bosau - the 11th and 12th century annalists. Underwater excavations, undertaken in two study zones of 75 square meters in total, resulted in discovery of the bridge remains which revealed themselves in the form of 228 posts being elements of its bearing construction placed on the lake bottom. Dendrochronological analysis of 79 posts indicates that the bridge was constructed in 975 AD and it was rebuilt many times afterwards. Trees for subsequent reconstructions were cut down in the years 994, 995, 1005, 1008, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1025 and for the last time in 1096 AD. The excavations revealed also an assemblage of Slavic and early German pottery as well as 56 artefacts including 14 spearheads and 6 axes. These military accessories can possibly be linked with the 1075, 1128 or 1139 war, mentioned by Helmold of Bosau. ; The article is aimed at presentation of results of archaeological underwater excavations of remains of the early Medieval bridge on the stronghold island Oslborg. There are vestiges of the Slavic and early German stronghold on the Grosser Plòner Lake island near Plon in north Germany. This stronghold has been repeatedly mentioned by Adam of Bremen and Helmold of Bosau - the 11th and 12th century annalists. Underwater excavations, undertaken in two study zones of 75 square meters in total, resulted in discovery of the bridge remains which revealed themselves in the form of 228 posts being elements of its bearing construction placed on the lake bottom. Dendrochronological analysis of 79 posts indicates that the bridge was constructed in 975 AD and it was rebuilt many times afterwards. Trees for subsequent reconstructions were cut down in the years 994, 995, 1005, 1008, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1025 and for the last time in 1096 AD. The excavations revealed also an assemblage of Slavic and early German pottery as well as 56 artefacts including 14 spearheads and 6 axes. These military accessories can possibly be linked with the 1075, 1128 or 1139 war, mentioned by Helmold of Bosau.

Tabla de contenidos: Espacios plurales, vocaciones críticas. A modo de Prólogo / Ezequiel Ipar y Sergio Tonkonoff -- La indignidad del Estado terrorista argentino / Olvaldo L. Delgado -- ¿Puede la inmanencia o puede la trascendencia.? El debate Laclau-Negri / Sebastián Stavisky, Lucía Cavallero y Pablo Luzza -- Política, Subjetividad y Estado en la teoría contemporánea / Sebastián Ackerman, Carlos Britos, Ezequiel Nepomiachi, M. Paula Morel, Carolina Ré y Ricardo Terriles -- Subjetividad y lazo social. Efectos del terrorismo del Estado / Ana María Careaga -- Borramientos materiales y subjetivos del genocidio. La resistencia del testimonio en la intención de decir / María Rosa Gómez -- O estado e a cidadania feminina: vozes das mulheres mil / André Pizetta Altoé -- Las movilizaciones del "8N" en la conlictividad de lo político / Camila Alejandra Alfageme -- Movimientos sociales críticos del orden de género a inicios del siglo XXI en Chile / Silvia Lamadrid Alvarez y Lorena Armijo Garrido -- Gobernando en el nombre de la razón: hacia una delimitación teórica del concepto de tecnocracia desde América Latina / Alejandro Plaza Reveco -- El fin del segundo silencio feminista: propuestas para la incorporación de la perspectiva feminista en las fuerzas políticas emergentes / María Daniela López Leiva y Andrea Stella Salazar Navia -- Mercenarios, Estado y guerra / Darío de Benedetti -- Cuando el águila observa al dragón. Los análisis norteamericanos de la potencia militar china en el siglo XXI (una lectura desde Military Review) / Mariano Millán -- Videojuegos de Guerra: La militarización de la imaginación. (Una primera aproximación desde la psicología del juego) / Lucas Sebastian Meli -- Los usos de la teoría de la guerra de Carl von Clausewtiz en el concepto de lo político de Carl Schmitt. A propósito de la guerra como continuación de la política por otros medios / María Teresa Rodríguez -- Aproximación a la Historia Etnográfica de los olores Industriales en la vía 40 de Barranquilla, Colombia. Estudio de Caso Gracetales-Barrio Montecristo / Rubén Darío Gutiérrez Campo y Eliezer Martínez Navarro -- Relexiones teórico-metodológicas para los estudios latinoamericanos de la política urbana / Francisco Vértiz -- Las particularidades de la urbanización capitalista en América Latina: clase, etnia y ciudad / Mariela Paula Diaz -- Santiago transigurado, pre y post-liberal / Antonio Daher -- Acerca del desarrollo geográico desigual en las ciudades latinoamericanas actuales / María Eugenia Goicoechea -- Instrumentos de Gestión, Sujetos y Dispositivos: El estudio de los cambios en el trabajo público en el contexto de las reformas manageriales / Vicente Sisto y Carla Fardella -- O conceito de experiência social aplicado ao trabalho de jovens diplomados: uma análise na perspectiva de François Dubet / Ivanete Modesto do Amaral -- Sobre el concepto de Cultura económica y su pertinencia analítica en la actualidad / Luis Donatello -- Economía, mercado, dinero. La sociología durkheimiana y el estudio de los hechos económicos / Federico Lorenc Valcarce -- Mercantilización de la tierra y del trabajo: ¿Un problema insoluble? / Paulo Cesar Xavier Pereira -- Intersticios televisuales: narrar-experimentalmente desde los territorios nacionales / Cristina A. Siragusa -- Como o neoinstitucionalismo analisa os que vivem da política no Brasil contemporâneo / Alvaro Augusto de Borba Barreto -- Los jardines imaginarios del sujeto contemporáneo. Simulación, pastiche y locura / Pablo Martínez Fernández -- Epistemologías de la visualidad: Cuerpo, Acontecimiento y Subjetivación / Noelia García -- Imágenes de la alteridad: ética y hospitalidad en el capitalismo global / Esteban Dipaola -- La experiencia del género: articulaciones entre lenguaje, experiencia e identidad en la teoría feminista y los estudios de género / Débora Garazi -- "Problemas relativos a la Construcción del Sujeto en los shopping-mall. Abordaje desde la estrategia de la Individuación" / Felipe Castro Muñoz -- La subjetividad al olvido: una mirada crítica sobre las prácticas diagnosticistas y las estrategias de medicalización en el campo de la Salud Mental / Raquel Rubio -- Perspectivas, límites y aportes a la medicalización en el siglo XXI desde del estudio del TDAH (Trastorno por Déicit de Atención e Hiperactividad) en Argentina / Sivia Faraone y Eugenia Bianchi -- El debate medicalización-desmedicalización en el campo de estudios de las medicinas "alternativas y complementarias" / Mariana Bordes -- La medicina como encrucijada. La tensión natural-social en la investigación y prácticas médicas y sus aspiraciones en cuanto a lo político y social / Jorge Mallearel y José Gómez Di Vincenzo -- Historia de Dos Proyectos. Una Discusión acerca del Proceso Decisorio de I+D en una Empresa de Bio-Tecnología / Gustavo L. Seijo -- Mecanismos situacionales y de formación de la acción como microfundamentos de dispositivos de enforcement en la accountability vertical social de agentes ejecutores de programas de desarrollo social / Mauricio García Ojeda -- Producciones narrativas con familias homoparentales: una experiencia hacia la co-construcción de conocimientos en investigación social / Analía Buzaglo, Mónica Culla y Mariela Morandi -- Hacia una comunidad de saber: judaísmo, amistad y pacto / Emmanuel Taub -- Sociología y Ética Ambiental. Análisis y profundización del marco categorial de las principales corrientes teóricas del pensamiento ambiental crítico / Ofelia Agoglia y Lorena Sales -- Dilemas, tensiones e interpelaciones posibilitadas por las epistemologías feministas y decoloniales. Saber y poder en la producción de conocimientos y en los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje / Ruth Sosa -- Entre Carreiras, Panelas e Bebês: patroas e empregadas e o espaço privado do lar / Marusa Bocafoli da Silva -- Un caso de diplomacia epistemológica. El Social-ecological Systems Framework como estrategia para integrar las ciencias sociales y naturales en el análisis de problemas ambientales / Martín Prieto -- La perspectiva pluri motivacional en el estudio de la acción colectiva / Francisco Báez Urbina. ; Fil: Ipar, Ezequiel. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. Instituto de Investigaciones Gino Germani; Argentina. ; Fil: Tonkonoff, Sergio. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. Instituto de Investigaciones Gino Germani; Argentina. ; Fil: Fernández, Mariana. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. Instituto de Investigaciones Gino Germani; Argentina. ; Fil: Lassalle, Martina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. Instituto de Investigaciones Gino Germani; Argentina.

