Suchergebnisse

In its engagement with Balkan music, musicology has largely conformed to the dominant cultural historiographical model of a divide between 'East' and 'West'. Marked by core binary concepts, under the spell initially of theories of modernity, and subsequently of critical theories that aimed to deconstruct these oppositions, musicology on Balkan music still remains within the confines of the 'East-West' paradigm. Theories such as Edward Said's Orientalism and Maria Todorova's Balkanism have served as key methodological tools in conceptualizing Balkan music and analysing the ways in which stereotypical and ideologically-charged images of 'the West' and 'the East' are reproduced in musical praxes. Powerful as they have been, analyses of the Balkans solely withreference to 'East' and 'West' surely do not do justice to the diversity of relationships that have shaped its variegated musical space, and have inevitably rendered a distorted image of its musical landscape. This book aims to contribute to a widening of our critical understanding of a historically and spatially diverse cultural network that embraces Balkan music, and therefore invites proposals for papers that challenge and/or move beyond the 'East-West' paradigm. An examination of a network that would not be restricted to the West-East perspective should lead to a richer and more complex understanding of the Balkans and its interconnectedness with other regions, such as the Mediterranean and Russia. By analysing these as well as other spheres of influences, we hope to reveal affinities that have rarely been explored, and will yield a richer understanding not only of Balkan music ('art', 'traditional' as well as 'popular') but also of music history in general. Contributions fall under the following subtopics: – Musical Relations between the Balkans and Russia Russia has acted as an influencing agent on the Balkans over several centuries and ties between these two regions were often highly charged politically. Importantly, Moscow was perceived as the 'Third Rome' by the Orthodox Balkans, while the Russian Empire was deeply involved in matters of the so-called 'Eastern Question'. The great influx of Russian émigrés following the Russian revolution played a significant role in shaping the Balkan cultural elite. Last but not least, the Russian national school and the Soviet model of socialist realism had a profound impact on Balkan music over the last two centuries. – Interactions with the Mediterranean Both the Balkans and the Mediterranean figure more as imaginary cultural spaces than firm geographical entities. Yet the way these spaces correlate musically has barely been explored. How did the culture of the Mediterranean, with its shifting empires and perpetual migrations, engage with the Balkans musically? What could be learned, for example, by exploring the great hub of Constantinople, which has been perceived both as a gateway to the Balkans and a symbol of the Eastern Mediterranean? Could a scrutiny of Balkan music's interaction with Mediterranean music enrich our understanding of musical life of the broader area of South Eastern Europe? Jasmina Huber writes about the musical physiognomy of melodies that belong to the Sephardic vocal (liturgical and paraliturgical) heritage in the western Balkans. The author shows that the Jewish musical tradition in the Balkans was a symbiosis of Hebrew poetry and oriental(ised) melodies. Valentina Sandu-Dediu has contributed a very interesting, introspective and often self-deprecatory account on the past and present state of Romanian musicology, the discipline that has long been torn between shifting ideologies, the Riemanninspired grandiose ambitions of music historians who singlehandedly wrote monumental but often error-laden books, and the long-standing focus on domestic output, caused both by ideological restrictions, language barrier and the fact of external i.e. foreign interest in Romanian music. The author concludes that the history of Romanian music must be rewritten from next prespectives, but also warns that a compromise must be reached between two opposing extremes - the unscrupulous political engagement on the one hand (which has influenced the boys written in communist times) and avoidance of any ideological involvement the other (which has been a recent tendency). Ivana Miladinović-Prica writes about Milimir Drašković who, in the later phase of his career, Drašković, seemingly surprisinglu, turned towards Byzantine heritage and Serbian orthodox church chants of the Octoechos as a source of inspiration and combined it with his already established avantgarde procedures, but also with popular music genres such as rock and jazz. Drašković and Miloš Petrović held workshops titled Byzantium and Today in Germany, where they brought the experiences of the cultural "Other" to German audiences, but also deliberately "invented" tradition in accordance with their artistic goals. Iva Nenić addresses the dichotomy of the East-West and its ideological implications using the example of the slowly expanding world music scene in the former Yugoslav region and, more specifically, with the specific (re)interpretation of the sevdalinka genre of popular folk song, as interpreted by the young Bosnian singer Damir Imamović, an heir to a well-known Bosnian musical "dynasty", and his Sevdah Takht band. The author discusses the origins and development of the sevdalinka genre, its "politically correct" interpretations in the socialist Yugoslavia, mostly purified of overt Oriental influences, and compares it to Imamović's contemporary interpretations, where remnants of its Oriental origin (such as: aksak rhythms, melismatic singing, oriental modes and instrumentation that resemble maqam practices etc.) have been reinstated and even emphasised. Russian and other non-phonetic Slavic languages written in Cyrillic script have been transliterated using the simplified Library of Congress transliteration system, with some exceptions which have been duly explained in the footnotes. We must express our sincere gratitude to Srđan Atanasovski and Katerina Levidou who originated the idea of rethinking the cultural and artistic 'poles of attraction' in the Balkans and without whom this volume would have not been possible. Moreover, we are grateful to all contributors to this volume, for their patience and cooperativeness during the long process of preparing this book. We would also like to thank our colleagues who have assisted us in various stages of preparing this volume: Marija Ćirić, Bogdan Đaković, Jelena Janković-Beguš, Jelena Jovanović, Danka Lajić-Mihajlović, Mary McRoberts, Melita Milin, Vesna Peno, Selena Rakočević and Mirjana Zakić. Also, we are thankful to the members of the Department of Fine Arts and Music of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, in particular Academician Milan Lojanica and Academician Dejan Despić, as well as the Academician Dimitrije Stefanović, former General Secretary of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Ars and a long-standing Director of the Institute of Musicology SASA, for their support, encouragement and understanding. Finally, we would like to thank the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia for their generous financial support, without which this book would have not been published.

The Polytechnic Institute of Bragança (IPB) has been organising its Erasmus Week since 2004. It is held yearly in May, normally during the second week of May. The Erasmus week's main purposes are three-fold. First, the IPB aims at enforcing closer, more dynamic and more efficient institutional relations amongst the European Higher Education Institutions. Lectures are then organised and introduced in both undergraduate and master classes in accordance with the area of interest. Meetings with directors of the 5 IPB schools and Erasmus coordinators are also scheduled. The second and third goals, which naturally derive from the first, are to facilitate familiarity with the IPB campus, its schools and with the cities of Bragança and Mirandela, where the IPB schools are settled, and with the surrounding area, namely the Montesinho Natural Park and the Alto Douro Wine Region (UNESCO World Heritage). This information can be found on the IPB International Relations Office website. Overall, all these three goals lie behind what is considered an umbrella goal which is to promote the IPB in its numerous valences and strengthen the mobility ties with the different European Higher Institutions which have established cooperation agreements with the IPB. This has revealed fruitful and far-reaching as more than 20 partner countries visit us every year. If one takes into account the two last editions' numbers, Poland is the country with a higher percentage of participants (37.1% and 29%), followed by Spain (11.4% and 15.9%), France, Romania and Czech Republic1. Regarding the lectures delivered during this week, teachers show a high level of satisfaction and find it rather rewarding according to the evaluation results obtained every year. One of the most visible results of these lectures is the publication of Teaching Crossroads. It started being published aiming ultimately at the dissemination of the research work that was presented at the IPB. We then extended it to all activities related to Teachers Erasmus+ mobility and international projects. The idea was not only to disseminate studies from other European researchers but also to give to the IPB teaching staff the opportunity to publish their research work and what they presented during their mobility. So far, the adhesion to this project has been rather steady and compliant with the publication's main goal. In hindsight, this project, which started in 2011, continues to persevere in its academic path, making thus available to students and teachers the most valuable research studies and relevant data in regard to a myriad of study areas which underlie the spirit of Higher Education, multifaceted, multilayered and plural. In Higher Education we hope never to be at a crossroads, but we dare to constantly thrive when faced with obstacles and embrace the challenges of knowledge. All areas of study are important and meaningful and must be continually promoted. This has been the leading motto of Teaching Crossroads since its very beginning. This would have never been possible without the valuable help of regular contributors to whom we are very grateful, from the authors, the reviewers, the designer to the IPB Image Services. A thanking note must also go to the IPB which has embraced this project by agreeing to publish it. As a result of the close cooperation work with the researchers who submitted their proposals to blind review, we selected five texts from diverse areas but nonetheless complementary. As such, this year, areas of study vary from comparative literature, education, social education and sociology, finance to business and entrepreneurship. A brief summary of each is presented next. María Antonia Mezquita Fernández, whose research has been focusing on the modern subject of ecocriticism bearing in mind the new approach to the close relationship between environmental issues and literature, a concern that always permeated literature, discusses the ecocritical identity in the light of literary figures and their poetical messages regarding nature. By highlighting and comparing two British poets, William Wordsworth and Dylan Thomas, and a Spanish poet, Claudio Rodríguez, the author introduces an ecocritical stance to the analysis of the poems under discussion. Sharing the common ground of nature, the poems are worth reading due to the powerful messages they convey, not only bearing in mind the period when they were written but because the topics explored resonate with the environmental defenders' main principles. What the author brings to the fore of discussion is a thought-provocative, challenging and relevant essay which found in literature its main driving force to call the attention to the importance of the defence of nature in a time where environmental issues, such as global warming and the melting of glaciers, are at the centre of the world's political agenda, despite the constant scepticism that still persists to endure. Beata Sufa & Anna Szkolak-Stępień delve into the idea of creativity fostered within the teaching context, by both teachers and students. In their article entitled "Creative Teacher-Creative Pupil – a Study Report", the authors argue that, having in mind all the technological advances and (advanced) use of learning technology, the new conditions of school and learning context require new challenges to the way the teaching-learning process is dealt with. The teacher's creative attitude will thus become paramount for children's development of creativity which will help them to improve communication skills. Kazimiera Król studies the phenomenon of begging in Poland, analyzing the spatial and social framework of such reality which results from many factors and underlies consequences to the places chosen for begging and to the beggars themselves. The author puts forth an empirical study bearing in mind the age, gender, civil status and nationality of mendicants, presenting thus in-depth data which allow her to reach interesting and relevant conclusions regarding the whole phenomenon of begging in nowadays Poland. Eliza Komierzyńska-Orlińska sheds some light on a common unknown part of the financial system to the majority of people, which is the security of the banking system. When one deposits or withdraws money one is never aware of (or simply does not care about) how our money is held safe or how the banks protect their assets. The article "Security of the Banking System in Poland. Fundamental Assumptions" deals precisely with security issues within the Polish banking system highlighting the crucial role of the central bank in the whole process of surveillance and regulation. Legal issues are therefore discussed. By using simple and straightforward language, the author is able to reach a non-specialist audience who will become more informed about this issue in a rather clear way. Erik Kubička focuses on organizational culture explaining how well-succeeded, renowned, top companies in the technology sector foster effectiveness in the work environment. In this regard, the author describes several technological companies, such as Google, Apple and IBM, just to name a few. Innovation, informal leadership, less red tape and closer contact with the workers are features that are common to all these companies which represent the key to their success. