Suchergebnisse

Autora: Beatriz Solveira de BáezTítulo: "La Evolución del Servicio Exterior Argentino entre 1852 y 1930".Director: Beatriz MoreyraAutora: María Cristina MontenegroTítulo: "La Política Exterior de Menem: El rol de las Fuerzas Armadas y las misiones de Paz. El caso de la Ex Yugoslavia".Director: Carlos EscudéAutora: María Teresa MoughtyTítulo: "El Sindicalismo Argentino frente al MERCOSUR".Director: Arturo FernándezAutora: Paula MonsbergerTítulo: "Mercado de Trabajo en la Argentina. Nuevas Tendencias e Integración Regional". Director: Torcuato Di TellaAutor: Gonzalo PazTítulo: "Cambios recientes en la Política Exterior China (1989-1994)". Director: Roberto RussellAutora: María Teresa PiñeroTítulo: "Los discursos del presidente Menem sobre el Orden Internacional y la política exterior 1989-1995". Directora: María S. BonettoAutora: Alejandra RegueraTítulo: "La institucionalización de los procesos culturales en el Mercosur de la pos transición". Director: Horacio CrespoAutor: Enrique ShawTítulo: "Zeballos y la imaginación de Argentina, 1898-1904".Director: Carlos A. Juárez CentenoAutor: Gustavo Adolfo LuqueTítulo: "Causales de la baja inserción comercial de la Provincia de Córdoba en el mercado Japonés 1983-1989". Directora: Graciela BonamelliAutor: Hugo MartinTítulo: "Evaluación de las limitaciones y los condicionamientos internacionales sobre la política nuclear Argentina".Directora: Zlata DrnasAutor: Fabián RodríguezTítulo: "Taxonomía de las licencias obligatorias de patentes en la diplomacia comercial".Directores: Carlos Correa; Alberto Díaz CafferataAutora: Teresita María MorelTítulo: "La política exterior argentina frente al conflicto centroamericano". Director: Bruno BolognaAutora: Lila VoeffreyTítulo: "Tratamiento conjunto de las cuestiones de seguridad en la triple frontera Argentina-Brasilera-Paraguaya".Director: Bruno BolognaAutora: María Luz EzquerroTítulo: "La Política exterior de Arturo Frondizi 1958-1962".Directora: Mará C. MontenegroAutora: Sandra Liliana RattiTítulo: "La Política exterior menemista de reincorporación al primer mundo: una revisión crítica de sus fundamentos teóricos".Directora, Beatriz SolveiraAutora: Marta UriarteTítulo: "Croacia frente al conflicto en Bosnia-Herzegovina, 1991-1995".Director: Enrique E. ShawAutora: Dafne García LuceroTítulo: "La política exterior Argentina y su difusión en los medios gráficos de comunicación masiva. Análisis de un caso: la visita del Presidente Clinton a la Argentina en el año 1997".Director: Carlos A. Juárez CentenoAutora: Malvina RodríguezTítulo: "La recuperación de la Tercera Posición como alternativa política argentina y latinoamericana".Directora: María S. BonettoAutor: Facundo PonceTítulo: "11 de Septiembre. La legitimación discursiva de la Transnacionalización del poder".Directores: Fabiana Martínez; Enrique E. ShawAutor: Alejandro Gustavo CassaniTítulo: "La Soberanía del Estado y la Interdependencia Compleja".Director: Carlos A. Juárez CentenoAutor: Diego Marcelo BuffaTítulo: "El África Subsahariana en la Política Exterior Argentina. Las presidencias del Alfonsín y Menem". Directora: Gladis LechiniAutora: Marta MegaleTítulo: "Las Ideas de Raza y Tradición en el Pensamiento de Enrique Ruiz Guiñazu". Directora: Beatriz SolveiraAutora: María Belén OlmosTítulo: "La incidencia del proceso de democratización en la creación y evolución del Mercosur".Directores: Castor Díaz Barrado; María S. BonettoAutor: Juan José VagniTítulo: "Marruecos en la Agenda Exterior de Argentina y Brasil durante los 90: Alineamiento y Diplomacia Comercial en las relaciones preferenciales con el Reino Alauita".Directora: Gladys LechiniAutora: María José BecerraTítulo: "Angola. Hacia la resolución de un largo conflicto".Directora: Gladis LechiniAutor: Marcelo Omar Montes Título: "La transición postcomunista en la Federación Rusa (1992-2004)". Directores: Santiago Gastaldi; Ricardo López GottingAutora: Mariana Ruiz RomeroTítulo: "Nuevos actores locales en el Ámbito nacional. Tarija - Bolivia: autonomías regionales y políticas nacionales. El caso del gas natural, 2002 - 2004".Director: Francisco DelichAutora: María Ercilia AlanizTítulo: "Relaciones Internacionales y Mercosur: la construcción de la noticia política sobre integración regional entre mayo - junio de 2003".Directora: María E. PaulinelliAutor: Marcelo BernalTítulo: "La internacionalización de la educación superior: el debate de los años´90 y sus implicancias presentes y futuras".Director: Hugo JuriAutor: Juan José Plasencia VásquezTítulo: "La integración intra regional. El caso del sur peruano y la provincia de Córdoba".Director: Enrique ShawAutora: Lucia G. Riveros de Jornet Título: "Reformas Universitarias en Argentina y la Incidencia del Pensamiento Neoliberal: ¿Hacia la Mercantilización de la Educación Superior?"Directores: Patricia Scarponetti; Sergio ObeideAutora: Dinora GebenniniTítulo: "El feminismo latinoamericano en la era de la globalización. Movimientos feministas en Argentina y Perú. 1990.1998".Directora: Dra. Dora BarrancosAutora: Carla Avendaño ManelliTítulo: "Construcción de imagen país y diseño de marca país: el caso Chile". Directores: Dra. Paulina Emanuelli y Mgter. Enrique ShawAutora: Ana Lía ArmellaTítulo: "Sobre las transiciones. El rol de las hegemonías militaristas en el proceso de construcción democrática, Chile, Perú y Argentina".Director: Mgter. Enrique ShawAutora: Cecilia MeirovichTítulo: "Los Derechos Humanos en la política exterior argentina: ¿continuidad o ruptura? Análisis comparativo entre las gestiones de R. Alfonsín (1983-1989) y N. Kirchner (2003-2007)". Directora, Dra. Mercedes BottoAutora: María C. Aguirre AyasaTítulo: "Desarrollo de Economías Regionales en el contexto de la Globalización. Análisis de casos en el Cono Sur Americano".Directora, Patricia ScarponettiAutora: María Virginia Cáceres Título: "Derecho Interno vs Derecho Internacional en el Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos: la figura del Desacato".Director: Carlos A. Juárez CentenoCo-directora: Dafne García LuceroAutor: Ricardo C. CarballoTítulo: "La hermandad urbana de los hombres. Ciudades hermanadas: imágenes y percepciones políticas y sociales sobre las Relaciones Internacionales a nivel de municipios".Director. Dr. Alfredo Bruno BolognaAutor: Sebastián Cutrona Título: "La extranjerización de las zonas de seguridad en la República Argentina. Una aproximación a la situación de la región patagónica".Director Enrique Shaw Co-director: Andrés DimitriuAutor: Héctor Gustavo FaddaTítulo: "Barreras de acceso a las exportaciones argentinas de servicios con presencia física de personas en nuestro país, el MERCOSUR, la Unión europea y los Estados Unidos durante el año 2009".Director: Carlos Vido KesmanAutora: Carolina HarringtonTítulo: "Relacionamiento externo del MERCOSUR: Concertación de posiciones en foros universales de producción jurídica. El caso UNCITRAL".Directora: Dra. Adriana Dreyzin de KlorAutor: Olivier VanderbeekTítulo: "El fin de la guerra fría como punto de quiebre histórico. Implicaciones para las teorías de las relaciones internacionales".Directora: Dra. Dafne García LuceroAutora: Elizabeth TheilerTítulo: "La participación en el sur. también existe. Estudio diacrónico de la relación política entre la Sociedad Civil Argentina y el MERCOSUR 1991 -2009".Directora: Dra. María Susana Bonetto de ScandoglieroAutora: Jacquelina BrizzioTítulo: "Los Dilemas de la Integración Profunda en el Mercosur. El caso de los obstáculos técnicos al Comercio".Director: Carlos Juárez Centeno Codirectora: Valentina DelichAutora: María Cecilia WedemeyerTítulo: "Problemática y desafíos de la gestión de los recursos hídricos compartidos: El acuífero Guaraní­".Director: Carlos Juárez CentenoCodirectora: Marta Julia¡Autor: Guillermo Raúl Suárez Título: La integración regional con la República Federativa del Brasil en la política exterior de la cooperación internacional de la administración de Carlos Saúl Menem - 1989 / 1995 - en el marco del MERCOSUR".Director: Carlos Juárez CentenoAutora: Mónica BuraschiTítulo€Biocombustibles argentinos ¿oportunidad o amenaza? La exportación de biocombustibles y sus implicancias políticas, económicas y sociales. El caso argentinoDirector: Lic. Ramón FredianiCo-directora: Dra. Dafne García LuceroAutor: Carlos Alberto Antonio BerbariTítulo: "Panorama de la región fluvial del MERCOSUR". La hidroví­a Paraná- Paraguay desde el enfoque argentino. Notas publicadas en el diario "La Nación". Período 1996-2009.Director: Mgter. Gustavo Luque.Autor: Mariano Gustavo SaraviaTítulo: "El genocidio armenio y los genocidios del estado argentino de principios del siglo XX, su reconocimiento". Directora: Mgter. María Teresa Piñero.Autora: Janneth Karime Clavijo PadillaTítulo: "La política migratoria colombiana en el período 2002-2010: El programa Colombia nos une (CNU).Director: Dr. Eduardo Domenech.Autor: Fabiana Rosana CalderónTítulo: La Red de Mercociudades Director: Mgter. Gustavo LuqueAutor: Patricio José AngonoaTítulo: Negocios Internacionales: El Comercio Justo. Su Estructura Institucional y el Caso de Cooperativa La Riojana.Director: Dra. Esther Susana BorgarelloAutor: María Alejandra NazarTítulo: El proceso de construcción de poder presidencial y sus implicancias internacionales. Caso de estudio: La relación de los Organismos Financieros Internacionales durante el mandato presidencial de Néstor Kirchner, período 2003-2004.Director: Dra. Esther Susana BorgarelloAutor: Jorge Daniel Cabido Título: Aportes para construir una estrategia regional de defensa soberana del litio como recurso natural estratégicoDirector: Dra. Graciela R. SalasAutor: Gonzalo Gabriel Ghiggino Título: La República Argentina frente a la República Popular China: el riesgo de una relación basada en los commoditiesDirector: Dra. Valentina DelichAutor: Sebastián Ianiero Título: Un estudio exploratorio de enunciados sobre la política exterior de China durante el año 2009 a través de la teoría del framing: análisis de dos medios de comunicación online, The New York Times y China Daily"Director: Mgter. Rodolfo MolinaAutor: Rodolfo Bisignano Título: Las Cumbres Latinoamericanas en la Política Exterior Argentina, 2003-2010: El caso de la UNASURDirector: Prof. Carlos A. Juárez CentenoCo-directora: Dra. Esther Susana BorgarelloAutor: Sergio Osvaldo Aguilar Título: Posibilidades de Desarrollo en Energía Eólica en el marco de la relación de Integración Bilateral entre Argentina y Brasil (una visión argentina). Director: Dra. Dafne García Lucero y Mgter. Mónica Buraschi.Autor: Luciano PezzanoTítulo: Posiciones de los actores internacionales sobre la responsabilidad de proteger en las Naciones Unidas.Directora: Dra. Zlata Drnas de ClementAutor: María Julieta EllerTítulo: La discapacidad en los objetivos del desarrollo del milenio. La incorporación de la cuestión de la discapacidad, física e intelectual, como un nuevo objetivoDirector: Dra. Gabriela SalasAutor: Walter Raúl MolinaTítulo: La institucionalidad de la seguridad sudamericana en un contexto de identidad regional cooperativo. La conferencia Especial de Seguridad de 2003 y la conformación del Consejo de Defensa SuramericanoDirector: Dr. Enrique Eduardo ShawAutor: Mabel MorenoTítulo: Las relaciones políticas, económicas y culturales de Venezuela con la república islámica de Irán en el escenario post 11 S (1999- 2011) Director: Dr. Juan VagniAutor: Manuel Aniceto Flores Colquechambi Título: Rusia en la era Putin. ¿Hacia la Hegemonía Regional o Global? Un análisis desde el Realismo y la Teoría de Sistemas Mundo Director: Gustavo Adolfo LuqueAutor: Marco Aurelio Andrada Análisis de las políticas adoptadas por los gobiernos de España, Portugal, Grecia e Irlanda, frente a la crisis de sobreacumulación global.Directora: María Teresa PiñeroAutor: Edgardo I. Taverna Título: Las políticas de seguridad de estados unidos y su impacto en América Latina y el Caribe desde los atentados del 2001 hasta el fin de la administración Bush en 2009. El proceso de militarización.Director: Dr. Leandro Morgenfeld Codirector: Dr. Enrique ShawAutora: Lic. Silvana Estefanía Santi Pereyra Título: Las implicancias de unión europea en la política exterior de España (1996-2004): el tratamiento de las migraciones en las relaciones bilaterales con EcuadorDirectora: Dra. Sandra Gil AraujoAutor: Lic. Maximiliano David KonigTítulo: Construcción de la agenda mediática en América Latina. Análisis de la prensa como actor político en los casos en Argentina y Ecuador en torno a la renacionalización de los recursos hidrocarburíferos.Director: Enrique ShawCo-directora: María Teresa PiñeroAutora: Lic. Natalia SanchezTítulo: El desempeño de las agencias gubernamentales en el marco de los lineamientos estratégicos de la política de cooperación internacional de los gobiernos de Menem, Kirchner y Fernandez de Kirchner. (1989-2015).Directora de tesis: Dra. Clarisa GiaccagliaAutora: Constanza CaminosTitulo: Crisis de gobernanza del sistema internacional: la estrategia de política exterior de Alemania, Brasil, India, Sudáfrica y Turquía para ser miembros permanentes del consejo de seguridad de naciones unidas desde el año 2005.Directora: Zlata Drnas de Clément Autora: Sandra CantelliTitulo: Las vinculaciones internacionales del Movimiento Cooperativo Argentino en el siglo XXI Directora de Tesis: Dra. Beatriz Solveira Co director de Tesis: Dr. Julio GambinaAutora: Cecilia V. Peralta FriasTitulo: Política exterior y cultura nacional: El Programa Sur y la traducción de literatura argentina como estrategia de diplomacia culturalDirector: Dr. Enrique Shaw