Проаналізовано Національну доповідь "Цілі сталого розвитку України" (2017 р.) у контексті публічного управління з позиції біоетики. У стислому вигляді висвітлено 17 інноваційних тез щодо різних напрямків розвитку суспільства – від подолання голоду в світі до вирішення глобальних екологічних та кліматичних проблем, які стосуються Резолюції Генеральної Асамблеї ООН "Перетворення нашого світу: Порядок денний в області сталого розвитку на період до 2030 року", прийнятої 25 вересня 2015 р. Порушено питання необхідності впровадження Цілей сталого розвитку в систему публічного управління в Україні на засадах біоетики. ; Problem setting. It is considered the necessity to integrate the principles of bioethics in the projects of United Nations (hereinafter UN) to transform the world, since the Sustainable Development Summit of this organization adopted the Sustainable Development Goals as a priority task for governments and countries around the world from 2015 to 2030, the implementation of which will ensure a higher stage of development to a number of poor countries and a qualitatively new standard of living to human society as a whole. This organization helps third world countries to overcome problems with drinking water, food shortages, unequal, access to education, work, property, etc. However, public administration authorities should emphasize the problems of the value and dignity of human life, which should be respected and protected from the moment of fertilization to natural death.Recent research and publications analysis. Currently, the attention of both the scientific community and practitioners has been paid to the study of the implementation of sustainable development goals in the context of public administration in Ukraine. The Ukrainian researchers N. Horshkov, N. Walker, S. Kubiv, E. Libanova, S. Kuibida, M. Bilynska, V. Hoshovska, L. Pashko and others studied various aspects of this issue. Nevertheless, the issue of their implementation into the system of public administration on the basis of bioethics requires further investigations and elaboration considering the priority of Ukraine's integration into the European community and launching the course on the implementation of sustainable development goals.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. Overall, Sustainable Development Goals have proven to play a positive role in the third world countries, but these projects would have a positive impact on public morals, which could lead to certain changes.The paragraph 2 of the SDG deals with overcoming hunger and developing agriculture. The very formulation of these goals is quite noble, but the public administration authorities need to develop a mechanism that will ensure the control of sowing seed and mineral fertilizers to increase yields.Paragraph 3 is responsible for good health and well-being, but in terms of medical support, public authorities should pay attention to such issues that contradict the principles of bioethics: contraception, abortion, euthanasia, artificial insemination, the use of abortive materials, an unethical method of conducting birth control, which can cause fatal consequences, etc. All these actions are regarded as direct threat to life and health of the nation, primarily its spiritual component.Therefore, bioethics should be given a leading role in the field of medicine. All actions must be consistent with ensuring the dignity, integrity and inviolability of human life. Particular control requires the implementation of paragraph 5 of the SDG, which deals with the so-called "gender equality".It is necessary to introduce such innovations that extend women's rights, provide them with the opportunity of equal access to education, work, decent wages, etc. However, from the standpoint of bioethics, it should be emphasized that Ukrainians are traditional ethnic group, which is inherently respectful of the family institution, as well as such meaningful concepts for each person as "mother-father", "man-woman", etc.Tendencies of a morally unacceptable model as "relative 1 and relative 2" instead of parents and partners instead of "male-female" tandem, and the "freedom" of LGBT-communities are dangerous because they neglect the traditional institution of the family for Ukrainians and they are considered to be direct threat for the family. The use of all other items of the SDG in state-building processes is positive, because they concern the preservation of ecology, resources and the development of society.Paper main body. In order to attract public attention to the issues covered in the article, it is necessary to define priorities correctly. Positive changes, which undoubtedly follow the implementation of the UN program for the transformation of the world, Ukrainian society should reconsider its moral and ethical criteria.The world is moving in the direction of inevitable global processes leading to the elimination of borders between states, national and mental differences, allowing many people in remote regions of poor countries to get education, comprehensive medical care, clean water, ecological food, safe renewable energy.This is certainly very significant, but there is another side of the issue. However, taking positive experience, the most important thing is not to lose your national identity, high moral and spiritual values. It is necessary to create conditions under which the implementation of the SDG in Ukraine will be safe and beneficial for the whole society. Such algorithms are always the result of cooperation.UN projects are based on democratic principles which currently require reconsideration due to the general demoralization, Islamization of European countries and others. The obvious factor is that a number of countries, namely, Great Britain, Germany, and France are experiencing an influx of migrants, and the benefits of multiculturalization of the European community still to be proved.Ukrainians are one of the oldest nations, whose spirituality is an invaluable resource; therefore, it is so important to gain, not to lose from cooperation.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Specific suggestions have been made to public administration at those points where the implementation of sustainable development goals requires the principles of bioethics. Any changes in society should serve to a personality and, consequently, must be coordinated with the principles of bioethics.Perspectives for further investigations in this direction. Public administrators need to involve social institutions represented by reputable bioethics specialists, scientists, doctors, community volunteers, in which the implementation of the sustainable development goals on the principles of bioethics will be safe and beneficial for society.