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Ancient harbours represent valuable geoarchives where complex man-environment interactions are recorded. Thus, various ancient harbours were studied in the frame of geomorphological and geoarchaeological research in order to gain new insights into the (palaeo-)history of the Mediterranean region. The ancient city of Corcyra, located on the island of Corfu in the northern Ionian Sea, has not been subject to geoarchaeological research so far, although Corcyra was one of the major commercial and political centres in the ancient Greek world. At least two ancient harbours are known from historical records and traced by archaeological remains of related infrastructure, namely the Alkinoos Harbour and commercial Hyllaikos Harbour, located to the west and the north of the ancient city, respectively. However, information on the exact extent of these harbours as well as their temporal and spatial development are incomplete as much of the ancient infrastructure is concealed under modern urban structures nowadays. The present study focusses the harbour geoarchives of Corcyra in order to decipher the complex and multifaceted palaeogeographical history of ancient Corcyra. In particular, the study aims to (i) trace the spatial extent of the ancient harbour basins, (ii) investigate the sedimentary record of these harbours in order to draw conclusions on their environmental conditions and protection levels, (iii) identify the main triggers for palaeoenvironmental changes in these harbours and their natural predecessors/successors and (iv) study the harbour's function as sediment traps for human interventions and natural extreme events. Six investigation sites were analysed by means of a comprehensive geoarchaeological multi-methodological approach including sedimentological, geomorphological, palaeontological, geochemical and geophysical investigations which were complemented by results from archaeological research. These study sites comprised three potential harbour sites, namely the Desylla, Kokotou and Pierri sites, which were identified based on historical accounts or archaeological remains, as well as three geomorphological key sites. First rudimentary harbour installations in Corcyra trace back to the Archaic period, when a slightly-protected pre-harbour came to function by the construction of a nearby wall at the Desylla site in the northern ancient city. Out of this still shallow marine environment, the Classical Alkinoos Harbour developed before the 4th to 3rd cent. BC, extending to the east towards the Kokotou site, where the archaeological remains of monumental shipsheds bear witness of extensive harbour use. Probably, the harbour basin extended even further to the east as a contemporaneous harbour basin was reconstructed in the front of the Pierri quay wall. During Roman times, only the western part of the northern harbour zone was used and kept in function by extensive dredging activities proved by stratigraphical gaps, chronological anomalies and geophysical evidence. In contrast, the Pierri site quay wall was buried under colluvial and anthropogenic deposits. Apart from these man-made interventions that led to massive coastal change on the shores of the Analipsis Peninsula, where the ancient city was located, the coastal evolution of Corcyra was also strongly linked to natural extreme events. Evidence of multiple palaeotsunami landfalls was found in the investigated areas, documenting tsunami impact in the 6th mill. BC, the 4th mill. BC, between the 4th and 3rd cent. BC, between the 3rd and 6th cent. AD and between the 5th and 6th cent. AD. Most of these events seem to correlate with findings from Sicily, the Albanian coasts, the Greek mainland and other Ionian Islands and are therefore considered to be part of supra-regional impacts. Only the tsunami event that happened between the 4th and 3rd cent. BC was identified as local event triggered around Corfu, as associated strong co-seismic uplift was proved at the Pierri quay wall and by archaeoseismological traces on the Analipsis Peninsula. Due to decreased water depth caused by this crustal uplift and associated infill of tsunami event deposits, the Pierri was not navigable anymore and abandoned. Similarly, the decline of the Roman Alkinoos Harbour was initialised by event deposits which were most likely caused by the 365 AD Crete tsunami. By conclusion, the ancient harbours of Corcyra turned out to be appropriate geoarchives to reconstruct the palaeoenvironmental history of Corcyra and to trace multiple interactions between men and the natural environment. ; Im gesamten Mittelmeer zeugen zahlreiche antike Häfen von den komplexen Wechselwirkungen zwischen dem Menschen und seiner physischen Umwelt. Zahlreiche antike mediterrane Häfen wurden bislang mit dem Ziel untersucht, neue Erkenntnisse für die generelle (Paläo-) Geschichte des Mittelmeerraums zu gewinnen. Im Gegensatz dazu wurden bislang keine geoarchäologischen Studien in Bezug auf das antike Corcyra durchgeführt. Die Polis von Corcyra liegt im zentralen Teil der Insel Korfu im nördlichen Ionischen Meer und war ein politisches und ökonomisches Zentrum im antiken Griechenland. Mindestens zwei verschiedene Häfen sind dank historischen Überlieferungen und archäologischen Untersuchungen bekannt: Der Alkinoos Hafen sowie der Hyllaikos Hafen. Diese Häfen lagen nördlich bzw. westlich der antiken Stadt. Detaillierte Informationen über die genaue Ausdehnung dieser Hafenanlagen sowie darüber, wie sie sich räumlich und zeitlich entwickelt haben, sind dagegen nicht bekannt. Die vorliegende Studie befasst sich daher mit den Häfen der antiken Stadt Corcyra als Geoarchive, um die vielschichtige und komplexe Entwicklung der Stadt in einem paläogeographischen Kontext zu rekonstruieren. Im speziellen zielt die Studie darauf ab, (i) die räumliche Ausdehnung der antiken Hafenbecken nachzuzeichnen, (ii) die Paläoumweltbedingungen innerhalb dieser Häfen mithilfe sedimentologischer Untersuchungen nachzuvollziehen um Rückschlüsse auf ihre allgemeine Bauweise und Struktur ziehen zu können, (iii) Haupteinflussfaktoren für Küstenlinienveränderungen innerhalb dieser Häfen bzw. ihrer natürlichen Vorgänger und Nachfolger zu identifizieren, und (iv) die Eignung der antiken Hafenbecken als Sedimentfallen für natürliche Extremereignisse sowie menschgemachte Änderungen zu überprüfen. Sechs Untersuchungsgebiete wurden daher mittels eines umfassenden geoarchäologischen Ansatzes analysiert, der sedimentologische, geomorphologische, paläontologische, geochemische und geophysikalische Methoden enthielt und dessen Ergebnisse mit archäologischen Daten abgeglichen wurden. Die Untersuchungsgebiete erstrecken sich über drei potentielle Hafenstandorte (Desylla, Kokotou und Pierri Gelände), die anhand von archäologischen Überresten identifiziert wurden, hin zu drei geomorphologischen Schlüsselstellen. Erste rudimentäre Hafenanlagen in Corcyra wurden bereits in Archaischer Zeit angelegt, als durch die Konstruktion einer massiven Mauer auf dem heutigen Desylla Gelände ein nur schwach abgeschirmter Proto-Hafen entstand. Aus diesem flachmarinen Milieu entwickelte sich der klassische Alkinoos Hafen vor dem 4. bis 3. Jh. v. Chr. Er erstreckte sich gen Osten bis zum Kokotou Gelände, wo die Reste monumentaler Schiffshäuser eine Hafennutzung belegen. Wahrscheinlich reichte das Hafenbecken auch noch weiter nach Osten bis zum Pierri Gelände, wo ähnlich alt datierte Hafensedimente vor einer Kaimauer aufgefunden wurden. Zu römischer Zeit wurde nur der westliche Teil des Alkinoos Hafens wiedergenutzt, der durch intensive Ausbaggerungsarbeiten schiffbar gehalten wurde. Letztere sind durch stratigraphische Lücken, Datierungsanomalien sowie geophysikalisch nachgewiesene Aushubspuren belegt. Dagegen wurde der Pierri Hafen nicht mehr genutzt und unter kolluvialen Sedimenten begraben. Abgesehen von menschlichen Einflüssen, die maßgeblich auf die Küsten der Analipsis Halbinsel als Standort der antiken Stadt Corcyra eingewirkt haben, sind es vor allem natürliche Extremereignisse, die die Paläogeographie Corcyras nachhaltig geprägt haben. So konnten mehrere Paläotsunami-Ereignisse im Untersuchungsgebiet nachgewiesen werden, die Corcyra im 6. und 4. Jtsd. v. Chr., zwischen dem 4. und 3. Jh. v. Chr., zwischen dem 3. und 5. Jh. n. Chr. sowie zwischen dem 5. und 6. Jh. n. Chr. getroffen haben. Diese Ereignisse passen zeitlich zu Befunden von der Insel Sizilien, der albanischen Küste, dem griechischen Festland sowie anderen Ionischen Inseln, weswegen von großflächigen Ereignissen mit supra-regionaler Wirkung ausgegangen werden muss. Das Tsunami-Event, dass zwischen dem 4. und 3. Jh. v. Chr. stattfand, kann zudem als lokales Ereignis klassifiziert werden, welches nahe der Insel Korfu ausgelöst wurde. Das dazugehörige Erdbeben führte zu einer lokalen Hebung der Erdkruste, was auf dem Pierri Gelände sowie anhand archäoseismischer Spuren an antiken Gebäuden belegt werden kann. Aufgrund stark reduzierter Wassertiefen sowie der Verfüllung mit Tsunami-Sedimenten war der Pierri Hafen nicht mehr schiffbar und wurde aufgegeben. Ähnlich lässt sich die Aufgabe des römischen Alkinoos Hafen auf Tsunami-Sedimente zurückführen, die sehr wahrscheinlich auf das berühmte Erdbeben 365 n. Chr. auf Kreta zurückgehen. Zusammenfassend lässt sich festhalten, dass sich die antiken Häfen Corcyras als außergewöhnliche Geoarchive erwiesen haben, um die paläogeographische Entwicklung Corcyras im Kontext vielfältiger Wechselwirkungen zwischen dem Menschen und seiner Umwelt rekonstruieren zu können. ; XII, 160 Blätter

ABSTRAK Tesis ini membahas tentang kebijakan hukum pidana dalam menanggulangi peredaran media pembawa Hama Penyakit Hewan Karantina (HPHK) dan Organisme Pengganggu Tumbuhan Karantina (OPTK) dari Malaysia ke Kalimantan Barat/Indonesia. Untuk mencegah masuknya hama dan penyakit khususnya dari luar negeri ke dalam negeri, maka harus memenuhi persyaratan sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 5 Undang-Undang Nomor 16 tahun 1992 tentang Karantina Hewan, Ikan dan Tumbuhan. Apabila tidak memenuhi kewajiban yang telah ditetapkan, maka akan dikenakan sanksi sesuai dengan ketentuan Pasal 31 Undang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 1992 tentang Karantina Hewan, Ikan dan Tumbuhan. Namun dalam kenyataannya, perbuatan memasukkan media pembawa Hama dan Penyakit Hewan Karantina (HPHK) dan Organisme Pengganggu Tumbuhan Karantina (OPTK) seperti produk hewan (daging), buah, umbi-umbian dan sayuran dari luar negeri (Malaysia) ke dalam wilayah Republik Indonesia tidak dapat diproses secara hukum berdasarkan ketentuan dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 1992 tentang Karantina Hewan, Ikan dan Tumbuhan. Lemahnya ketentuan dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 1992 tentang Karantina Hewan, Ikan dan Tumbuhan belum mampu menanggulangi peredaran media pembawa Hama Penyakit Hewan Karantina (HPHK) dan Organisme Pengganggu Tumbuhan Karantina (OPTK) dari Malaysia ke Kalimantan Barat/Indonesia. Oleh karena itu, menurut penulis diperlukan kebijakan hukum pidana dalam menanggulangi peredaran media pembawa Hama Penyakit Hewan Karantina (HPHK) dan Organisme Pengganggu Tumbuhan Karantina (OPTK) dari Malaysia ke Kalimantan Barat/Indonesia di masa yang akan datang. Melalui metode penelitian hukum empiris diperoleh kesimpulan, bahwa kebijakan hukum pidana dalam menanggulangi peredaran media pembawa Hama Penyakit Hewan Karantina (HPHK) dan Organisme Pengganggu Tumbuhan Karantina (OPTK) dari Malaysia ke Kalimantan Barat/Indonesia pada saat ini, hanya sebatas pada tindakan karantina pemusnahan terhadap bahan pangan yang tidak dilengkapi sertifikat kesehatan dari negara asal dan negara transit. Sedangkan dari sisi penegakan hukum, kebijakan hukum pidana yang dilakukan pada saat ini adalah dengan menerapkan ketentuan Pasal 140 dan Pasal 141 Undang-Undang Nomor 18 Tahun 2012 tentang Pangan, serta Pasal 62 ayat (1) Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen kepada supir yang mengangkut bahan pangan seperti produk hewan (daging), buah, umbi-umbian (bawang dan kentang) dan sayuran (wortel) dari negara Malaysia secara illegal tanpa dilengkapi sertifikat kesehatan dari negara asal dan negara transit. Kebijakan hukum pidana dalam menanggulangi peredaran media pembawa Hama Penyakit Hewan Karantina (HPHK) dan Organisme Pengganggu Tumbuhan Karantina (OPTK) dari Malaysia ke Kalimantan Barat/Indonesia di masa mendatang dapat dilakukan dengan cara, yakni: dengan mengkaji ulang atau merevisi terhadap ketentuan yang membolehkan bagi masyarakat perbatasan untuk berbelanja kebutuhan pokok di Malaysia maksimal 600 Ringgit Malaysia per bulan dalam Perjanjian Perdagangan Lintas Batas atau lebih dikenal Border Trade Agreement (BTA) antara Pemerintah Indonesia dan Pemerintah Diraja Malaysia yang disepakati pada tahun 1970 dengan mencantumkan kewenangan Badan Karantina Pertanian untuk melakukan tindakan karantina terhadap masuknya setiap bahan pangan seperti produk hewan (daging), buah, umbi-umbian (bawang dan kentang) dan sayuran (wortel) yang berasal dari Malaysia, agar dapat mencegah peredaran media pembawa Hama Penyakit Hewan Karantina (HPHK) dan Organisme Pengganggu Tumbuhan Karantina (OPTK). Selain itu, membuat Surat Keputusan Bersama (SKB) antara Badan Karantina Pertanian, Kepolisian dan Kejaksaan yang secara khusus mengatur masalah penanggulangan peredaran media pembawa Hama Penyakit Hewan Karantina (HPHK) dan Organisme Pengganggu Tumbuhan Karantina (OPTK) dari Malaysia ke Kalimantan Barat/Indonesia agar tindak pidana peredaran media pembawa Hama Penyakit Hewan Karantina (HPHK) dan Organisme Pengganggu Tumbuhan Karantina (OPTK) dari Malaysia ke Kalimantan Barat/Indonesia dapat dicegah. Kata Kunci : Kebijakan Hukum Pidana, Penanggulangan, Peredaran, Media Pembawa, Hama Penyakit Hewan Karantina (HPHK), Organisme Pengganggu Tumbuhan Karantina (OPTK). ABSTRACT