International audience This paper provides an answer to the question of why agents make self-serving decisions under moral hazard and how their self-serving decisions can be kept in check through institutional arrangements. Our theoretical model predicts that the agents' power and the manner in which they are held accountable jointly determine their propensity to make self-serving decisions. We test our theory in the context of financial investment decisions made under moral hazard using others' funds. Across three studies, using different decision-making tasks, different manipulations of power and accountability, and different samples, we show that agents' power makes them more likely to behave in a self-serving manner under moral hazard, but only when the appropriate accountability mechanisms are not in place. Specifically, we distinguish between outcome and procedural accountability and show that holding agents accountable for their decision-making procedure reduces the level of self-serving decisions under moral hazard and also curbs the negative consequences of power. Implications for decisions under moral hazard, the psychology of power, and the accountability literature are discussed.
Tucker states photometry work has not been done, and will not be done, because there is only enough men to the meridian circle work. Varnum stopped observing and only does computing work due to this eyesight. Roy too complains of his sight, so he does little observing and mostly computing. Tucker asks Boss to make a decision on the photometry work plan and who will do the work (i.e. Varnum, Zimmer, or Burns). Two men will be needed for at least two years, and it would be best if they are there before the meridian circle work is done early next year. Perhaps Davis would like to use the observatory for his meteorological service. A motion was made at the Scientific Congress recommending to the national government to keep the observatory as a permanent astronomical establishment. Tucker asks if the photometer instrument should be packed up with the rest of the equipment once the meridian circle work is finished. He provides a break down of star latitudes north and south and their respective number of refraction star observations to date. Observing conditions are now permitting larger numbers of all refraction stars, and they hope to have around 3,000 observations. They anticipate completing the reflexion observations; magnitude equations continue in order to meet Boss's new demand of 200 determinations. Tucker wants Boss to decide whether the time and cost to copy the zenith distance (Z.D.) books are necessary, or if they could take the risk and send the books via registered mail. Tucker hopes to ship 10,000 observations a month to Boss soon. Updates on Dr. Quiroga, Mr. Shortreede, and Mr. Lallemand are provided. He says the men are entitled to payment and expenses on their trip home and that it should not be considered vacation. Vacation time is discussed, as well as, how much each is entitled and has taken. He talks about the regimental troops and tells Boss not to complain to anyone about the regimental band training. Tucker provides information on mess expenses and details Delavan's expenses. He is also sending reduction sheets, right ascensions, and declinations. Total observations to date is 32,400.
Dihedral angles are predicted from vicinal coupling constant 3JHH[Hz] with 3-sphere approach, sphere or torus trigonometric equations of circle 1, 2 and circle inversion 3-5 for all cis-, trans-ee, trans-aa stereochemistry. The existence of circle inversion was demonstrated with conformational analysis on five and six membered rings. The sign and the stereochemistry result from vicinal coupling constant under trigonometric equations confirmed by algebraic equations, Hopf and Lie algebra theory. 3-Sphere, a hypersphere in 4D enable for all stereochemistry calculation dihedral angles under magnetic wave (NMR data -3JHH[Hz]), and all isomers from only one vicinal coupling constant.