Стаття присвячена філософському та культурологічному аналізу філософії постмодернізму (постструктуралізму) на основі методології гегельянства, гайдеґґерівської філософії мови, структурного психоаналізу, деконструктивізму, герменевтики, універсальної етики та філософії діалогу. У статті обґрунтовується теза про те, що постмодернізм як модель теоретичної рефлексії є автономним щодо лібералізму та релятивізму концептом "французької школи", що має антиліберальну спрямованість і за закладеними в нього імпліцитними буттєвими смислами кореспондує з консервативним християнським світовідчуттям. Середньовічними онтологічними "ядрами" постмодернізму постають концепти "реального" Ж. Лакана, "археписьма" Ж. Дерріда, "шизоїда" Ж. Дельоза, "рефігурації мови" П. Рікера. Таким чином, звільнений від стереотипів релятивації, постмодернізм постає як третя (консервативна) альтернатива в опозиції європейського вибору між лібералізмом та радикалізмом. ; Статья посвящена философскому и культурологическому анализу философии постмодернизма (постструктурализма) на основе методологии гегельянства, хайдеггеровской философии языка, структурного психоанализа, деконструктивизма, герменевтики, универсальной этики и философии диалога. В статье обосновывается тезис о том, что постмодернизм как модель теоретической рефлексии является автономным по отношению к либерализму и релятивизму концептом "французской школы", имеет антилиберальную направленность и по заложенным в него имплицитным бытийными смыслам корреспондирует с консервативным христианским мироощущением. Средневековыми онтологическими "ядрами" постмодернизма предстают концепты: "реального" Ж. Лакана, "археписьма" Ж. Деррида, "шизоида" Ж. Делёза, "рефигурации языка" П. Рикёра. Таким образом, освобожденный от стереотипов релятивации, постмодернизм выступает как третья (консервативная) альтернатива в оппозиции европейского выбора между либерализмом и радикализмом. ; The article is devoted to the philosophical and cultural analysis of postmodern philosophy (post-structuralism) on the basis of the Hegelian methodology, Heidegger's philosophy of language, structural psychoanalysis, deconstructionism, hermeneutics, universal ethics and philosophy of dialogue. The article substantiates the thesis that postmodernism as a model of theoretical reflection is autonomous with regard to liberalism and relativism with the concept of a "French school", which has an anti-liberal orientation and corresponds to the conservative Christian attitudes imposed by implicit ontological meanings. The medieval ontological "nuclei" of postmodernism are concepts: "Real" by J. Lacan, "Archepism" by J. Derrida, "Schizoid" by J. Deleuze, "language reconfiguration" by P. Ricker. Thus, freed from the stereotypes of relativity, postmodernism appears as a third (conservative) alternative in opposition to the European choice between liberalism and radicalism.The double standard extends to the attitude of liberals to radical currents in crisis processes. Initially, liberal leaders take an overwhelming majority in right-wing nationalism, using it as a tool to support the status quo of capitalism, a means of distracting the masses from real problems, and a mechanism of intimidation. When the mass is intimidated enough, it is proposed to liberalism as "a source of defacing" as the "only alternative". We can talk about the artificial situation of identifying the choice of Fa versus Antifa for the subject who is forced to choose between "purse and life" - between multiculturalism and radical nationalismThe key task of structural psychoanalysis is not only the returning of the conflict to its original place, that is, the disclosure of the deep-seated class traumas of the capitalist neoliberal world itself, according to S. Zizek and other representatives of the Slovenian school, but also - the separation of the philosophy of postmodernism as a spiritual phenomenon from political projects of neoliberalism and multiculturalism, which until recently were considered an applied dimension of postmodern politics and promoted the introduction into the social practice of the vicious circle "liberalism - nationalism liberalism" - a circle that does not provide choice and which excludes from its own semiosfery any other values: ethical and dialogical, modern, conservative, religious, international, non-system Left (antyhlobalistic) and others. In order to realize this task, postmodernism must be considered under the other (not postmodern) viewpoint, depriving it of the stereotypes of "relativism", "cynicism" and "enlightenment", that is, it is necessary to demonstrate that the authentic core of postmodern philosophy is far from multicultural indifference of "post-truth" and includes expressive ontological motives.The double goal of our study: to carry out a critical rethinking of postmodernism as a form of manifestation of a conservative attitude based on hereditary archetypes of the Middle Ages and Modernism, and to show that postmodernism as a philosophy is not the cause of the tragic self-denial of postmodernism as an applied measurement of multiculturalism, that multiculturalism with its vicious circles of relativity , devastation and radicalism is separate from the phenomenon of postmodernism and belongs to the "shock" project of American liberal democracy, and not to "French school" Moreover, the School of Post-Structuralism of the Sorbonne, as the basis of postmodernism, is the descendant of the Marxist school of "new left" in Frankfurt and its meaning is fundamentally anti-capitalist and anti-liberal.By combining among themselves in a single interdisciplinary field the classical philosophy of M. Heidegger's language, J. G. Derrida's "grammar", G. Lacan's structural psychoanalysis, J. Habermas's universal ethics, J. de Gaulle's schizodiscourse, and hermeneutics and the philosophy of P. Ricker's dialogue, we have shown that In the semantic field of postmodernism there are ontological kernels of conservatism, which approximate this philosophical model to medieval traditionalist thought and make the border between modern and postmodern very conditional. The return of postmodernism to the status of the philosophy of being and the liberation of the French school from the stereotypes of "lack" and "loseness" is necessary in order to protect postmodernism from accusations of cynicism, relativism and "emptiness", since these allegations are, firstly, based on the mixing of postmodernism with liberal irony, and, secondly, often serve as an excuse for the revival of various kinds of fundamentalist aspirations. We have shown that liberalism, by provoking through the irony of the identification of the "illusion", initially contributes to the development of radical movements, and then, when they emerge from the symbolic control, they remove them from the agenda as "fascist", opposing them to themselves. There is a closed vicious circle of impossibility to choose between "Fa and Antifa". Our work was an attempt to remove postmodernism from this circle.

