Suchergebnisse

The activity of Canadian Prime Minister John Diefenbaker to protect the Ukrainians' national rights in Soviet Union is analyzed. It was the time of the Cold War, when the great divide between the Soviet Union and the Canada contained a many points. In particular, as Prime Minister, he called Soviet Government to protect human rights, stop arrest of dissidents, and to allow free elections. The violation of constitutional rights guaranteed in the Ukrainian SSR, prosecution of dissidents, the implementation of people's right to self-determination, the openings of the Canadian Consulate in Kyiv were main issues that Canadian politician raised in public discourse in Canada.Diefenbaker was certainly more outspoken than his predecessors and used anti-communist rhetoric. He enjoyed speaking to audiences of Canadian Ukrainians, always stressing his sympathy with their aims. Diefenbaker named Canada's first Ukrainian-Canadian Cabinet Minister Politician (Michael Starr) and appointed the second senator of Ukrainian descent (Ivan Hnatyshyn). He often quoted passages from the poems Taras Shevchenko, interested in Ukrainian history, and believed in the establishment of Ukrainian nationhood.Separately traced J. Diefenbaker' activities and initiatives in the international arena. The most famous speech made by John Diefenbaker on the problem of relations with the Soviet Union was his call in the United Nations for the Russians to explain why they continue to maintain several millions of Eastern Europeans in a state of colonial servitude to the Russian imperial system. Diefenbaker's speech on September 26, 1960 was a direct challenge to the Soviet leader Mykyta Khrushchev, who was personally leading the Soviet delegation to the Assembly of the United Nations. The speech had world reaction and was a sensation among the most delegations. Its impact was immediate upon Canadians of Eastern European descent whose homelands are within the communist totalitarian system. Diefenbaker's rhetoric caught the public mood among Canadian Ukrainians. It was a challenge voiced by a new hero, in the eyes of those people who came from the forgotten nations in Eastern Europe. Instead, the Soviet press attacked Diefenbaker's statements as "slanderous".After retiring from the post of Prime Minister, Diefenbaker led the International Committee for Human Rights. He was meeting with the world's politicians and raised the issue with respect to violations of constitutional rights of Ukrainians within Soviet Union. As leader of the conservative opposition in parliament, he repeatedly raised the issue of opening the Consulate of Canada in Kyiv. In 1969 he visited the capital of the Ukrainian SSR and in conversation with it officials sought the opening of the Consulate of Canada in the Ukrainian capital. Diefenbaker was one of the few world leaders who tried to implement the Ukrainian issue to the world agenda and stressed that "the West must speak out". Prime Minister of Canada was the most prominent spokesman the concept of the colonial status of the Ukrainian SSR among Western politicians. Their actions outlined Canada's policy framework on the Ukrainian question, which largely followed all subsequent governments. ; Проаналізовано діяльність прем'єр-міністра Канади Джона Діфенбейкера (1957–1963), спрямовану на захист національних прав українців у Радянському Союзі. До основних питань, які канадський політик упровадив до канадського суспільного дискурсу, належали проблеми порушення конституційно гарантованих прав людини в Українській РСР, арешти і переслідування дисидентів, реалізація права народу на самовизначення, відкриття канадського консульства у Києві тощо. Окремо простежено заходи й ініціативи Дж. Діфенбейкера на міжнародній арені, зокрема виступ 26 вересня 1960 р. на Генеральній Асамблеї ООН та реакцію на нього в Радянському Союзі, створення Міжнародного комітету захисту прав людини. Відзначено, що навіть після відставки з посади прем'єр-міністра Канади, Дж. Діфенбейкер активно цікавився ситуацією в Українській РСР, виступаючи на захист національних прав її мешканців.