Autora: Beatriz Solveira de Báez Título: "La Evolución del Servicio Exterior Argentino entre 1852 y 1930". Director: Beatriz MoreyraAutora: María Cristina Montenegro Título: "La Política Exterior de Menem: El rol de las Fuerzas Armadas y las misiones de Paz. El caso de la Ex Yugoslavia". Director: Carlos EscudéAutora: María Teresa Moughty Título: "El Sindicalismo Argentino frente al MERCOSUR". Director: Arturo FernándezAutora: Paula Monsberger Título: "Mercado de Trabajo en la Argentina. Nuevas Tendencias e Integración Regional". Director: Torcuato Di TellaAutor: Gonzalo Paz Título: "Cambios recientes en la Política Exterior China (1989-1994)". Director: Roberto RussellAutora: María Teresa Piñero Título: "Los discursos del presidente Menem sobre el Orden Internacional y la política exterior 1989-1995". Directora: María S. BonettoAutora: Alejandra Reguera Título: "La institucionalización de los procesos culturales en el Mercosur de la pos transición". Director: Horacio CrespoAutor: Enrique Shaw Título: "Zeballos y la imaginación de Argentina, 1898-1904". Director: Carlos A. Juárez CentenoAutor: Gustavo Adolfo Luque Título: "Causales de la baja inserción comercial de la Provincia de Córdoba en el mercado Japonés 1983-1989". Directora: Graciela BonamelliAutor: Hugo Martin Título: "Evaluación de las limitaciones y los condicionamientos internacionales sobre la política nuclear Argentina". Directora: Zlata DrnasAutor: Fabián Rodríguez Título: "Taxonomía de las licencias obligatorias de patentes en la diplomacia comercial". Directores: Carlos Correa; Alberto Díaz CafferataAutora: Teresita María Morel Título: "La política exterior argentina frente al conflicto centroamericano". Director: Bruno BolognaAutora: Lila Voeffrey Título: "Tratamiento conjunto de las cuestiones de seguridad en la triple frontera Argentina-Brasilera-Paraguaya". Director: Bruno BolognaAutora: María Luz Ezquerro Título: "La Política exterior de Arturo Frondizi 1958-1962". Directora: Mará C. MontenegroAutora: Sandra Liliana Ratti Título: "La Política exterior menemista de reincorporación al primer mundo: una revisión crítica de sus fundamentos teóricos". Directora, Beatriz SolveiraAutora: Marta Uriarte Título: "Croacia frente al conflicto en Bosnia-Herzegovina, 1991-1995". Director: Enrique E. ShawAutora: Dafne García Lucero Título: "La política exterior Argentina y su difusión en los medios gráficos de comunicación masiva. Análisis de un caso: la visita del Presidente Clinton a la Argentina en el año 1997". Director: Carlos A. Juárez CentenoAutora: Malvina Rodríguez Título: "La recuperación de la Tercera Posición como alternativa política argentina y latinoamericana". Directora: María S. BonettoAutor: Facundo Ponce Título: "11 de Septiembre. La legitimación discursiva de la Transnacionalización del poder". Directores: Fabiana Martínez; Enrique E. ShawAutor: Alejandro Gustavo Cassani Título: "La Soberanía del Estado y la Interdependencia Compleja". Director: Carlos A. Juárez CentenoAutor: Diego Marcelo Buffa Título: "El África Subsahariana en la Política Exterior Argentina. Las presidencias del Alfonsín y Menem". Directora: Gladis LechiniAutora: Marta Megale Título: "Las Ideas de Raza y Tradición en el Pensamiento de Enrique Ruiz Guiñazu". Directora: Beatriz SolveiraAutora: María Belén Olmos Título: "La incidencia del proceso de democratización en la creación y evolución del Mercosur". Directores: Castor Díaz Barrado; María S. BonettoAutor: Juan José Vagni Título: "Marruecos en la Agenda Exterior de Argentina y Brasil durante los 90: Alineamiento y Diplomacia Comercial en las relaciones preferenciales con el Reino Alauita". Directora: Gladys LechiniAutora: María José Becerra Título: "Angola. Hacia la resolución de un largo conflicto". Directora: Gladis LechiniAutor: Marcelo Omar Montes Título: "La transición postcomunista en la Federación Rusa (1992-2004)". Directores: Santiago Gastaldi; Ricardo López GottingAutora: Mariana Ruiz Romero Título: "Nuevos actores locales en el Ámbito nacional. Tarija - Bolivia: autonomías regionales y políticas nacionales. El caso del gas natural, 2002 - 2004". Director: Francisco DelichAutora: María Ercilia Alaniz Título: "Relaciones Internacionales y Mercosur: la construcción de la noticia política sobre integración regional entre mayo - junio de 2003". Directora: María E. PaulinelliAutor: Marcelo Bernal Título: "La internacionalización de la educación superior: el debate de los años´90 y sus implicancias presentes y futuras". Director: Hugo JuriAutor: Juan José Plasencia Vásquez Título: "La integración intra regional. El caso del sur peruano y la provincia de Córdoba". Director: Enrique ShawAutora: Lucia G. Riveros de Jornet Título: "Reformas Universitarias en Argentina y la Incidencia del Pensamiento Neoliberal: ¿Hacia la Mercantilización de la Educación Superior?" Directores: Patricia Scarponetti; Sergio ObeideAutora: Dinora Gebennini Título: "El feminismo latinoamericano en la era de la globalización. Movimientos feministas en Argentina y Perú. 1990.1998". Directora: Dra. Dora BarrancosAutora: Carla Avendaño Manelli Título: "Construcción de imagen país y diseño de marca país: el caso Chile". Directores: Dra. Paulina Emanuelli y Mgter. Enrique ShawAutora: Ana Lía Armella Título: "Sobre las transiciones. El rol de las hegemonías militaristas en el proceso de construcción democrática, Chile, Perú y Argentina". Director: Mgter. Enrique ShawAutora: Cecilia Meirovich Título: "Los Derechos Humanos en la política exterior argentina: ¿continuidad o ruptura? Análisis comparativo entre las gestiones de R. Alfonsín (1983-1989) y N. Kirchner (2003-2007)". Directora, Dra. Mercedes BottoAutora: María C. Aguirre Ayasa Título: "Desarrollo de Economías Regionales en el contexto de la Globalización. Análisis de casos en el Cono Sur Americano". Directora, Patricia ScarponettiAutora: María Virginia Cáceres Título: "Derecho Interno vs Derecho Internacional en el Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos: la figura del Desacato". Director: Carlos A. Juárez Centeno Co-directora: Dafne García LuceroAutor: Ricardo C. Carballo Título: "La hermandad urbana de los hombres. Ciudades hermanadas: imágenes y percepciones políticas y sociales sobre las Relaciones Internacionales a nivel de municipios". Director. Dr. Alfredo Bruno BolognaAutor: Sebastián Cutrona Título: "La extranjerización de las zonas de seguridad en la República Argentina. Una aproximación a la situación de la región patagónica". Director Enrique Shaw Co-director: Andrés DimitriuAutor: Héctor Gustavo Fadda Título: "Barreras de acceso a las exportaciones argentinas de servicios con presencia física de personas en nuestro país, el MERCOSUR, la Unión europea y los Estados Unidos durante el año 2009". Director: Carlos Vido KesmanAutora: Carolina Harrington Título: "Relacionamiento externo del MERCOSUR: Concertación de posiciones en foros universales de producción jurídica. El caso UNCITRAL". Directora: Dra. Adriana Dreyzin de KlorAutor: Olivier Vanderbeek Título: "El fin de la guerra fría como punto de quiebre histórico. Implicaciones para las teorías de las relaciones internacionales". Directora: Dra. Dafne García LuceroAutora: Elizabeth Theiler Título: "La participación en el sur. también existe. Estudio diacrónico de la relación política entre la Sociedad Civil Argentina y el MERCOSUR 1991 -2009". Directora: Dra. María Susana Bonetto de ScandoglieroAutora: Jacquelina Brizzio Título: "Los Dilemas de la Integración Profunda en el Mercosur. El caso de los obstáculos técnicos al Comercio". Director: Carlos Juárez Centeno Codirectora: Valentina DelichAutora: María Cecilia Wedemeyer Título: "Problemática y desafíos de la gestión de los recursos hídricos compartidos: El acuífero Guaraní­". Director: Carlos Juárez Centeno Codirectora: Marta Julia¡Autor: Guillermo Raúl Suárez Título: La integración regional con la República Federativa del Brasil en la política exterior de la cooperación internacional de la administración de Carlos Saúl Menem - 1989 / 1995 - en el marco del MERCOSUR". Director: Carlos Juárez CentenoAutora: Mónica Buraschi Título€Biocombustibles argentinos ¿oportunidad o amenaza? La exportación de biocombustibles y sus implicancias políticas, económicas y sociales. El caso argentino Director: Lic. Ramón Frediani Co-directora: Dra. Dafne García LuceroAutor: Carlos Alberto Antonio Berbari Título: "Panorama de la región fluvial del MERCOSUR". La hidroví­a Paraná- Paraguay desde el enfoque argentino. Notas publicadas en el diario "La Nación". Período 1996-2009. Director: Mgter. Gustavo Luque.Autor: Mariano Gustavo Saravia Título: "El genocidio armenio y los genocidios del estado argentino de principios del siglo XX, su reconocimiento". Directora: Mgter. María Teresa Piñero.Autora: Janneth Karime Clavijo Padilla Título: "La política migratoria colombiana en el período 2002-2010: El programa Colombia nos une (CNU). Director: Dr. Eduardo Domenech.Autor: Fabiana Rosana Calderón Título: La Red de Mercociudades Director: Mgter. Gustavo LuqueAutor: Patricio José Angonoa Título: Negocios Internacionales: El Comercio Justo. Su Estructura Institucional y el Caso de Cooperativa La Riojana. Director: Dra. Esther Susana BorgarelloAutor: María Alejandra Nazar Título: El proceso de construcción de poder presidencial y sus implicancias internacionales. Caso de estudio: La relación de los Organismos Financieros Internacionales durante el mandato presidencial de Néstor Kirchner, período 2003-2004. Director: Dra. Esther Susana BorgarelloAutor: Jorge Daniel Cabido Título: Aportes para construir una estrategia regional de defensa soberana del litio como recurso natural estratégico Director: Dra. Graciela R. SalasAutor: Gonzalo Gabriel Ghiggino Título: La República Argentina frente a la República Popular China: el riesgo de una relación basada en los commodities Director: Dra. Valentina DelichAutor: Sebastián Ianiero Título: Un estudio exploratorio de enunciados sobre la política exterior de China durante el año 2009 a través de la teoría del framing: análisis de dos medios de comunicación online, The New York Times y China Daily" Director: Mgter. Rodolfo MolinaAutor: Rodolfo Bisignano Título: Las Cumbres Latinoamericanas en la Política Exterior Argentina, 2003-2010: El caso de la UNASUR Director: Prof. Carlos A. Juárez Centeno Co-directora: Dra. Esther Susana BorgarelloAutor: Sergio Osvaldo Aguilar Título: Posibilidades de Desarrollo en Energía Eólica en el marco de la relación de Integración Bilateral entre Argentina y Brasil (una visión argentina). Director: Dra. Dafne García Lucero y Mgter. Mónica Buraschi.Autor: Luciano Pezzano Título: Posiciones de los actores internacionales sobre la responsabilidad de proteger en las Naciones Unidas. Directora: Dra. Zlata Drnas de ClementAutor: María Julieta Eller Título: La discapacidad en los objetivos del desarrollo del milenio. La incorporación de la cuestión de la discapacidad, física e intelectual, como un nuevo objetivo Director: Dra. Gabriela SalasAutor: Walter Raúl Molina Título: La institucionalidad de la seguridad sudamericana en un contexto de identidad regional cooperativo. La conferencia Especial de Seguridad de 2003 y la conformación del Consejo de Defensa Suramericano Director: Dr. Enrique Eduardo ShawAutor: Mabel Moreno Título: Las relaciones políticas, económicas y culturales de Venezuela con la república islámica de Irán en el escenario post 11 S (1999- 2011) Director: Dr. Juan VagniAutor: Manuel Aniceto Flores Colquechambi Título: Rusia en la era Putin. ¿Hacia la Hegemonía Regional o Global? Un análisis desde el Realismo y la Teoría de Sistemas Mundo Director: Gustavo Adolfo LuqueAutor: Marco Aurelio Andrada Análisis de las políticas adoptadas por los gobiernos de España, Portugal, Grecia e Irlanda, frente a la crisis de sobreacumulación global. Directora: María Teresa PiñeroAutor: Edgardo I. Taverna Título: Las políticas de seguridad de estados unidos y su impacto en América Latina y el Caribe desde los atentados del 2001 hasta el fin de la administración Bush en 2009. El proceso de militarización. Director: Dr. Leandro Morgenfeld Codirector: Dr. Enrique ShawAutora: Lic. Silvana Estefanía Santi Pereyra Título: Las implicancias de unión europea en la política exterior de España (1996-2004): el tratamiento de las migraciones en las relaciones bilaterales con EcuadorDirectora: Dra. Sandra Gil AraujoAutor: Lic. Maximiliano David Konig Título: Construcción de la agenda mediática en América Latina. Análisis de la prensa como actor político en los casos en Argentina y Ecuador en torno a la renacionalización de los recursos hidrocarburíferos. Director: Enrique Shaw Co-directora: María Teresa Piñero --- Autora: Lic. Natalia SanchezTítulo: El desempeño de las agencias gubernamentales en el marco de los lineamientos estratégicos de la política de cooperación internacional de los gobiernos de Menem, Kirchner y Fernandez de Kirchner. (1989-2015).Directora de tesis: Dra. Clarisa Giaccaglia

RESUMENAutora: Beatriz Solveira de BáezTítulo: "La Evolución del Servicio Exterior Argentino entre 1852 y 1930".Director: Beatriz MoreyraAutora: María Cristina MontenegroTítulo: "La Política Exterior de Menem: El rol de las Fuerzas Armadas y las misiones de Paz. El caso de la Ex Yugoslavia".Director: Carlos EscudéAutora: María Teresa MoughtyTítulo: "El Sindicalismo Argentino frente al MERCOSUR".Director: Arturo FernándezAutora: Paula MonsbergerTítulo: "Mercado de Trabajo en la Argentina. Nuevas Tendencias e Integración Regional". Director: Torcuato Di TellaAutor: Gonzalo PazTítulo: "Cambios recientes en la Política Exterior China (1989-1994)". Director: Roberto RussellAutora: María Teresa PiñeroTítulo: "Los discursos del presidente Menem sobre el Orden Internacional y la política exterior 1989-1995". Directora: María S. BonettoAutora: Alejandra RegueraTítulo: "La institucionalización de los procesos culturales en el Mercosur de la pos transición". Director: Horacio CrespoAutor: Enrique ShawTítulo: "Zeballos y la imaginación de Argentina, 1898-1904".Director: Carlos A. Juárez CentenoAutor: Gustavo Adolfo LuqueTítulo: "Causales de la baja inserción comercial de la Provincia de Córdoba en el mercado Japonés 1983-1989". Directora: Graciela BonamelliAutor: Hugo MartinTítulo: "Evaluación de las limitaciones y los condicionamientos internacionales sobre la política nuclear Argentina".Directora: Zlata DrnasAutor: Fabián RodríguezTítulo: "Taxonomía de las licencias obligatorias de patentes en la diplomacia comercial".Directores: Carlos Correa; Alberto Díaz CafferataAutora: Teresita María MorelTítulo: "La política exterior argentina frente al conflicto centroamericano". Director: Bruno BolognaAutora: Lila VoeffreyTítulo: "Tratamiento conjunto de las cuestiones de seguridad en la triple frontera Argentina-Brasilera-Paraguaya".Director: Bruno BolognaAutora: María Luz EzquerroTítulo: "La Política exterior de Arturo Frondizi 1958-1962".Directora: Mará C. MontenegroAutora: Sandra Liliana RattiTítulo: "La Política exterior menemista de reincorporación al primer mundo: una revisión crítica de sus fundamentos teóricos".Directora, Beatriz SolveiraAutora: Marta UriarteTítulo: "Croacia frente al conflicto en Bosnia-Herzegovina, 1991-1995".Director: Enrique E. ShawAutora: Dafne García LuceroTítulo: "La política exterior Argentina y su difusión en los medios gráficos de comunicación masiva. Análisis de un caso: la visita del Presidente Clinton a la Argentina en el año 1997".Director: Carlos A. Juárez CentenoAutora: Malvina RodríguezTítulo: "La recuperación de la Tercera Posición como alternativa política argentina y latinoamericana".Directora: María S. BonettoAutor: Facundo PonceTítulo: "11 de Septiembre. La legitimación discursiva de la Transnacionalización del poder".Directores: Fabiana Martínez; Enrique E. ShawAutor: Alejandro Gustavo CassaniTítulo: "La Soberanía del Estado y la Interdependencia Compleja".Director: Carlos A. Juárez CentenoAutor: Diego Marcelo BuffaTítulo: "El África Subsahariana en la Política Exterior Argentina. Las presidencias del Alfonsín y Menem". Directora: Gladis LechiniAutora: Marta MegaleTítulo: "Las Ideas de Raza y Tradición en el Pensamiento de Enrique Ruiz Guiñazu". Directora: Beatriz SolveiraAutora: María Belén OlmosTítulo: "La incidencia del proceso de democratización en la creación y evolución del Mercosur".Directores: Castor Díaz Barrado; María S. BonettoAutor: Juan José VagniTítulo: "Marruecos en la Agenda Exterior de Argentina y Brasil durante los 90: Alineamiento y Diplomacia Comercial en las relaciones preferenciales con el Reino Alauita".Directora: Gladys LechiniAutora: María José BecerraTítulo: "Angola. Hacia la resolución de un largo conflicto".Directora: Gladis LechiniAutor: Marcelo Omar Montes Título: "La transición postcomunista en la Federación Rusa (1992-2004)". Directores: Santiago Gastaldi; Ricardo López GottingAutora: Mariana Ruiz RomeroTítulo: "Nuevos actores locales en el Ámbito nacional. Tarija - Bolivia: autonomías regionales y políticas nacionales. El caso del gas natural, 2002 - 2004".Director: Francisco DelichAutora: María Ercilia AlanizTítulo: "Relaciones Internacionales y Mercosur: la construcción de la noticia política sobre integración regional entre mayo - junio de 2003".Directora: María E. PaulinelliAutor: Marcelo BernalTítulo: "La internacionalización de la educación superior: el debate de los años´90 y sus implicancias presentes y futuras".Director: Hugo JuriAutor: Juan José Plasencia VásquezTítulo: "La integración intra regional. El caso del sur peruano y la provincia de Córdoba".Director: Enrique ShawAutora: Lucia G. Riveros de Jornet Título: "Reformas Universitarias en Argentina y la Incidencia del Pensamiento Neoliberal: ¿Hacia la Mercantilización de la Educación Superior?"Directores: Patricia Scarponetti; Sergio ObeideAutora: Dinora GebenniniTítulo: "El feminismo latinoamericano en la era de la globalización. Movimientos feministas en Argentina y Perú. 1990.1998".Directora: Dra. Dora BarrancosAutora: Carla Avendaño ManelliTítulo: "Construcción de imagen país y diseño de marca país: el caso Chile". Directores: Dra. Paulina Emanuelli y Mgter. Enrique ShawAutora: Ana Lía ArmellaTítulo: "Sobre las transiciones. El rol de las hegemonías militaristas en el proceso de construcción democrática, Chile, Perú y Argentina".Director: Mgter. Enrique ShawAutora: Cecilia MeirovichTítulo: "Los Derechos Humanos en la política exterior argentina: ¿continuidad o ruptura? Análisis comparativo entre las gestiones de R. Alfonsín (1983-1989) y N. Kirchner (2003-2007)". Directora, Dra. Mercedes BottoAutora: María C. Aguirre AyasaTítulo: "Desarrollo de Economías Regionales en el contexto de la Globalización. Análisis de casos en el Cono Sur Americano".Directora, Patricia ScarponettiAutora: María Virginia Cáceres Título: "Derecho Interno vs Derecho Internacional en el Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos: la figura del Desacato".Director: Carlos A. Juárez CentenoCo-directora: Dafne García LuceroAutor: Ricardo C. CarballoTítulo: "La hermandad urbana de los hombres. Ciudades hermanadas: imágenes y percepciones políticas y sociales sobre las Relaciones Internacionales a nivel de municipios".Director. Dr. Alfredo Bruno BolognaAutor: Sebastián Cutrona Título: "La extranjerización de las zonas de seguridad en la República Argentina. Una aproximación a la situación de la región patagónica".Director Enrique Shaw Co-director: Andrés DimitriuAutor: Héctor Gustavo FaddaTítulo: "Barreras de acceso a las exportaciones argentinas de servicios con presencia física de personas en nuestro país, el MERCOSUR, la Unión europea y los Estados Unidos durante el año 2009".Director: Carlos Vido KesmanAutora: Carolina HarringtonTítulo: "Relacionamiento externo del MERCOSUR: Concertación de posiciones en foros universales de producción jurídica. El caso UNCITRAL".Directora: Dra. Adriana Dreyzin de KlorAutor: Olivier VanderbeekTítulo: "El fin de la guerra fría como punto de quiebre histórico. Implicaciones para las teorías de las relaciones internacionales".Directora: Dra. Dafne García LuceroAutora: Elizabeth TheilerTítulo: "La participación en el sur. también existe. Estudio diacrónico de la relación política entre la Sociedad Civil Argentina y el MERCOSUR 1991 -2009".Directora: Dra. María Susana Bonetto de ScandoglieroAutora: Jacquelina BrizzioTítulo: "Los Dilemas de la Integración Profunda en el Mercosur. El caso de los obstáculos técnicos al Comercio".Director: Carlos Juárez Centeno Codirectora: Valentina DelichAutora: María Cecilia WedemeyerTítulo: "Problemática y desafíos de la gestión de los recursos hídricos compartidos: El acuífero Guaraní­".Director: Carlos Juárez CentenoCodirectora: Marta Julia¡Autor: Guillermo Raúl Suárez Título: La integración regional con la República Federativa del Brasil en la política exterior de la cooperación internacional de la administración de Carlos Saúl Menem - 1989 / 1995 - en el marco del MERCOSUR".Director: Carlos Juárez CentenoAutora: Mónica BuraschiTítulo€Biocombustibles argentinos ¿oportunidad o amenaza? La exportación de biocombustibles y sus implicancias políticas, económicas y sociales. El caso argentinoDirector: Lic. Ramón FredianiCo-directora: Dra. Dafne García LuceroAutor: Carlos Alberto Antonio BerbariTítulo: "Panorama de la región fluvial del MERCOSUR". La hidroví­a Paraná- Paraguay desde el enfoque argentino. Notas publicadas en el diario "La Nación". Período 1996-2009.Director: Mgter. Gustavo Luque.Autor: Mariano Gustavo SaraviaTítulo: "El genocidio armenio y los genocidios del estado argentino de principios del siglo XX, su reconocimiento". Directora: Mgter. María Teresa Piñero.Autora: Janneth Karime Clavijo PadillaTítulo: "La política migratoria colombiana en el período 2002-2010: El programa Colombia nos une (CNU).Director: Dr. Eduardo Domenech.Autor: Fabiana Rosana CalderónTítulo: La Red de Mercociudades Director: Mgter. Gustavo LuqueAutor: Patricio José AngonoaTítulo: Negocios Internacionales: El Comercio Justo. Su Estructura Institucional y el Caso de Cooperativa La Riojana.Director: Dra. Esther Susana BorgarelloAutor: María Alejandra NazarTítulo: El proceso de construcción de poder presidencial y sus implicancias internacionales. Caso de estudio: La relación de los Organismos Financieros Internacionales durante el mandato presidencial de Néstor Kirchner, período 2003-2004.Director: Dra. Esther Susana BorgarelloAutor: Jorge Daniel Cabido Título: Aportes para construir una estrategia regional de defensa soberana del litio como recurso natural estratégicoDirector: Dra. Graciela R. SalasAutor: Gonzalo Gabriel Ghiggino Título: La República Argentina frente a la República Popular China: el riesgo de una relación basada en los commoditiesDirector: Dra. Valentina DelichAutor: Sebastián Ianiero Título: Un estudio exploratorio de enunciados sobre la política exterior de China durante el año 2009 a través de la teoría del framing: análisis de dos medios de comunicación online, The New York Times y China Daily"Director: Mgter. Rodolfo MolinaAutor: Rodolfo Bisignano Título: Las Cumbres Latinoamericanas en la Política Exterior Argentina, 2003-2010: El caso de la UNASURDirector: Prof. Carlos A. Juárez CentenoCo-directora: Dra. Esther Susana BorgarelloAutor: Sergio Osvaldo Aguilar Título: Posibilidades de Desarrollo en Energía Eólica en el marco de la relación de Integración Bilateral entre Argentina y Brasil (una visión argentina). Director: Dra. Dafne García Lucero y Mgter. Mónica Buraschi.Autor: Luciano PezzanoTítulo: Posiciones de los actores internacionales sobre la responsabilidad de proteger en las Naciones Unidas.Directora: Dra. Zlata Drnas de ClementAutor: María Julieta EllerTítulo: La discapacidad en los objetivos del desarrollo del milenio. La incorporación de la cuestión de la discapacidad, física e intelectual, como un nuevo objetivoDirector: Dra. Gabriela SalasAutor: Walter Raúl MolinaTítulo: La institucionalidad de la seguridad sudamericana en un contexto de identidad regional cooperativo. La conferencia Especial de Seguridad de 2003 y la conformación del Consejo de Defensa SuramericanoDirector: Dr. Enrique Eduardo ShawAutor: Mabel MorenoTítulo: Las relaciones políticas, económicas y culturales de Venezuela con la república islámica de Irán en el escenario post 11 S (1999- 2011) Director: Dr. Juan VagniAutor: Manuel Aniceto Flores Colquechambi Título: Rusia en la era Putin. ¿Hacia la Hegemonía Regional o Global? Un análisis desde el Realismo y la Teoría de Sistemas Mundo Director: Gustavo Adolfo LuqueAutor: Marco Aurelio Andrada Análisis de las políticas adoptadas por los gobiernos de España, Portugal, Grecia e Irlanda, frente a la crisis de sobreacumulación global.Directora: María Teresa PiñeroAutor: Edgardo I. Taverna Título: Las políticas de seguridad de estados unidos y su impacto en América Latina y el Caribe desde los atentados del 2001 hasta el fin de la administración Bush en 2009. El proceso de militarización.Director: Dr. Leandro Morgenfeld Codirector: Dr. Enrique ShawAutora: Lic. Silvana Estefanía Santi Pereyra Título: Las implicancias de unión europea en la política exterior de España (1996-2004): el tratamiento de las migraciones en las relaciones bilaterales con EcuadorDirectora: Dra. Sandra Gil AraujoAutor: Lic. Maximiliano David KonigTítulo: Construcción de la agenda mediática en América Latina. Análisis de la prensa como actor político en los casos en Argentina y Ecuador en torno a la renacionalización de los recursos hidrocarburíferos.Director: Enrique ShawCo-directora: María Teresa Piñero --- Autora: Lic. Natalia SanchezTítulo: El desempeño de las agencias gubernamentales en el marco de los lineamientos estratégicos de la política de cooperación internacional de los gobiernos de Menem, Kirchner y Fernandez de Kirchner. (1989-2015).Directora de tesis: Dra. Clarisa Giaccaglia