The purpose of this article is to analyze and highlight the views of the prominent Polish historian, one of the founders of the Krakow historical school, Jozef Szujski, on the history of the Ukrainian Cossacks at the beginning of the seventeenth century, expressed in the second volume of «The History of Poland in Recent Studies», published in 1862, as well the perception of Tsetsora and Khotyn events, published in an article under the same name, printed in 1877. The main task of the author is to determine how Jozef Szujski estimated the importance of the Ukrainian Cossacks for the historical development of the Commonwealth at the beginning of the seventeenth century, and how he assessed and described the events under Tsetsora in 1620 and Khotin in 1621, which place was assigned to the Ukrainian Cossacks and their prominent representative – Hetman P. Konashevich-Sagaidachny. The methodology of the research is based on the general scientific principles of systematicity, reliability, historicism, logic. Biographical, comparative-historical, and comparative-textual methods were used for profound analysis of the scholar's scientific work. The scientific novelty of the research is that for the first time the scientific work of the outstanding representative of the Krakow School of History, Jozef Szujski, was analyzed for the first time through the prism of his views on the history of the Ukrainian Cossacks from 1619 to 1621 and in the general context of the history of the Commonwealth. The specificity of the Cossack perception as well as its reflection in the synthetic and specialized work of the scientist is highlighted. Conclusions. The analysis of «History of Poland .» suggests that Jozef Szujski concentrated, first of all, on the socio-political side of historical events, which is characteristic of the Krakow historical school, but, unlike M. Bobzhinsky, he devoted considerable attention to military aspects of history and the Commonwealth. It was important for the historian to comprehensively describe the history of his own state through the prism of international relations, internal social-political processes and military actions as the agents of these processes. On the one hand, the Cossacks received a negative assessment due to unlawful, unauthorized military actions that damaged diplomatic relations with the Ottoman Empire in a difficult time for the Commonwealth. On the other hand, the historian noted the assistance of the Ukrainian Cossacks in the defense of the Commonwealth, although he emphasized on the negative features and the disastrous consequences of their assistance to the state, which is particularly clearly reflected in the course of the battle at Khotyn. An analysis of the history of the Ukrainian Cossacks in the events of the Tsetsora battle and Khotyn War in the brochure under the same name makes it possible to state that Jozef Szujski paid much less attention to this issue, comparing it with the «History of Poland .», his statements were more carefull, without expressing controversial remarks regarding their role and significance in the battle, he added new small details related to the Cossack subject and made new judgments. However, information on Cossack topics in general, unfortunately, is not enough. One can assume that the interpretation of events by Jozef Szujski changed, first of all, given the patriotic and educational purpose of this work, the new socio-political processes in the Krakow historical environment, and the final departure of the historian from the romantic views of J. Levelel, which took place in the 70-ies of the 19th century. ; Метою даної статті є аналіз й висвітлення поглядів видатного польського історика, одного із фундаторів краківської історичної школи – Ю. Шуйського на історію українського козацтва початку XVII ст., виражених у другому томі «Історії Польщі за останніми дослідженнями», виданої в 1862 р., а також безпосередньо подіям під Цецорою та Хотином в однойменній розвідці, надрукованій у 1877 р. Головне завдання автора – визначити, як Ю. Шуйський розглядав значення українських козаків для історичного розвитку І Речі Посполитої початку XVII ст., як оцінював та описував події під Цецорою 1620 р. та Хотином 1621 р., яке місце в них відводив українському козацтву та його видатному представнику – гетьману П. Конашевичу-Сагайдачному. Методологія дослідження ґрунтуються на загальних наукових принципах: системності, достовірності, історизму, логічності. Для глибокого аналізу наукового доробку вченого застосовувалися біографічні, порівняльно-історичні, та порівняльно-текстологічні методи. Наукова новизна дослідження полягає в тому, що вперше проаналізовано науковий доробок видатного представника краківської історичної школи Ю.Шуйського крізь призму його поглядів на історію української козаччини 1619 – 1621 рр. в контексті історії І Речі Посполитої. Відображено специфіку сприйняття козацтва й висвітлено її відображення у синтетичній та спеціалізованій праці вченого. Висновки. Проведений аналіз «Історії Польщі.» дозволяє стверджувати, що Ю. Шуйський зосередився в ній, в першу чергу, на суспільно-політичній стороні історичних подій, що характерно для краківської історичної школи, але, на відміну від М. Бобжинського, значну увагу присвятив військовим аспектам історії І Речі Посполитої. Для історика було важливим всесторонньо описати історію власної держави крізь призму міжнародних стосунків, внутрішніх суспільно-політичних процесів та військових дій як виразників цих процесів. З одного боку, негативну оцінку козацтво отримало через незаконні, несанкціоновані військові дії, що шкодили дипломатичним стосункам з Османською імперією в складний для Речі Посполитої час. З іншого боку, історик відзначав допомогу українських козаків в обороні Речі Посполитої, хоча й акцентував увагу на негативних рисах та згубних наслідках їх допомоги для держави, що особливо виразно відображено в сюжеті про битву під Хотином. Аналіз висвітлення історії української козаччини в подіях Цецорської і Хотинської битви в однойменній брошурі дозволяє констатувати, що Ю. Шуйський значно менше приділив їй уваги, порівнюючи з «Історією Польщі…», висвітлював більш обережно, не висловлюючи контроверсійних зауважень стосовно їх ролі та значення в битві, додав нових дрібних подробиць, пов'язаних з козацькою тематикою та подав нові судження. Однак інформації з козацької тематики в цілому, на жаль, обмаль. Можна припустити, що трактування подій Ю. Шуйським змінилося, в першу чергу, з огляду на патріотично-виховне призначення даної роботи, нові суспільно-політичні процеси в краківському історичному середовищі та остаточний відхід історика від романтичних поглядів Й. Лелевеля, який відбувся в 70-х роках XIX ст.