This thesis discusses the criminal policy in prevention the circulation of the carrier media Quarantine Animal Pest (HPHK) and Quarantine Plant Pest Organisms (OPTK) from Malaysia to West Kalimantan/Indonesia. To prevent the entry of pests and diseases, especially from abroad into the country, it must meet the requirements as stipulated in Article 5 of Law No. 16 of 1992 concerning Animal, Fish and Plant Quarantine. If it does not fulfill the stipulated obligations, it will be subject to sanctions in accordance with the provisions of Article 31 of Law No. 16 of 1992 concerning Animal, Fish and Plant Quarantine. However, in reality, the act of incorporating media carrying Quarantine Animal Pests and Diseases (HPHK) and Quarantine Plant Pest Organisms (OPTK) such as animal products (meat), fruit, tubers and vegetables from abroad (Malaysia) into the territory of the Republic of Indonesia is not can be processed legally based on the provisions in Law No. 16 of 1992 concerning Animal, Fish and Plant Quarantine. Weak provisions in Law No. 16 of 1992 concerning Animal, Fish and Plant Quarantine have not been able to cope with the circulation of the carrier media Quarantine Animal Diseases (HPHK) and Quarantine Plant Pest Organisms (OPTK) from Malaysia to West Kalimantan/Indonesia. Therefore, according to the author, a criminal policy is needed in tackling the circulation of the carrier media Quarantine Animal Diseases (HPHK) and Quarantine Plant Pest Organisms (OPTK) from Malaysia to West Kalimantan/Indonesia in the future. Through the method of empirical legal research, it was concluded that the criminal policy in tackling the circulation of the carrier media of Quarantine Animal Diseases (HPHK) and Quarantine Plant Pest Organisms (OPTK) from Malaysia to West Kalimantan/Indonesia at present is only limited to quarantine actions against foodstuffs that are not equipped with a health certificate from the country of origin and transit country. Whereas in terms of law enforcement, the criminal policy carried out at this time is by applying the provisions of Article 140 and Article 141 of Law No. 18 of 2012 concerning Food, as well as Article 62 paragraph (1) of Law No. 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection to drivers who transport foodstuffs such as animal products (meat), fruit, tubers (onions and potatoes) and vegetables (carrots) from Malaysian countries without being equipped with a health certificate from the country of origin and transit country. The criminal policy in tackling the circulation of the carrier media of Quarantine Animal Diseases (HPHK) and Quarantine Plant Pest Organisms (OPTK) from Malaysia to West Kalimantan/Indonesia in the future can be done by: by reviewing or revising the provisions that allow the border community to shop for basic needs in Malaysia with a maximum of 600 Malaysian Ringgit per month in the Border Trade Agreement (BTA) between the Government of Indonesia and the Malaysian Government which was agreed in 1970 with the authority of the Agriculture Quarantine Agency to carry out quarantine actions against the entry of any foodstuffs such as animal products (meat), fruit, tubers (onions and potatoes) and vegetables (carrots) originating from Malaysia, in order to prevent the circulation of the carrier media Quarantine Animal Diseases (HPHK) and Quarantine Plant Pest Organisms (OPTK). In addition, made a Joint Decree (SKB) between the Agriculture Quarantine Agency, the Police and the Attorney General Office which specifically regulates the problem of controlling the circulation of the carrier media Quarantine Animal Diseases (HPHK) and Quarantine Plant Pest Organisms (OPTK) from Malaysia to West Kalimantan/Indonesia. criminal acts of distribution of the carrier media Quarantine Animal Diseases (HPHK) and Plant Pest Quarantine Organisms (OPTK) from Malaysia to West Kalimantan/Indonesia can be prevented. Keywords: Criminal Law Policy, Prevention, Circulation, Carrier Media, Quarantine Animal Diseases (HPHK), Quarantine Plant Pest Organisms (OPTK)

When we started our preparation for this project only a year ago, our prime concerns were the deepening of the social and economic asymmetries between the North and the South under the impact of the financial crisis, with Germany and Italy providing an example of existential importance for the EU as a whole. Both of us had resided in the two countries for prolonged periods in the past, and we had never witnessed such a surge in antagonistic feelings on both sides of the Alps as occurred during the Euro crisis. This can even be measured: while it had been common in Germany, at the beginning of the crisis, to talk about the PIIGS states (Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece and Spain), with Italy figuring among them as an important member, the percentage of Italians having a positive image of Germany crashed only from 75 to 65 per cent during the immediate crisis period, and now the majority of the Italians thinks that Germany has too much influence in Europe and that it uses this influence at the expense of Southern Member States. While our application for funding was still pending, we witnessed two crucial events that increased the pertinence of our project way beyond our expectations. First, on the 24 September 2017, for the first time in post-war German history, a far right party entered the German Bundestag with a landslide victory, receiving 14 per cent of the popular vote and 100 parliamentary seats. Second, only five months later in Italy, the far-right Lega party and the Movimento Cinque Stelle emerged as the big winners from the Italian federal elections of the 4th of March 2018. Forming a previously unthinkable coalition between right-wing and left-wing populism, they entered into government. We are not so naïve as to believe that the variety of Europe's crises could be understood and adequately analysed as though these were isolated events. The course of Italy's economic and social policy has so obviously been affected by the migration burdens that Italy has had to shoulder and the lack of European solidarity; the bitter disappointment could be turned into populist critique of the constraints that European rule imposes upon national policies and the public announcement of disobedience by members of the Italian government. In a similar vein, the Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) in Germany had been founded as an anti-Euro rescue party, which catalysed quickly through the immigration crisis of 2015 into a xenophobic far-right populist party, sharing many positions with the Italian Lega. While the parties and alliances in both countries had capitalised very much upon the antagonisms between Italy and Germany and their positions during the Euro crisis by building on nationalist sentiments, today we have reached a true anti-climax when one observes that the intensification of tensions are accompanied by the founding of new alliances and a contagion towards formerly non-populist and non-far right parties in both countries: "Europe does not want migrants, it wants our money" (Luigi Di Maio); "Migration is the Mother of all problems" (Horst Seehofer). Both the AfD in Germany and the Lega in Italy share two major targets against which they direct their rage: European integration, especially in the economic realm, and immigration. We refrain, however, from attempting to disentangle all these interdependencies, but hope that our study of the two exemplary cases of Italy and Germany will provide us with some answers to the question of what led us down this road. We believe that the approach which we have pursued in our design of this project provides illuminating insights of lasting importance. ; Acknowledgements 6 ;Introductory Explanations 6; Contributors 20; A) The Political Economy of Germany and Italy;The German Political Economy under the Euro – and a Comparison to the "Southern Model" - Philip Manow 27; The Political Economy of Public Sector Wage-setting in Germany and Italy - Donato Di Carlo 48;Geo-Politics of Exporting Too Much: Contrasting Trajectories of Germany and Japan - Margarita Estévez-Abe 63; Ideational Differences between Italian and German Governments during the Crisis -Frederico Bruno 74; A Cultural Political Economy Approach to the European Crisis - Josef Hien 80; B) Sectors of the Political Economy of Italy and Germany;Worlds Apart: The Divergence of Southern-European Housing-Construction Economies and Northern European Export Economies - Sebastian Kohl & Alexander Spielau 99;Banking Crisis Interventions in Germany and Italy: the Unpleasant Case of the New European Bank Resolution Framework -Frederik Traut 108;Comparing the German and Italian Approaches to Banking Union - Lucia Quaglia 120; Maternal employment, attitudes toward gender equality and work-family policies. German-Italian Discrepancies? - Agnes Blome 129;C) German and Italian Perceptions, Differences and Misgivings;Italy and Germany during the Crisis: Support for the EU and Reciprocal Views - Alessandro Pellegata 140;The Political Space in Italy and Germany during the Crisis: Italian and German Populism Compared - Hanspeter Kriesi148;The political economy of recovery in Southern Europe - Manos Matsaganis 157;Accommodating EU's influence vs protecting national sovereignty. - Ilaria Madama and Matteo Jessoula 162; European Integration and Political Ownership: Fiction and Reality behind Structural Reforms and Risk-Sharing - Filippo Taddei 170;D) The Legacy of the Welfare State in Europe;An Alternative to the Constitution of the EU's Single Market? - Florian Rödl 176; Industrial Relations and Labour Law in the EU Economic Governance Mechanisms:The Cases of Italy and Germany - Francesco Costamagna 182; What to expect from Germany for the European Pillar of Social Rights and beyond? - Marcel Hadeed 188; The EU Political Culture of Total Optimism is not Dead: Reflections on the European Pillar of Social Rights - Vladimir Bogoeski 196;A 'more political' leadership for the President of the Commission? A mixed-methods language-based analysis -Pamela Pansardi 201;E) The Demise of Law; The EU as "Honest Broker"? German and Italian Perspectives on an Adminstrative Body -Anna Katharina Mangold 215; Integration-through-crisis as a distinct integrative mode: Placing expediency ahead of democracy? - Nicole Scicluna 220; Should the Specifics of National Political Cultures be Characterised as "Democratic Acquis" and Can they be Defended by Law? Beyond the Nostalgia-Controversy between JÜrgen Habermas and Wolfgang Streeck -Christian Joerges 229; The End of the Universality of Norms as a Model for Europe: The Error of "Seeing like a State" (J.S. Scott) in the Postmodern Condition - Karl-Heinz Ladeur 237; F) Justice Deficits and Solidarity; Is the EU Unjust? - Glyn Morgan 244; A European Minister of Economy and Finance:Assessing the Commission's proposal and Comparing the Positions of Germany and Italy - Tiziano Zgaga 253; Re-solidarizing Europe and Defusing the Crisis - Maurizio Ferrera and Carlo Burelli 263; Summarising Comments; Concluding Remarks: Economic Cultures and the Politics of Interdependence - Visnja Vukov 269; Two Annexes; Order in the Eurozone: Maurizio Ferrera and Claus Offe in Conversation - Maurizio Ferrera and Claus Offe 278; Germany is Quietly Rebalancing its Economy – But This will not Fix the Eurozone's Flaws - Donato Di Carlo 282;

Mit den steigenden Anteilen der Wind- und Solarstromerzeugung als fluktuierenden erneuerbaren Energien (FEE) wurden in den vergangenen Jahren aus der Energiewirtschaft, der Wissenschaft und Politik Forderungen laut, die FEE im Interesse einer effizienteren Förderung "besser" in die liberalisierten Strommärkte zu integrieren (sog. Marktintegration der EE). Gefordert wird u. a., dass die FEE in Zukunft ähnlich wie die thermischen Kraftwerke ihre Stromproduktion an den Preissignalen der Großhandels-Strommärkte ausrichten, um somit zum besseren Ausgleich von Angebot und Nachfrage beizutragen. In die Diskussion zur grundlegenden Reform des EEG 2014 wurde u. a. die Einführung einer fixen statt variablen Marktprämie, einer kapazitiven Vergütung sowie die wettbewerbliche Ausschreibung anstatt administrativer Förderhöhen eingebracht. Investitionen in FEE-Anlagen als kapitalintensive Technologien sehen sich jedoch bei verstärkter Marktintegration unter den heute vorherrschenden Marktbedingungen – die primär auf einen thermischen Kraftwerkspark ausgelegt sind - zunehmenden Investitions- und Betriebsrisiken ausgesetzt, die durch Risikoaufschläge bei Eigen- und Fremdkapital in die Investitionskosten eingepreist werden. Neben steigenden Preisrisiken durch stärkere Preisvolatilitäten bei höheren FEE-Anteilen ergeben sich in Abhängigkeit der Förderinstrumente jedoch auch neue Mengenrisiken, da mit der Einführung der FEE-Direktvermarktung diese bei entsprechend niedrigen Preisen marktgetrieben abgeregelt werden. Durch den bereits in der Vergangenheit nachgewiesenen Merit-Order-Effekt und den Marktwertverlust der FEE durch den sog. Gleichzeitigkeitseffekt, stellt sich damit die Frage, ob sich ein System mit hohen Anteilen an FEE zukünftig rein marktendogen auf Basis eines Grenzkostenmarktes refinanzieren lässt. Mit Hilfe des im Rahmen der Dissertation weiterentwickelten agentenbasierten Strommarktmodells AMIRIS wurden zur Beantwortung der Fragestellung unterschiedliche Szenarioanalysen durchgeführt und auf der Akteurs- und Systemebene ausgewertet. Die stündlich aufgelösten Simulationsläufe von 2015-2035 zur Entwicklung der Refinanzierungsbedingungen der FEE, der FEE-Marktwerte sowie der assoziierten Fördereffizienz zur Erreichung der FEE-Ziele bei Anwendung einer variablen oder fixen Markt- sowie Kapazitätsprämie kommen dabei zu dem Ergebnis, dass die Refinanzierung eines allein marktendogenen Ausbaus von FEE-Anlagen unter den Bedingungen eines grenzkostenbasierten Strommarktes nicht möglich ist. Dies liegt primär an den zunehmend marktgetrieben abgeregelten Strommengen sowie den Marktwertverlusten durch den Gleichzeitigkeitseffekt. Problem ist hierbei, dass keiner der Anlagenbetreiber zum Zeitpunkt der Investition realistisch abschätzen kann, welcher Anteil der meteorologisch erzeugbaren Strommenge sich letztendlich am Markt absetzen lässt. Denn die vermarktbaren Strommengen hängen nicht nur vom Förderinstrument, sondern vor allem von der zukünftigen Flexibilität im System ab. Hinzu kommt, dass sich im Referenzszenario mit keinem der diskutierten Instrumente auch nur annäherungsweise die EE-Ausbauziele bis 2035 erreichen lassen. Zusätzlich kommt es beim derzeit implementierten EE-Direktvermarktungssystem über die Strombörse mit Wettbewerb zwischen den dezentralen Direktvermarktern bei der variablen Marktprämie zu ineffizienten Abregelungsentscheidungen, da in diesem Förderregime der Anreiz besteht, die stromgestehungskostentechnisch günstigsten FEE-Anlagen als erstes abzuregeln. Mit zunehmendem Anteil der FEE-Einspeisung wird es zukünftig bei einem dezentralen Direktvermarktungssystem außerdem zu hohen Informationsasymmetrien und damit einer ineffizienten Preisbildung im Stromgroßhandel kommen. Dies liegt an der Unkenntnis anderer Marktteilnehmer über die dezentrale Entscheidung abzuregelnder FEE-Mengen. Ein zentrales Direktvermarktungssystem mit einem sog. 