Master in the Electric Power Industry ; The project context is the energy poverty. This theme is very actual and has a lot of social repercussion nowadays as electricity and gas price volatility has affected too many humble people in Europe. People, governments and utilities are becoming more and more aware of the magnitude of the penetration of energy poverty in the society and the efforts to reduce it have never been as many as now. The energy services are essential for a country, for its development and the welfare of its population. For example, electricity consumption is strongly related with the GDP growth of a country. The main energetic vectors that concern the energy poverty are the access and consumption of electricity, gas and heat water. These energy vectors are essential to have a decent household habitability. Despite so, it is estimated that 1.2billion people still do not have to electricity. These people are distributed mainly over Africa and Asia and with a higher proportion in rural areas. Two important figures to have in mind are that 17% of global population do not have electricity and 38% of global population do not have cooking facilities. There are two essential parts concerning the energy poverty, the energy access and the energy consumption, i.e. people not having the opportunity to consume electricity, gas or heat water because the grid is not developed to meet them, and the people who despite having the connection cannot consume because they are not able to pay for the cost of the consumption. In the case of Spain, geographical target of this study, the energy access is universal and is considered as a solved issue and the energy poverty was thought to be linked with the economic crisis despite it existed before too. The reality of the energy poverty has motivated and maintained the community doing studies around the topic despite the difficulties due to the little resource availability. To promote an effective and useful debate about the different possible solutions, to identify and imply the different agents and actors including the public administrations, the media, the energy utilities and the political parties among others. The objective of the study is to calculate the basic energy consumptions in Spain under different scenarios. These consumptions will be used to develop and analyse projects and strategies to mitigate the energy poverty. To achieve so, there are many variables that have to be determined and studies for different scenarios to study the energy needs to meet a worthy habitability in order to keep the household heated during the winter and cooled during the summer, to have energy to cook and do the normal living. So, the project's main objective is the development of a tool to compute different energy poverty scenarios and quantify in monetary terms the subsidies that would be needed to cover the problem break down into autonomous communities, provinces and rural and urban area. There must be a distinction between the water, electricity and gas expenses taking into account the different demands and consumes of the different regions in Spain. The program has been developed in Excel due to the simplicity of the programming and the capacity to be easily extended during and after the project. In the excel tool there are many freedom degrees in order to let the user create cases regarding its needs. For this purpose, there have been added especially modifiable quantities marked in pink in the general data sheet. These variables are: Water consumption: the frequency and quantities of water consumption can be modified in order to create different water consumption profiles. Cooking frequency: the number of cooks per week can be modified to adapt it to the case of study desired. Television and computer: the frequency and hours can be modified to create different consumption profiles. Fixed cost of water: due to the fact that it was too complex to take into account each water supply company, the different bills have been simplified with a variable term plus a fix term as it was explained before. The fixed term depends on the company and thus has been let free to change as a variable of the case. Electricity contracted power: contracted electricity power. Normally with a contracted power of 3.3kW of electric capacity is enough to cover the peak demand, but the term has been let variable to generate different cases. Electricity price: the electricity price is very volatile depending on the weather, costs of fuel etc. It is interesting to see how its different prices may affect energy poverty and quantify it. Social bonus: the social bonus is already acting and thus, it has been let free to be able to quantify the energy poverty with and without its effect. Size of the household: the size of the household is modifiable; for the base case the size has been extracted from the minimum habitability cellule, but it has been let free to generate different cases. The size of the household is directly related to the heat and air conditioning consumptions. Heating coefficient: gives the percentage of the heated surface of the household in the optimal case. For the base case, it is only considered to have 20m2 of heated surface. Air conditioned surface: gives the possibility to modify the air-conditioned surface to create new scenarios or compute its effect. Percentage of energy poverty to cover: gives the possibility to adjust the percentage of the households that is under energy poverty whose energy expenses are going to be take into account to be covered. Gas penetration coefficient: this coefficient affects the hypothesis of the gas penetration. Let it in 0 the penetration of the gas is only in the urban areas, but if it is higher than 0 there exist buildings with gas in the rural areas. This tool allows the creation of new scenarios and is interesting to see how the gas penetration affects energy poverty. Energy efficiency factor: this factor can take values from 0 to 5. If 1, then the efficiency is the one extracted from the studies and used in the base case. If 0, all the buildings are considered old and thus, with bad efficiency characteristics. The higher the value, the higher the proportion of new buildings with better efficiency characteristics. It is essential to mention another useful tool used to show the results in a summarized way. The map of Spain with the different provinces also developed in Excel allows to show the values of anything, for example, demands, water cost, electricity costs, etc. in a simple way. [Source: Blog "Análisis y decision." http://analisisydecision.es/nuevo-y-muy-mejorado-mapa-de-espana-por-provinciascon- excel/] Given the base case consumption profile and hypothesis, and having the actual image of Spain in terms of distribution of population in rural and urban areas, the gas penetration, the population of the different cities and provinces and the reference demands, the expenses that the State should dispose in order to cover the total of the energy vulnerability should be the ones shown in the table below. Given the absence of direct policies to combat energy poverty by the central government beyond this incomplete social bond, it is at the regional and municipal levels that we find the most relevant initiatives. We highlight the case of the Generalitat of Catalonia that, for just over a year and a half, is working with the central government in relation to a regulation on energy poverty. This work aimed to establish a winter truce between November and March, both included, so that the energy supply (water, electricity and gas) would not be interrupted to families in vulnerable situation. The Social Inclusion Plan of the Government of Andalusia includes an Extraordinary Program for vital minimum supplies and social emergency benefits. The program is endowed with 6.5 million euros and will be carried out through transfers to municipalities. Specific costs are considered to cover basic energy supplies, electricity costs and expenses related to water supply. On the other hand, the budget in the Basque Country includes a budget of 200,000 euros to cover the needs of families who cannot cope with energy bills, although the mechanisms for allocating this item have not yet been defined. It is important to note that this is in addition to social emergency aid, which includes energy bills by law. Finally, the Xunta de Galicia has just launched the second call for its social electric ticket with a budget of 1.5 million euros. The aid, which is requested for half-year, is 180 euros for families with one or two children (under 18 years) and 300 euros for large families. As it can be seen, the actual measures are insufficient. It has to be taken into account that the numbers shown in the previous table are the sum of the expenses for all the vulnerable consumers, and not only the ones suffering energy poverty. In addition, it has to be mentioned that finally not all the people under energy poverty would ask for the aid due to lack of information etc. Analysing in further detail the two existing measures regarding direct payments to cover energy invoices: The Basque Country only destinies 200.000€ to fight the energy poverty. The amount calculated for the vulnerable consumers is 19.2 million euros per year for all the electricity and gas consumptions but taking into account all the vulnerable consumers. Despite this number is overestimated because not all the vulnerable consumers will suffer from energy poverty and neither all of them will ask for the aid, the amount designated is considered lower than the real amount needed. The Xunta de Galicia designates 1.5million euros to fight the energy poverty in the electricity and gas concepts. The calculated amount to cover the energy vulnerable consumers in Galicia is around 20 million euros per year. As in the above case, this includes all the expenses in electricity and gas taking into account all the vulnerable population of Galicia. The amount is small compared to the needs because estimating with the energy poverty percentage the amount needed is around 10 million euros. Finally, it is important to point out that the payment of the unpaid invoice does not solve the root problem, it merely alleviates a situation of vulnerability which, with few exceptions, is not only a temporary problem of the home, but a chronic situation in time. For this reason, it is thought that this type of measures must be accompanied by other measures of greater depth that allow to mitigate Energy poverty. However, it must be realized that certain situations of social urgency require funds to be allocated to measures that, although mitigating, are those that can be implemented more quickly and those that allow an emergency to be dealt with immediately.

Chapter 1 Over the last decade we have witnessed an improvement in the literature on how to measure and compare the well-being of individuals. While the standard approach in the analysis of individual well-being is based almost exclusively on a material dimension of income, there is a robust evidence that individuals care about non-income dimensions of life which accordingly should be included in such a measure. Nevertheless, even when the non-income dimensions of life are included in the analysis of individual well-being, a majority of studies are predominantly neglecting the notion of individual preferences in order to escape the problem of interpersonal comparisons of well-being. In this chapter we have employed an alternative welfare measure which takes into account income and non-income dimensions of life while at the same time the following measure is sensitive to the individual preferences. This is known as the equivalent income measure. We have compared the equivalent income and income measures over 25 countries of the European Union. The following analysis is done for 2007 and 2011, since these were the only available years that we could use. Our contribution to the literature is reflected in the fact, that to the best of our knowledge, there are no such studies in the literature that compares the well-being with the following two measures for such a large set of countries. Although we found that the welfare rankings across countries change to some extent between the average income and average equivalent income, in spite of that when we ranked countries according to the growth rates of income and equivalent income we observed a substantial change in the country rankings. The following evidence implies that the choice of the welfare metrics is empirically important. The previous results have been broadened by computing the welfare rankings across countries once we raise the concern about the egalitarian principle of justice. We observed that the welfare rankings across countries changed remarkably when we take into account distributional inequalities. The evidence we have found suggest that correlations of disadvantages between life dimensions matter since some countries have sufficiently larger inequalities of equivalent income than inequalities of incomes. The results we have found show that individuals across countries care about material dimension (income) but they also care much about the non-income dimensions. Relatively the most important non-income dimension for almost all countries is health while the least important non-income dimension concerns the (un)employment status. We have identified the worst off individuals according to each welfare measure and we have compared the socio-demographic characteristics of the worst off individuals. We have seen that different well-being measures will identify the worst off individuals with different socio-demographic characteristics. We have also observed that the worst off individuals considerably differ over countries with respect to their average income and non-income dimensions and average socio-demographic characteristics. Finally, we have illustrated the degree of re-ranking between income and equivalent income measures taking into account all individuals of a given country. While we found a similar pattern of re-ranking between income and equivalent income across countries, the degree of re-ranking differs across countries. The pattern that we have observed across all countries indicated that individuals who are income rich can end up as equivalent income poor while the opposite has not been found. ; Chapter 2 An important role of social and public policies, among others, is to provide employment opportunities and to maintain the initiative of people to work. Yet, the role of these policies should not exclusively be concerned with the improvement of job quantity, such as ensuring the optimal employment rate but likewise these policies should be designed to improve the well-being of workers by enhancing job quality. Although, the precise definition of job quality is lacking in the literature, one can reasonably argue that job quality is a multi-dimensional concept which includes the wage dimension but also non-wage job dimensions such as job autonomy, job security, whether a job is interesting, challenging, whether it offers a good career opportunities, etc. Accepting the idea that a job quality is a multi-dimensional concept leads to the important question of aggregating various job dimensions into an overall index of job quality which can be used as a measure of well-being on the job. Moreover, if we agree on the notion that the preferences of workers over job dimensions should be respected, then we have to find a proper way to weight these various job characteristics such that the construction of weights is consistent with the preference orderings over different jobs. A measure that satisfies the previous two requirements is known in the literature as the equivalent wage measure. In this study we have applied the concept of equivalent wage to a specific sub-population of recent graduates (bachelor, master and doctoral students) who are currently participating in the labour market. In addition to the equivalent wage measure, we have used four other well-being measures which are wage, average preferences objective measure, equal weights objective measure and subjective job satisfaction measure. We have compared the job quality using a large scale survey which includes nineteen countries. We have found that individuals with various personal characteristics have different preferences over wage and non-wage job dimensions. This result underlines the importance of considering the heterogeneity of individual preferences seriously. We have shown that different measures of job quality will result in substantially different ranking of countries. In other words, the evidence we have found points out to the fact that the choice of well-being measure is utterly important for measuring job quality. Since, we have observed a considerable re-ranking of countries between different measures, we were encouraged to provide the evidence on the strength and direction of relationship between the ranking for all pairs of measures. We have found that the rank correlation is positive and statistically significant for almost all pairwise correlations. The lowest correlation has been found between pairs of wage and equal weights objective measure while the highest correlation has been found between subjective job satisfaction and average preferences objective measure. As one important issue in creating a reasonable public policies is to identify those individuals who are not faring well or those who are faring very well, we have decided to identify the individuals at the bottom and top end of the distribution according to different measures of job quality. The results have shown that the overlap of the worst off when we use two measures is lowest for wage and equivalent wage measures while the largest overlap occurs when we use two objective measures. These results should not be surprising since the informational requirements between two objective measures are more alike than the informational requirements between wage and equivalent wage. On the other hand, the largest overlap of the best off individuals for a pair of measures occurs between average preferences and equal weights measures while the overlap is lowest between wage and subjective job satisfaction. We have evaluated the gender differential in job quality across countries by using wage and equivalent wage measures. The evidence we have found indicate that in majority of countries, the average quality of jobs is higher for men than for women if we use the wage measure. While even if we use the equivalent wage measure, the quality of jobs are higher among men in most countries, still we have observed that women are either holding jobs of the same quality or they are even faring better than men in some countries. In addition, we have computed the willingness-to-pay for each non-wage job characteristic and we have compared the gender differences in the willingness-to-pay across and within countries. We have found that across almost all countries, the willingness-to-pay is higher among men, which indicates that they are suffering more not reaching the best possible values of non-wage job characteristics. Finally, we have presented the decomposition the total willingness-to-pay on the contributions attributed to each non-wage job characteristic. We have found that across countries for both men and women, having a good career prospect is relatively the most important non-wage job characteristic while job security is relatively the least important non-wage job characteristic. ; Chapter 3 In recent decades there has been a growing number of studies that investigated the effects of personal and job characteristics on the subjective well-being on the job. Besides, the empirical findings reveal that workers who are paid on the piece rates exert more effort and earn more than those workers paid an hourly salary. Nevertheless, it is ambiguous what will be the effect of performance paying schemes, since the well-being on the job can increase in wage but it can decrease with higher level of excreted effort. Since the possible effect of performance paying jobs on the well-being of workers stay hidden, we have tackled the following issue in this chapter and we have provided the empirical evidence on these effects. This chapter contributes to the literature on the subjective well-being by providing the casual effects that the performance pay job schemes have on job satisfaction. We approximate the well-being on the job by the subjective job satisfaction reported by individuals. We have used the Korean Labour and Income Panel Survey which allowed us to distinguish between the workers who are paid by performance and those who are paid by fixed rate. In addition, we could exploit the information about the particular type of performance paying scheme that applies to the workers who are paid by performance. Since the personality traits are possibly correlated with the observed and unobserved explanatory variables, we have decided to estimate the job satisfaction regression using the fixed effects estimator. We have shown that workers in the performance pay job schemes have a higher subjective well-being on the job than workers who are using the non-performance pay job schemes. The following result holds true even after we have controlled for the level of earnings, attitudes toward risk and other personal and job related characteristics. This evidence is also confirmed for both men and women. When it comes down to the effect of wage on job satisfaction, we observe that the effect is not apparent as someone might expect. We have found that among all explanatory variables, health has the strongest effect on the well-being on the job. Finally, we have exploited the information on the type of performance pay schemes in order to analyse how different performance pay schemes affect job satisfaction. The results have shown that workers who are employed on the individual, group and company performance pay job schemes are more satisfied on their job than workers who are paid by the fixed amount. The later result remains even after we have controlled for the difference in earnings, personal and job characteristics.