One of the important rare earth deposits is the Dong Pao localized in Lai Chau province, West-North of Vietnam. Generally, the deposit is composed of two parts, the lower and the upper. The lower part is composed of dolomite, limestone and intrusive rocks, while the upper part of the profile is represented by a weathered zone containing soil and fragments of mixed barite-fluorite ores. The concentrations of natural radionuclides, chemical compositions of ores, including rare earth elements (REE) in solid samples, were determined by gamma spectrometer equipped with a HPGe detector, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA ICPMS) and activation method, respectively. In the samples taken from the ore bodies within the weathered zone the REE concentration is about 10 wt.% and both 238U and 232Th amount to 0.01 wt.%, while in the samples from the hard part of ore the REE and 238U as well as 232Th contents amount only to 0.3 wt.% and 0.001 wt.%, respectively. So the enrichment of the REE and natural radioactive elements in the deposit is a consequence of the weathering processes. The water samples were taken from the streams, natural tap and thermal water intakes localized in the studied deposit and surrounding region. The 238U, 234U, 228Ra, 226Ra concentrations in the water samples were prepared by the adequate radiochemical procedures and measured using an alpha spectrometer coupled with silicon semiconductor detector and a/b liquid scintillation counter. In the stream water, the concentrations of both 226Ra and 228Ra vary from 100 to above 300 mBq/L, while in the natural tap and thermal waters they amount to tens mBq/L. The concentration of 238U, 234U in the thermal water is 80 and 110 mBq/L respectively, while in the surface water concentrations of uranium isotopes are below 30 mBq/L.References Bureau Veritas Canada, 2015. Certificate of analysis No KRA 15000229.1 Curtis N., 2011. Lynas Report. https://www.lynascorp.com/Pages/Reporting-centre-Annual-report.aspx. Damascena K.R., et al., 2015. Rare-earth elements in uranium deposits in the municipaliity of Pedra, Pernambuco, Brazil. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 304, 1053-1058. Dovzikov A.E., 1965. Geology of North Vietnam, explanation and interpretation for the Geological Map of North Vietnam. Vietnam Geol. Depart. (in Russian). Faure, M., Lepvrier, C., Van Nguyen, V., Van Vu, T., Lin, W., & Chen, Z., 2014. The South China Block-Indochina collision: where, when, and how? Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 79, 260-274. Fromaget J., 1941. Geological structure, deposits related to tectonics of Indochina. Indochina Geol. Biul. XXVI(2), (in France). Fromaget J., Saurin E., 1952. Geological map of Indochina 1:200.000. National Geograph Institute of France. Halpin J.A., Tran T.H., Lai C.K., Meffre S., Crawford A.J., Zaw K., 2015. U-Pb zircon geochronology and geochemistry from NE Vietnam: A "tectonically disputed" territory between the Indochina and South China blocks. Gondwana Research, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2015.04.005. Hoatson D.M., Jaireth S., Miezitis Y., 2011. The major Rare-Earth element deposits of Australia: Geological setting, exploration and resources. Australian Government, Geoscience Australia, 193. Hornig-Kjarsgaard I., 1998. Rare earth elements in sovitic carbonatites and their mineral phases. J. Petrology, 39, 2105-2121. Hou B., 2005. Heavy mineral sands potential of the Eucla Basin in South Australia - a world-class palaeobeach placer province. MESA Journal, 37, 4-12. Jodłowski P., Kalita S., 2010. Gamma-Ray Spectrometry Laboratory for high-precision measurements of radionuclide concentrations in environmental samples. Nukleonika, 55(2), 143-148. Kušnir I., 2000. Mineral resources of Vietnam. Acta Montanista Slovaca, 5(2), 165-172. Le Khanh Phon, Bui Dac Dung, Nguyen Dinh Chau, Tibor Kovacs, Nguyen Van Nam, Dong Van Hao, Nguyen Tai Son, Vu Thi Minh Luan, 2015. Estimation of effective dose ratek caused by radon and toron for inhabitants living in rare earth field in north Wietnam (Lai Chau province). J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem, 306, 309-316. Liu Y., Hu Z., Gao S., Günther D., Xu J., Gao C., Chen H., 2008. In situ analysis of major and trace elements of anhydrous minerals by LA-ICP-MS without applying an internal standard. Chem. Geol. 257, 34-43. Nguyen Dinh Chau, Niewodniczański J., Dorda J., Ochoński A., Chruściel E., Tomza I., 1997. Determination of radium isotopes in mine waters through alpha- and beta-activities measured by liquid scintillation spectrometry. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 222(1-2), 69-74. Nguyen Dinh Chau, Le K.P., Jodłowski P., Pieczonka J., Piestrzyński A., Duong V.H., Nowak J., 2016. Natural Radioactivity at the Sin Quyen Iron-Oxide-Copper-Gold Deposit in North Vietnam. Acta Geophys, 64(6), 2305-2321. Nguyen Tien Du, et al., 2011. Report of the supplementary geological prospecting surveys at the Rare Earth Elements at Dong Pao Deposit, Ban Giang District, Lai Chau province, Nort-Weast Vietnam. Archive at the Geological Division VIMICO, Lai Chau. (in Vietnames), 215. Pham Ngoc Can, Ishiyama D., Tran Tuan Anh, Sera K., 2011. Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of rare metals-bearing Na Bop, Lung Hoai, Na Son and Sin Quyen base metal deposits, North Vietnam. NMCC Annual Report 18, 49-55. Rösler H.J, Lange H., 1976. Geochemical Tables, Edition Leipzig, 468. Tran Van Tri 2011. Geology and Earth Resources of Vietnam [in] Vu Khuc (ed). General Dept. of Geology and Minerals of Vietnam, Hanoi, Publishing House for Science and Technology, 634. Tran Trong Hoa, Tran Tuan Anh, Pham Thi Dung, Tran Quoc Hung, Bui An Nien, Tran Van Hieu, Pham Ngoc Can, 2010. Useful elements accompanying with the Pb-Zn and Cu deposits in the North Vietnam. Vietnam Journal of Earth Sciences, 32(4), 289-298. (in Vietnamese). WHO 2006. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, First Addendum to Third Edition, V Recommendations. New Jork, 595. Żelaźniewicz A., Tran T.H., Larionov A.N., 2013. The significance of geological and zircon age data derived from the wall rocks of the Ailao Shan-Red River shear zone, NW Vietnam. J. Geodynamics, 69, 122-139.