The main thesis of this article is that the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), which led the national movement of the 1930s in Western Ukraine, prepared and carried out a terrorist act against a Soviet diplomatic representative in Lviv as a retribution for a man-made famine of 1932-1933 in the USSR, which resulted in the deaths of millions of Ukrainian peasants.The truth about one of the greatest tragedies in Ukrainian and world history, the Holodomor, is still relatively unknown today. During the tragedy on the Ukrainian territory, there was no objective information about it on the international arena, which excluded the possibility of assistance from international organizations, as was the case during the famine of 1921-23 in Soviet Russia. Under these circumstances, the OUN took a radical step – they planned a murder of a Soviet diplomat in Lviv aiming to bring the international community to dramatic events in the USSR.The OUN, which monitored the socio-political situation and anti-Ukrainian measures of Soviet power in the USSR, opposed the spread of communist ideas in Western Ukraine (as a part of Poland) and fought against it with different methods, be it political propaganda or terrorist acts.The OUN learned about the tragic processes in the Ukrainian village too late, since the Soviet regime carefully concealed the consequences of its policies. Ukrainian society in Western Ukraine for a long time did not suspect about the true scale of the humanitarian catastrophe in the USSR. So the decision of the OUN to organize an assassination of a Soviet representative was made only in June 1933, when the terror was already fading in Ukrainian villages.The decision to assassinate a representative of Soviet authorities was made collectively by the OUN leadership. In a short time, a detailed plan was developed and preparation for an attempt was made. The assassin, Mykola Lemik, came from a poor peasant family, which was specifically foreseen by the organizers, in order to avoid accusations by official Moscow of killing their representative on social, rather than political, grounds.Apart from its main goal to attract the attention of the Western world to the Holodomor, the assassination was considered by the OUN as a political action to show solidarity with Ukrainians in the USSR, to demonstrate to Ukrainian society the readiness to resolutely continue the struggle for independence of Ukraine with all available methods.The information about the murder of Soviet diplomat O. Maylov was widely circulated in the Ukrainian and foreign press, therefore, the world community became more interested in following the events that took place on the territory of the USSR.The information about the organization of artificial famine in the USSR in 1932-1933 by the Soviet authorities struck Ukrainians in Galychyna, caused a strong opposition to the establishment of the Soviet regime in Western Ukraine in 1939 and became one of the reasons of active support of the anti-Communist Resistance Movement in the region after the end of the Second World War. ; У статті простежено реакцію Організації Українських Націоналістів на трагічні події, пов'язані з Голодомором в Українській СРР у 1932–1933 рр. ОУН прийняла рішення про замах на радянського дипломатичного представника як спосіб привернути увагу західного світу до тоталітарної політики комуністичної Москви, що організувала штучний голод у підрадянській Україні. Підкреслено, що одночасно терористичний акт розглядався ОУН як політична акція, що мала виявити солідарність з наддніпрянськими українцями, продемонструвати українському суспільству рішучу готовність продовження будь-якими методами боротьби за державну незалежність. Розкрито механізм ухвалення рішення керівництвом ОУН про відплатну акцію, хід підготовки замаху (атентату) на консула СРСР у Львові. Особливу увагу зосереджено на аналізі інформації про відплатну акцію ОУН в українській та закордонній пресі й оцінці дієвості цієї акції. Зроблено спробу розглянути уроки, які винесла ОУН з подій 1932–1933 рр. У Наддніпрянщині, й проаналізувати дії українського Руху Опору для недопущення подібних злочинів комуністичного режиму після Другої світової війни.

This dissertation examines the extent to which sociopolitical changes from the Saite to Roman periods of Egyptian history affected the lives of a non-elite population from the Memphite region in Lower Egypt. This examination is accomplished through a multidimensional bioarchaeological approach that considers evidence of skeletal stress in remains from the Wall of the Crow Cemetery in Giza, in combination with archaeological and historical data. Written sources suggest that while Memphite region was relatively stable and prosperous during the Saite period, the early to mid-Roman period was instead characterized by increasing oppression and segregation of the native Egyptian population. To investigate whether or not this supposedly harsh treatment of the general population by the Romans is supported by skeletal evidence, frequencies of non-specific skeletal stress markers were compared between the Saite and Roman period cemetery populations from the Wall of the Crow Cemetery at Giza. In addition, historical data suggest that women were more marginalized during the Roman period than during the earlier Saite period. To examine whether sex-based health disparities increased through time as a result of this marginalization, frequencies of skeletal stress markers were also compared between the sexes, within and between the two periods. Changes in mortuary treatment amongst the elite were quite drastic from the Saite to the Roman period. The Wall of the Crow material, however, suggests that the adaptations to evolving funerary beliefs amongst the non-elite were more subtle. By paying close attention to the mortuary context of the burials in conjunction with skeletal data, the present study examines the ways in which a likely non-literate population internalized the developments in funerary liturgy effected by the literate elite, and how and whether these adaptations were age- or sex-specific. Finally, a large portion of this research project was devoted to the creation of a standardized database that allowed for the integration of skeletal and contextual data. The development of the database is outlined in the methodology chapter of this dissertation, and a central aim of the present research is to make the database template available to other researchers. The dissertation is organized as follows: Part I provides the background to the study, and is divided in four chapters. Chapter Two outlines the historical and political background of the Saite and Roman periods in Egypt, as well as the social impact of political change and the fluctuating fortunes of the country on the general population. Chapter Three summarizes the theoretical perspectives at the basis of mortuary archaeology and bioarchaeology, and provides a review of recent work on Egyptian material. The specific aspects of skeletal stress and mortuary analysis utilized for the present study, as well as difficulties with interpretation, are outlined in Chapter Four. Part II of the dissertation places the Wall of the Crow human remains and associated artifacts in their cultural context. Chapter Five describes mortuary practices in Saite and Roman Egypt, while Chapter Six considers the landscape of Giza in a religious and mortuary context. Part III presents the data. Chapter Seven sets out the research questions and hypotheses underpinning the study, Chapter Eight describes the site and the archaeological materials, and Chapter Nine provides the methods used in the analysis. Chapter Ten presents the results of the skeletal and mortuary analysis, while Chapter Eleven pays special attention to the non-adults in the material. Finally, Part IV contains the interpretation of the findings in two chapters: Chapter Twelve provides the discussion, and the final conclusions are presented in Chapter Thirteen.