'Single-Buyer'-Konzept könnte hier Abhilfe schaffen. Entgegen der vorherrschenden ökonomischen Theorie erweist sich die variable Marktprämie jedoch in allen untersuchten Szenarien als dynamisch effizienter als eine fixe Marktprämie, die wiederum effizienter wirkt als eine variable und fixe Kapazitätsprämie. Den größten Einfluss auf die absoluten als auch relativen Marktwerte der FEE; haben neben den Förderinstrumenten in absteigender Reihenfolge vor allem neue Stromverbraucher (P2X), ein zentrales statt dezentrales Direktvermarktungssystem, ein gleichmäßigeres Ausbauverhältnis zwischen Wind- und PV-Anlagen, eine gleichmäßigere Verteilung der Windanlagen zwischen Nord- und Süddeutschland, der flexible Einsatz von Biomasseanlagen, der Einsatz von Strom-zu-Strom-Speichern und zu relativ kleinen Anteilen auch eine systemdienlichere Auslegung der Anlagen (Schwachwindanlagen). Bessere Anreize zur Hebung der Flexibilitätspotentiale und damit bessere Integrationsmöglichkeiten der FEE bietet die Integration über die Stromvertriebe statt über den Stromgroßhandel. ; With the increasing shares of wind and solar power generation as variable renewable energies (VRE), demands have been made in recent years from the energy industry, science and politics to integrate the VRE 'better' into the liberalised electricity markets in the interest of more efficient promotion (so-called market integration of renewables). One of the demands is that the VRE, like thermal power plants, should in future align its electricity production with the price signals of the wholesale electricity markets in order to contribute to a better balance between supply and demand. The discussion on the fundamental reform of the EEG 2014 included the introduction of a fixed instead of a variable market premium, a capacitive remuneration and a competitive tendering procedure instead of administrative subsidy amounts. Investments in VRE plants as capital-intensive technologies, however, are exposed to increasing investment and operating risks under today's prevailing market conditions - which are primarily designed for a thermal power plant park - as a result of increased market integration. In addition to rising price risks due to greater price volatility in the case of higher VRE shares, there are also new volume risks, depending on the support instruments used, as the introduction of VRE direct-marketing means that the power can be curtailed on a market-driven basis at correspondingly low prices. The merit order effect already proven in the past and the loss in market value of VRE due to the so-called simultaneity effect raise the question of whether a system with a high shares of VRE can be refinanced purely marketendogenously on the basis of a marginal cost market in the future. With the help of the agent-based electricity market model AMIRIS, which was further developed within the framework of the dissertation, different scenario analyses were carried out to answer the question and evaluated at the actor and system level. The hourly resolved simulation runs of 2015-2035 for the development of the refinancing conditions of the VRE, the VRE market values as well as the associated support efficiency in order to achieve the VRE targets with the application of a variable or fixed market and capacity premium come to the conclusion that the refinancing of a market endogenous expansion of VRE plants is not possible under the conditions of a marginal cost based electricity market. This is primarily due to the increasingly market-driven curtailment of VRE electricity volumes and the loss of market value due to the simultaneity effect. The problem here is that none of the plant operators can realistically estimate at the time of the investment what share of the meteorologically producible quantity of electricity can ultimately be sold on the market. This is because the quantities of electricity that can be marketed depend not only on the funding instrument, but above all on the future flexibility of the system. In addition, none of the instruments discussed in the reference scenario can even come close to achieving the renewable energy expansion targets by 2035. In addition, the currently implemented direct marketing system for renewables via the power exchange with competition between the decentralised direct marketers leads to inefficient curtailment decisions with regard to the variable market premium, since in this support regime there is an incentive to curtail the VRE plants with the lowest levelized-cost of electricity (LCOE) first. As the share of VRE increases, a decentralised direct marketing system will in future also lead to high information asymmetries and thus inefficient pricing in electricity wholesale. This is due to the unawareness of other market participants about the decentralised decision to curtailment VRE volumes. A central direct marketing system with a so-called 'single buyer' concept could remedy this situation. Contrary to the prevailing economic theory, the variable market premium proves to be dynamically more efficient than a fixed market premium in all scenarios examined, which in turn is more efficient than a variable and fixed capacity premium. The greatest influence on the absolute as well as relative market values of the VRE is exerted in descending order by new electricity consumers (P2X), a central instead of decentralised direct marketing system, a more even expansion ratio between wind and PV plants, a more even distribution of wind plants between northern and southern Germany, the flexible use of biomass plants, the use of electricity to electricity storage units and to relatively small proportions also a more system-oriented design of the plants (weakwind turbines). Better incentives to increase the flexibility potentials and thus better integration possibilities of the VRE are offered by the integration via the electricity utilities instead of the wholesale market.

There is a saying that life is a pilgrimage. This journey is also echoed through Vatican II's statement that "The pilgrim Church is missionary by her very nature, since it is from the mission of the Son and the mission of the Holy Spirit that she draws her origin, in accordance with the decree of God the Father."1 As such, a pilgrimage is an expressive act of desire to engage spirituality on a practical level, and "a journey to a special or holy place as a way of making an impact on one's life with the revelation of God associated with that place."2 Our faith does not consist of an ideological or utopian world that exists only in our heads, but is instead an expression of practical, ethical action that explores the signs of the times amidst the realities of postmodernism3 and post secularism. The Korean Catholic Church has been on a difficult road to meet and experience God. In 1784, Lee Seung Hun was baptized in China, taking the name of Peter, and with that the Korean Church began. Even after four great persecutions, the Korean Church never gave up her efforts to practice the faith. It is no exaggeration to say that the Korean church of today owes its existence to the many unnamed martyrs, of whom many were lay. Since 2011, the Bishops' Conference has designated 111 holy sites throughout the country and conferred blessings on those who pilgrimed to these holy sites. This led to a certain pilgrimage 'boom'. The Bishop of the Missionary of the Episcopal Church and the Bishop of the Holy Land pilgrimage (Chairman Kim Sun-tae) presented a blessing to the organizers who pilgrimed to all 111 of the Holy Places listed in the "Catholic Church Pilgrimage in Korea" on December 12. On this day, 433 believers received blessings. As a result, a total of 2,664 persons received the blessing. A total of 1,215 people was awarded the blessing year in 2017.4 In this way, it can be seen that this ministerial approach to pilgrimage in the Korean Catholic is yielding good fruit. The Catholic Church in Korea is researching how to integrate theology and spirituality of pilgrimage into mission, pursuing the unity of theory and practice.5 Pilgrimage is an embodied ritual, so the theology and spirituality of pilgrimage must also come out of a concrete practice. In the pilgrimage we undertake, the external pilgrimage to the holy place and the inner pilgrimage are not separate, but are rather complementary. The Korean Catholic Church is actively developing and revitalizing the ritual of outward and inward pilgrimage. The Korean Catholic Church has practiced pilgrimage as a part of the faith life of the church community, even as it is seen as an option, not a requirement. This work will argue that the Korean Catholic Church should link pilgrimage with a variety of programs within this context. In particular, it should develop a pilgrimage program for young people to help them locate themselves within Korean church history and also within their communities in the long history of God's providence. In this sense, the goal of pilgrimage is not to abolish the relevance of church's political, historical, or doctrinal contexts, but to restore its identity as a pilgrim community and to strengthen its evangelical mission as a community of churches. In other words, the theology and spirituality of pilgrimage will provide dynamism to the Korean church. This dynamic community can only be called an evangelical community when it truly is God's salt, leaven, and light in the world. In order to approach the crisis and opportunity of today's postmodern church situation in a missionary and communicative manner, I will study pilgrimage to these sacred sites and present this unique pilgrim spirituality as a paradigmatic transformation of the new mission and method of evangelization. The purpose of this dissertation is to consider pilgrimage, which is one of the various popular devotional acts, as an important phenomenon of the new evangelization. Hence, I will explore not only some Catholic studies from other parts of the world, but also the unique spiritual pilgrimage spirituality and its corresponding mission dimension that have been created through the spiritual phenomenon of Asian pilgrimages active in Catholic churches in East Asia. This dissertation has four main objectives which underscore its significance to the field of missiology: (a) to examine what pilgrimage is from historical, biblical, and church viewpoints, and to provide its relevance for mission today; (b) to reestablish the relationship between pilgrimage and tourism as this form of popular devotion has unfolded throughout human history; (c) To help the reader understand the unique pilgrim spirituality of the Korean Catholic Church; and (d) as a local church in the world church, to better orient the future direction of this ministry and spirituality, not only in Korea but also in other parts of a world church. In this work, the first chapter looks at the definition of pilgrimage sites and the meaning of the place where the pilgrimage is taking place, approaching this from historical, biblical, and ecclesial perspectives. First, I deal with the history of pilgrimage to the shrines of the Korean Catholic Church. Second, I present pilgrimage to these holy lands through the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments' The Directory on Popular Piety and the Liturgy-Principles and Guidelines. Third, I describe how it is that, from historical and biblical points, pilgrimages are deeply related to the human journey which has to do with salvation, engaging memory, penitence, liturgy and sacraments, and popular devotion. Lastly, I demonstrate how it is that pilgrimage is related to mission, one embodies by an intrinsic desire to live a life of faith. The second chapter is more forced specifically at pilgrim spirituality in conjunction with the definition of pilgrimage in the early Church, the Middle Ages, and the Second Vatican Council. Furthermore, I examine pilgrimage, in light of pilgrimage spirituality, tourism, and theology, highlighting the theological restructuring act which enables the reader to re-illuminate Christian testimony and life. In the third chapter I explain how the establishment of pilgrimage to the sacred places of by the Korean Catholic Church has produced legacy of faith that has been handed down through the faith of the martyrs and the myriad of ancestors of a faith witnessed by worship and service to God. Based on these spiritual aspects, I describe how these sacred places have grown through pilgrimage, a pilgrimage often focused around persecution and martyrdom. Furthermore, I explore the activities of the Suwon Diocese for the promotion of pilgrimage. In particular, for example, guide books which assist the pilgrim in walking to these sacred places in the precincts, Didimgil, make the pilgrimage more enriching. A treatment of modern parish movements to promote the veneration of these saints and martyrs accents their continuing relevance and connection with the grassroots. This chapter is not without its description of more concrete ways of doing pilgrimage, such as that done physically walking, one done with a leader, and the creation of resources to assist pilgrims in furthering their relationship with a God who invites us to participate in mission. Some of my major learnings round out the work.