The printing house of the Vilnius Basilian monastery stands out as one of the oldest and largest printing houses of the Eastern Rite Catholic Church and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the activities of which lasted about 200 years. In this printing house, books were printed in the Polish, Latin, ecclesiastical Slavonic, Lithuanian and Latvian languages. Furthermore, among the books printed by the Basilians were the pieces printed in Italian, French, Greek and English. Following the abolition of the Eastern Rite Catholic Church in 1839, printing operations were not resumed. Instead, all printing equipment was sold out to the printers Teofilius Gluksberg and Abrahami Dworzec as well as to the townsman Gronim Pupkin. The article is the first attempt ever to analyse the organizational aspects of activities in the said printing house such as its localization and premises, legal situation, managers and employees, technical equipment and sales of the printed material. Research of material conditions makes it easier to establish the factors that have contributed to the development and decline of printing activities as well as identify the causes of multilingual multi-denominational printing output in this institutional enterprise. Such research is aimed to better understand the Lithuanian printing business up to the 19th century and provide background information for more comprehensive research in the fields of reading culture, the history of the Basilian order, social history and material culture of Vilnius.Throughout all the periods of its activity, the print shop was located in the territory of the Vilnius Basilian Monastery in the old part of the city close to the Sharp Gates (Lith. Aštrieji vartai), currently the Gates of Dawn (Lith. Aušros vartai). The localization of the Basilian Monastery in the old centre of religious culture and crafts was favourable to developing the activities of the printing house. The founders and sponsors of the 17th century printing house were the metropolitan archbishops of the Eastern Rite Catholic Church, whereas in the second half of the 18th century the sponsorship was taken over by the superiors of the Lithuanian Basilian Province. Until the year 1768, the legal situation of the printing house was based on the right to print books, inherited by the Vilnius Basilian monastery in 1633 from the Vilnius Holy Trinity Fraternity belonging to the Eastern Rite Catholic Church. In 1768, King and Grand Duke Stanislaw Augustus granted the Lithuanian Basilians a special privilege for the printing house, allowing to transfer the Vilnius printing house to Vitebsk, but this privilege was never taken advantage of.The research made it possible to identify a considerable part of the staff working at the printing house. Thus, in the 17th century, the printing shop employed 3 staff members (1 townsman and 2 Basilians), in the 18th century, 5 printers-Basilians were working in the printing house, and in the first half of the 19th century, 5 printers were employed (all of them were hired secular persons). During the period from the second half of the 18th century to the start of the 19th century, in total six prefects were appointed to manage the printing house activities. During the research, the name of one more manager of the printing house – Markel Solokaj – was established. He was appointed as prefect on July 1, 1838, when printing activities were no longer resumed. Hypothetically it could be stated that during the most profitable period of activity, that is, during the period of 1760–1800, printing activities were carried out by about 20 persons. As a rule, the prefects appointed to run the printing house were chosen from the educated monks having the priest's ordinances. Among the prefects, priest Nicefor Nenicz (1777–1793) was the most successful in running the printing house. In 1760–1800, 4 book-printing machines and 1 one-piece machine for carving press as well as other quality equipment purchased in foreign countries was installed at the printing house. In addition, a letter foundry, a bookbindery and a bookstore were operating in close proximity to the printing house. The printing house conducted a wide range of printing activities such as printing of books, brochures, sheet music and images of religious content, was specialising in accidental printing, etc. In general, the book production process was fairly well organized, and this allowed the printing press to operate continuously and profitably for several decades. However, the prefects of the printing house did not put any effort into developing book distribution channels. Under the circumstances, mediating monasteries, bookshops and publishers started the business of trading books. The print shop itself was not able to organize effective sales. The weak and shaky book trade is evidenced by the announcements of various individuals and companies about the sales of the book Lexykon geograficzny by I. Karpiński (1766), the publication of which appeared among the Lithuanian and Polish periodicals from 1768 to 1829. Only some issues of the publication were subscriptionbased. It could be concluded that it was not only the political pressure of the Russian administration, but also the weak management of book distribution that led the printing press in early 19th century to stagnation. ; Vilniaus bazilijonų spaustuvė paliko ryškų pėdsaką Lietuvos kultūros istorijoje. Joje spausdinta lenkų, lotynų, bažnytine slavų, lietuvių, latvių kalbomis, bazilijonų išleistose knygose yra kūrinių ir kitomis Europos kalbomis: italų, prancūzų, graikų, anglų. Platindami įvairiakalbę literatūrą bazilijonai prisidėjo prie daugiatautės LDK kultūros formavimosi bei modernios visuomeninės raidos. Vilniaus bazilijonų knygos yra sulaukusios tyrinėtojų dėmesio, bet iki šiol mažai tirtos materialinės sąlygos, kuriomis vyko leidybinė bazilijonų veikla. Straipsnyje nagrinėjami svarbiausi klausimai, susiję su spaustuvės veiklos organizavimu nuo XVII a. iki spaustuvės uždarymo ir išpardavimo 1845 m.: spaustuvės lokalizacija ir patalpos, teisinė padėtis, valdytojai ir darbuotojai, techninis įrengimas, produkcijos realizavimas. Spaustuvės materialinių sąlygų tyrimas padeda atskleisti veiksnius, lėmusius spaudos darbų raidą ir nuosmukį, suprasti įvairiakalbės kelių konfesijų produkcijos atsiradimo priežastis institucinėje įmonėje.

Background: Providing access to safe drinking water is one of the most effective measures to promote health and reduce poverty in low and middle income counties (LMIC). There is a great need for public health interventions (PHIs) addressing the need for safe drinking water. In evidence-based PHIs the focus usually is centred around the positive outcome of an intervention. An intervention may be both well planned and initially have good intention, however the reality is that PHIs may lead to unintended harms (UHs). This has received limited or nearly no attention in evidence based public health. Rationale: Formative research conducted as part of Project SHINE (Sanitation and Hygiene INnovation in Education), a youth and community based intervention to develop sustainable water, sanitation and hygiene strategies among Maasai pastoralists in rural and remote Tanzania indicated that water scarcity and water quality were substantial public health concerns among community members. Therefore, a pilot study was conducted to assess the potential of the Biosand filter (BSF) as a low-cost, low-tech water treatment option. In order to avoid potential UHs as a result of the implementation of the BSF, meaningful dialogue with the Maasai community both to identify potential harms but also to simultaneously develop mitigation strategies to tackle potentially UHs was conducted. Objectives: This study seeks to develop an understanding of community perceptions related to water scarcity and water quality, and how this effects the Maasai pastoralists as a foundation for understanding the context in which the BSF study is being implemented in. In addition, the study aims to engage and identify community perspectives concerning potential UHs and mitigation strategies, related to the implementation of the BSF. An UH typology by Allen Scott et al. (2014) will be used as a guiding framework. Methods: A descriptive qualitative case study design was used in order to investigate the research questions posed by this thesis. Carefully selected interviews included the following: one in-depth/semi structured interviews, one group discussion and three think tanks. Content analysis was applied as a strategy to analyse the data. Results: Water scarcity is reported as a concern especially considering seasonal availability of water. Water quality is perceived as poor due to shared water sources with the livestock and wild animals. The results demonstrated that UHs associated with the BSF may occur in all five of Allen-Scott ́s et al. (2014) typology: physical, psychosocial, economic, cultural and environmental context. In addition, two external themes emerged; political harm and harm by omission. The potential harms were: inequality, poor leadership and education, poverty, lack of resources and the size of the BSF. Important mitigation strategies were: engaging with policy level, developing grassroot leadership within the Maasai community and adequate education regarding the BFS technology. Conclusion: The BSF filter may be a viable solution to improve the water quality within the NCA context, however the BSF filter will not address concerns related to water scarcity, for instance the heavy workload associated with collecting water, such as long distance walks and heavy lifting. The need for extensive education and training, respected and qualified leadership within the community and engagement with policy leaders is fundamental in order to avoid unintended