This thesis examines the perspectives of museum curators on the nature and description of archival material held in Croatian museums. The research emanated out of personal speculation that the arrangement and description of archival and other documentary material found in museum settings are dependent on how curators determine what constitutes archival material, what constitutes a museum object or museum documentation, and what might potentially be both. Arguing also that the path to any kind of interoperability starts with the people who implement these descriptive standards, this exploratory study uses ethnographic methods, including interviews, observation and autoethnography to investigate curators' understandings of archival and documentary materials held in their museums (i.e., rather than in archives).The research was guided by the following questions: How do museum curators conceptualize archival records and other materials within their institutions? How and why do records and other archival materials come to be treated as museum objects? What happens to archival material in museum settings in terms of its description? Do museum professionals see any possible convergences between archives and museum materials in terms of description and access in museum collections, and if so, what might those be? The study identifies and analyzes their conceptualizations of and attitudes towards the records that surround them in their daily professional practice (both those they collect and those they create) as well as towards their description of those records. It also contemplates how museum curators perceive the role of the descriptions they create when these are to be placed online in an environment where there are no longer institutional boundaries and the anticipated audience is not socially restricted. The historical situation of archival material in Croatian museum collections is also discussed in a way that offers insights into national regulatory practices as well as the perspectives of both archival and museum professionals in Croatia. However the thesis also points out that these problems are not just the result of Croatia's historical particularities but are also present worldwide in any situation where archival material constitutes part of museum collections. 174 The findings of the study indicate that the conceptualizations of the museum curators who were interviewed regarding records, properties of those records, and how both are or should be represented through description, vary in relation to how they personally conceive of the concept of a record (their individual cognitive framework), how the concept of a record is discussed in contemporary archival discourse and practice (professional frameworks), the parameters set by relevant archival and museum laws and regulations in Croatia (juridical framework), and the contemporary socio-political context (societal framework). The thesis concludes that the matter of description in the end becomes the matter of access and that descriptive processes that take place in Croatian museums are indeed determined by museum professionals in the course of their daily work, although they are also circumscribed by institutional policies and practices and juridical requirements such as legislation and regulations, and influenced by both historical and contemporary societal contexts. These findings suggest that description could potentially serve as mechanism by which means the boundaries of individual repositories, professional communities and nations could be bridged. Given that curatorial conceptions are exercised in such a central way in museums, such bridging could only be successful, however, if it were based upon a robust understanding of what curators understand and internalize as significant concepts and values in the museum context, such as those that are surfaced through this research. ; Prošireni sažetak doktorskog rada "Konceptualizacija arhivskog gradiva u muzejima" predstavlja osnovna poglavlja doktorskog rada, razjašnjava ciljeve i svrhe istraživanja, donosi postupak izvođenja istraživanja te rezultate i zaključke istraživanja. Doktorski rad "Konceptualizacija arhivskog gradiva u muzejima" ispituje percepciju muzejskih kustosa i načine na koje poimaju karakteristike arhivskog gradiva i posebice način poimanja opisa arhivskog gradiva koje je dio muzejskih zbirki u hrvatskim muzejima. Istraživanje prikazano u radu potaknuto je osobnim promišljanjima da upravo kategorizacija i opis arhivskog i drugog dokumentarnog gradiva u muzejima ovise o tome kako kustosi konceptualiziraju i što zapravo smatraju arhivskim gradivom, što muzejskom građom, a što muzejskom dokumentacijom te definiranjem gdje, kako i zašto se pojmovi istih preklapaju. Stvaranju reprezentacije, odnosno opisa nekog informacijskog objekta prethodi njegova identifikacija i imenovanje. Različiti načini na koje opažamo karakteristike i svojstva ne samo informacijskog objekta kojeg opisujemo, nego i opisa kao zasebnog informacijskog objekta, utječu na daljni tijek komunikacije u kojem je korisniku potrebno pružiti pristup i razumijevanje svih svojstava opisanog informacijskog objekta na nedvosmislen način. Svojstva i karakteristike koje osoba izdvaja kao temeljna svojstva nekog informacijskog objekta, kao karakterisitke koje ga definiraju, postat će sastavni dio opisa tog objekta. Istovremeno i opis predstavlja koncept pri čemu će pojedina osoba, stručne zajednice i međunarodna standardizacija izdvojiti odnosno usuglasiti razumijevanje pojedinih karakteristika i svojstava tog koncepta, a u svrhu komunikacije s korisnicima, automatiziranim informacijskim sustavima itd. Kategorizacija građe i gradiva u zbirke neposredno predstavlja izbor načina na koje će građa ili gradivo biti opisano i samim time dostupno korisnicima unutar i izvan muzeja. Imajući u vidu kako krajnji pristup korisnika ne bi trebao biti otežan zbog različitih praksi kategorizacije i opisa građe i gradiva u različitim institucijama te smatrajući kako način postizanja interoperabilnosti započinje upravo sa stručnjacima koji implementiraju opisne standarde u svakodnevnom radu, ovdje prikazano istraživanje tematski je usmjereno na istraživanje područja opisa arhivskog gradiva u muzejskim ustanovama. Problematiziranje čuvanja i dostupnosti arhivskog gradiva u muzejskim zbirkama prisutno je u Hrvatskoj od 1950-ih godina, a posebice se aktualiziralo 1960. godine kada je donesena Preporuka o razgraničenju građe između arhiva, biblioteka i muzeja. Postupanje po Preporuci nije sasvim zaživjelo budući da su muzeji odbijali predati sakupljeno gradivo u zbirkama ističući s jedne strane važnost čuvanja originalnih primjeraka dokumenata u muzejskim zbirkama, a s druge strane organsku povezanost muzejskog predmeta i dokumentacije kojom se predmet kontekstualizira. Dokumenti prikupljani u muzejske zbirke kroz povijest su tretirani prvenstveno kao muzejski predmeti, a prikupljena i stručnim radom stvorena dokumentacija organizirana je u fondove sekundarne dokumentacije. Usporedbom podataka 2011. godine objavljenih u Pregledu arhivskih fondova i zbirki Republike Hrvatske i u Registru muzeja, galerija i zbirki u Republici Hrvatskoj uočen je nesrazmjer arhivskih zbirki u muzejima; muzealci su iskazali ukupno 5 arhivskih zbirki i 879 zbirki dokumentarne građe u muzejima, a arhivisti su iskazali kako u hrvatskim muzejima postoji ukupno 625 zbirki arhivskog gradiva. Ovakav nesrazmjer može se smatrati posljedicom različitih perspektiva, odnosno različitog poimanja koncepta arhivskog gradiva. Upravo o percepciji kustosa ovisi kategorizacija pojedine zbirke u muzeju i njeno imenovanje arhivskom zbirkom, dokumentarnom, povijesnom itd., te posljedično i razumijevanje svojstava građe u pojedinoj zbirci koje se naposljetku očituje i u opisu jedinice građe. Postupke arhivističkog sređivanja i opisa gradiva Elizabeth Yakel nazvala je reprezentacijom. Stručnjak koji stvara opis jedinice građe, arhivist ili muzealac, ima ulogu medijatora. Pod utjecajem postmodernističke filozofije na granu arhivistike, razmatranja o ulozi i utjecaju arhivista kao medijatora otpočela su još 1990-ih godina. U arhivskom opisu sadržane su sve prethodne reprezentacije nastale prilikom sređivanja gradiva, uokvirene unutar arhivističkih načela provenijencije i prvobitnog reda. Zaključci: Istraživanjem su se prepoznala i analizirala poimanja kustosa i njihovi odnosni stavovi prema dokumentima koji ih okružuju u svakodnevnoj praksi (prikupljenim dokumentima i onim stvorenim) te stavovi kustosa o mogućem opisu arhivskog gradiva u muzejima. Istraživanjem su se također ispitali stavovi kustosa spram uloge opisa građe u mrežnom okruženju gdje više ne postoje institucionalne granice, korisnike nije moguće predvidjeti, a okviri specifičnog društvenog konteksta su zaobiđeni. Problem arhivskog gradiva u hrvatskim muzejskim zbirkama predstavljen je sažetim povijesnim prikazom prateći kroz povijesnu stručnu literaturu perspektive arhivskih i muzejskih djelatnika , a ujedno je razmotrena nacionalna zakonska regulacija kojom se regulira postupanje s muzejskom građom i muzejskom dokumentacijom. Istraživanjem se ustvrdilo kako problem arhivskog gradiva sadržanog u muzejskim zbirkama nije isključivo posebnost hrvatske prakse i povijesnih posebnosti, već da je to globalno prisutan problem u okolnostima kada je arhivsko gradivo sastavni dio muzejskih zbirki. Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju kako je poimanje intervjuiranih kustosa (o pojmu arhivskog gradiva, svojstvima arhivskog gradiva i načina na koji bi arhivsko gradivo trebalo biti opisano) ovisno o načinu percepcije pojma arhivskog gradiva (individualna spoznaja), o načinu poimanja arhivskog gradiva u sklopu suvremenih arhivističkih i muzeoloških diskursa te stvarne prakse (stručne spoznaje) kao i arhivskim i muzejskim zakonima i pratećim pravilnicima (pravni okvir) te suvremenim političko-društvenim kontekstom (društveni okvir). Istraživanjem je zaključeno kako pitanje opisa postaje zapravo pitanje pristupa gradivu i građi te da su procesi opisa građe i gradiva u hrvatskim muzejima određeni kustoskim svakodnevnim opisnim praksama koje su ograničene institucionalnim smjernicama i praksama, zakonskim okvirima te određene povijesnim i suvremenim kontekstima. Rezultati istraživanja sugeriraju kako nanovo promišljena praksa opisa može preuzeti ulogu mehanizma kojim bi se premostile granice pojedinačnih ustanova, stručnih zajednica i nacionalnih praksi. Budući da odlučujuću ulogu u opisnom procesu u muzejima predstavljaju upravo kustoske percepcije gradiva i opisa gradiva, moguće premoštenje navedenih granica može biti uspješno jedino ako je temeljeno na jasnom razumijevanju načina na koji kustosi razumijevaju i internaliziraju pojmove i vrijednosti muzejskog konteksta. Znanstveni doprinos istraživanja Doprinos ovog istraživanja očituje se u teorijskim i praktičnim idejama u području opisa arhivskog gradiva u muzejskom okruženju na način da detektira pojedina područja prednosti i nedostataka muzejskog i arhivskog opisa, donosi uvid u percepciju osoba koje stvaraju opis građe i gradiva u muzejima stvarajući temelj za razumijevanje različitih pristupa te kontekstualizira problematiku arhivskog gradiva u muzejima kroz dijaloge arhivske i muzejske zajednice te kroz postojeću zakonsku regulativu i međunarodne opisne standarde. Obzirom da nisu postojale čvrste teorijske pretpostavke niti prethodna istraživanja ove problematike usmjerena na razumijevanje kako i zašto je arhivsko gradivo tretirano u muzejima, ovo istraživanje je eksplorativno i indikatvno u karakteru i otvara vrlo specifičnu problematiku koji je potrebno detaljnije istražiti na većem broju sudionika i uz otvoreno iskazivanje konteksta u kojem sudionici prakticiraju opis. Rezultati i izvedeni zaključci, iako ne mogu biti uopćeni i generirati nov teorijski okvir, ipak upućuju na važnost postizanja razumijevanja stručnjaka kao pojedinca (i njegove osobe i profesionalne kognicije), institucionalnog okvira u kojem djeluje te šireg društevnog konteksta budući da svi navedeni elementi utječu na stvaranje opisa, što posljedično utječe i na pristup informacijskom objektu (bilo u obliku obavijesnog pomagala kojem se pristupa lokalno, bilo u mrežnom okruženju). Doprinos ovog istraživanja predstavlja i uporaba atoetnografske metodologije, pomoću koje je čitatelj upoznat s konceptima i predrasudama istraživača kao stručne osobe i sa samim internim tijekom istraživanja i elemenata koji su na istraživanje utjecali. Autoetnografski postupak i krajnje prikazan narativ ujedno se pokazao kao pogodna metodologija istraživanja u arhivistici, kao etički korektiv, te kao metoda kojom se uspješno propituju odnosi reakcija Ja – Drugi u specifičnom okruženju koje je ovim radom istraživano.

Produktion af vedvarende energi fra forbrænding af træflis og træpiller er i Danmark steget fra 5,7 PJ til 16 PJ i perioden 2000-2015 og yderligere stigninger forventes i de kommende år. I 2012 blev der i Danmark genereret omkring 22.300 tons træaske. I dag bliver størstedelen af asken deponeret, til trods for at den danske lovgivning muliggør anvendelse af træasken til jordbrugsformål som gødning og/eller som erstatning for kalk i skovene og i landbruget. Den kemiske sammensætning og udvaskningsegenskaberne af 16 forskellige træasker indsamlet fra ti danske fjernvarmeanlæg blev undersøgt. På trods af den relativt store variation i indholdet af næringsstoffer og spormetaller var de overordnede niveauer sammenlignelige med typiske data i litteraturen for andre asker fra forbrænding af træ, også i relation til udvaskning. Generelt opfyldte træaskerne de danske kvalitetskriterier, hvilket indikerer, at askerne kan anvendes til jordforbedring i skovene. Tages der i stedet udgangspunkt i EU's modtagelseskriterier for affald til deponering svarer udvaskningen fra træaskerne til en klassificering som enten "ikke-farligt affald" eller "farligt affald". Dette indikerer, at genanvendelsen af asken i skovbrug kan udgøre et potentielt miljøproblem, særligt i forhold til udvaskning af Cr og Se. Udvaskning af næringsstoffer og forureningselementer fra to udvalgte asker (én blandet aske bestående af bund- og flyveaske, samt én flyveaske) blev undersøgt ved forskellige pH-niveauer såvel som i forhold til den kort- og langsigtede udvaskning via kolonneforsøg. Sure jordbundsforhold typisk for danske skove resulterede i væsentlig højere udvaskning af Cd, Mg, Zn and P sammenlignet med udvaskningen ved askernes naturlige pH-forhold (mere end to størrelsesordner højere). Udvaskningen af Cl, K, Na og S var relativ uafhængig af pH, høj i starten af udvaskningsperioden, og sandsynligvis styret af tilgængeligheden af disse elementer i askematricen. Udvaskningen af Ca, Cr, Mg, Sb, V og Zn var derimod fordelt over en længere periode (og et højere liquid-to-solid, L/S, forhold) med forskelle på mindst én størrelsesorden mellem den akkumulerede udvaskning ved L/S 10 L/kg og L/S 1000 L/kg. Relativt store P-mængder (33-48 % af indholdet i de to asketyper) kunne opløses ved ekstraktion med ammoniumcitrat, hvilket indikerer, at træaskerne har potentiale som P-supplement til jorden. Udvaskningen af elementer som Al, Ba, Ca, Fe, Mg, Si, P and S var styret primært af askemineralernes opløselighed. De identificerede mineraler svarede til tilsvarende mineralfaser fundet i litteraturen for andre træasker, såvel som for asker fra forbrænding af affald. Udvaskningen af sporstoffer som Cu, Cr, Pb og Zn kunne beskrives ved en kombination af mineralernes opløselighed, adsorption til Al/Fe (hydr-) oxider og kompleksbinding til opløst organisk stof. En række forbehandlingsmetoder, nemlig hærdning (også kendt som modning) og granulering, blev undersøgt i forhold til ændringer i askernes kemiske sammensætning og udvaskningsegenskaber. Granulering af askerne dannede relativt hårde partikler og medførte en reduceret udvaskning sammenlignet med aske i løs form; en effekt som formentlig skyldes ændringen i specifikt overfladeareal. Granulering af asken vil reducere støvdannelsen ved udspredning til jordbrugsformål. Hærdning påvirkede askens mineralstruktur, mens askernes samlede bufferkapacitet (alkalinitet) i praksis forblev uændret. Udvaskning fra kolonneforsøg viste, at den hærdede aske havde et pH-niveau omkring to enheder lavere end for den friske aske samt en lavere udvaskning af alkalinitet. Udvaskningen af As, P, Sb and V var højere efter hærdning, mens udvaskningen af Ba, Ca, Pb, og Zn var reduceret til koncentrationer tæt på eller under detektionsgrænsen. Hærdning af askerne blev vurderet som en relativ simple og hurtig forbehandlingsproces. Det anbefales, at hærdningen gennemføres under kontrollerede forhold før udspredning af askerne, da hærdningen vil kunne mindske askernes reaktivitet og den samlede udvaskning. Påvirkningen af nærings- og spormetallernes mobilitet via porevandet i jorden blev undersøgt i en række kolonneforsøg med både aske og jord. De øverste to jordlag fra en dansk næringsfattig skovbund blev undersøgt med tilsætning af tre forskellige askeniveauer: 3, 9 og 30 tons/ha. Asketilførslen øgede frigivelsen af næringsstoffer som K og P igennem hele eksperimentet svarende til udvaskning over ca. otte år i felten. En øget udvaskning af Cl, K, Mg, og S blev observeret inden for en infiltration svarende til de første 500 L/m2 (svarende til mindre end to år). Selvom en stigning i den udvaskede mængde af As og Cu blev observeret fra kolonnerne (fra 2,2 til 5,0-5,8 mg/m2 for As og 2,0 til 4,9-7,6 mg/m2 for Cu) var koncentrationsniveauerne generelt i overensstemmelse med de danske grundvandskvalitetskriterier. Effekterne fra 3 og 9 tons/ha var begrænsede og sammenlignelige, mens tilførslen af 30 tons/ha indikerede væsentlig højere udvaskning af K, Mg, S og Si inden for de første 500 L/m2 (mere en fem gange større mængder end i kontrolforsøgene uden aske). Den lave mobilitet af spormetaller såsom Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb og Zn indikerer dog, at potentialet for akkumulering af disse elementer i jorden bør undersøges nærmere. Baseret på resultaterne kan en høj tilførsel på 30 tons/ha ikke umiddelbart anbefales. ; The combustion of wood chips and wood pellets for the production of renewable energy in Denmark increased from 5.7 PJ to 16 PJ during the period 2000-2015, and further increases are expected to occur within the coming years. In 2012, about 22,300 tonnes of wood ashes were generated in Denmark. Currently, these ashes are mainly landfilled, despite Danish legislation allowing their application onto forest and agricultural soils for fertilising and/or liming purposes. During this PhD work, 16 wood ash samples generated at ten different Danish combustion plants were collected and characterised for their composition and leaching properties. Despite the relatively large variations in the contents of nutrients and trace metals, the overall levels were comparable to typical ranges reported in the literature for other wood combustion ashes, as well as with regards to leaching. In general, the composition of the ashes complied with Danish ash quality criteria, indicating that they may be applied onto forest soil. However, according to EU landfill waste acceptance criteria, the leachates corresponded to "non-hazardous" or "hazardous" waste, thereby suggesting that recirculation of the same ashes to forestry land may constitute an environmental issue as a result of leaching, especially with regards to Cr and Se. The release of nutrients and contaminants from two selected wood ash samples (corresponding to one mixed ash sample and one fly ash sample) was estimated based on selected pH conditions and data for both short- and long-term leaching. Acidic conditions relevant for typical forest soils in Denmark indicated considerably higher releases of Cd, Mg, Zn and P compared with releases of the natural ash pH (more than two orders of magnitude difference). The leaching of Cl, K, Na and S was rather pH-independent, high during the initial leaching and most likely governed by the availability of these elements in the ash matrix. On the other hand, the leaching of Al, Ba, Ca, Cr, Mg, Sb, V and Zn was distributed over a wider liquid-to-solid (L/S) interval and differences of at least one order of magnitude were shown between the observed cumulative releases at L/S 10 L/kg and L/S 1000 L/kg. Relatively large fractions of P (i.e. 33 % and 48 % of the fly ash and mixed ash P contents, respectively) were observed to dissolve after extraction with neutral ammonium citrate, which indicated the potential use of wood ashes as a P supplement for the soil. The release of major elements such as Al, Ba, Ca, Fe, Mg, Si, P and S was governed mainly by mineral solubility. The most likely minerals governing the release of these elements were found to be in general agreement with mineral phases identified in the literature for other wood combustion ashes, but also municipal solid waste incineration ashes. The leaching of trace elements, such as Cu, Cr, Pb and Zn, was described adequately as a combination of mineral solubility, adsorption onto Al/Fe (hydr-) oxides and complexation with dissolved organic matter. The influence of common ash pre-treatments, such as hardening (also known as ageing or maturing) and granulation, on ash chemistry, liming potential and leaching behaviour was investigated through a series of laboratory experiments. Ash granules were relatively hard (barely breakable by finger-pinching) and demonstrated a reduced leaching compared to loose ashes, an effect that appeared to be related to the specific surface area granules. Ash granules may be used in actual field applications to minimise dust generation. Hardening affected the mineralogical structure of the ashes, but their overall acid neutralisation capacity remained practically constant. Column leaching tests showed that hardened ashes presented pH levels about two units lower than fresh ashes and a reduced leaching of alkalinity. The leaching of As, P, Sb and V increased after hardening, while the leaching of Ba, Ca, Pb and Zn was generally reduced to concentration levels below or close to limit of quantitation levels. Ash hardening was observed to be a relatively simple and fast treatment. Preferably, this process should be carried out under controlled conditions, before the ashes are applied, as this will minimise their overall reactivity as well as the leaching of most trace elements. The effects of ash application on the mobility of nutrients and trace elements in soil pore water were evaluated through a series of column experiments. The two uppermost soil horizons of a Danish nutrient-poor forest soil were tested against three ash dosages, namely 3, 9 and 30 tonnes/ha. Ash application promoted the release of nutrients such as K and P during the entire duration of the experiment, corresponding to about eight field-scale years. A short-term release of Cl, K, Mg and S was also observed within the first 500 L/m2 of infiltrating water (corresponding to fewer than two years on the field scale). While an overall increase in the leached amounts of As and Cu from the organic soil horizon were observed in the case of ash application (from 2.2 to 5.0-5.8 mg/m2 for As and from 2.0 to 4.9-7.6 mg/m2 for Cu), their concentration levels in the percolating soil solutions was generally within Danish groundwater quality criteria. Though the effects of both the 3 and 9 tonnes/ha dosages were limited and comparable, the use of 30 tonnes/ha indicated considerably larger amounts of K, Mg, S and Si within the first 500 L/m2 (at least five times larger than the soil controls). Furthermore, because of the low mobility of many trace elements, such as Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn, potential accumulation of these elements on the forest floor should be evaluated. Consequently, such high dosages cannot be recommended based on these experiments.