The object of research is the construction industry in Latvia. This branch of the national economy of Latvia has experienced significant downturns and ups in recent years. The study of the causes and consequences of these fluctuations is important for the country's economy. Among the significant shortcomings can be called a high level of shadow economy in construction, the use of poor-quality building materials, a shortage of labor at all levels of the industry, a long bureaucratic way in the preparation of documents.Improvement of the Latvian construction industry is possible with the involvement of foreign experience. On an example of the countries of Scandinavia one of the important stages of formation of qualitative and ecological construction is considered. In the Nordic countries, since 1989, a system of eco-labeling of buildings has been applied to buildings commissioned. These documents confirm the use of high-quality building materials, energy efficiency of the building, certification of the company and used materials. Documents on eco-labeling are necessary for residential buildings, private houses and all types of educational institutions and kindergartens. This means that only materials that have been rigorously selected for quality and chemical composition are used for construction.Using the experience of working with Scandinavian clients, the author has studied the experience of implementing the eco-labeling system of buildings, as well as collected the necessary information to study the research topic and determine the approaches to the Nordic experience in the construction industry in Latvia. The introduction of eco-labeling of buildings and passports into private homes, multi-storey residential buildings, schools, kindergartens and other educational institutions will lead to the use of better construction materials and also to an understanding of the responsibility of general construction contractors, construction companies, and suppliers of building materials. Also, the use of environmental building materials in residential and educational institutions will lead to better health of the population, in particular, to reducing allergies and diseases of the respiratory system.The introduction of eco-labels and passports for buildings should be introduced at the state level, and the requirements of the European Union for the use of environmental materials in construction should be adapted for Latvia. It is important to competently and systematically develop a model for the introduction of modern management approaches to the construction industry based on the experience of advanced countries. Toughening requirements for all stages of the construction process, using safe building materials, as well as strengthening labor protection requirements, will improve the quality of the entire construction industry as a whole. The introduction of eco-labeling systems will take time, but will lead to positive results. ; Объектом исследования является строительная отрасль Латвии. Данная отрасль народного хозяйства Латвии в последние годы переживает значительные падения и взлеты. Изучение причин и последствий данных колебаний является важным для экономики страны. Из существенных недостатков можно назвать высокий уровень теневой экономики в строительстве, использование некачественных строительных материалов, недостаток рабочей силы на всех уровнях отрасли, долгий бюрократический путь при оформлении документов и др.Совершенствование строительной отрасли Латвии возможно с привлечением зарубежного опыта. На примере стран Скандинавии рассмотрено один из важных этапов становления качественного и экологического строительства. В Северных странах, начиная с 1989 года применяют к сданным в эксплуатацию зданиям систему экомаркировки зданий. Данные документы подтверждают использование качественных строительных материалов, энергоэффективность здания, сертификацию компании и использованных материалов. Документы по экомаркировке необходимы для жилых зданий, частных домов и всех типов учебных учреждений и детских садов. Это означает, что для строительства применяются только материалы, которые прошли строгий отбор по качеству и химическому составу.Используя опыт работы со скандинавскими клиентами, автором был исследован опыт внедрения системы экомаркировки зданий, а также собрана необходимая информация для изучения темы исследования и определения подходов введения опыта Северных стран в строительную отрасль Латвии. Введение экомаркировки зданий и паспортов на частные дома, многоэтажные жилые дома, школы, детские сады и другие учебные заведения приведут к использованию более качественных строительных материалов. А также к пониманию ответственности и у генеральных подрядчиков строительства, и у строительных компаний, и у поставщиков строительных материалов. Также использование экологических строительных материалов в жилых и учебных заведениях приведут к улучшению здоровья населения, в частности к уменьшению аллергии и заболеваний дыхательной системы.Внедрение экомаркировки и паспортов на здания необходимо вводить на государственном уровне, а также нужно адаптировать для Латвии требования Европейского Союза по использованию экологических материалов в строительстве. Важно грамотно и систематически разработать модель внедрения современных подходов управления строительной отраслью на основе опыта передовых стран. Ужесточение требований ко всем этапам строительного процесса, использованию безопасных для здоровья строительных материалов, а также усиление требований к охране труда повысит качественный уровень всей строительной отрасли в целом. Введение системы экомаркировки зданий займет определенное время, но приведет к положительным результатам. ; Об'єктом дослідження є будівельна галузь Латвії. Дана галузь народного господарства Латвії в останні роки переживає значні падіння і злети. Вивчення причин та наслідків даних коливань є важливим для економіки країни. З істотних недоліків можна назвати високий рівень тіньової економіки в будівництві, використання неякісних будівельних матеріалів, брак робочої сили на всіх рівнях галузі, довгий бюрократичний шлях при оформленні документів та ін.Удосконалення будівельної галузі Латвії можливо із залученням закордонного досвіду. На прикладі країн Скандинавії розглянуто один з важливих етапів становлення якісного та екологічного будівництва. У Північних країнах, починаючи з 1989 року застосовують до зданих в експлуатацію будівель систему екомаркування будівель. Дані документи підтверджують використання якісних будівельних матеріалів, енергоефективність будівлі, сертифікацію компанії і використаних матеріалів. Документи по екомаркуванню необхідні для житлових будівель, приватних будинків і всіх типів навчальних закладів і дитячих садків. Це означає, що для будівництва застосовуються тільки матеріали, які пройшли суворий відбір за якістю і хімічним складом.Використовуючи досвід роботи зі скандинавськими клієнтами, автором було досліджено досвід впровадження системи екомаркування будівель, а також зібрана необхідна інформація для вивчення теми дослідження та визначення підходів введення досвіду Північних країн в будівельну галузь Латвії. Введення екомаркування будівель і паспортів на приватні будинки, багатоповерхові житлові будинки, школи, дитячі садки та інші навчальні заклади приведуть до використання більш якісних будівельних матеріалів. А також до розуміння відповідальності і у генеральних підрядників будівництва, і у будівельних компаній, і у постачальників будівельних матеріалів. Також використання екологічних будівельних матеріалів в житлових і навчальних закладах приведуть до поліпшення здоров'я населення, зокрема до зменшення алергії і захворювань дихальної системи.Впровадження екомаркування та паспортів на будівлі необхідно вводити на державному рівні, а також потрібно адаптувати для Латвії вимоги Європейського Союзу щодо використання екологічних матеріалів в будівництві. Важливо грамотно і систематично розробити модель впровадження сучасних підходів управління будівельною галуззю на основі досвіду передових країн. Жорсткість вимог до всіх етапів будівельного процесу, використання безпечних для здоров'я будівельних матеріалів, а також посилення вимог до охорони праці підвищить якісний рівень всієї будівельної галузі в цілому. Введення системи екомаркування будівель займе певний час, але призведе до позитивних результатів.

The 1973 and 1975 legislation relating to the protection of employment has failed to bring about all of the expected results. It has failed to reverse unemployment which continued to rise. Having been designed and then refined over 35 years by theorists from the French school of employment law, it has burdened small and medium sized businesses by increasing the financial consequences of breach of open – ended employment contracts. Based on the three guarantees system (procedure, legal base and compensation) and strengthened by threshold considerations, it has curbed both the initiatives and expansion of the said businesses due to the psychological effects thereof on managers as well as to the effects thereof on the businesses' economy. We recall the involvement of almost all of the legal professionals and of the political and union representatives, as well as the inability of the business world to evaluate and challenge a phenomenon despite it being ineffectual as regards reducing unemployment as well as other detrimental effects upon business. We complete our review of the literature in this field by considering various practical examples drawn from our own professional experience which latter relates to the effectiveness of the said three guarantees. We recall that the classic paradigm involves a consideration of the employee's situation and an optimisation of the latter by means of laws which protect insiders (via O.E.E.C, Open – Ended Employment contracts) to the detriment of outsiders on fixed term contracts, temporary employees or job seekers. We are determined to reverse this by starting from the basic equation of a business: an individual, an idea, capital, an acceptance of risk. Thus the employment contract comes second. It depends from a logic of costs in which we intend to include all costs relating to employment in France, whether deferred – revealed after the employee has left, at the end of a case in the Employment Appeals Tribunal – or uncovered. Of course, we have differentiated uncovered costs from the notion of hidden costs, which latter are usually linked to the underperformance of a business. We came to carry out this research via Williamson's transactional costs theory, and we have applied it to French legislation (the complexity of which still remains to be addressed by the Anglo-Saxons). It allows us to go beyond those employment costs which are generally acknowledged, in order to uncover other costs which have not been included in any French legal, fiscal or accounting regulations. Sometimes they are even ignored by managers. By drawing a new approach from our experience as practitioner and researcher and from our use of empirical examples, we have established a classification of uncovered costs. It has enabled us to redefine the reality of employment costs, related to a cause, namely to the presence of the employee in the business. However, the effects of the said presence are represented by various costs which are not accounted for in the immediate costs of work, such as operating and management costs relating to employee representative bodies, costs relating to incentive and participation, costs relating to comfort and especially, deferred costs, with the latter stemming from breach of employment contracts. Whether the said breach occurs in the context of a dismissal or it is another type of contractual breach, whether or not the causes are admitted or rejected by the parties (resulting in proceedings and the related imposition by the court of compensation, wages or supplements to wages) the said costs are not included in employment costs resulting from the provision by the employee of services in the context and at the time of his employment. Thus we are proposing a methodology which will take into account the uncovered costs of employment and which will seek to relocate them in the generally acknowledged immediate costs of the employee's work. ; La législation sur la protection de l'emploi créée par la loi (1973 et 1975) n'a pas produit l'ensemble des effets escomptés. Elle n'a pas contré le chômage qui a continué à progresser. Conçue et accentuée pendant 35 ans par les théoriciens de l'école de française du droit du travail, elle a accablé les T.P.E. et les P.M.E. en accentuant les conséquences financières de la rupture du contrat de travail à durée indéterminée. Fondée sur le système des 3 garanties (procédure, fondement et indemnisation), renforcée par les effets de seuils, elle a bridé l'initiative et le développement de ces entreprises tant par ses effets sur la psychologie des managers que par ceux produits sur l'économie de l'entreprise. Nous rappelons l'implication de la quasi-totalité des professionnels du droit et des responsables politiques et syndicaux, de même que l'incapacité du monde de l'entreprise à analyser et s'opposer à un phénomène en dépit de son inefficacité sur le niveau du chômage et de ses effets néfastes sur l'entreprise. Nous complétons la revue de littérature par différents exemples concrets tirés de notre pratique professionnelle concernant l'efficience des trois garanties. Nous rappelons que le paradigme classique consiste à examiner la situation du salarié et à optimiser sa situation par le biais d'une législation qui protège les insiders (en C.D.I.) au détriment des outsiders en contrats à durée déterminés, en intérim ou demandeurs d'emploi. Nous avons résolu de l'inverser en prenant comme point de départ l'équation de base de l'entreprise : un individu, une idée, un capital, une acceptation du risque. Le contrat de travail apparaît donc second. Il dépend d'une logique de coûts dans laquelle nous allons intégrer l'ensemble des coûts du travail en France, différés – apparaissant après son départ, au terme d'un procès prudhommal – ou occultés. Nous différencions naturellement ces coûts de la notion de coûts cachés, généralement liés à un disfonctionnement de l'entreprise. Nous procédons à cette recherche à travers la théorie des coûts de transaction de Williamson, appliquée à la législation française (dont la complexité n'est pas abordée par les anglo-saxons). Elle permet, au-delà des coûts du travail tels qu'ils sont classiquement reconnus, de révéler des coûts qui ne sont pas intégrés par les règles légales, fiscales ou comptables françaises. Ils sont même parfois ignorés des dirigeants. En dégageant de notre expérience de praticien chercheur et des exemples empiriques développés une approche nouvelle, nous établissons une nomenclature des coûts éludés. Elle nous permet de rétablir la réalité du coût du travail, lié à une cause, la présence du salarié dans l'entreprise. Mais les effets de cette présence se manifestent pas différentes charges qui ne sont pas comptabilisés dans le coût immédiat du travail, telles que le coût de fonctionnement et de gestion des institutions représentatives du personnel, le coût de l'intéressement et de la participation, les coûts de confort et surtout, les coûts différés, résultant de la rupture du contrat de travail. Que cette rupture intervienne dans le cadre d'un licenciement ou d'une rupture conventionnelle, que les causes en soient admises ou récusées par les parties (ce qui conduit au procès et à la fixation des indemnités, salaires ou accessoires de salaire par décision de justice) ces coûts ne sont pas inclus dans le coûts du travail résultant sur l'instant de la prestation du salarié dans l'emploi. Nous proposons une méthodologie pour prendre en considération des coûts occultés et les réintégrer dans le coût du travail immédiat d'un salarié.