harm identified with the BSF implementation. ; Bakgrunn: Å fremskaffe rent drikkevann er et av de mest effektive virkemidler for å fremme helse og redusere fattigdom i lav- og middelsinntektsland. Det er et stort behov for at folkehelsetiltak fokuserer på behovet for rent drikkevann. I forskningsbasert folkehelse er fokuset normalt konsentrert om positivt resultat av intervensjoner. En intervensjon kan være både godt planlagt og ha hatt gode intensjoner. Likevel kan folkehelsetiltak føre til uønskede konsekvenser (UK). Dette har imidlertid fått svært lite til ingen oppmerksomhet i forskningsbasert folkehelse. Rasjonale: Tidligere forskning i forbindelse med Project SHINE (Sanitation and Hygiene INovation in Education), en ungdoms- og lokalsammfunnsbasert intervensjon for å utvikle bærekraftig vann-, sanitær- og hygienestrategier blant pastorale Maasaier i landlige og fjerntliggende strøk av Tanzania, indikerte at vannmangel og -kvalitet var vesentlige folkehelsebekymringer blant lokalbefolkningen. En pilotstudie ble derfor gjennomført for å vurdere potensialet for Biosandfilter (BSF) som lavkostnads og lavteknologisk vannrensning. For å unngå mulige UK som resultat av implementering av BSF ble det gjennomført målrettet dialog med Maasai-folket både for å identifisere mulig skadevirkning og også samtidig utvikle skadebegrensningsstrategier. Oppgavens formål: Denne studien søker å utvikle en forståelse av lokalsamfunnsperspektiv knyttet til vannmangel og -kvalitet, og hvordan dette virker inn på Maasai-folket som et grunnlag for forståelse av konteksten BSF-studien var satt i. I tillegg sikter studien mot å involvere og identifisere lokalsamfunnsperspektiv rundt potensielle UK og skadebegrensningsstrategier knyttet til implementering av BSF. En typologi utviklet av Allen- Scott et al (2014) vil bli brukt som et ledende rammeverk. Metoder: En case-basert deskriptiv kvalitativ studie ble brukt for å undersøke forskningsspørsmål fremmet i denne avhandlingen. Nøye utvalgte intervju inkluderte følgende: Et dybde-/semistrukturert intervju, en gruppediskusjon, og tre tenketanker. Innholdsanalyse ble brukt som verktøy for å analysere data. Resultater: Vannmangel er rapportert som en bekymring særlig i forhold til varierende tilgang gjennom årstidene. Vannkvalitet blir ansett som dårlig fordi vannressurser deles med kyr og ville dyr. Resultatene viser at UK knyttet til BSF kan forekomme i alle fem kategorier av Allen-Scotts et al. (2014) typologier: fysisk, psykososialt, økonomisk, kulturelt og miljømessig. I tillegg oppstod to utenforliggende tema: politisk skade og skade ved unnlatelse. De potensielle konsekvensene var: ulikhet, dårlig ledelse og utdanning, fattigdom, manglende ressurser og størrelsen av BSF. Viktige skadebegrensningsstrategier var: å involvere på et politisk nivå, utvikle fungerende lederstruktur innen Maasai-befolkningen og adekvat utdanning i forhold til BSF-teknologien. Konklusjon: BSF kan være en levedyktig løsning for å forbedre vannkvalitet innen NCA konteksten, imidlertid vil BSF ikke kunne adressere bekymringer relatert til vannmangel, som for eksempel arbeidsmengden forbundet med innhenting av vann, som lang gangavstand eller tunge løft. Behovet for omfattende undervisning og trening, respektert og kvalifisert lederskap i lokalsamfunnet, og involvering av politisk ledelse, er avgjørende for å unngå UK knyttet til implementeringen av BSF. ; M-FOL

[eng] The nursing profession in Bangladesh has undergone substantial development over recent decades but still faces significant challenges. A remarkable gap has been described between the institutionally-accepted image of nursing as the provision of hands-on care and the small amount of time that nurses allocate to it, especially in government hospitals. The reasons for this contradiction have shown a complex interaction between historical, socioeconomic and cultural factors. These are mainly related to the conflict between the British-inherited curriculum, with a strong emphasis on basic care activities, social and gender norms, and longstanding discrimination against nurses in their institutional settings and society. This research aims to provide a theoretical analysis of the ways in which structural factors intersect with the professional and social experiences of a group of nurse teachers. The objectives of the thesis are to describe nurses' views about nursing care and their profession, to discuss to what extent nursing education has been an empowering tool, and to analyse how the nurses' socioeconomic background, personal experiences and life events have influenced their professional careers and their conceptualisation of nursing and care. A critical phenomenological analysis of the nurses' life stories has been used, relating the stories to the broader history and political economy of nursing in Bangladesh. Twenty-two nurses were selected and interviewed over an eight-month fieldwork period, of which seven were selected as key informants. The discussion is mainly based on theoretical contributions from anthropology, practice theory, feminism and a critical analysis of nursing knowledge. A common rhetoric was found among the nurses: namely that nursing care has 'deteriorated'. They tended to emphasise hands-on care and the 'old' apprenticeship model, while also approving moves towards a more professional model. Nursing care activities were understood as a mixture of service and management of the wards and patients, linked to a wish to 'utilise' the knowledge that they were continuously acquiring. Therefore, nursing education was broadly empowering in terms of knowledge, independence, and self-realization. Nevertheless, at some moments social and institutional discrimination made the m feel disempowered, frustrated and vulnerable. Even so, the nurses interviewed have achieved successful professional careers, together with a significant amount of social recognition. Without ignoring their outstanding individual capacities, the role that key people and institutions had in supporting them in their eagerness to learn has to be considered. Finally, the act of caring itself and the knowledge that it produces may also be a source of personal and collective agency. However, work is needed in order to create and maintain the necessary conditions for the caring experience to be empowering. This responsibility falls beyond the nursing field, as it involves structural changes, especially in terms of gender and class inequalities. ; [cat] La professió infermera a Bangladesh ha experimentat importants avenços en les últimes dècades, tot i que encara presenta reptes considerables. La imatge institucionalment acceptada de la infermeria com la provisió de cures i contacte continuat amb els pacients contrasta amb la poca dedicació de moltes infermeres a aquestes activitats, especialment en els hospitals públics. Aquesta contradicció s'explica per una complexa interacció entre factors històrics, socioeconòmics i culturals. Existeix un conflicte entre un pla d'estudis heretat de l'època colonial Britànica, amb un fort èmfasi en les activitats de cures bàsiques, les normes socials i de gènere, i la històrica discriminació de les infermeres en els seus entorns institucionals i socials. Aquesta tesi pretén teoritzar sobre les formes en què els factors estructurals s'interseccionen amb les experiències professionals i socials d'un grup de professores d'infermeria. Els objectius de la tesi són: descriure les visions de les infermeres sobre el concepte de cura i sobre la seva professió; discutir fins a quin punt l'educació en infermeria ha estat una eina empoderadora, i analitzar de quina manera el context socioeconòmic, experiències personals i esdeveniments vitals de les professores han influït en la seva carrera professional i en la seva conceptualització de les cures infermeres. La recerca ha realitzat una anàlisi fenomenològica crítica de les històries de vida de les professores d'infermeria, relacionant-les amb la història i economia política de la infermeria a Bangladesh. Vint infermeres van ser entrevistades durant un període de vuit mesos, entre les quals set professores van ser escollides com a informants clau. La discussió es basa principalment en les aportacions teòriques de l'antropologia, la teoria de la pràctica, el feminisme i l'anàlisi crítica del coneixement infermer. Les infermeres entrevistades sostenien, en general, que les cures d'infermeria s'havien 'deteriorat'. Les seves narratives tendien a emfatitzar el 'vell' model d'aprenentatge pràctic, alhora que es valorava l'evolució cap a un model més professional. Les infermeres conceptualitzaven la cura com una barreja entre les nocions de servei i de gestió de les sales i dels pacients, juntament amb un desig d'utilitzar els coneixements que constantment adquiriren. Per tant, l'educació en infermeria ha estat en general empoderadora quant a coneixements, independència i sentit d'auto-realització. Tot i així, en certs moments, la discriminació social i institucional viscuda, els va fer sentir impotents, frustrades i vulnerables. Malgrat les dificultats, però, les infermeres d'aquesta tesi han aconseguit un exitós desenvolupament professional, així com un grau de reconeixement social considerable. Sense ignorar les seves notables capacitats individuals, cal considerar també el suport rebut per part de diferents persones i institucions en el seu constant desig de formar-se i aprendre. Finalment, l'acte de tenir cura i el coneixement que se'n deriva, són en si mateixos una font d'agència personal i col·lectiva. No obstant això, cal treballar per crear i mantenir les condicions necessàries perquè l'experiència cura sigui empoderadora. Aquesta és una responsabilitat que excedeix l'àmbit infermer, ja que implica canvis estructurals, especialment en relació a les desigualtats de gènere i classe.