"Coronary CT angiography is a non-invasive method of analyzing the coronary lumen through which the atheromatous bur-den can be evaluated, with the analysis of the type of plaque (soft, calcified, mixed) and the impact on the arterial lumen (stenosis, occlusion). The anatomical evaluation by coronary CT is indicated in symptomatic patients with low and medium risk factors for coronary atherosclerotic disease, in those with inconclusive laboratory and EKG results, patients with un-certain stress test results, in the evaluation of coronary grafts and intrastent stenoses. Depending on the result of the angiography, the severity of the stenosis and the management of the patient are established. In the case of mild and medium stenoses, risk factors management and drug treatment are recommended. For severe stenoses, patients are referred for interventional coronary angiography or functional evaluation. Coronary CT angiography increases the certainty of coronary atherosclerotic disease diagnosis. It has a superior discriminative capacity of plaques with low attenuation, the main predictor of myocardial infarction, with almost five-fold higher risk. Coronary CT angiography increases the adaptation of medication, and the inclusion of statin therapy decreases the risk of fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction at 5 years and increases the quality of life "
Understanding COVID-19 vaccination attitudes is of paramount importance in order to estimate and influence the willingness to vaccinate. A cross-sectional study was performed in the spring of 2021 in Romania by sending a web-based questionnaire to patients with rheumatic autoimmune diseases in order to assess their willingness to vaccinate against SARS CoV-2 and to identify factors that might influence their decision. Variables derived from the questionnaire were analyzed in univariable and multivariable analysis. 71 patients, of which 60 (84.5%) women, were included in the study, with a 53.5% (38 subjects) willingness to vaccinate. A positive association was observed between the willingness to vaccinate and the patients' trust in authorities, trust in the healthcare system and the choice of scientific sources of information in their decision making. A positive correlation was observed between the intention to vaccinate and the global VAX score, as well as the subscale VAX scores (p0.05). Global VAX score emerged as a predictive factor for the intention to vaccinate on logistic regression (p0.05). The present study underlines the importance of reliable scientific sources of information for pa-tients with autoimmune diseases and how the general attitude about vaccination becomes a pre-dictive factor for accepting COVID-19 vaccine. Understanding COVID-19 vaccination attitudes is of paramount importance in order to estimate and influence the willingness to vaccinate. A cross-sectional study was performed in the spring of 2021 in Romania by sending a web-based questionnaire to patients with rheumatic autoimmune diseases in order to assess their willingness to vaccinate against SARS CoV-2 and to identify factors that might influence their decision. Variables derived from the questionnaire were analyzed in univariable and multivariable analysis. 71 patients, of which 60 (84.5%) women, were included in the study, with a 53.5% (38 subjects) willingness to vaccinate. A positive association was observed between the willingness to vaccinate and the patients' trust in authorities, trust in the healthcare system and the choice of scientific sources of information in their decision making. A positive correlation was observed between the intention to vaccinate and the global VAX score, as well as the subscale VAX scores (p0.05). Global VAX score emerged as a predictive factor for the intention to vaccinate on logistic regression (p0.05). The present study underlines the importance of reliable scientific sources of information for pa-tients with autoimmune diseases and how the general attitude about vaccination becomes a pre-dictive factor for accepting COVID-19 vaccine. Understanding COVID-19 vaccination attitudes is of paramount importance in order to estimate and influence the willingness to vaccinate. A cross-sectional study was performed in the spring of 2021 in Romania by sending a web-based questionnaire to patients with rheumatic autoimmune diseases in order to assess their willingness to vaccinate against SARS CoV-2 and to identify factors that might influence their decision. Variables derived from the questionnaire were analyzed in univariable and multivariable analysis. 71 patients, of which 60 (84.5) women, were included in the study, with a 53.5% (38 subjects) willingness to vaccinate. A positive association was observed between the willingness to vaccinate and the patients' trust in authorities, trust in the healthcare system and the choice of scientific sources of information in their decision making. A positive correlation was observed between the intention to vaccinate and the global VAX score, as well as the subscale VAX scores (p0.05). Global VAX score emerged as a predictive factor for the intention to vaccinate on logistic regression (p0.05). The present study underlines the importance of reliable scientific sources of information for pa-tients with autoimmune diseases and how the general attitude about vaccination becomes a pre-dictive factor for accepting COVID-19 vaccine.
Vulvovaginal atrophy is a condition frequently encoutered among menopausal women that often is ignored, remains undiscussed with the physician and the patient adapts the life style is such matter that offers a run from the specific symptomathology. According to the specialized published data, only 25% of the patients with vulvovaginal atrophy receive adequate therapy. The therapeutic perspective is quite extensive but the patient should receive recommendations and try different products until they find one that meets their needs and the one they like best. Proper estrogen therapy leads to a restoration of the acidic, normal vaginal pH, of the vaginal microflora, thickens the epithelium, increases vaginal lubrication and decreases vaginal dryness, also, adverse effects of vaginal estrogen therapy are uncommon. Early active detection of this pathological condition and the provision of an appropriately selected therapy can prevent the progression of the symptomatology and can significantly improve the sexuality of women.