Asymmetric wars require the search for new forms and ways to achieve goals in contemporary military conflicts. One of these forms is to support the capabilities of the security and defense sector (SFA) of NATO partner countries.The official materials of the last three NATO summits, the concept, doctrine and leadership of NATO define the principles of the SFA. This article is devoted to the implementation of SFA.The article is to analysis of SFA implementation measures.In line with the Strategic Concept of the North Atlantic Alliance, NATO is focused on addressing three key challenges, such as collective defense, crisis management, and security-based co-operation, in the interests of defense and security of its members.The NATO Summit in theUKidentified anotherAllianceactivity aimed at strengthening the capabilities of the security and defense sectors of the partner countries, called Security Force Assistance (SFA).According to the NATO guidelines, the SFA refers to the ability to "train and develop national forces in crisis zones" in order to "achieve the ability of the national authorities of partner countries to effectively support security without international assistance". SFA refers to "all NATO actions that develop, improve, or directly support the development of national security and defense forces and their associated institutes." Thus, in the general context, the SFA covers all measures aimed at the development and preparation of the national security and defense sector and is carried out at the tactical, operational, strategic, military-political levels, involves providing advisory assistance from a separate platoon to the ministry. In a wider context, the SFA, though having military orientation, includes such mechanisms for preventing contemporary military conflicts as political, economic, information, legal, and others.In order to implement the SFA, the leadership of theAllianceand individual NATO member states held a series of practical measures. So, at the end of2015, inconnection withRussia's aggression againstUkraine, NATO initiated the creation of a joint multinational group for the training of units for the Armed Forces and the Joint Multinational Training Group (Ukraine).TheUnited Statesbegan the formation of six security assistance brigades (SFABs) whose primary objective was to provide training, counseling, assistance, support and support for operations with coalition forces and partner countries. According to US military experts, the SFABs will achieve the following strategic goals: development of the capabilities of the security forces and defense of the partner countries, the release of regular military brigades from their unrelated functions, provision of, if necessary, the preparation of the infrastructure of the partner countries for the Allied Rapid Reaction Force.The Italian government decided in May 2017 to organize theNATOSecurityForceExcellenceCenterand its location in the capital of the country. It is anticipated that theCenterofExcellencewill be certified and will complete its tasks at the end of 2018.At the tactical level, in line with theAlliance's standards, the following tasks are addressed within the framework of the SFA:organization and conducting of targeted instructor-methodical exercises in accordance with the norms adopted by NATO with the units of the joint and airborne assault brigades, as well as the special forces special forces;familiarization of servicemen of partner countries with new models of weapons, military equipment, means of communication and navigation, and other special equipment;determine the level of readiness of formations for combat operations, taking into account the standards adopted by theAlliance.Along with this, the issue of improving the regulatory and legislative framework, according to which the number of foreign military advisers may, if necessary, be substantially increased to several thousand persons for the entire duration of the SFA operation is relevant.Conclusions. The North Atlantic Alliance is implementing an effective concept of support and development of the capabilities of the security and defense sector and its practical implementation mechanisms that address a wide range of security and defense issues of non-NATO countries. At the same time, implementation of such a concept requires from the partner countries changes in the regulatory framework and appropriate infrastructure preparation.In the following, an analysis of the individual mechanisms for implementing the concept of supporting the security forces at operational and strategic levels will be conducted. ; Асимметричные войны требуют поиска новых форм и путей достижения целей в современных военных конфликтах. Одна из этих форм заключается в поддержке возможностей сектора безопасности и обороны (SFA) стран-партнеров НАТО.Официальные материалы последних трех саммитов НАТО, концепция, доктрина и руководство НАТО определяют принципы SFA. Эта статья посвящена реализации SFA.В соответствии со Стратегической концепцией Североатлантический Альянс сосредоточен на решении трех ключевых задач: коллективная оборона, кризисное управление и сотрудничество на основе безопасности.Саммит НАТО в Великобритании определил еще одну деятельность Североатлантического союза, направленную на укрепление потенциала секторов безопасности и обороны стран-партнеров, называемых Силами безопасности (SFA).Согласно руководящим принципам НАТО, SFA относится к способности "обучать и развивать национальные силы в кризисных зонах", чтобы "обеспечить способность национальных властей стран-партнеров эффективно поддерживать безопасность без международной помощи". К SFA относятся "все действия НАТО, которые разрабатывают, совершенствуют или напрямую поддерживают развитие сил национальной безопасности и обороны и связанных с ними институтов". Таким образом, в общем контексте SFA охватывает все меры, направленные на развитие и подготовку сектора национальной безопасности и обороны и осуществляется на тактическом, оперативном, стратегическом, военно-политическом уровнях, предполагает оказание консультативной помощи от отдельного взвода до министерства. В более широком контексте SFA, хотя и имеет военную ориентацию, включает такие механизмы предотвращения современных военных конфликтов как политические, экономические, информационные, правовые и другие.В целях реализации SFA руководство Альянса и отдельных государств-членов НАТО реализовало ряд мероприятий.Так, в конце 2015 года в связи с агрессией России против Украины было инициировано создание совместной многонациональной группы по подготовке подразделений для Вооруженных Сил Украины и Национальной гвардии Украины.В Соединенных Штатах началось формирование шести бригад по оказанию помощи в обеспечении безопасности, основная задача которых заключалась в обеспечении обучения, консультирования и поддержки операций с коалиционными силами и странами-партнерами. По мнению военных экспертов США, применение этих бригад позволит достигнуть следующих стратегических целей: обеспечить развитие возможностей сил безопасности и обороны стран-партнеров, освободить линейные боевые бригады от не свойственных им функций, обеспечить, при необходимости, подготовку инфраструктуры стран-партнеров для развертывания Сил быстрого реагирования Альянса.Итальянское правительство в мае 2017 года приняло решение организовать Центр передового опыта в сфере SFA. Предполагается, что Центр будет сертифицирован и приступит к выполнению своих задач в конце 2018 года.На тактическом уровне, в соответствии со стандартами Североатлантического союза, в рамках SFA рассматриваются следующие задачи:организация и проведение целенаправленных инструкторско-методических учений в соответствии со стандартами, принятыми НАТО с подразделениями общевойсковых и десантных бригад, а также сил специального назначения;ознакомление военнослужащих стран-партнеров с новым вооружением и военной техникой, средствами связи и навигации, другого специального оборудования;определение уровня готовности соединений к боевым действиям с учетом стандартов, принятых в Альянсе.Вместе с тем остается актуальной проблема совершенствования нормативной и законодательной базы стран-партнеров, возможности в случае необходимости существенного увеличения иностранных военных советников на весь срок проведения операции SFA.Вывод. Североатлантический альянс реализует эффективную концепцию поддержки и развития потенциала сектора безопасности и обороны и его практических механизмов реализации, которые охватывают широкий круг вопросов безопасности и обороны стран, не входящих в НАТО. В то же время реализация такой концепции требует от стран-партнеров изменений в нормативной базе и соответствующей подготовки инфраструктуры. ; Проводено аналіз концепції і заходів Північноатлантичного Альянсу, що стосується підтримки та розвитку спроможностей сил безпеки (Security Force Assistance) і оборони країн-партнерів НАТО.

The object of research is the construction industry in Latvia. This branch of the national economy of Latvia has experienced significant downturns and ups in recent years. The study of the causes and consequences of these fluctuations is important for the country's economy. Among the significant shortcomings can be called a high level of shadow economy in construction, the use of poor-quality building materials, a shortage of labor at all levels of the industry, a long bureaucratic way in the preparation of documents.Improvement of the Latvian construction industry is possible with the involvement of foreign experience. On an example of the countries of Scandinavia one of the important stages of formation of qualitative and ecological construction is considered. In the Nordic countries, since 1989, a system of eco-labeling of buildings has been applied to buildings commissioned. These documents confirm the use of high-quality building materials, energy efficiency of the building, certification of the company and used materials. Documents on eco-labeling are necessary for residential buildings, private houses and all types of educational institutions and kindergartens. This means that only materials that have been rigorously selected for quality and chemical composition are used for construction.Using the experience of working with Scandinavian clients, the author has studied the experience of implementing the eco-labeling system of buildings, as well as collected the necessary information to study the research topic and determine the approaches to the Nordic experience in the construction industry in Latvia. The introduction of eco-labeling of buildings and passports into private homes, multi-storey residential buildings, schools, kindergartens and other educational institutions will lead to the use of better construction materials and also to an understanding of the responsibility of general construction contractors, construction companies, and suppliers of building materials. Also, the use of environmental building materials in residential and educational institutions will lead to better health of the population, in particular, to reducing allergies and diseases of the respiratory system.The introduction of eco-labels and passports for buildings should be introduced at the state level, and the requirements of the European Union for the use of environmental materials in construction should be adapted for Latvia. It is important to competently and systematically develop a model for the introduction of modern management approaches to the construction industry based on the experience of advanced countries. Toughening requirements for all stages of the construction process, using safe building materials, as well as strengthening labor protection requirements, will improve the quality of the entire construction industry as a whole. The introduction of eco-labeling systems will take time, but will lead to positive results. ; Объектом исследования является строительная отрасль Латвии. Данная отрасль народного хозяйства Латвии в последние годы переживает значительные падения и взлеты. Изучение причин и последствий данных колебаний является важным для экономики страны. Из существенных недостатков можно назвать высокий уровень теневой экономики в строительстве, использование некачественных строительных материалов, недостаток рабочей силы на всех уровнях отрасли, долгий бюрократический путь при оформлении документов и др.Совершенствование строительной отрасли Латвии возможно с привлечением зарубежного опыта. На примере стран Скандинавии рассмотрено один из важных этапов становления качественного и экологического строительства. В Северных странах, начиная с 1989 года применяют к сданным в эксплуатацию зданиям систему экомаркировки зданий. Данные документы подтверждают использование качественных строительных материалов, энергоэффективность здания, сертификацию компании и использованных материалов. Документы по экомаркировке необходимы для жилых зданий, частных домов и всех типов учебных учреждений и детских садов. Это означает, что для строительства применяются только материалы, которые прошли строгий отбор по качеству и химическому составу.Используя опыт работы со скандинавскими клиентами, автором был исследован опыт внедрения системы экомаркировки зданий, а также собрана необходимая информация для изучения темы исследования и определения подходов введения опыта Северных стран в строительную отрасль Латвии. Введение экомаркировки зданий и паспортов на частные дома, многоэтажные жилые дома, школы, детские сады и другие учебные заведения приведут к использованию более качественных строительных материалов. А также к пониманию ответственности и у генеральных подрядчиков строительства, и у строительных компаний, и у поставщиков строительных материалов. Также использование экологических строительных материалов в жилых и учебных заведениях приведут к улучшению здоровья населения, в частности к уменьшению аллергии и заболеваний дыхательной системы.Внедрение экомаркировки и паспортов на здания необходимо вводить на государственном уровне, а также нужно адаптировать для Латвии требования Европейского Союза по использованию экологических материалов в строительстве. Важно грамотно и систематически разработать модель внедрения современных подходов управления строительной отраслью на основе опыта передовых стран. Ужесточение требований ко всем этапам строительного процесса, использованию безопасных для здоровья строительных материалов, а также усиление требований к охране труда повысит качественный уровень всей строительной отрасли в целом. Введение системы экомаркировки зданий займет определенное время, но приведет к положительным результатам. ; Об'єктом дослідження є будівельна галузь Латвії. Дана галузь народного господарства Латвії в останні роки переживає значні падіння і злети. Вивчення причин та наслідків даних коливань є важливим для економіки країни. З істотних недоліків можна назвати високий рівень тіньової економіки в будівництві, використання неякісних будівельних матеріалів, брак робочої сили на всіх рівнях галузі, довгий бюрократичний шлях при оформленні документів та ін.Удосконалення будівельної галузі Латвії можливо із залученням закордонного досвіду. На прикладі країн Скандинавії розглянуто один з важливих етапів становлення якісного та екологічного будівництва. У Північних країнах, починаючи з 1989 року застосовують до зданих в експлуатацію будівель систему екомаркування будівель. Дані документи підтверджують використання якісних будівельних матеріалів, енергоефективність будівлі, сертифікацію компанії і використаних матеріалів. Документи по екомаркуванню необхідні для житлових будівель, приватних будинків і всіх типів навчальних закладів і дитячих садків. Це означає, що для будівництва застосовуються тільки матеріали, які пройшли суворий відбір за якістю і хімічним складом.Використовуючи досвід роботи зі скандинавськими клієнтами, автором було досліджено досвід впровадження системи екомаркування будівель, а також зібрана необхідна інформація для вивчення теми дослідження та визначення підходів введення досвіду Північних країн в будівельну галузь Латвії. Введення екомаркування будівель і паспортів на приватні будинки, багатоповерхові житлові будинки, школи, дитячі садки та інші навчальні заклади приведуть до використання більш якісних будівельних матеріалів. А також до розуміння відповідальності і у генеральних підрядників будівництва, і у будівельних компаній, і у постачальників будівельних матеріалів. Також використання екологічних будівельних матеріалів в житлових і навчальних закладах приведуть до поліпшення здоров'я населення, зокрема до зменшення алергії і захворювань дихальної системи.Впровадження екомаркування та паспортів на будівлі необхідно вводити на державному рівні, а також потрібно адаптувати для Латвії вимоги Європейського Союзу щодо використання екологічних матеріалів в будівництві. Важливо грамотно і систематично розробити модель впровадження сучасних підходів управління будівельною галуззю на основі досвіду передових країн. Жорсткість вимог до всіх етапів будівельного процесу, використання безпечних для здоров'я будівельних матеріалів, а також посилення вимог до охорони праці підвищить якісний рівень всієї будівельної галузі в цілому. Введення системи екомаркування будівель займе певний час, але призведе до позитивних результатів.