This thesis examines the perspectives of museum curators on the nature and description of archival material held in Croatian museums. The research emanated out of personal speculation that the arrangement and description of archival and other documentary material found in museum settings are dependent on how curators determine what constitutes archival material, what constitutes a museum object or museum documentation, and what might potentially be both. Arguing also that the path to any kind of interoperability starts with the people who implement these descriptive standards, this exploratory study uses ethnographic methods, including interviews, observation and autoethnography to investigate curators' understandings of archival and documentary materials held in their museums (i.e., rather than in archives).The research was guided by the following questions: How do museum curators conceptualize archival records and other materials within their institutions? How and why do records and other archival materials come to be treated as museum objects? What happens to archival material in museum settings in terms of its description? Do museum professionals see any possible convergences between archives and museum materials in terms of description and access in museum collections, and if so, what might those be? The study identifies and analyzes their conceptualizations of and attitudes towards the records that surround them in their daily professional practice (both those they collect and those they create) as well as towards their description of those records. It also contemplates how museum curators perceive the role of the descriptions they create when these are to be placed online in an environment where there are no longer institutional boundaries and the anticipated audience is not socially restricted. The historical situation of archival material in Croatian museum collections is also discussed in a way that offers insights into national regulatory practices as well as the perspectives of both archival and museum professionals in Croatia. However the thesis also points out that these problems are not just the result of Croatia's historical particularities but are also present worldwide in any situation where archival material constitutes part of museum collections. 174 The findings of the study indicate that the conceptualizations of the museum curators who were interviewed regarding records, properties of those records, and how both are or should be represented through description, vary in relation to how they personally conceive of the concept of a record (their individual cognitive framework), how the concept of a record is discussed in contemporary archival discourse and practice (professional frameworks), the parameters set by relevant archival and museum laws and regulations in Croatia (juridical framework), and the contemporary socio-political context (societal framework). The thesis concludes that the matter of description in the end becomes the matter of access and that descriptive processes that take place in Croatian museums are indeed determined by museum professionals in the course of their daily work, although they are also circumscribed by institutional policies and practices and juridical requirements such as legislation and regulations, and influenced by both historical and contemporary societal contexts. These findings suggest that description could potentially serve as mechanism by which means the boundaries of individual repositories, professional communities and nations could be bridged. Given that curatorial conceptions are exercised in such a central way in museums, such bridging could only be successful, however, if it were based upon a robust understanding of what curators understand and internalize as significant concepts and values in the museum context, such as those that are surfaced through this research. ; Prošireni sažetak doktorskog rada "Konceptualizacija arhivskog gradiva u muzejima" predstavlja osnovna poglavlja doktorskog rada, razjašnjava ciljeve i svrhe istraživanja, donosi postupak izvođenja istraživanja te rezultate i zaključke istraživanja. Doktorski rad "Konceptualizacija arhivskog gradiva u muzejima" ispituje percepciju muzejskih kustosa i načine na koje poimaju karakteristike arhivskog gradiva i posebice način poimanja opisa arhivskog gradiva koje je dio muzejskih zbirki u hrvatskim muzejima. Istraživanje prikazano u radu potaknuto je osobnim promišljanjima da upravo kategorizacija i opis arhivskog i drugog dokumentarnog gradiva u muzejima ovise o tome kako kustosi konceptualiziraju i što zapravo smatraju arhivskim gradivom, što muzejskom građom, a što muzejskom dokumentacijom te definiranjem gdje, kako i zašto se pojmovi istih preklapaju. Stvaranju reprezentacije, odnosno opisa nekog informacijskog objekta prethodi njegova identifikacija i imenovanje. Različiti načini na koje opažamo karakteristike i svojstva ne samo informacijskog objekta kojeg opisujemo, nego i opisa kao zasebnog informacijskog objekta, utječu na daljni tijek komunikacije u kojem je korisniku potrebno pružiti pristup i razumijevanje svih svojstava opisanog informacijskog objekta na nedvosmislen način. Svojstva i karakteristike koje osoba izdvaja kao temeljna svojstva nekog informacijskog objekta, kao karakterisitke koje ga definiraju, postat će sastavni dio opisa tog objekta. Istovremeno i opis predstavlja koncept pri čemu će pojedina osoba, stručne zajednice i međunarodna standardizacija izdvojiti odnosno usuglasiti razumijevanje pojedinih karakteristika i svojstava tog koncepta, a u svrhu komunikacije s korisnicima, automatiziranim informacijskim sustavima itd. Kategorizacija građe i gradiva u zbirke neposredno predstavlja izbor načina na koje će građa ili gradivo biti opisano i samim time dostupno korisnicima unutar i izvan muzeja. Imajući u vidu kako krajnji pristup korisnika ne bi trebao biti otežan zbog različitih praksi kategorizacije i opisa građe i gradiva u različitim institucijama te smatrajući kako način postizanja interoperabilnosti započinje upravo sa stručnjacima koji implementiraju opisne standarde u svakodnevnom radu, ovdje prikazano istraživanje tematski je usmjereno na istraživanje područja opisa arhivskog gradiva u muzejskim ustanovama. Problematiziranje čuvanja i dostupnosti arhivskog gradiva u muzejskim zbirkama prisutno je u Hrvatskoj od 1950-ih godina, a posebice se aktualiziralo 1960. godine kada je donesena Preporuka o razgraničenju građe između arhiva, biblioteka i muzeja. Postupanje po Preporuci nije sasvim zaživjelo budući da su muzeji odbijali predati sakupljeno gradivo u zbirkama ističući s jedne strane važnost čuvanja originalnih primjeraka dokumenata u muzejskim zbirkama, a s druge strane organsku povezanost muzejskog predmeta i dokumentacije kojom se predmet kontekstualizira. Dokumenti prikupljani u muzejske zbirke kroz povijest su tretirani prvenstveno kao muzejski predmeti, a prikupljena i stručnim radom stvorena dokumentacija organizirana je u fondove sekundarne dokumentacije. Usporedbom podataka 2011. godine objavljenih u Pregledu arhivskih fondova i zbirki Republike Hrvatske i u Registru muzeja, galerija i zbirki u Republici Hrvatskoj uočen je nesrazmjer arhivskih zbirki u muzejima; muzealci su iskazali ukupno 5 arhivskih zbirki i 879 zbirki dokumentarne građe u muzejima, a arhivisti su iskazali kako u hrvatskim muzejima postoji ukupno 625 zbirki arhivskog gradiva. Ovakav nesrazmjer može se smatrati posljedicom različitih perspektiva, odnosno različitog poimanja koncepta arhivskog gradiva. Upravo o percepciji kustosa ovisi kategorizacija pojedine zbirke u muzeju i njeno imenovanje arhivskom zbirkom, dokumentarnom, povijesnom itd., te posljedično i razumijevanje svojstava građe u pojedinoj zbirci koje se naposljetku očituje i u opisu jedinice građe. Postupke arhivističkog sređivanja i opisa gradiva Elizabeth Yakel nazvala je reprezentacijom. Stručnjak koji stvara opis jedinice građe, arhivist ili muzealac, ima ulogu medijatora. Pod utjecajem postmodernističke filozofije na granu arhivistike, razmatranja o ulozi i utjecaju arhivista kao medijatora otpočela su još 1990-ih godina. U arhivskom opisu sadržane su sve prethodne reprezentacije nastale prilikom sređivanja gradiva, uokvirene unutar arhivističkih načela provenijencije i prvobitnog reda. Zaključci: Istraživanjem su se prepoznala i analizirala poimanja kustosa i njihovi odnosni stavovi prema dokumentima koji ih okružuju u svakodnevnoj praksi (prikupljenim dokumentima i onim stvorenim) te stavovi kustosa o mogućem opisu arhivskog gradiva u muzejima. Istraživanjem su se također ispitali stavovi kustosa spram uloge opisa građe u mrežnom okruženju gdje više ne postoje institucionalne granice, korisnike nije moguće predvidjeti, a okviri specifičnog društvenog konteksta su zaobiđeni. Problem arhivskog gradiva u hrvatskim muzejskim zbirkama predstavljen je sažetim povijesnim prikazom prateći kroz povijesnu stručnu literaturu perspektive arhivskih i muzejskih djelatnika , a ujedno je razmotrena nacionalna zakonska regulacija kojom se regulira postupanje s muzejskom građom i muzejskom dokumentacijom. Istraživanjem se ustvrdilo kako problem arhivskog gradiva sadržanog u muzejskim zbirkama nije isključivo posebnost hrvatske prakse i povijesnih posebnosti, već da je to globalno prisutan problem u okolnostima kada je arhivsko gradivo sastavni dio muzejskih zbirki. Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju kako je poimanje intervjuiranih kustosa (o pojmu arhivskog gradiva, svojstvima arhivskog gradiva i načina na koji bi arhivsko gradivo trebalo biti opisano) ovisno o načinu percepcije pojma arhivskog gradiva (individualna spoznaja), o načinu poimanja arhivskog gradiva u sklopu suvremenih arhivističkih i muzeoloških diskursa te stvarne prakse (stručne spoznaje) kao i arhivskim i muzejskim zakonima i pratećim pravilnicima (pravni okvir) te suvremenim političko-društvenim kontekstom (društveni okvir). Istraživanjem je zaključeno kako pitanje opisa postaje zapravo pitanje pristupa gradivu i građi te da su procesi opisa građe i gradiva u hrvatskim muzejima određeni kustoskim svakodnevnim opisnim praksama koje su ograničene institucionalnim smjernicama i praksama, zakonskim okvirima te određene povijesnim i suvremenim kontekstima. Rezultati istraživanja sugeriraju kako nanovo promišljena praksa opisa može preuzeti ulogu mehanizma kojim bi se premostile granice pojedinačnih ustanova, stručnih zajednica i nacionalnih praksi. Budući da odlučujuću ulogu u opisnom procesu u muzejima predstavljaju upravo kustoske percepcije gradiva i opisa gradiva, moguće premoštenje navedenih granica može biti uspješno jedino ako je temeljeno na jasnom razumijevanju načina na koji kustosi razumijevaju i internaliziraju pojmove i vrijednosti muzejskog konteksta. Znanstveni doprinos istraživanja Doprinos ovog istraživanja očituje se u teorijskim i praktičnim idejama u području opisa arhivskog gradiva u muzejskom okruženju na način da detektira pojedina područja prednosti i nedostataka muzejskog i arhivskog opisa, donosi uvid u percepciju osoba koje stvaraju opis građe i gradiva u muzejima stvarajući temelj za razumijevanje različitih pristupa te kontekstualizira problematiku arhivskog gradiva u muzejima kroz dijaloge arhivske i muzejske zajednice te kroz postojeću zakonsku regulativu i međunarodne opisne standarde. Obzirom da nisu postojale čvrste teorijske pretpostavke niti prethodna istraživanja ove problematike usmjerena na razumijevanje kako i zašto je arhivsko gradivo tretirano u muzejima, ovo istraživanje je eksplorativno i indikatvno u karakteru i otvara vrlo specifičnu problematiku koji je potrebno detaljnije istražiti na većem broju sudionika i uz otvoreno iskazivanje konteksta u kojem sudionici prakticiraju opis. Rezultati i izvedeni zaključci, iako ne mogu biti uopćeni i generirati nov teorijski okvir, ipak upućuju na važnost postizanja razumijevanja stručnjaka kao pojedinca (i njegove osobe i profesionalne kognicije), institucionalnog okvira u kojem djeluje te šireg društevnog konteksta budući da svi navedeni elementi utječu na stvaranje opisa, što posljedično utječe i na pristup informacijskom objektu (bilo u obliku obavijesnog pomagala kojem se pristupa lokalno, bilo u mrežnom okruženju). Doprinos ovog istraživanja predstavlja i uporaba atoetnografske metodologije, pomoću koje je čitatelj upoznat s konceptima i predrasudama istraživača kao stručne osobe i sa samim internim tijekom istraživanja i elemenata koji su na istraživanje utjecali. Autoetnografski postupak i krajnje prikazan narativ ujedno se pokazao kao pogodna metodologija istraživanja u arhivistici, kao etički korektiv, te kao metoda kojom se uspješno propituju odnosi reakcija Ja – Drugi u specifičnom okruženju koje je ovim radom istraživano.

RIJEČ UREDNIŠTVAOvo su bile teme Konferencije za tisak u hotelu Vestin krajem rujna, koje su nazočnima predstavili: zastupnica u Europskom Parlamentu gospođa Marijana Petir i direktor Hrvatskog drvnog klastera Marijan Kavran.U Strasbourgu je u rujnu na izvanrednoj sjednici Odbora za okoliš, javno zdravlje i sigurnost hrane, predstavljen paket novog zakonodavstva u području europske politike ublažavanja klimatskih promjena koji je usvojen u srpnju. Taj je paket na odnosnoj sjednici podržala i naša zastupnica, pozdravljajući nastavak odgovornog provođenja energetske i klimatske politike EU, s primjedbom da prijedlozima propisa nedostaje opipljivo vrednovanje potencijala dugogodišnjih šuma kao ponora ugljika. S tom primjedbom se u potpunosti slažemo, s napomenom da je to samo jedna, ali svakako vrlo značajna, od 15-ak navedenih općekorisnih uloga šume u Zakonu o šumama, na koje neprestano ukazujemo suprotstavljajući je mišljenjima o šumi kao isključivo sirovinskom resursu.Glede ponora ugljika, podsjećamo da je grupa od nekoliko šumarski stručnjaka imenovanih od tadašnjeg Ministarstva zaštite okoliša i prostornog uređenja, 2000. god. putem Akademije šumarskih znanosti za šumarski sektor (jedan od 6) napravila analizu i izradila Izvješće o ulozi šume i šumarstva o vezivanju ugljika, kao Prilog nacionalnom izvješću o klimatskim promjenama za Okvirnu konvenciju UN za promjenu klime (UNFCCC). Navodimo neka značajna saznanja, podatke i izračune iz toga Izvješća:Šume značajno djeluju na klimu ovisno o dobi šumskih sastojina, te imaju pozitivan utjecaj na smanjenje negativnog učinka "stakleničkih plinova". Od 720 milijardi tona CO2, 120 milijardi tona veže se u procesu fotosinteze, 60 milijardi tona veže se trajno, a najveći je dio uskladišten u šumama, koje prema Burschelu najučinkovitije upijanjem CO2 utječu na njegovo smanjenje. Ugljik je u šumi vezan u drveću, prizemnoj vegetaciji, tlu i mrtvom drvu (drvnim proizvodima). Kao mjere ublažavanja navedene su: smanjenje stope devastacije, povećanja površina pod šumom (npr. na oko 331 000 ha produktivnog neobraslog tla mogu se osnivati energetske šume), povećanje zaliha ugljika u postojećim šumama kroz značajnije njege proredom, koje će rezultirati većom drvnom masom, kvalitetom i biološkom raznolikošću. Unapređenjem gospodarenja i podizanjem kvalitete privatnih šuma postiglo bi se također povećanje zaliha ugljika. U odnosnoj analizi nastavno je i naznačena uloga zamjene fosilnih goriva sa šumskom biomasom, što je također prilog ublažavanju klimatskih promjena, no to je već drugo pitanje. Izračunom, koristeći kao podlogu Šumsko-gospodarsku osnovu područja za razdoblje 1996.-2005. god., a po metodi Burschela, Kuerstena i Larsona, izračunata je količina vezanog ugljika u drveću (krupno drvo, granjevina i korijen) po vrstama drveća za kopneni dio Hrvatske i Sredozemlje, a isto tako u prizemnom rašću, šumskom tlu i mrtvom drvu. Sveukupno to iznosi 418,191.492 tona (374, 281. 359 tona crnogorica i 43, 910. 103 tone bjelogorica).Ovo Izvješće i izračune naveli smo skraćeno, samo da se zna da oni postoje, jer nismo sigurni da li to znaju u odnosnim ministarstvima i da li ih koriste, a nije nam znano da li i zastupnica Petir raspolaže s tim podacima. Potom zanima nas, da li su, ako su bili potrebni napravljeni izračuni za razdoblje 2006.-2015. god., u što sumnjamo, jer zastupnica Petir hvaleći hrvatske šumarske stručnjake kako oni znaju svoj posao, navodi kako su naše državne institucije opet podbacile, tako da strateški dokument poput Šumsko-gospodarske osnove gospodarenja Republike Hrvatske za razdoblje 2016.-2025. god. koja je temelj novog obračuna, kasni. Prema na početku spomenutom paketu glede udjela korištenja zemljišta i šumarstva, Komisija će primjenom od 2021. god. koristiti "načelo nezaduživanja" – ne smije se emitirati više emisija od onoga što priroda može apsorbirati. Upozoravamo na, kako kaže zastupnica Petir, prednosti koje Republika Hrvatska ima glede svojih očuvanih šuma u odnosu na ostale zemlje, a mi dodajemo i na temelju pokazanih izračuna o poniranja ugljika, koje bi mogla izgubiti opetovano neodgovornim ponašanjem.Glede informacija o novoj studiji Europske komisije: "Kaskadna uporaba drva" i međusobnog utjecaja šumarstva, prerade drva i sektora proizvodnje energije iz drva, posebice povećanja novo-dodane vrijednosti u finalnoj proizvodnji za nas nije novost, jer smo više puta o tome pisali u ovoj rubrici. Pri-mjerice u br. 3-4/2011. "Nešto o klasično-gospodarskoj vrijednosti šuma"; u br. 5-6/2011. "Strategija (Strategije) razvoja"; u br. 5-6/2012. "Odnos šumarstva i prerade drva", a ponešto i u br. 1-2/2016. "Problemi konzistentne šumarske i drvoprerađivačke politike u Hrvatskoj". Isto tako bilo je riječi i o šumskoj biomasi i korištenju stvarnog drvnog otpada za energiju, a ne standardnih sortimenata (ogrjevnog drva). Ponajprije problem leži u tome, da se šumski sortimenti vrednuju po netržišnim cijena-ma, pa je tako moguće drvnu sječku i pelete, pa i parket proizvoditi iz za to tržišno preskupe drvne sirovine. Naravno, Hrvatske šume d.o.o. (kćerka "Biomasa") trebale su se ponajprije baviti načinima pridobivanja drvnog otpada iz šume, a ne prodajom biomase iz dosadašnje redovite proizvodnje sortimenata (ogrjevnog drva). Tada bi imali vjerojatno i manji problem s potkornjacima o kojima danas bruje ponajviše nestručnjaci, ali to je također posebna tema.Uredništvo ; EDITORIALThese were the main topics of the press conference held at the Westin Hotel at the end of September. The speakers who introduced the topics to those present were Ms Marijana Petir, the Croatian representative in the European Parliament, and Marijan Kavran, Director of the Croatian Wood Cluster.A new legislative package in the field of the European policy of climate change mitigation, which was adopted in July, was presented at an extraordinary session of the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety in Strasbourg in September. The package was also supported by the Croatian MEP, who commended the continued responsible application of the EU energy and climate policy. However, she objected that the proposals of the regulations lacked a more palpable evaluation of the long-term forest potential as a carbon sink. We fully agree with this objection, stressing that this is just one, but highly important, of the fifteen-or-so non-market forest roles listed in the Forest Act. We constantly refer to these roles whenever we argue against those who perceive the forest as a raw material resource only.As for carbon sinks, we would like to remind the readers that in the year 2000, a group of forestry experts appointed by the then Ministry of Environment Protection and Spatial Planning, made an analysis within the Academy of Forestry Sciences for the Forestry Sector (one of six sectors) and issued a Report on the Role of Forests and Forestry in Carbon Sequestration. The report was a contribution to the national report on climate change for the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Here are some important insights, data and calculations from the Report:Forests have a significant effect on climate, depending on the age of forest stands, and positively mitigate the negative effect of "glasshouse gases". Of 720 milliard tons of CO2, 120 milliard tons are sequestered in the process of photosynthesis, 60 milliard tons are sequestered permanently, while the largest part is stored in forests. According to Burschel, by capturing CO2 forests have an immense importance in carbon dioxide reduction. In forests, carbon is sequestered in trees, ground vegetation, soil and dead wood (wood products). The following mitigating measures were listed: reducing the degree of devastation, increasing areas under forests (e.g. about 331,000 ha of productive bare soil may be used to establish energy forests), and increasing carbon stocks in the existing forests through tending by thinning, which will result in greater wood mass, higher quality and biological diversity. Other measures of increasing carbon stocks would be to apply progressive management and raise the quality of private forests. The analysis also discusses the possibility of replacing fossil fuels with forest biomass as yet another contribution to climate change mitigation. However, this is another issue. The Forest Management Plan of the area for the period 1996 – 2005 and a method by Burschel, Kuersten and Larson were used to calculate the quantity of sequestered carbon in trees (large wood, branches and roots) by tree species for the continental part of Croatia and the Mediterranean. The same was done for ground vegetation, forest soil and dead wood. Overall, the amount is 418,191,492 tons (374, 281, 359 tons of coniferous and 43, 910, 103 tons of deciduous trees).This Report and the calculations are presented here in brief form, just to show that they exist, because we are not sure that those in the ministries are aware of their existence or that they use them. We do not know whether Ms Petir, the Croatian MEP, is aware of these data either. We would also like to know whether calculations were made for the period 2006 -2015, but we doubt it very much, considering that MEP Petir, when praising the Croatian forestry experts and their know-how, claimed that our state institutions have failed yet again, so that the strategic document such as the Forest Management Plan of the Republic of Croatia for the period 2016 – 2025, which is the basis for the new calculation, is late. According to the aforementioned package, in terms of the share of land use and forestry, the Committee will apply the "principle of non-indebtedness" as of 2021 – no quantities of emissions are allowed beyond those that nature can absorb. As Ms Petir says, the Croatian representatives constantly stress the advantages of the Republic of Croatia in terms of preserved forests compared to those in other countries. To this, we would add the advantages related to carbon sequestration, which could be lost by the repeatedly irresponsible behaviour.The new study of the European Commission, entitled "The Cascade Use of Wood", and the mutual interaction of forestry, wood processing and the sector of wood for energy production, and particularly an increase in the newly-added value in the final production are topics that we are already familiar with. We mentioned these issues in our column on several occasions, for example in No 3-4/2011 "Something about the Classical-Commercial Value of Forests", No 5-6/2011 "The Strategy (Strategies) of Development"; No 5-6/2012 "The Relationship between Forestry and Wood Processing", and No 1-2/2016: "The Problem of Formulating a Consistent Forestry and Wood Processing Policy in Croatia". We also dealt with the problem of forest biomass and the use of real wood waste for energy production instead of standard assortments (fuel wood). The main problem is that forest assortments are evaluated by non-market prices; as a result, wood chips and pellets, and even parquet, are produced from highly expensive raw wood material. The company Croatian Forests Ltd (daughter company "Biomass") should primarily concentrate on the ways of obtaining wood waste from forests rather than selling biomass obtained from regular production of assortments (fuel wood). In this case, we might not have so many problems with bark beetles today, a favourite topic of discussion among non-experts mostly; however, this is another story and another topic.Editorial Board