Introduction: Complication after inguinal hernia repair is one of the challenging problems after inguinal hernia repair. This study aimed to compare the complications of three common surgical methods in inguinal hernia repair, Bassini, Lichtenstein, and Preperitoneal methods (with anterior approach). Methods: In this prospective study, patients who underwent inguinal hernia repair surgery in Baqiyatallah Hospital from June 2019 to May 2020 were included. Patients were allocated in three groups: Bassini, Lichtenstein, and Preperitoneal (with anterior approach), based on surgeons' opinions. Postoperative pain, hematoma and seroma, wound infection, recurrence, and also we assed postoperative satisfaction after surgery. Results: The mean age of patients was 49.90 ± 16.44 years, and 92.5% of patients were male. Of the total patients, 6.8% had an infection and there was no significant difference in the distribution of infection in the groups (P=0.230). The mean of pain in all patients was 2.37 ± 1.10. There was no significant difference between the three groups in the mean of pain (P = 0.253). There was no significant difference in the distribution of recurrence in the groups (P=0.356). There was no significant difference in the distribution of testicular swelling in the groups (P=0.421). No postoperative hematoma and seroma were reported in the groups. The mean of satisfaction in all patients was 93.61±19.63. There was no significant difference between the three groups in the mean of satisfaction (P = 0.156). Conclusion: The results showed that infection, pain, and recurrence rate in the Preperitoneal group were lower than the other groups, although this difference was not significant. Also, testicular swelling, hematoma, and seroma as well as patients' satisfaction were similar between groups.
Introduction: Burn is a tissue injury and affects social functioning and relationships. Complications of burns lead to disruption of social relationships and consequently social dysfunction. Objective: Aim of this study was to determine the effect of multimedia training on social functioning of burn patients in Shahid Motahhari hospital in Tehran. Methods: This clinical trial study was performed on 100 burned patients. The intervention group received a multi-media self-care discharge training on a CD in addition to the common education. Social function of quality of life was examined in both groups before intervention, 3 months and 6 months after intervention. Conclusion: Results showed that before intervention the mean score of social function of quality of life in intervention and control group was 1/55± 0/46, 1/92± 0/6 respectively which was statistically significant (p <0.001). Mean and standard deviation of social function of quality of life in the intervention and control groups three and six months after intervention were ... respectively which was statistically significant (...).
Cardiovascular diseases are leading causes of death, globally, and health systems that deliver quality clinical care are needed to manage an increasing number of people with risk factors for these diseases. Indicators of preparedness of countries to manage cardiovascular disease risk factors (CVDRFs) are regularly collected by ministries of health and global health agencies. We aimed to assess whether these indicators are associated with patient receipt of quality clinical care. We did a secondary analysis of cross-sectional, nationally representative, individual-patient data from 187,552 people with hypertension (mean age 48.1 years, 53.5% female) living in 43 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and 40,795 people with diabetes (mean age 52.2 years, 57.7% female) living in 28 LMICs on progress through cascades of care (condition diagnosed, treated, or controlled) for diabetes or hypertension, to indicate outcomes of provision of quality clinical care. Data were extracted from national-level World Health Organization (WHO) Stepwise Approach to Surveillance (STEPS), or other similar household surveys, conducted between July 2005 and November 2016. We used mixed-effects logistic regression to estimate associations between each quality clinical care outcome and indicators of country development (gross domestic product [GDP] per capita or Human Development Index [HDI]); national capacity for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases ('NCD readiness indicators' from surveys done by WHO); health system finance (domestic government expenditure on health [as percentage of GDP], private, and out-of-pocket expenditure on health [both as percentage of current]); and health service readiness (number of physicians, nurses, or hospital beds per 1,000 people) and performance (neonatal mortality rate). All models were adjusted for individual-level predictors including age, sex, and education. In an exploratory analysis, we tested whether national-level data on facility preparedness for diabetes were positively ...