Absrak Pelayanan publik oleh pemerintah merupakan wujud dari fungsi pelayanan jasa dari aparat negara kepada masyarakat. Tujuan dari pelayanan publik oleh pemerintah dimaksudkan untuk mensejahterakan masyarakat. Dengan memanfaatkan kemajuan teknologi informasi yang semakin canggih, pemerintah berupaya memberikan nilai tambah pelayanan public pada bidang keimigrasian khususnya dalam pembuatan paspor. Untuk mewujudkan hal ini Direktorat Jendral Imigrasi mengeluarkan Surat Edaran No IMI-UM, 01.01-4166 tahun 2017 tentang Implementasi aplikasi pendaftaran antrian permohonan paspor secara online diseluruh Indonesia. Kantor Imigrasi merupakan lembaga pemerintah yang bertugas membuat paspor untuk masyarakat yang akan keluar negeri. Salah satu Kantor Imigrasi yang ada di Indonesia adalah Kantor Imigrasi Kelas II Blitar. Hasil pengamatan awal kondisi dilapangan masih di temukan adanya beberapa permasalahan yaitu, terlihat antrian pembuatan paspor baru yang terlalu panjang, dikarenakan masyarakat belum mengetahui adanya antrian paspor secara online. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis Implementasi Aplikasi Pendaftaran Antrian Permohonan Paspor Secara Online Di Kantor Imigrasi Kelas II Blitar. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Adapun fokus yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah model implementasi kebijakan menurut George C Edward II dalam Subarsono (2011:90-92) dengan empat aspek yaitu Komunikasi, Sumberdaya, Disposisi dan Struktur Birokrasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Implementasi atau pelaksanaan program Aplikasi Pendaftaran Antrian Permohonan Paspor Secara Online di Kantor Imigrasi Kelas II Blitar telah mendapatkan respon yang baik dari masyarakat. Berikut uraian hasil penelitiannya a) Komunikasi, sosialisasi dilakukan secara langsung atau face to face kepada masyarakat yang datang ke Kantor Imigrasi Kelas II Blitar, kemudian dengan melalui sosial media berupa siaran radio dan di website Kantor Imigrasi Kelas II Blitar yang bisa diakses kapan saja dan yang terakhir adalah dengan talkshow.Namun, dilapangan masih ditemui masyarakat yang belum mengerti bahkan tidak mengetahui program pendaftaran paspor online sehingga diperlukan sosialisasi yang lebih luas lagi. Selain kepada masyarakat juga dilakukan penyampaian program tersebut kepada petugas Kantor Imigrasi Kelas II Blitar dengan dikeluarkannya Surat Edaran tentang Implementasi aplikasi pendaftaran antrian permohonan paspor secara online yang dijadikan dasar pelaksanaan program sehingga sistem kerjanya konsisten. b) Sumber Daya, petugas pembuatan paspor di Kantor Imigrasi Kelas II Blitar terbagi dibeberapa bagian yaitu bagian penerimaan berkas, wawancara, pengambilan paspor dan judikator. Jumlah petugas pembuatan paspor di Kantor Imigrasi Kelas II Blitar saat ini sudah cukup dan ditunjang dengan kinerja yang baik. Mengenai fasilitas penunjang implementasi diperlukan pengadaan alat scan barcode agar mempermudah masyarakat dalam mencetak jadwal pembuatan paspor. c) Disposisi, pada aspek ini pelaksanaan pendaftaran antrian paspor secara online sistem kerja tetap berdasarkan Surat Edaran Dirjen Imigrasi mengenai pendaftaran antrian papsor secara online, hal ini berpengaruh pada hal insentif yang juga tetap sama. Petugas pembuatan paspor juga berkompeten dalam menjalankan pelayanan namun pada saat ini yang masih menjadi kendala adalah adanya permasalahan jaringan yang trouble yang hanya bisa diselesaikan oleh pusat. d) Struktur Birokrasi, struktur birokrasi Kantor Imigrasi Kelas II Blitar tetap sama pada pelaksanan pendaftaran antrian paspor secara online yang membedakan hanyalah sistem pengambilan nomor antrian pembuatan paspor yang saat ini dilakukan secara online melalui website atau aplikasi. Saran yang dapat diberikan kepada pihak Kantor Imigrasi Kelas II Blitar adalah lebih ditingkatkan lagi mengenai sosialisasi kepada masyarakat agar lebih mengerti mengenai pendaftaran antrian secara online. Selain itu pengadaan fasilitas berupa alat scan barcode untuk mempermudah pendaftaran pemohon. Kata Kunci : Implementasi, Pendaftaran, Antrian Paspor, Online Abstrack Public service by government is a form of service function from state apparatus to society.The purpose of a public service by the government is meant for welfare the society. By utilizing the technology information progress, the government seeks to provide added value of public services in the field of immigration, especially about passports. To realize this, the Directorate General of Immigration issued a Circular Letter of IMI-UM, 01.01-4166 year 2017 about The Implementation of Online Passpor Registration Application in All Around Indonesia. Immigration Office is the government agency in charge of making the passport for people who are going abroad.One of the Immigration Office in Indonesia is Blitar II Immigration Office. The initial observation of the field condition is still found some problem, there is a queue of making a new passport that is too long, because people don't know about the passport queue online.The purpose of this research is to describe and analyzeThe Implementation of Online Passpor Registration Application In Class Immigration II Blitar. The research uses description research with qyalitative approach. The research focus used in this research is policy implementation model by George C Edward III, that consist of four variables, those are : communication, resource, dispotition and bureaucracy structure. The result of this research shows that implementation of Online Passpor Registration Application In Class Immigration II Blitar gerts good response by the society, there is result of the research a) Communication, socialization is done directly or face to face to the people who come to Blitar II Immigration Office, then through the social media in the form of radio broadcast and on the website of Blitar II Immigration Office that can be accessed anytime and the last is by talk show.However, inthe field is still encountered people who don't understand even not knowing about the online passport registration program so it takes a wider socialization.In addition to the community is also done to deliver the program information to the officers of the Immigration Office Class II Blitar with the release of Circular Letter about The Implementation of Online Passpor Registration Application in All Around Indonesiawhich serve as the basis for program implementation so that the system works consistently. b) Resource, the passport officer at Blitar II Immigration Office is divided into several sections, there are file reception, interview, passport and judgment.Now the number of officers for a passport at the Immigration Office Blitar Class II is enough and supported by a good performance.Regarding the implementation of the necessary supporting facilities procurement barcode scanning device in order to facilitate the public in print schedule for a passport. c) Dispotition, in this aspect the Implementation of Online Passpor Registration Application In Class Immigration II Blitar based on the Directorate General of Immigration Letters, it affects the terms of the incentives that also remains the same.Passport officers are also competent in running the service, but at this time that is still a constraint is the problem of network trouble that can only be solved by the center. d)Bureaucracy Structure,the bureaucratic structure of Blitar II Immigration Office remains the same in the Implementation of Online Passpor Registration Application In Class Immigration II Blitarthe difference is only that the passport number pickup system is currently done online through the website or app. Advice that can be given to the Class II Blitar Immigration Office isfurther enhanced socialization to the public to better understand the registration of queues online.In addition, the procurement of facilities in the form of barcode scanning tool to facilitate the registration of the applicant. Keywords :Implementation, Registration, Passport Queue, Online

[spa] La tauromaquia es un espectáculo público que históricamente ha contado en España con destacados detractores. Sin embargo, y a pesar de la relevancia de las personalidades que a lo largo de los siglos han expresado razonamientos contrarios a las corridas de toros, el pensamiento antitaurino español apenas ha sido objeto de estudios. Ya sea a través del ensayo, de la filosofía, de la política, del periodismo o del arte, grandes nombres de nuestra historia, así como relevantes autores de la actualidad, han alzado su voz contra la tauromaquia, considerando a esta diversión como una muestra de barbarie cruel e inhumana que debe ser cuestionada, combatida y, en último extremo, erradicada. Con la presente investigación hemos tratado de hilvanar históricamente la evolución del pensamiento antitaurino en nuestro país, dándole forma hasta llegar a nuestros días. Para ello hemos compilado, analizado e interrelacionado la mayor cantidad posible de aquellos autores que a través de su obra se han posicionado en contra de las diversiones taurinas. El primer atisbo de pensamiento contrario a la tauromaquia lo hallamos ya en el siglo XIII, cuando Alfonso X El Sabio, en sus Leyes de Partida, califica a los toreros como "infames". Desde aquel momento se han sucedido en España, siglo tras siglo, generación tras generación, opiniones contrarias a las corridas de toros. Desde santos de la Iglesia católica hasta socialistas; desde absolutistas hasta liberales; desde jesuitas hasta reconocidos ateos; desde destacados militares monárquicos hasta prominentes republicanos de izquierdas; desde importantes ilustrados hasta no menos relevantes escritores, todos ellos, y muchos otros más, han coincidido mayoritariamente en denunciar las corridas de toros señalándolas como un acto brutal y salvaje. Asimismo, la condena del maltrato animal ha sido eje histórico del pensamiento antitaurino ya desde el siglo XVI, censurando que en estos entretenimientos se martirice por mero divertimento a un ser pacífico y herbívoro como el toro. Cada vez que en España se ha debatido públicamente acerca de una regeneración de las costumbres en beneficio de la patria, la tauromaquia ha sido señalada como una rémora que debe ser desterrada de nuestros usos en nombre del progreso, de la educación y de la cultura. Esta cuestión sigue vigente hoy en día. Lejos de poder ser considerado como una simple moda pasajera, el pensamiento antitaurino se ha mantenido prácticamente invariable en España a lo largo de los siglos. De hecho, en la actualidad el asunto no sólo no ha perdido interés, sino que está muy presente en la sociedad española. ; [cat] La tauromàquia és un espectacle públic que històricament ha comptat a Espanya amb destacats detractors. No obstant això, i malgrat la rellevància de les personalitats que al llarg dels segles han expressat raonaments contraris a les curses de braus, el pensament antitaurí espanyol amb prou feines ha estat objecte d'estudis. Ja sigui a través de l'assaig, de la filosofia, de la política, del periodisme o de l'art, grans noms de la nostra història, així com rellevants autors de l'actualitat, han alçat la seva veu contra la tauromàquia, considerant a aquesta diversió com una mostra de barbàrie cruel i inhumana que ha de ser qüestionada, combatuda i, en últim extrem, eradicada. Amb la present recerca hem tractat d'embastar històricament l'evolució del pensament antitaurí a Espanya, donant-li forma fins arribar als nostres dies. Per a això hem compilat, analitzat i interrelacionat la major quantitat possible d'aquells autors que a través de la seva obra s'han posicionat en contra de les diversions taurines. El primer besllum de pensament contrari a la tauromàquia ho trobem ja al segle XIII, quan Alfonso X El Sabio, en les seves Leyes de Partida, qualifica als toreros com a "infames". Des d'aquell moment s'han succeït a Espanya, segle després de segle, generació després de generació, opinions contràries a les curses de braus. Des de sants de l'Església catòlica fins a socialistes; des d'absolutistes fins a liberals; des de jesuïtes fins a reconeguts ateus; des de destacats militars monàrquics fins a prominents republicans d'esquerres; des d'importants il·lustrats fins a no menys rellevants escriptors, tots ells, i molts uns altres més, han coincidit majoritàriament a denunciar les corregudes de toros assenyalant-les com un acte brutal i salvatge. Així mateix, la condemna del maltractament animal ha estat eix històric del pensament antitaurí ja des del segle XVI, censurant que en aquests entreteniments es martiritzi per mera diversió a un ésser pacífic i herbívor com el toro. Cada vegada que a Espanya s'ha debatut públicament sobre una regeneració dels costums en benefici de la pàtria, la tauromàquia ha estat assenyalada com un obstacle que ha de ser bandejat dels nostres usos en nom del progrés, de l'educació i de la cultura. Aquesta qüestió segueix vigent avui dia. Lluny de poder ser considerat com una simple moda passatgera, el pensament antitaurí s'ha mantingut pràcticament invariable a Espanya al llarg dels segles. De fet, en l'actualitat l'assumpte no només no ha perdut interès, sinó que està molt present en la societat espanyola. ; [eng] Bullfighting is a public show that has historically counted with prominent detractors in Spain. However, and despite the relevance of the personalities that over the centuries have expressed arguments against bullfights, Spanish anti-bullfighting Thinking has hardly been studied. Whether through the essay, philosophy, politics, journalism or art, great names in our history, as well as relevant contemporary authors, have raised their voice against bullfighting, considering this spectacle as a sign of cruel and inhuman barbarity that must be questioned, fought and, ultimately, eradicated. With the present investigation we have tried to analyze the evolution of anti-bullfighting Thinking in our country until our days. For this we have compiled, studied and interrelated the greatest possible number of those authors who have been positioned against bullfighting through their work. The roots of a Spanish Philosophy against bullfighting can be found in the thirteenth century, when Alfonso X El Sabio, in their Leyes de Partida, qualifies bullfighters as "infamous". Since then we can find, century after century, generation after generation, many opinions against bullfighting. From Catholic Church Saints to Socialist thinkers; from Absolutism defenders to Liberalism advocates; from Jesuits to recognized Atheists; from prominent Military officers of the Monarchy to relevant left-wing republicans; from famous enlightenment Thinkers to no less significant writers, all of them, and many others, have mostly agreed to report the bullfights indicating them as a brutal and wild act. Similarly, the condemnation of animal abuse has been the historical axis of anti-bullfighting Thinking since the sixteenth century, censuring that in these entertainments a peaceful and herbivorous being like a bull is martyred only for fun. Every time that in Spain there has been a public debate about a regeneration of customs for the benefit of the country, bullfighting has been pointed out as an obstacle that must be banished from our uses in the name of progress, education and culture. This question is still valid today. Far from being able to be considered as a simple passing fashion, anti-bullfighting Thinking has remained practically invariable in Spain over the centuries. In fact, today the issue is very present in Spanish society.