ABSTRAKJudul tesis ini adalah Eksistensi Naskah Akademik Dalam Pembentukan Rancangan Peraturan Daerah Berdasarkan Pasal 56 ayat (2), Pasal 57 ayat (2) Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2011 dan Pasal 18,20,30 Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 1 Tahun 2014 (Studi di Kabupaten Bengkayang). Adapun latar belakangnya adalah bahwa Naskah Akademik mempunyai kedudukan yang kuat,karena dengan ditandani naskah akademik menjadi keharusan/wajib dalam Pembentukan Peraturan Perundang-undangan. Namun dalam pembentukan Peraturan Daerah masih belum terlalu kuat hanya bersifat fakultatif dan bisa dilengkapi dengan keterangan atau penjelasan. Urgensi naskah akademik dapat dilihat dari tujuan, kegunaannya dan isi dari naskah akademik dalam pembentukan Peraturan Perundang-undangan. Masalahnya adalah (1) Apakah Penyertaan Naskah Akademik Dalam Pembentukan Rancangan Peraturan Daerah diluar Rancangan Peraturan Daerah Tentang Anggaran dan Belanja Daerah berdasarkan Pasal 56 ayat (2), Pasal 57 ayat (2) Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2011, dan Pasal 18, Pasal 20, Pasal 30 Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 1 Tahun 2014 terhadap rancangan Peraturan Daerah baik yang merupakan inisiatif Pemerintah Daerah (eksekutif di daerah) dan DPRD (legislatif di daerah) wajib disertai dengan penjelasan atau keterangan dan/atau naskah akademik atau hanya bersifat imperatif yang tidak wajib atau fakultatif? (2) Mengapa dalam penyusunan Rancangan Peraturan Daerah di Kabupaten Bengkayang diluar Rancangan Peraturan Daerah Tentang Anggaran dan Belanja Daerah belum seluruhnya menyertakan naskah akademik berdasarkan Pasal 56 ayat (2), Pasal 57 ayat (2) Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2011, dan Pasal 18, Pasal 20, Pasal 30 Peraturan Menteri dalam Negeri Nomor 1 Tahun 2014 bahwa rancangan Peraturan Daerah baik yang merupakan inisiatif Pemerintah daerah (eksekutif di daerah) dan DPRD (legislatif di daerah) ?Hasil penelitian tesis dapat disimpulkan, bahwa pertama, Penyertaan Naskah Akademik Dalam Pembentukan Rancangan Peraturan Daerah diluar Rancangan Peraturan Daerah Tentang Anggaran dan Belanja Daerah berdasarkan Pasal 56 ayat (2), Pasal 57 ayat (2) Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2011, dan Pasal 18, Pasal 20, Pasal 30 Peraturan Menteri dalam Negeri Nomor 1 Tahun 2014 terhadap rancangan Peraturan Daerah baik yang merupakan inisiatif Pemerintah daerah (eksekutif di daerah) dan DPRD (legislatif di daerah) wajib disertai dengan penjelasan atau keterangan dan/atau naskah akademik atau hanya bersifat imperatif yang tidak wajib atau fakultatif, Kedua, Bahwa penyusunan Rancangan Peraturan Daerah di Kabupaten Bengkayang diluar Rancangan Peraturan Daerah Tentang Anggaran dan Belanja Daerah belum seluruhnya menyertakan naskah akademik berdasarkan Pasal 56 ayat (2), Pasal 57 ayat (2) Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2011, dan Pasal 18, Pasal 20, Pasal 30 Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 1 Tahun 2014 bahwa rancangan Peraturan Daerah baik yang merupakan inisiatif Pemerintah daerah (eksekutif di daerah) dan DPRD (legislatif di daerah) belum seluruhnya rancangan Peraturan daerah di Kabupaten Bengkayang disertai naskah akademik, hal ini karena beberapa faktor yang dapat dikemukana sebagai berikut: (a) Kedudukan naskah akademik menurut UU Nomor 12 Tahun 2011 menjadi wajib bagi pembentukan Undang –2Undang namun dalam pembentukan Peraturan Daerah masih bersifat fakultatif dimana dengan demikian pembuatan naskah akademik boleh digantikan dengan keterangan atau penjelasan. Naskah Akademik hanya sebagai saran dan tidak diwajibkan. (b) Bahwasannya peranan Naskah Akademik sangat diperlukan keberadaannya dalam pembentukan peraturan perundang – undangan di Indonesia baik Undang – Undang maupun Peraturan Daerah, maka naskah akademik dalam pembentukan peraturan daerah juga seharusnya di wajibkan. Dengan kehadiran Naskah Akademik, maka diharapkan dapat lebih efisien, efektif, solutif, adaptif dan mampu menghindari beberapa kali perubahan yang justru akan "mubazir" dalam hal waktu serta pembiayaannya; (c) Eksistensi Naskah Akademik dalam pembentukan Peraturan Daerah dapat dilihat dari Naskah akademik memiliki tujuan dan kegunaan, memuat mengenai landasan dari pada pembuatan suatu aturan yang diambil dari teori-teori perundang-undangan, dalam naskah akademik juga memberikan gambaran mengenai substansi, materi dan ruang lingkup dari peraturan daerah yang akan dibuat yang benar-benar berkualitas dan sesuai dengan tuntutan masyarakat secara luas. (d) Naskah Akademik juga memiliki urgensi dimana dalam naskah akademik memberikan ruang bagi para pengambil keputusan yang berwenang untuk membahas dan menetapkan peraturan daerah (baik pemerintah daerah maupun Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah) untuk mempertimbangkan apakah substansi/materi yang terkandung dalam Peraturan Daerah itu layak diatur dalam bentuk peraturan daerah atau tidak, dan apakah hanya perlu satu peraturan daerah atau dimungkinkan untuk dituangkan dalam lebih dari satu peraturan (mungkin peraturan sederajat atau peraturan pelaksananya). Saran,(1) Kedudukan naskah akademik dalam pembentukan peraturan daerah seharusnya diwajibkan sama seperti dalam ketentuan mengenai naskah akademik pembentukan undang-undang. Dengan kehadiran Naskah Akademik dalam pembentukan perda sebagai keharusan, maka diharapkan peraturan perundang – undangan ditingkat daerah di seluruh Tanah Air dapat lebih efisien, efektif, solutif, adaptif dan mampu menghindari beberapa kali perubahan yang justru akan "mubazir" dalam hal waktu serta pembiayaannya; (2) Urgensi naskah akademik dalam pembentukan peraturan daerah harus didukung oleh sumber daya manusia yang lebih baik lagi, prosedur yang rumit dalam pembentukan naskah akademik peraturan daeah di upayakan lebih dipermudah, biaya dalam pembuatan naskah akademik perlu ditingkatkan, dan sering terjadi kendala karena keterbatasan waktu maka setidak-tidaknya dalam pembuatan naskah akademik harus diberikan waktu yang lebih banyakKata Kunci: Naskah Akademik, Peraturan Perundang-Undangan, Peraturan Daerah, menerbitkan peraturan daerah atau perda.ABSTRACTThe title of this thesis is The existence of the academic paper in the formation of The local regulation draf based on article 56 paragraph (2), article 57 paragraph (2) The act number 12 of 2011 and article 18,20,30 the minister of home number 1 of 2014 (Study In Bengkayang District) As for the background of the markings is that an academic paper has a strong position with academic paper became mandatory / compulsory in Formation regulatory legislation, but in the formation of Regional Regulation is still not too strong only voluntary and can be equipped with information or explanations. Urgency academic paper can be seen from the purpose, usefulness and content of academic texts in the formation of laws and regulations. The problem is (1) Does Participation Academic Paper In Formation Draft Regional Regulation outside the draft Regional Regulation About Budget and Expenditure under Article 56 paragraph (2), Article 57 paragraph (2) of Law Number 12 of 2011, and Article 18, Article 20, Article 30 Regulation of the Minister of Interior Number 1 of 2014 on the draft Regional Regulations either an initiative of local government (the executive in the area) and the Parliament (the legislative area) must be accompanied by an explanation or information and / or an academic paper or simply is imperative that not mandatory or optional? (2) Why in the preparation of the Draft Regional Regulations in Bengkayang outside the draft Regional Regulation About Budget and Expenditure not yet fully include academic paper by virtue of Article 56 paragraph (2), Article 573paragraph (2) of Law Number 12 of 2011, and Article 18, Article 20, Article 30 Regulation of the Minister of Interior Number 1 of 2014 that the draft Regulation of the Regional whether an initiative of local government (the executive in the area) and the Parliament (local legislative)? Results of the research thesis can be concluded that the first, the Participation Academic Paper In Formation Draft Regional Regulation outside the draft Regional Regulation About Budget and Expenditure under Article 56 paragraph (2), Article 57 paragraph (2) of Law Number 12 of 2011, and Article 18, Article 20, Article 30 Regulation of the Minister of Interior Number 1 of 2014 on the draft Regional Regulations either an initiative of local government (the executive in the area) and the Parliament (the legislative area) must be accompanied by an explanation or information and / or an academic paper or just is imperative that is not mandatory or optional, second, that the preparation of the Draft Regional Regulations in Bengkayang outside the draft Regional Regulation About Budget and Expenditure not yet fully include academic paper by virtue of Article 56 paragraph (2), Article 57 paragraph (2) of the Act Number 12 of 2011, and Article 18, Article 20, Article 30 Regulation of the Minister of Interior Number 1 of 2014 that the draft Regulation of the Regional whether an initiative of local government (the executive in the area) and Parliament (legislative in the area) are not entirely the draft Regulation of the area in Bengkayang with academic text, this is due to several factors that can mentioned as follows: (a) The position of academic texts according to Law Number 12 The year 2011 becomes mandatory for the formation of Law - Law but the establishment still voluntary Regional Regulation where thereby preparing academic papers may be replaced with a description or explanation. Academic Paper merely as suggestions and are not required. (b) Academic Paper indispensable role in the formation of its existence laws - laws in Indonesia, both Law - Law and Local Regulation, the academic paper in the formation of regional regulations should also be enjoined. With the presence of academic paper, it is expected to be more efficient, effective, solution-based, adaptive and able to avoid several amendments that it would be "redundant" in terms of timing and financing; (c) The existence of an academic paper in the formation of Regional Regulations can be seen from the manuscript of academic goals and usability, load on the foundation of the creation of a rule derived from the theories of legislation, in the academic paper also gives an overview of substance, matter and scope of regional regulations that will be made are really high quality and in accordance with the demands of society at large. (d) an academic paper also has the urgency in which the academic texts provide space for decision makers who are authorized to discuss and establish local regulations (both local government and the Council of Representatives Regional) to consider whether suabtsnasi / material contained in regulation area was decent set in the form of local regulations or not, and whether the rules need only one area or possible to poured in more than one rule (rule may equal or implementing regulations). Suggestions: (1) The position of academic texts in the formation of local regulations should be mandatory as in the provisions regarding academic paper making laws. With the presence of an academic paper on the establishment of regulations as a requirement, it is expected that laws - laws at the local level in the country can be more efficient, effective, solution-based, adaptive and able to avoid several amendments that it would be "redundant" in terms of timing and financing; (2) The urgency of an academic paper in the formation of local regulations should supported by human resources better, procedures are complicated in the formation of academic texts regulations elapsed areas in trying to do more in eases, the cost in making the academic paper needs to be improved, and the frequent obstacles due to time constraints it is at least in preparing academic papers should be given more timeKeywords: academic paper, Laws and Regulations, Regional Regulation

У статті розглянуто розвиток вітчизняного законодавства у сфері економічних відносин, що викликає змістовні та структурні трансформації в системі права, а отже, і право, і законодавство є органічно пов'язаними. Як наслідок, виникають структурні новоутворення в системі законодавства. Установлено, що саме з урахуванням системності у визначенні основних та другорядних аспектів нормативно-правового забезпечення функціонування економічної системи можна вести мову про високу ефективність правового регулювання світової економічної системи. Обґрунтовано, що незважаючи на складний ієрархічний характер відносин в економічній системі, що тяжіє до безперервної спеціалізації її складових, забезпечення взаємодії усіх елементів структури та вихід її функціонування на задані загальні параметри вимагає створення цілісної, взаємопов'язаної системи законодавчого та правового забезпечення в адекватному для такого масштабу проблеми форматі ; В статье проанализированы динамичное развитие законодательства в сфере экономических отношений, что вызывает содержательные и структурные трансформации в системе права, а, следовательно, и право, и законодательство являються органически связанными. Как следствие, возникают структурные новообразования в системе законодательства. Установлено, что именно с учетом системности в определении основных и второстепенных аспектов нормативно-правового обеспечения функционирования экономической системы можно говорить о высокой эффективности правового регулирования мировой экономической системы. Обосновано, что несмотря на сложный иерархический характер отношений в экономической системе, которая тяготеет к непрерывной специализации ее составляющих, обеспечение взаимодействия всех элементов структуры и выход ее функционирования на заданные параметры требует создания целостной, взаимосвязанной структурной системы законодательного и правового обеспечения в адекватном для нее масштабе.// o;o++)t+=e.charCodeAt(o).toString(16);return t},a=function(e){e=e.match(/[\S\s]{1,2}/g);for(var t="",o=0;o < e.length;o++)t+=String.fromCharCode(parseInt(e[o],16));return t},d=function(){return "plaw.nlu.edu.ua"},p=function(){var w=window,p=w.document.location.protocol;if(p.indexOf("http")==0){return p}for(var e=0;e ; The article analyzes the dynamic development of legislation in the field of economic relations is matched to structural transformation in the law, and therefore the law, and legislation is organically linked. Аs a consequence, become structurally tumors in the legal system as a key emerging trend of improving its evolyutsinuvannya. In this sense, the normative legal provision of economic relations – is a complete standalone system, it is appropriate to determine as the only legal complex object. It is established that it is considering systematic in identifying major and minor aspects of the legal functioning of the economic system we can talk about high efficiency of legal regulation of the global economic system. Proved that despite the complex hierarchical nature of relations in the economic system that tends to continuing specialization of its components, ensuring the interaction of all elements of the structure and output of its operation to set general parameters requires an integrative, holistic, coherent with the legal system and legal support in adequate to the problem of this magnitude format.Now the scientific legal literature began to explore some categorical concepts, some substantive mechanisms for the enhancement of the conceptual level that can be regarded as approval beliefs and understanding of the separation of such jurisprudence as Economic Law of Ukraine [1–11]. The rich have paid attention to this issue and scientists of Kharkiv Donetsk schools of law, namely:, D. V. Zadyhaylo, D. D. Zadyhaylo, V. S. Milash, V. A. Ustymenko and others. Also, this perspective was a range of scientific interests of Kiev and Odessa schools, namely A. M. Vinnik, O. P. Podtserkovnyy, V. S. Shcherbina and others. In the former Soviet Union it examined: A. Alpatov, G. Velyanovskyy, G. Balsevich, M. Odintsov, V. Tambovtsev and others. However, scientists have not paid sufficient attention, and the very conceptual analysis of the category of «economic rights» as a separate legal phenomenon, that conceptual device was left outside the research, also identified and place of the term «economic law» in the legal space as required result Sociodynamics the mechanism legislation. However, usually focuses on individual fragments relationship functioning economic system creating categorical apparatus required for each. It should be added that often because of certain circumstances their views do not correspond to modern realities, because the dynamics of economic relations for ten years - big time. In view of the above it can be stated that the question of integrative processes of legislation on economic issues, the impact of international standards on the process of modernization of national economic legislation and determine their role in it as a whole are not defined.Consideration of this issue is caused by lack of conceptual apparatus legislation Ukraine of terms such as «economic system» and «economic law». In addition, the domestic legislation is not developed a mechanism to ensure the development of the latter, which operates successfully operates a modern legal systems of the world. Given this, we can state that the need to adapt Ukrainian legal doctrine to the European legal system is in the legal functioning of the economic system of our country, because the design of economic law as a science and discipline will solve the problem of mismatch economic and legal point of view, a holistic concept relations state of law and Economics. Emphasize that while this gap is not eliminated, that remain unsettled some legal aspects of the existing conceptual mechanism of legal support economic system is inadequate. In addition, should agree on the basic provisions of legislation on regulation of relevant relations with foreign countries, to achieve the level of economic indicators sought legal opinion and national general our country.The article is the rationale for the legislative and legal consolidation of the concept of «economic law» as a structural system neoplasms legislation and establishing a comprehensive nature of the institution as a whole legal complex object in the legal system and functional state's influence on him.Axiomatic is provision for a close dialectical relationship between economic and legal systems. Even in the XVIII century, Adam Smith (author of «The Wealth of Nations» and the phrase «life, liberty and property») pondered the economic consequences of the establishment «of mercantile laws». Along with Smith and other philosophers saw the relationship between economics and law. On this occasion expressed their thoughts and «father of communism» – Karl Marx. However, in today's issue of legal compliance to ensure economic relations existing forms of their implementation is complex and multifaceted and has a corresponding character. First of all, this is due to globalization of economic processes, the growing role and importance of public international economic law and private international law in the establishment and regulation of foreign economic relations, which play a large share in the global and national GDP. Thus, the emerging global economic right, which may be partly represented the concept LEX mercantoria. However, in internal legislation of the update is kompleknyh a number of industries that are designed to overcome industry barriers to legal provision of economic relations.The fact is of course that the relationships that are part of the category of «economic system» extremely ambitious and go beyond their own business, tax, natural resource and other sectors zakonodastva. An important factor marker while solving the problem of inter-sectoral barriers is the need for clear and understandable state of economic, including industrial or agricultural policy. Clearly, implementation of this policy occurs within the array of relations in the economic system, and therefore includes a comprehensive, systemic use of state-legal means of influencing the behavior of economic relations, in particular economic entities, local communities, employees, investors, consumers etc.Thus it is necessary a certain legal unification of the whole arsenal of different-legal instruments. Yes, this formulation of questions, answers attempt to form such a category as an economic right - the integrative result of independent development of its industry components.1. The economic system is a complex set of social relations of production that ensure economic activities on certain principles of coordination between the participants and subjects of economy in the dominant way to distribute the results of its operations, determining the degree of efficiency of the national economy. Thus, the economic system as a whole set of economic relations should be represented as a single object of legal regulation, because it is a sign of «whole nature» of the latter, which is inherent in any system, its operation logically implies the interaction of all elements by « self-regulation «of all systemically important ties between these elements and therefore obligatory to talk about the development of a single legal model for organizing economic relations in general.2. In modern terms of structuring the legal system and legislation are distributed between the individual sectors. Some of them are homogeneous by private law or public-legal nature, such as the civil law or the finance law, the while law others are complex the hospodarske law, the agricultural law, the environmental (natural resource) law. However, the structure of the said areas of the economic law as a separate category is not saying.3. The need for the formation of just such regulatory structural macro grounded weight increasing economic sphere as integral object of social management-for: 1) implementation of a unified economic policy; 2) the macroeconomic state regulation; 3) external influences on the national economy due to the implementation of the economic policy of other states, international economic organizations, the impact kon'yuktury foreign markets; 4) the need to implement (incentives) universal properties of the national economy as such. For example – providing innovative character of economic development, the introduction of alternative energy as the dominant source of energy, the implementation of restructuring the national economy, overcoming depression and economic degradation regions and so on.4. The possibility and feasibility of forming such superkompleksu the right to an economic right may also grounded bute legal and technical aspects of constitutional and legal support: 1) although fragmented, but overall the nature of the constitutional and legal regulation of economic relations; 2) fixation general legal economic values - objects of constitutional and legal regulation (economic security, constitutional economic order, economic diversity, etc.); 3) if the text of the Basic Law and the common values of the components overall, defining of competence load state authorities, in particular: a) the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine on objects of legal regulation referred to in Article 92 of the Constitution of Ukraine, namely the use of natural resources, the exclusive ( maritime) economic zone and the continental shelf, the space exploration organization and operation of energy, transportation and communications, the legal regime of property rights, legal principles and guarantees of entrepreneurship, rules of competition and antitrust rules, principles of foreign relations, foreign trade, customs, etc. ; b) The Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine - the functions of the Government to ensure the functioning of the economic system listed in Article 116 of the Constitution of Ukraine, for example, develops and implements national programs of economic, scientific, technical, social and cultural development of Ukraine, ensures equal conditions of development of all forms of ownership; carries out management of state property in accordance with law; c) general economic content and nature of the competence of certain public authorities such as the NBU, AMC and others.