The effect of violent computer games on individuals and on society has been the object of a great number of studies reaching across different disciplines, including traditional Humanities, International Relations Studies, and Psychology. Unfortunately, studies conducted within one discipline pay very limited attention to research conducted in other fields. Thus, important research data is rarely shared. The reasons for this lack of cross-disciplinary consideration can be attributed to many different factors. Humanities oriented research is often published in journals other than IR studies, or psychological studies. The various fields engaged in this type of research also employ different methodologies that highlight different aspect while obscuring others. Finally, the research is funded by different agencies, with different agendas. This presentation first describes the current situation through studies belonging to the Humanities, International Relations Studies and Psychology. These studies share an interest in the computer game genre commonly known as the First Person Shooter (FPS), a violent game genre where the gamer controls an armed avatar and observes the game world through a first-person perspective. The presentation discusses how the general research context (funding body, audience, problem formulation), the theoretical framework, and the methodologies of the different studies inform the research. Here, it is noted that Humanities research is often state-sponsored and conducted within Humanities departments or by one of few DH research centres that exist globally. Since the late 1990s, Humanities research has either focussed on discussing how participatory digital games function differently from other forms of culture such as literature or film (see Juul 2005, Malliet 2007), or it has conducted an often Foucauldian or Baudrillardian interrogation of the games, discussing them as deeply ideological spaces (Wark 2007). The methodological tools employed by this research are virtually always qualitative and hermeneutic. International Relations research also comes out of state-sponsored or private universities, but is sometimes connected to organisations such as the Institute of World Politics. Following the cultural turn of IR during the last two decades (Van Veeren 2009), this research has become increasingly attentive to the way that military games engage with global politics and future military conflict. The focus of game studies conducted within the confines of IR studies is thus the way in which the FPS imagines future global conflict. This research is often qualitative and does discuss the narratives and discourses of the games, but it also employs interviews and quantitative methods to investigate how gamers's ideas about global relations are affected by the games (Zamaróczy 2016). Finally, psychological research into violent games comes from a large number of funding bodies, from state-run universities to private foundations, the health care sector, and the US Department of Defence (DoD) (Höglund 2008). The research produced by these various agencies focuses primarily on to what extent violent games produce violent behaviour or not (Anderson et al., 2002), but it also includes studies on how games can train soldiers before combat or help treat veterans suffering from post traumatic stress disorder (Rizzo et al 2006). The link between violent computer games and aggressive behaviour is notoriously difficult to study in laboratory experiments, and a few alternative ways of assessing the relationship have been suggested (Sauer and Nova 2015). Even so, this research is firmly quantitative and often disregards the qualitative aspect. The question that the presentation will address in relation to these studies is how these different fields may benefit from cross-disciplinary exchange. The presentation suggests that by considering results gained in psychological studies, and by making some use of the quantitative and laboratory methods common in this discipline, the humanities or IR researcher would be in a considerably better position to discuss the effect that the FPS has on the individual. In other words, broadening the disciplinary perspective would make it possible to consider not only the ideological, political and aesthetic content of the material, but also how gamers actually respond to the material. Similarly, humanities and IR related research could help researchers working in the field of psychology to ask more relevant and precise questions that take into consideration the qualitative content of a particular game before examining its effects in a laboratory setting. In other words, by considering humanities and IR research, the simple question if games encourage aggression in gamers may be rephrased into the more complex question if games encourage aggression against particular groups in society, or support state aggression against certain nationalities. This discussion may be of interest to scholars conducting research on digital games, but it may also be of general interest to Digital Humanities since the formation of games research takes place in the crossroads of several different disciplines. REFERENCES Anderson, C. A, B. J. Bushman. (2002) Violent Video Games and Hostile Expectations: A Test of the General Aggression Model. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28.12): 1679-1686. Höglund, J. (2008). Electronic Empire: Orientalism Revisited in the Military Shooter. Game Studies. 8.1. http://gamestudies.org/0801/articles/hoeglund Juul, J. (2005). Half-Real: Video Games between Real Rules and Fictional Worlds, Cambridge: The MIT Press Malliet, Steven. (2007). Adapting the Principles of Ludology to the Method of Video Game Content Analysis. Game Studies 7.1. http://gamestudies.org/0701/articles/malliet Rizzo. A, J, et al. (2006). A Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy Application for Iraq War Military Personnel with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: From Training to Toy to Treatment. NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Novel Approaches to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. IOS Press, Washington D.C., 235-250 Sauer, J. D, A Drummond, and N. Nova. (2015). Violent video games: The effects of narrative context and reward structure on in-game and postgame aggression. Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied. 21.3. 205-214. Van Veeren, Es. (2009). The 'Cultural Turn' in International Relations: Making Sense of World Politics. E- International Relations. May 10. http://www.e-ir.info/2009/05/10/the-'cultural-turn'-in-international- relations-making-sense-of-world-politics/. Wark, M. (2007). Gamer Theory. Cambridge, Harvard University Press. Zamaróczy, N de. (2016). Are We What We Play? Global Politics in Historical Strategy Computer Games. International Studies Perspectives. 0.1, 1–20.