Перед економікою України постали складні й важливі проблеми, від вирішення яких залежить майбутнє держави: які функції повинна виконувати держава, які форми і методи регулювання вона має для цього застосовувати, якою має бути специфіка управління розвитком соціально-економічних процесів в аграрному секторі, особливо щодо розвитку сільських територій. У сукупності це свідчить про те, що основні проблеми змінили вектор у бік сфери управління і, зокрема, в площину її економічних методів на цифровихзасадах.У середині 1990-х років, із розвитком технологій, виник термін «цифрова економіка». Він покликаний пояснити систему економічних відносин, що виникли, та були засновані на використанні цифрових інформаційно-комунікаційних технологій. Сьогодні ініціативою Євро­пейсь­кого Союзу є запровадження цифрової економіки, що є надзвичайно важливим для соціального розвитку, традиційних секторів економіки та сфери державного управління країни і є сферою з нереалізованим потен­ціалом як в Євросоюзі, так і в Україні. Перспективним є створення Цифрового співтовариства із поєднанням комунікаційних ринків 28 країн-членів ЄС та країн не-членів ЄС задля спрощення процесу обміну інформацією, підвищення надійності захисту систем та даних, розширення бізнес-можливостей країн-учасниць цифрової спільноти. У статті визначено зміст та складові цифрової економіки, досліджено та проаналізовано передумови її запровадження в Україні. Узагальнено характерні особливості та показники рівня розвитку та проникнення інформаційно-телекомунікаційних технологій, зокрема в аграрній сфері економіки.Наголошено на можливості реалізації прискореного сценарію цифрового розвитку, як найбільш релевантного для України з точки зору викликів, потреб та можливостей. Визначені складові сценарію, передусім, зменшення асиметрії можливостей доступу до інтернету на усій території. Сьогодні Україна знаходиться на унікальному етапі розвитку, коли це можливо ще здійснити, при креативній культурі та вмінні генерувати ідеї, про що свідчать високі показники у рейтингу Global Innovation Index.Ключові слова: цифрова економіка, інфокомунікації, цифрові технології, цифровий розвиток, цифровий ринок, інформація, IT-компанії, цифровізація, кіберфізичний простір ; Introduction. The rapid development of digital infrastructures as well as the European Union's initiative have contributed to the implementation of the digital economy, which is extremely important for the social development of the traditional sectors of the economy and public administration sphere, and is an area with unrealized potential both in the European Union and Ukraine. The Concept for the Development of the Digital Economy and Society of Ukraine for 2018-2020 has recently been approved and a plan of measures for its implementation has been ratified. The prospect is to create a digital community with a combination of communication markets of EU member states and non-EU countries in order to simplify the process of information exchange, improve the reliability of systems and data protection, and expand the business capabilities of the participating countries of the digital communityPurpose. Theoretical substantiation of the content and components of the digital economy, to study and analyze the preconditions for its implementation inUkraine. To generalize the characteristic features and indicators of the level of development and penetration of information and telecommunication technologies, in particular in the agrarian sector of the economy. To highlight issues related to the competitiveness of the digital economy inEurope. Identify the main goals and directions of the digital development of the economy and priorities of the agrosphere. To argue that digital technology is both a huge market and industry as well as a platform for the efficiency and competitiveness of all other markets and industries.Methods. System analysisResults. The main factor in the introduction of the digital economy in 2001, according to T. Messenburg and in the scenario of accelerated digitalization ofUkraine, is the development of digital technology infrastructure in all sectors of the economy and public life.An important component of the formation of the information society and digital economy inUkraineis the use of opportunities of modern information and telecommunication technologies for the creation of information and new knowledge, as well as goods and services, and effective exchange of them. Information and telecommunication technologies in the conditions of intensive development of market relations is one of the most important elements of the strategy of development of the agrarian sphere ofUkraine.Special attention in the Concept for the Development of the Digital Economy and Society of Ukraine for 2018-2020 is given to the areas of digital development of the agrarian sector, which will have a positive effect on the digitalization of rural infrastructure, in particular, with the connection of villages to high-speed Internet access networks. The level of development of information and telecommunication technologies is the basis of implementation of projects of digital economy. The state and prospects ofUkraineand the agrarian sector of the capital region regarding the readiness for introduction of the digital economy by the National system of indicators for assessing the level of development of the information society have been analyzed.Taking into account the analysis of the Ukrainian economy in terms of attracting information and telecommunication technologies, the unevenness of "informatization" was determined depending on industries and sectors. Thus, the financial sector is most developed in this direction, and, for example, the governmental sector lag far behind. Separate digital solutions inUkrainehave been operating for a long time. However, they are concentrated mainly in large cities. And only where there is a high-quality Internet coverage. Therefore, the digital gap inUkraineis, first of all, in unequal access to the Internet throughout the territory.In accordance with the strategy of development of the agrarian sector, the task is to reorganize the management system of such a sector of the economy as the agrarian sector in terms of its content and form, with the use of more effective methods of economic regulation in the market conditions and the democratic influence of the state on the development of agro-industrial production, using the latest information technologies, in particular the digital economy.Undoubtedly, the digital economy opens up new opportunities both in creating a product and in representing its potential buyer. Moreover, the competitive advantages in this area receive new forms of cooperation - the so-called "technological platforms". Bright examples of such platforms are international Alibaba, Amazon, eBay or domestic olx, rabota.ua. and pokupon. Discussion. The Concept for the Development of the Digital Economy and Society of Ukraine for 2017-2020 ("Digital Agenda") is the first step towards stimulating domestic markets for consumption, introduction and production of digital technologies. The opportunity to implement an accelerated digital development scenario, as the most relevant forUkraine in terms of challenges, needs and opportunities, is emphasized. Identified components of the script, first of all, to reduce the asymmetry of access to the Internet throughout the territory. Today,Ukraine is at a unique stage of development, when it is still possible to do so, with creative culture and the ability to generate ideas, as highlighted by the Global Innovation Index.The connection of Ukrainian scientific digital infrastructures to the European cloud of open science and European data infrastructure will give an impulse to solving urgent Ukrainian scientific problems with minimal use of state resources.Keywords: digital economy, infocommunications, digital technologies, digital development, digital market, information, IT companies, digitalization, cyber-physics space

Inngangur: Þegar kona verður þunguð, eiga sér stað miklar breytingar á æðakerfi hennar, til að mæta aukinni blóðþörf til fylgju og fósturs og tryggja eðlilegan vöxt fóstursins. Til að þetta sé hægt, þarf stækkun á æðum sem flytja blóð til fóstursins að eiga sér stað. Ef þessar breytingar á æðakerfi ná ekki að myndast, getur það leitt til ýmissa meðgöngutengdra sjúkdóma, eins og meðgöngueitrun. Tíðni meðgöngueitrunar er um 2-5% þungana í Evrópu og lýsir sér sem nýtilkominn háþrýstingur og því fylgir mælanlegt prótein í þvagi. Fylgjuprótein 13 (PP13, placental protein 13) er prótein sem er eingöngu seytt af fylgju og mælist í blóði mæðra frá fimmtu viku meðgöngu. Konur sem eru í áhættuhópi reynast vera með mun lægra magn af PP13 í sermi, en konur með heilbrigða meðgöngu. Því hefur verið lagt til að próteinið megi nýtast til greiningar á konum sem eru líklegri að þróa með sér meðgöngueitrun. Markmið: 1) Að skoða skammtíma- og langtímaáhrif proteins á æðakerfið í kringum legið (Grein III). 2) Að skilgreina verkunarmáta próteinsins á einangraðar legæðar úr rottum (Grein I). 3) Að meta áhrif próteinsins á æðakerfið í kringum legið og fósturvöxt í rottum. 4) Að meta lyfjahvörf próteinsins í kanínum (Grein II). Aðferðir og niðurstöður: Osmótískar dælur voru ígræddar í óþungaðar rottur sem losuðu um 10 µl/klst og tæmdu sig á sjö dögum. Sum dýranna (n=11) voru aflifuð eftir sjö daga meðferð til að meta skammtímaáhrifin, en önnur (n=16) voru aflifuð eftir 13 daga til að meta langtímaáhrif próteinsins á æðakerfið. Þvermál slag- og bláæða úr legi voru borin saman á milli hópa. Marktækur munur sást á öllum æðum í bæði langtíma- og skammtímahópnum. Til að skilgreina verkunarhátt fylgjupróteins 13, voru legslagæðar einangraðar og settar í sérhæfðan æðamæli (e. arteriograph). Próteinið reyndist hafa æðavíkkandi áhrif (38-50%) sem hægt var að hemja með því að hinda aðgengi nituroxíðs og arakídónsýru. Áhrifin hurfu ef æðaþelið var fjarlægt. EC50 mældist undir 1pM. Áhrif próteinsins í þunguðum rottum með ígræddar osmótískar dælur sem fengu nituroxíðhindra í drykkjarvatni leiddi í ljós marktækt minni unga samanborið við viðmiðunarhópinn. Þessi áhrif snertu einnig meginlegslagæð (MUA) og legbláæðar (RUV). Lyfjahvörf fylgjupróteins 13, sem fóru fram í kanínum, voru skoðuð með því að gefa þrjá mismunandi styrki af próteininu (5 ng/mL, 10 ng/mL og 50 ng/mL) í æð (I.V.), og síðan einn styrkur (50 ng/mL) var gefinn undir húð (S.C.). Blóðþéttni var mæld með ELISA prófi og lyfjahvarfafræðileg heðgun próteinsins reiknuð út, sem fylgdi svokölluðu tveggja-hólfa kerfi. Helmingunartíminn var marktækt hærri hjá S.C. hópnum (p<0.01), en það kom í ljós að bæði dreifirúmmál og flatarmálið undir ferlinum (AUC) reyndust vera skammtaháð milli I.V. hópanna. Ályktanir: Niðurstöðurnar sýndu að fylgjuprótein 13 hefur veruleg æðavíkkandi áhrif, sem jafnframt hefur jákvæð áhrif á vöxt fylgju og fósturs. Þetta prótein gæti verið lykilþáttur í undirbúningi æðakerfisins fyrir aukið blóðflæði síðar á meðgöngunni. Lyfjahvarfafræðilegar athuganir sýna að magn próteinsins sem er losað úr fylgju gæti verið mun hærri en áður var talið. Frekari rannsókna er þörf til að fá dýpri innsýn í áhrif þessa próteins á æðakerfi manna. Niðurstöður okkar er mikil hvatning fyrir áframhaldandi rannsóknum til að meta fylgjuprótein 13 sem mögulegan lyfjasprota til að fyrirbyggja meðgöngueitrun og aðra meðgöngutenda sjúkdóma sem tengjast ófullnægjandi blóðflæði til legs og fylgju. ; Background: During pregnancy extensive hemodynamic changes are required for optimal fetal growth and utero-placental circulation adaptation to increased blood volume. If those changes are altered or fail to occur they may lead to pathological pregnancies and preeclampsia. Preeclampsia is an obstetrical syndrome associated with high blood pressure and altered organ function that affects 2-5% of pregnant women. Placental protein 13 (PP13) is secreted solely by placenta and has been proposed as a potential biomarker whilst its serum levels in early pregnancy in women at risk are much lower than those in healthy pregnancies. Aims: First, to study the long and short term effects (Paper III), and evaluate overall effect of PP13 exposure on uterine vasculature, and the fetal outcome in rats. Second aim is to define the mechanism of action in isolated rat arteries in vitro (Paper I). The final aim is to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile of PP13 in rabbits (Paper II). Methods and Main Results: Slow-release osmotic pums loaded with protein or saline were implanted in periscapular region in non-pregnt rats, releasing its content for seven days. Some animals (n=11) were sacrified after seven days with the pump (short-term), and some animals (n=16) were sacrified after thirteen days (long-term). The diameter of arteries and veins were compared between groups, resulting in significant vascular expansion of all vessels in rPP13 group both in short and long-term. Histidine tagged PP13 variant (his-PP13), caused significant vessel expansion in radial arteries, and only in short-term. Study conducted in pregnant rats, by inserting the osmotic pump at the time of placentation, in which some rats were treated with L-NAME via drinking water in order to inhibit the main vasodilation pathway (eNOS). The results showed that rPP13 treated animals had heavier pups and bigger placentas, in comparison to the control. All L-NAME treated groups resulted in significantly smaller pups and placentas in comparison to the control. Main uterine artery (MUA) and radial uterine veins (RUV) expansion in L-NAME treated animals were significatntly lower compared to the control. To study the mechanism of action uterine vessels were isolated and cannulated in arteriograph maintained at constant pressure of 50 mmHg. Vessels were then preconstricted and exposed to increasing concentrations of rPP13 (10-13 to 10-8 M). rPP13 elicited 38-50% arterial vasodilation mediated via endothelial signaling pathways of nitric oxide and arachidonic acid, with half maximal response (EC50) of approx. 1pM. In order to establish pharmacokinetic profile of PP13, three different concentrations of the protein (5 ng/mL, 10 ng/mL and 50 ng/mL) were administrated intravenously (I.V.) and one concentration (50 ng/mL) was administrated subcutaneously (S.C.) in New Zealand White rabbits. The serum levels of the protein were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The pharmacokinetic profile is described as two-compartment model. The elimination half-life was found to be different between the groups (p<0.01), and volume of distribution and area under the curve were found to be dose dependent. Conclusion: The results indicate that PP13 is a potent vasodilator, has a positive effect on fetal growth and may be a key factor in preconditioning the uterine vasculature in order to accommodate the blood flow increase during pregnancy. In addition pharmacokinetic studies indicate that the concentration of total PP13 released into maternal circulation may be much higher than previously estimated. Further studies are required in order to get an insight into the effect on human vasculature, however, these results encourage evaluation of PP13 as a potential therapeutic agent for obstetric syndromes characterized by insufficient uteroplacental blood flow. ; The project was funded by: Icelandic Centre for Research (RANNIS), European Union (FP7) through the ASPRE project (601852) and Hananja ehf.