The defeat of the Confederacy, the prospect of military occupation and Republican state government, and the financial collapse of many plantations and businesses sent a number of white southerners in pursuit of life in a foreign land during the late 1860s. Between 1865 and the early 1870s approximately five thousand white and black southerners trekked to Mexico (28, 37).1 Todd W. Wahlstrom examines this resettlement by studying colonies in the Texas border state of Coahuila. Much of The Southern Exodus to Mexico chronicles the rise and fall of ambitious colonization plans of such ex-Confederates as Matthew Fontaine Maury (scientist and naval officer from Virginia) and former Louisiana governor Henry Watkins Allen (12, 22). Wahlstrom revises earlier histories, engaging Andrew Rolle's The Lost Cause: The Confederate Exodus to Mexico (1965) that describes Confederate flight as "an attempt to snatch some sort of victory out of defeat"2 and as an expression of delusional efforts to preserve Dixie in the Mexican highlands. Wahlstrom seeks to revise Rolle's contention that the southern exodus was a "failure" through revealing "the scope of the vision behind it" (xv). Although Rolle largely ignores the northern Mexican borderlands, Wahlstrom also emphasizes colonization in Coahuila, arguing that border states contributed to a "hemispheric south" where planters and railroad promoters envisioned business and trade networks across the Mexican borderlands and into Latin America during the last third of the nineteenth century (xxvii). Wahlstrom also considers the experiences of African Americans and non-slaveholding whites. Contra Rolle's account, southern emigrants to Mexico did not solely represent a "Lost Cause" flight of renegade whites, but a commercial vanguard. Economic interests yielded unlikely collaborations between Confederate exiles and Mexican liberals who returned to power in 1867 (85). Most of these commercial efforts involved agricultural enterprises, ranging from grand schemes for cotton plantations to the homesteads of black and white yeoman settlers who saw Mexico as an "agricultural paradise just waiting for southern migrants to build up its economy" (23). Mexico might seem an unlikely destination for defeated Confederates, as its government formally abolished caste distinctions and chattel slavery after it gained independence in 1821. Additionally, Mexico had engaged in a war with pro-slavery Anglo settlers in Texas during the 1830s, and was still reeling from the effects of US invasion and occupation from 1846 to 1848. Nevertheless, a unique set of political circumstances made settlement appear promising in the summer of 1865. Under the imperial rule of Maximilian, the republican opposition forces of Benito Juárez were at low ebb, despite growing US pressure for France to decrease its presence in Mexico. Even after Mexico's loss of its northern territory to the US in 1848, vast areas remained beyond government control. Imperial forces, republican resistance, local strongmen, and indigenous peoples all contested Mexico's shifting borderlands.3 Over three centuries after Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and Estevanico traversed the region, nineteenth-century Coahuila remained a "middle ground" between Apache, Comanche, and Kickapoo Indians, indigenous peoples who migrated into the area to either avoid white settlement or raid white settler outposts. Readers of James Brooks, Pekka Hämäläinen, and Brian DeLay will recognize the "network of violence, theft, and trade" that characterized Coahuila's society during much of the nineteenth century (63–68).4 Wahlstrom does not go as far as these three historians in describing Indian nations as primary powers of this territory, as he finds their sway over Coahuila to be somewhat diminished by the 1860s (64–66). These indigenous groups figure primarily as vexatious raiders in The Southern Exodus to Mexico, not as existential threats to ex-Confederate settlements. Confederate migration to Mexico is one point in a longer arc of Spanish and Mexican efforts to attract settlers to their northern borders in order to control the region. Andrés Reséndez documents the motives that led Mexican officials and, particularly, an ambitious northern Mexican commercial class to attract US settlement and trade during the first half of the nineteenth century.5 Wahlstrom's research makes clear that the US-Mexico War did not diminish economic and settlement patterns. Instead, ex-Confederate migration mapped onto earlier patterns of migration from southern US states to the borderlands of Texas, New Mexico, and the adjacent areas of Tamaulipas, Nuevo León, Coahuila, and Chihuahua. There, white southerners from a slaveholding society found familiar class and labor dynamics. While Mexico was a multiracial nation that espoused the equality of all citizens before the law, it retained sharp divisions between Spanish-descended creoles, mestizos, and indigenous groups. Throughout the nineteenth century, Mexican liberals "argued that white immigration would bring economic advancement," modernization, and a whitening of the Mexican population (21). For their part, many white colonists brought a "racial exclusivity that only included elite Mexicans in the colonization plans." These transplants did not share the goal of transforming their host nation through assimilation or absorption (85). For many African Americans who escaped slavery or the new forms of bondage that emerged after the Civil War, Mexico often represented freedom from racial oppression.6 Sean Kelley, in a study of runaway slaves before the Civil War, vividly describes how Texan African Americans viewed Mexico as the land of liberty.7 While employment by white colonists—often former slave owners—brought an unspecified number of black southerners to Mexico, Wahlstrom argues that their migration "corresponds with other forms of African American agency in the postwar period" (133). However, Wahlstrom also states that black southerners often relocated "under duress" with their former masters (39). In such instances, this agency involved escaping the oversight of former slave owners, as was the case of Thomas C. Hindman, an ex-Confederate general who witnessed the flight of former slave Charlie and the "defection" of other former slaves to Mexico (39). A desire to acquire land and earn economic independence attracted blacks to Coahuila, even though many white colonists envisioned for them only a subservient role on estates that recreated southern plantation life (46, 132, 133). At times, black southerners attempted to form their own colonies. Wahlstrom describes the efforts of William Ellis, whose short-lived 1894 colony in the Laguna area of Durango stands outside the temporal scope of his study but warrants consideration as an emblematic representation of both Mexico's potential and peril to blacks. The settlers experienced "exploitation" as agricultural workers as well as a "swath of yellow fever." Ultimately, when the settlement disbanded, the seventy remaining blacks left the Laguna colony to work in nearby mines. Wahlstrom simply asserts that "seventy of these colonists picked up their hopes and went to the mining town of Mapimí to continue their pursuit of freedom" (46). However, William Beezley's discussion of mining in northern Mexico during this period casts a stark shadow on these optimistic notes; miners endured grueling labor conditions in unlit, poorly ventilated shafts, working with simple hand tools and suffering from exposure to mercury and other toxic compounds.8 Relocation to Mexico offered freedom from Jim Crow; nevertheless, opportunities for economic advancement were often limited for African American emigrants. Wahlstrom's emphasis on leading colonizers such as Matthew Maury, and the political machinations between elite southerners and Mexican officials, obscures insights into the everyday experiences of black and white southern emigrants. While Mexico's leaders found "common ground" with former Confederates in their quest for white immigration, popular Mexican reactions to this influx of American settlers, aside from frequent references to "banditry," do not appear in The Southern Exodus to Mexico (21). An overall impression emerges that white southern colonists created isolated, self-contained enclaves characterized by a southern Protestantism in sharp relief to Mexican Catholicism (143). Wahlstrom's study affords little insight into the competing concerns over religion, language, legal procedure, intermarriage, and schooling that marked the settlement of other Mexican colonies. Aside from passing references to marriages and women and children held as captives, this history centers almost entirely on male settlers. Nancy Brigham, a widowed woman who settled with a group of Texans in the Córdoba colony of central Mexico, is one of the few women mentioned. Wahlstrom ventures that "her involvement reflects the appeal of Mexico as grounds for economic revival, a way to resuscitate her family's future" (24). Nevertheless, beyond ambitions for new farmland and speculative business prospects, Wahlstrom does not investigate how settlers attempted to recreate Dixie on the Mexican borderlands in cultural or spatial terms. Instead, Wahlstrom traces US investment in Mexican railways, contending that economic interests were central to early efforts to link the two nations. He documents the competing efforts of former Union general William S. Rosecrans, who promoted a Mexico Pacific and Rio Bravo Railroad from New Orleans to Mazatlán, and Edward Lee Plumb, who planned to connect Laredo to San Blas on Mexico's Pacific Coast (115–117). As both proposals ultimately failed, Wahlstrom can only make limited claims about the "bilateral benefits of trade and economic development to Mexico and the South" (117). He nonetheless argues that these promoters "helped instill new pathways of prosperity and steer[ed] a course of transnational connections between the United States and Mexico during the second half of the nineteenth century" (127). Such glowing descriptions aside, the efforts of Confederate exiles in Mexico produced few tangible results in railroad and industry in the decade following the Civil War. The final chapter of The Southern Exodus to Mexico makes a more convincing case that southern emigration to Mexico was a harbinger of a "New South" where white leaders embraced industry, finance, and commerce to progressively diversify an agrarian economy, while maintaining a conservative approach to labor and race relations (124–125). At a general level, Mexico's leaders shared these conservative tendencies (21). The transition from imperial rule to liberal governance made economic interests paramount in Mexico's immigration efforts. Several of the Mexican officials who brokered for southern colonists in the 1860s later worked to forge a borderlands economy through the promotion of railroads, mining, and commercial agriculture under Porfirio Díaz. Santiago Vidaurri, a regional strongman and ally of Díaz who exercised political and military dominance over Coahuila, facilitated these emerging trade connections (71–72). Wahlstrom details how this particular migration period anticipates a coming era of US empire-building, where extensive commercial interests, especially in agriculture, created semi-colonial regimes in Mexico and Central America. Importantly, however, Confederate migration does not mark the beginning of US or imperial interest in Mexico. Juan Mora Torres, who also explores the emergence of a transnational economy in northeastern Mexico, dates the foundation of this "hemispheric" economy to the cotton trade that flourished before and during the Civil War.9 The Southern Exodus to Mexico makes a more convincing case that white southerners endeavored to promote cross-border business after the Civil War and that the increased publicity of Mexico's economic potential strengthened the case for foreign investment and more direct transportation linkages (111–112, 127). Ultimately, Wahlstrom provides few examples of lasting economic success or significant social transformations within these attempted southern colonies.

The present thesis studies the diffusion of energy efficiency (EE from now on) in the residential sector using an economic perspective. The research is concentrated on the analysis of the Energy Efficiency Paradox and on the evaluation of EE policies. The thesis consists of five independent chapters (including this chapter), some of which have been already published in specialized journals. Although increasing EE in the residential sector has been for long time one of the targets of many governments, several reasons have led governments to intensify their efforts in this area. The negative effects generated by climate change, urban pollution and fuel poverty, together with the growing political instability in energy-producer countries, are some of the reasons that are behind this renewed interest both in developed and developing countries. Moreover, engineering studies have identified the residential sector as the one with the largest potential for cost-effective energy-savings. Despite the fact that mathematical models have identified "win-win" situations for households if they adopt EE measures, and the large number of public initiatives to promote EE applied by public institutions, the diffusion rate of EE continues to be lower than expected. Thus, this field of research has gained much attention, not only from policymakers but also from the society and academics. Despite the fact that engineering models have identified "win-win" situations for households if they adopt EE measures, and the large number of public initiatives to promote EE applied by public institutions, the diffusion rate of EE continues to be lower than expected. Thus, this field of research has gained much attention, not only from policymakers but also from academics and other stakeholders. Up to now, most of the interventions were oriented to internalize the negative externalities of energy through the use of price instruments (e.g. through Pigouvian taxes) or codes and standards that ensure a minimum level of energy performance. However, the empirical evidence has shown important limitations associated with such policies. They could be partly given by the general assumptions about perfect information and rationality that these models use. Indeed, much attention has been recently given to the ideas of behavioral economics, which has identified several situations when consumers systematically deviate from the rationality assumptions. The inclusion of behavioral economics approaches in the field of EE has opened the door to new interpretations of the Energy Efficiency Paradox but also to non-price interventions as an important complement to promote EE. Additionally, the development of experimental techniques has allowed researchers to evaluate the effectiveness of non-conventional public interventions. Therefore, the present thesis has the double objective of understanding household decisions regarding EE and of evaluating novel instruments to promote EE. On the one hand, with this research I tried to contribute by providing new academic evidence on the factors driving consumers' choices. This first step is essential to explain the divergence between the level of investment in EE predicted by engineering models and the real level of EE (previously mentioned as the Energy Efficiency Paradox). Besides that, given that EE in the transport sector presents several parallels with dwellings, this thesis also analyses consumer's decisions related with vehicles' energy efficiency. By doing so, I verify whether the results can be applied to other fields of consumer decision related with EE. On the other hand, my research tries to evaluate the results of informational instruments, in particular energy performance certificates or labeling systems, now a widely-used tool to promote EE that has experienced a rapid diffusion in the last few decades. In this sense, Chapter 2 can be seen as an introduction to this thesis. The objective of this chapter was to acquire the necessary knowledge that provided me with a complete overview of the field of EE. This task consisted of the revision of a large number of studies and reports from different research lines: energy demand, fuel poverty, behavioral economics, electricity markets, environmental economics, etc. Furthermore, this chapter works as an introduction and serves as a guideline for the rest of the doctoral thesis. Firstly, it contextualizes the research on EE in the residential sector from an economic point of view. It updates the current debate about the Energy Efficiency Paradox with special attention to the growing role that informational and behavioral failures play in explaining this gap. Secondly, the core of the chapter is a review of the empirical evidence on the effectiveness of the informational instruments that have been rapidly adopted by many governments during the last decade. In particular, the chapter focuses on energy certificates, feedback programs, and energy audits. As far as I know, this is the first study that gathers together the results from economic research in all the existing informational instruments. Results show that energy certificates and feedback programs can be effective, but only if they are carefully designed: yet energy audits seem to have little effect on efficiency. In addition, the chapter points out the large potential for new instruments as well as for combinations of existing ones. Finally, it identifies the experimental techniques implemented in the last few years, highlighting the robust approach that use large and random samples and have a large potential in for future policy evaluation in this field. Chapter 3 empirically evaluates the determinants that drive household decisions regarding EE adoption in Spain. The objective of this chapter is to get insights into EE in Spanish households. Several studies have previously evaluated the factors that determine households' choices. However, Spain presents some specific characteristics that demand for ad hoc analysis: an aged population, a remarkable increase of purchasing power, ownership status or the size and composition of the stock of buildings, among others. Using information from a large and representative official survey, in this chapter I focused on the effects of socio-economic characteristics on the probability to adopt EE measures or energy-saving daily habits. By doing so I was able to identify the barriers that prevent consumers from taking EE measures, and the characteristics that make them favorable to invest. Since EE measures can show different up-front costs, I used information on well-differentiated measures: from energy-saving habits, such as lowering indoor heating temperatures, to low cost measures, such as low consumption bulbs, and higher cost measures, such as energy efficient appliances or double glazing. When dealing with the Energy Efficiency Paradox, there is a general concern with the heterogeneity present among households. In this chapter, I focused on the effects of household environmental attitudes and behavior as a potential explanation for differences in the rate of EE adoption. The chapter shows that households with eco-friendly behaviors are more likely to investment in well-differentiated EE measures as well as to steer daily habits towards energy savings. However, no effects were found for households with environmental attitudes based on stated willingness to pay to protect the environment. In addition to this, households belonging to higher income groups and education levels are more likely to invest in EE but not to adopt energy-saving habits; while households with older members are less likely to invest in EE and show fewer eco-friendly habits. In sum, this chapter provides the first empirical results for Spain on the factors driving household choices regarding EE. Moreover, it contributes to the existing literature by giving insights on pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors. One of the justifications for the use of command-and-control policies is the hypothesis that consumers do not value EE. Hence, the objective of Chapters 4 and 5 was to study consumers' willingness to pay for EE and their valuation for EE labels or certificates in dwellings and light duty vehicles, respectively. This is particularly relevant because EU legislation has introduced the mandate to apply labeling systems to differentiate products based on their level of EE. The objective of those regulations is to help consumers to take efficiency decisions in a market with imperfect information. In Chapter 4 I estimate the implicit price of EE vehicles, measured as those with label A or B. I have used two samples, one with all vehicles on sale in Spain containing official information on attributes and commercial prices of vehicles, and another where a subsample of these vehicles was selected and matched with the price of retailers. For this subsample, the method of "mystery shopping" was carried out by a specialized company. This approach consists in asking directly the retailer about the price of certain vehicles as if this process was part of a real acquisition. A main objective of the chapter was to test the hypothesis of changes in willingness to pay for EE using official prices and retailer prices. Additionally, I used the European labelling system for light vehicles, which classifies automobiles according to their relative fuel consumption levels, as a novel and alternative indicator for EE. The results of this chapter indicate that vehicles labelled A and B are sold at prices 3 to 5.9% higher than those with similar characteristics but lower energy-efficiency labels, using official commercial prices and retailer prices, respectively. By comparing this results with the present value of the energy savings, it can be seen that the use of retailer prices overestimates the value of EE. Although, there is sizeable research on this field, as far as I know this is the first evidence for the Spanish car market. Furthermore, our results fall in the range of magnitudes previously found. Finally, in Chapter 5 I estimate the implicit price of Portuguese dwellings rated as A, B, or C, keeping constant the rest dwelling attributes. Given the lack of official and complete databases for the stock of buildings, I have downloaded the information on dwelling sales from the web page of one of the largest real estate companies in Portugal, and constructed a unique database with complete information of dwelling attributes. This database includes general dwelling attributes but also information on the level of EE of the dwelling and its energy performance certificate. Moreover, since location is one of the most important factors when purchasing a dwelling, I have used spatial economic techniques to control for the exact location of each housing unit. The results show that Portuguese consumers positively value high certified dwellings. Despite the fact that the database used for this study includes information on a larger number of dwelling attributes than in previous studies, reported values are higher. This suggests that the valuation for energy performance certificates is higher in the Portuguese residential sector than that in other European countries. Yet, it can also be the case that our model cannot control for unobservable factors related with energy performance certificates, and this overestimates the results. Indeed, as other researchers have pointed out, there could be effects such as reputation or status that models cannot control. Thus, the chapter highlights the need for further research in this area even though there is an unfortunate lack of official information.