Aims. The Seeds Of Life In Space IRAM/NOEMA large program aims at studying a set of crucial complex organic molecules in a sample of sources with a well-known physical structure that covers the various phases of solar-type star formation. One representative object of the transition from the prestellar core to the protostar phases has been observed toward the very low luminosity object (VeLLO) L1521F. This type of source is important to study to link prestellar cores and Class 0 sources and also to constrain the chemical evolution during the process of star formation. Methods. Two frequency windows (81.6-82.6 GHz and 96.65-97.65 GHz) were used to observe the emission from several complex organics toward the L1521F VeLLO. These setups cover transitions of ketene (HCCO), propyne (CHCCH), formamide (NHCHO), methoxy (CHO), methanol (CHOH), dimethyl ether (CHOCH), and methyl formate (HCOOCH). Results. Only two transitions of methanol (A, E) have been detected in the narrow window centered at 96.7 GHz (with an upper limit on E) in a very compact emission blob (∼7″ corresponding to ∼1000 au) toward the northeast of the L1521F protostar. The CS 2-1 transition is also detected within theWideX bandwidth. Consistently with what has been found in prestellar cores, the methanol emission appears ∼1000 au away from the dust peak. The location of the methanol blob coincides with one of the filaments that have previously been reported in the literature. The excitation temperature of the gas inferred from methanol is (10 ± 2) K, while the H gas density (estimated from the detected CS 2-1 emission and previous CS 5-4 ALMA observations) is a factor >25 higher than the density in the surrounding environment (n(H) ≥ 10 cm). Conclusions. Based on its compactness, low excitation temperature, and high gas density, we suggest that the methanol emission detected with NOEMA is (i) either a cold and dense shock-induced blob that formed recently (≤ a few hundred years) by infalling gas or (ii) a cold and dense fragment that may just have been formed as a result of the intense gas dynamics within the L1521F VeLLO system. ; With funding from the Spanish government through the "María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence" accreditation (MDM-2017-0737)
Marine environmental monitoring is undertaken to provide evidence that environmental management targets are being met. Moreover, monitoring also provides context to marine science and over the last century has allowed development of a critical scientific understanding of the marine environment and the impacts that humans are having on it. The seas around the UK are currently monitored by targeted, impact-driven, programmes (e.g., fishery or pollution based monitoring) often using traditional techniques, many of which have not changed significantly since the early 1900s. The advent of a new wave of automated technology, in combination with changing political and economic circumstances, means that there is currently a strong drive to move toward a more refined, efficient, and effective way of monitoring. We describe the policy and scientific rationale for monitoring our seas, alongside a comprehensive description of the types of equipment and methodology currently used and the technologies that are likely to be used in the future. We contextualize the way new technologies and methodologies may impact monitoring and discuss how whole ecosystems models can give an integrated, comprehensive approach to impact assessment. Furthermore, we discuss how an understanding of the value of each data point is crucial to assess the true costs and benefits to society of a marine monitoring programme.
This data article presents the UK City LIFE1 data set for the city of Birmingham, UK. UK City LIFE1 is a new, comprehensive and holistic method for measuring the livable sustainability performance of UK cities. The Birmingham data set comprises 346 indicators structured simultaneously (1) within a four-tier, outcome-based framework in order to aid in their interpretation (e.g., promote healthy living and healthy long lives, minimize energy use, uncouple economic vitality from CO2 emissions) and (2) thematically in order to complement government and disciplinary siloes (e.g., health, energy, economy, climate change). Birmingham data for the indicators are presented within an Excel spreadsheet with their type, units, geographic area, year, source, link to secondary data files, data collection method, data availability and any relevant calculations and notes. This paper provides a detailed description of UK city LIFE1 in order to enable comparable data sets to be produced for other UK cities. The Birmingham data set is made publically available at http://epapers.bham.ac.uk/3040/ to facilitate this and to enable further analyses. The UK City LIFE1 Birmingham data set has been used to understand what is known and what is not known about the livable sustainability performance of the city and to inform how Birmingham City Council can take action now to improve its understanding and its performance into the future (see "Improving city-scale measures of livable sustainability: A study of urban measurement and assessment through application to the city of Birmingham, UK" Leach et al. [2]).