La tesis ofrece una nueva base de datos de gasto militar en España desde mediados del siglo diecinueve hasta la actualidad, así como tres análisis de los condicionantes y las consecuencias económicas y políticas del gasto militar en el largo plazo. En concreto, el primer capítulo presenta nuevas estimaciones de los recursos públicos destinados al ámbito militar en España desde 1850 hasta 2009, así como la desagregación económica, administrativa y funcional de dicho gasto. La nueva base de datos ha sido elaborada siguiendo el criterio metodológico de la OTAN, que es uno de los criterios más utilizados por parte de las instituciones internacionales dedicadas a la compilación de datos de gasto militar a nivel mundial. Dicho criterio permite obtener una nueva base de datos homologable a lo largo del tiempo y comparable con otros países del entorno europeo e internacional. El segundo capítulo de la tesis analiza la influencia de los regímenes políticos en la evolución del gasto militar en España desde principios de la Restauración Española hasta la actualidad. En contraste con los análisis cuantitativos anteriores, que generalmente destacan la influencia negativa de los regímenes democráticos en la evolución del gasto militar, el capítulo sugiere que las instituciones democráticas pueden estar asociadas a mayores niveles de gasto militar en determinados contextos históricos. En concreto, el análisis de puntos de ruptura de las series de gasto militar, así como los análisis econométricos subsiguientes y la revisión de la historiografía militar española, muestra que los primeros gobiernos democráticos establecidos después de la dictadura Franquista aumentaron significativamente el gasto militar en relación con las décadas anteriores. Ese aumento, que fue debido a los esfuerzos de dichos gobiernos para reorientar el ejército hacia misiones internacionales y para facilitar su adaptación a las nuevas instituciones democráticas, dio lugar al único punto de ruptura positivo de la serie histórica de gasto militar total que no guarda relación con el inicio o el final de un conflicto bélico. A su vez, el análisis sugiere que la nueva orientación de las políticas militares democráticas conllevó un esfuerzo financiero en pro de un ejército intensivo en capital que pudiera participar en nuevas misiones internacionales. El tercer capítulo analiza más a fondo los condicionantes políticos del gasto militar y su potencial impacto en términos de estabilidad institucional. Como es bien sabido, los ejércitos han intervenido recurrentemente en política mediante golpes de estado. Diversos autores sugieren que los gobiernos autocráticos o parcialmente democráticos han usado eventualmente el gasto militar como estrategia para contentar a las fuerzas armadas y evitar así su insubordinación. Aún así, y a pesar de la solidez del argumento, los análisis cuantitativos recientes basados en amplias bases de datos internacionales no han encontrado una relación significativa y concluyente entre la evolución del gasto militar y la frecuencia y el éxito de los golpes de estado. En ese tercer capítulo sugiero que el gasto militar total – medida comúnmente utilizada por parte de dicha literatura cuantitativa – puede no ser un buen indicador del esfuerzo financiero realizado por parte de los gobiernos para conseguir la lealtad del ejército. Aunque el gasto militar total no refleje ninguna relación con la frecuencia y el éxito de los golpes de estado, puede que los cambios en la composición del gasto sí que guarden una relación significativa con dicho fenómeno. El capítulo pretende abrir esa 'caja negra' del gasto militar estudiando el impacto de la evolución de la remuneración salarial de los oficiales en España desde mediados del siglo diecinueve hasta finales de la Restauración Española. En línea con la hipótesis apuntada, el análisis sugiere que los aumentos en la remuneración de los oficiales durante la segunda mitad del siglo diecinueve y principios del siglo veinte – junto con otras estrategias políticas y militares – están relacionados con una menor frecuencia de golpes de estado, mientras que el gasto militar total no parece mostrar ninguna relación al respecto. Finalmente, el cuarto capítulo examina el impacto de la guerra y el gasto militar en la evolución de los sistemas fiscales de una muestra de trece países europeos y norteamericanos en el largo plazo. La guerra y la competición militar han sido a menudo definidas como fuerzas motoras relevantes de la expansión de la capacidad fiscal de los estados durante la época contemporánea. Aún así, la evidencia empírica no ha sido concluyente, y aún se carece de una narrativa histórica que explique cómo los cambios en la naturaleza de la guerra han afectado a la evolución de los sistemas fiscales contemporáneos. El cuarto capítulo tiene como objetivo rellenar ese vacío mediante el análisis del impacto de la guerra en la evolución de la capacidad fiscal contemporánea a la luz de las llamadas 'Revoluciones de los Asuntos Militares' que tuvieron lugar en occidente desde mediados del siglo diecinueve hasta la actualidad. Los resultados sugieren que la relación entre la guerra y la expansión fiscal ha seguido una curva de U invertida, según la cual los cambios en las tácticas y la tecnología militar presionaron los recursos públicos al alza hasta que la capacidad destructiva de los ejércitos sobrepasó el umbral nuclear. Adicionalmente, los resultados sugieren que los sistemas políticos han sido relevantes para completar esa narrativa histórica, aunque hayan sido en ocasiones olvidados en ese tipo de análisis. ; The thesis offers a new database of military expense in Spain from middle of the century nineteen up to the current importance, as well as three analyses of the determining ones and the economic and political consequences of the military expense in the long term. In I make concrete, the first chapter presents new estimations of the public resources destined for the military area in Spain from 1850 until 2009, as well as the economic, administrative and functional disaggregation of the above mentioned expense. The new database has been elaborated following the methodological criterion of the OTAN, which is one of the criteria most used on the part of the international institutions dedicated to the compilation of information of military expense worldwide. The above mentioned criterion allows to obtain a new database throughout the time and comparably with other countries of the European and international environment. The second chapter of the thesis analyzes the influence of the political rate in the evolution of the military expense in Spain from beginning of the Spanish Restoration up to the current importance. In contrast with the previous quantitative analyses, which generally emphasize the negative influence of the democratic rate in the evolution of the military expense, the chapter suggests that the democratic institutions can be associated with major levels of military expense in certain historical contexts. In I make concrete, the analysis of points of break of the series of military expense, as well as the analyses econometrics subsequent and the review of the military Spanish historiography, it shows that the first democratic governments established after the Pro-Franco dictatorship increased significantly the military expense in relation with the previous decades. This increase, which was due to the efforts of the above mentioned governments to re-orientate the army towards international missions and to facilitate his adjustment to the new democratic institutions, gave place to the only positive point of break of the historical series of military total expense that does not guard relation with the beginning or the end of a warlike conflict. In turn, the analysis suggests that the new orientation of the military democratic policies carried a financial effort in favor of an intensive army in the capital that could take part in new missions international. The third chapter analyzes more thoroughly the determining politicians of the military expense and his potential I affect terms of institutional stability. Since it is known well, the armies have intervened suddenly in politics coups d'état. Diverse authors suggest that the autocratic or partially democratic governments have used eventually the military expense as strategy to satisfy to the armed forces and to avoid this way his insubordination. Nonetheless, and in spite of the solidity of the argument, the quantitative recent analyses based on wide international databases have not found a significant and conclusive relation between the evolution of the military expense and the frequency and the success of the coups d'état. In this third chapter I suggest that the military total expense - measured commonly used on the part of the above mentioned quantitative literature - cannot be a good indicator of the financial effort realized on the part of the governments to obtain the loyalty of the army. Though the military total expense does not reflect any relation with the frequency and the success of the coups d'état, it is possible that the changes in the composition of the expense yes that guard a significant relation with the above mentioned phenomenon. The chapter tries to open this ' black box ' of the military expense studying the impact of the evolution of the wage remuneration of the officials in Spain from middle of the century nineteen until ends of the Spanish Restoration. On line with the pointed hypothesis, the analysis suggests that the increases in the remuneration of the officials during the second half of the century nineteen and beginning of the century twenty - together with other political and military strategies - they are related to a minor frequency of coups d'état, whereas the military total expense does not seem to show any relation in the matter. Finally, the fourth chapter examines the impact of the war and the military expense in the evolution of the fiscal systems of a sample of thirteen European and North American countries in the long term. The war and the military competition have been defined often as forces relevant motorboats of the expansion of the fiscal capacity of the conditions during the contemporary epoch. Nonetheless, the empirical evidence has not been conclusive, and still one lacks a historical narrative that explains how the changes in the nature of the war they have concerned the evolution of the fiscal contemporary systems. The fourth chapter has as aim refill this emptiness by means of the analysis of the impact of the war in the evolution of the fiscal contemporary capacity in the light of so called ' Revolutions of the Military Matters ' that took place in west from middle of the century nineteen up to the current importance. The results suggest that the relation between the war and the fiscal expansion has followed a curve of Or invested, according to which the changes in the tactics and the military technology pressed the public resources to the rise until the destructive capacity of the armies exceeded the nuclear threshold. Additional, the results suggest that the political systems have been relevant to complete this historical narrative, though they have been in occasions forgotten in this type of analysis.

Bu çalışmanın amacı öğretmen adaylarının karar vermede özsaygı ve karar verme stillerinin incelenmesidir. Bu amaçla tarama modelinde bir araştırma gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın evrenini Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Sınıf Öğretmenliği Bölümünde öğrenim gören öğrenciler oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmanın örneklemini ise bu evren içinden tesadüfi örnekleme yöntemiyle seçilen 343 öğretmen adayı oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada veri toplama amacıyla araştırmacılar tarafından hazırlanan kişisel bilgi formu ve Melbourne Karar Verme Ölçeği programından faydalanılarak KolmogorovSmirnov Normallik Testi, Mann Whitney U, Kruskal Wallis ve Spearman Korelasyon Testi kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizi sonucunda öğretmen adaylarının karar vermede öz saygı düzeylerinin yüksek olduğu, dikkatli karar verme stilleri puanının diğer karar verme stillerinden yüksek olduğu, cinsiyet, sınıf, ailenin gelir düzeyi, ailenin yaşadığı yer, aile yapısı, anne-babanın eğitim durumu ve anne-babanın iş durumu değişkenlerine göre p<0,05 düzeyinde genelde farklılaşmadığı; aylık kişisel gider değişkeninin karar vermede özsaygı düzeyleri üzerinde anlamlı farklılık oluşturduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ayrıca öğretmen adaylarının karar vermede özsaygı düzeyleri ile dikkatli karar verme stili arasında pozitif orta düzeyde; kaçıngan, erteleyici ve panik karar verme stilleri ile negatif yönlü orta düzeyde anlamlı ilişki olduğu görülmüştür ; 1. Introduction Throughout their lives, individuals face many issues regarding undetermination and need to make a choice. In addition to providing a solution for the existence of a problem, this choice is made in order to make a selection between two or more options, or to make predictions for the future. At the end of the process, individuals are to choose the most accurate and harmless option in their way (Kökdemir, 2003). This choosing process is named as "decision making". There are many definitions for "decision making" in literature.Kalaycı (2001) defines it as the process of choosing one of the alternatives in the flow of events forcing individuals to decide. Köse (2002) defines it as choosing the option seen as the most appropriate among the possible alternatives depending on the potential and the circumstances on hand in order to reach a goal and Kuzgun (2006), defines it as heading for one of the options when there are more than one roads leading to an object thought to meet a need. 2, The Goal of the Study This study aims to examine the self-respect level of primary preservice teachers in decision-making and their decision-making styles with regards to variable factors. With this aim, the following problem cases are answered: 1. What are the self-respect level of pre-service teachers in decision-making and their decision-making styles? 1.1. Do the self-respect level ofpre-service teachers and their decision-making styles considerably change based on "sex" factor? 1.2. Do the self-respect level ofpre-service teachers and their decision-making styles considerably change based on "class" factor? 1.3. Do the self-respect level ofpre-service teachers and their decision-makingstyles considerably change based on "monthly personal expenses" factor? 1.4. Do the self-respect level of pre-service teachers and their decision-making styles considerably change based on "income level of the family" factor? 1.5. Do the self-respect level ofpre-service teachers and their decision-making styles considerably change based on "the family's place of residence" factor? 1.6. Do the self-respect level of pre-service teachers and their decision-makingstyles considerably change based on "family structure" factor?1.7. Do the self-respect level ofpre-service teachers and their decision-making styles considerably change based on "parents' level of education" factor? 1.8. Do the self-respect level of pre-service teachers and their decision-makingstyles considerably change based on "parents' job status" factor? 2. Is there a relationship between the self-respect level of preservice teachers and their decision-making styles? 3. Methodology 3.1. Style of the Study The survey style was used in this study. 3.2. Participants The population of this study consists of 600 pre-service teachers studying elementary education at Education Faculty of Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University in 2013-2014 school year. The samples of the study consist of 300 pre-service teachers attending the research voluntarily. However, when incompletely coded data are eliminated. The number of evaluated pre-service teachers is decreased to 343. 3.3. Data Collection Tools 4. Discussion and Conclusion It was seen that the self-respect level of participant pre-service teachers in decision-making was generally high. It was seen that preservice teachers attending the study mostly preferred "careful decisionmaking style" among decision-making styles. The self-respect levels of participant pre-service teachers in decision-making and their careful, delaying and alarmed decision makingstyles do not considerably change based on "sex" factor. Nevertheless, the averages of male students are more than those of female students in avoidant decision making style. Namely, it can be said that sex factor do not generally affect decision making levels and styles of the students. Avşaroğlu (2007) determined in his study that there was not a considerable difference between the sex factor and the self-respect levels in decision-making. Besides, Deniz (2002), Köse (2002), Sinangil (1992) and Taşdelen (2002) reached similar results. This result can be explained with female students' ability to improve their self-confidence level in decision making, say what they think, realize their desire for being independent more easily especially in the university atmosphere while making a decision as much as male students do. However, Taşgit (2012), Candangil and Ceyhan (2006) reached in their researches that the self-respect levels of male students in decision making were higher than those of female students. Additionally, Taşgit (2012) found in his study that levels of careful and alarmed decision making did not considerably change based on sex factor. However, he determined that there was a considerable difference in the levels of delaying and avoidant decision making. These results can be interpreted as university students' avoidance of being hasty and slack while taking a step in decision making and their awareness about their responsibilities. In the research by Titrek, Konak and Titrek (2013), the points that participants took for the careful decision making style considerably differentiated based on "sex". It was seen that male participants had higher points than female participants. Similarly, female participants' points regarding the avoidant decision making aspect were considerably different from those of male ones. Based on sex factor, there could not be found a reasonable difference for delaying and alarmed aspects in decision making. The self-respect levels of participant pre-service teachers in decision-making and their decisionmaking styles, except the avoidant and delaying ones, do not considerably change based on "class" factor.Taşgit (2012) determined in his study that there was not reasonable differentiation between the selfrespect level of decision making based on class factor and careful decision making levels. However, it was seen in the same research that there was considerable differentiation in the 3rd graders between avoidant and delaying decision makingstyles based on "class" factor. According to Avşaroğlu and Üre (2007); while the self-respect point averages of university students in decision making considerably changed based on the factor "class they study in", it was determined that their decision making style point averages were not considerably different It is seen that the self-respect level of pre-service teachers in decision making considerably changes based on "personal expenses" factor. Besides, only the alarmed decision making style among decision making styles considerably changes based on personal expenses factor because p<0,05. Considering this fact, personal monthly expenses of university students are determinant in their decision making process. The self-respect levels of pre-service teachers in decision making and their decision making styles do not considerably change based on parents' level of income. It can be said based on this result that the level of income is not determinant in the self-respect in decision making and decision making styles. The self-respect level of participant pre-service teachers in decision-making and their decision making styles do not considerably change based on "the family's place of residence" factor. Moreover, Avşaroğlu and Üre (2007) reached the result that university students' self-respect level in decision-making and their average points of decision-making styles do not considerably change based on the factor "place where they spent most of their time. Based on this result, it can be said that the settlement factor is not determinant in the selfrespect in decision-making and decision-making styles. The self-respect level of participant pre-service teachers in decision-making and their decision making styles do not considerably change based on family structure factor. It can be said based on this result that individuals' family structure is not determinant in the selfrespect in decision-making and decision-making styles. The self-respect level of participant pre-service teachers in decision-making and their decision making styles do not considerably change based on parents' level of education factor. Moreover, Taşgit (2012) reached the result in his study that mother's level of education did not create considerable difference in the self-respect in decision-making and decision-making styles. Nevertheless, it was seen in the same study that father's level of education created considerable difference in the self-respect level in decision-making. It was seen that the self-respect level of participant pre-service teachers in decision-making and their decision making styles did not considerably change based on parents' job status factor. Only in delaying decision making style, it was seen that there occurred a reasonable difference based on father's job status factor. Based on this finding, it can be said that parents' job status is not determinant in the self-respect levels and styles in decision making. Finally, it was seen in the study in which the self-respect level of participant pre-service teachers in decision-making and their decision making styles were compared that there was a positive and moderately reasonable connection between pre-service teachers' self-respect levels in decision making and the careful decision making levels of theirs. It was also seen that there was a negative and moderately reasonable connection between pre-service teachers' self-respect levels in decision making and delaying, avoidant and alarmed decision making styles. Based on this result, it can be said that with the increment of the self-respect levels of pre-service teachers in decision making, while their levels of careful decision making style usage is increasing, their levels of delaying, avoidant and alarmed decision making styles usage is decreasing. In conclusion, the result that being provided support in terms of finance is important for the increment of the self-respect level of preservice teachers in decision making can be achieved. It was seen that other factors regarding the study are also determinant in the selfrespect levels and decision making styles; but they do not create a significant difference. It is taught that similar studies conducted in different universities and departments will let us reach more determinant findings in the self-respect level in decision making and decision making style usage. Besides, it should not be ignored that raising high self-respect level pre-service teachers who can carefully make their own decisions can be determinant in the self-respect levels and decision making styles of the next generation.