На прикладах українського радянського плакату й обкладинок періодичних видань діаспори 1945–1989 рр. розглянуто символічні зображення України за допомогою ландшафту. З'ясовано, що міський та сільський ландшафти в обидвох випадках представлено відповідно до ідеологічного контексту. Радянські приклади наголошували на модернізації останніх років і символічно показували майбутнє. Діаспорні твори переповнені ностальгією за минулим тазображають ідеальні позачасові картини. Визначено, що символіка ландшафту пов'язана не стільки з реальним середовищем, як із різними візіями національної ідентичності. ; Based on the Soviet Ukrainian posters and periodicals' covers of the Diaspora from 1945–1989, symbolic landscape images of Ukraine have been analyzed. Soviet institutions, communities in the diaspora offered different visions, nostalgically recalling the past that is already gone or the future that is to come.Ukrainian city, both in the Soviet and diaspora designs, is represented quite often, but these images emphasize opposite values. In the diaspora, the most important urban symbol is a church. Two main cathedrals, St. Sophia in Kyiv and St. George in Lviv illustrate respective Ukrainian cities, communicating the idea of "East" and "West". Their combination promotes the idea of unity. Other architectural symbols for the diaspora are the Kyiv Teacher's House (a place of Central Rada – The Ukrainian parliament in 1917–1918), Zaborovsky Gate, Kyiv-Mohyla Academy (representing the building as it was built in Hetman Ivan Mazepa's time). A symbol of the Ukrainian capital in graphic design of both Ukrainian diaspora and Soviet Ukraine is the image of Golden Gate. Émigré publications show the ruins of this monument before the renovation. Soviet posters, instead, praise results of the early 1980's reconstruction, on the one hand reminding about history, and on the other – glorifying achievements of the Soviet state. In general, the Soviet version of urban landscape shows achievements of the Soviet urbanization only, while the pre-Soviet monuments (including the churches that were so important for diaspora) remain invisible. In addition to easily recognizable public buildings and monuments, Soviet city symbolic panoramas include residential and industrial areas.A common symbolic image of Ukrainian land, which was used in both of the political contexts, was a wheat field. In the diaspora, wheat spikes and wheat sheaves are represented quite often. A wheat field in the Soviet posters is one of the most popular symbols, communicating the idea of collective farming agricultural achievements. However, in many cases, it stands for Ukraine and differentiates it among the other Soviet republics.Images of Ukrainian village in Soviet Ukraine and the Ukrainian diaspora were quite different. Soviet posters represent Ukrainian villages in the context of the collective farms' achievements only. Modern planning, new infrastructure, and public buildings make these villages look like cities. Ukrainian village in diaspora shows no modernization and looks timeless – white hutsunder straw roofs surround a church. The symbolism of the Ukrainian village changed in the end of 80's; it was one of the signs of Perestroika. In late Soviet posters, wooden fences, straw roofs, poplartrees are back and become identical to the diaspora images. In the end of 1989 – early 1990, a church returns to the rural landscape. By the time when Ukrainian poster is free from communist ideology, national landscape symbols in the USSR and diaspora become the same.Most examples of the Ukrainian symbolic landscape in graphic design represent the past orthe future. Memories and nostalgia for the "lost paradise" of native land were cultivated in the Ukrainian diaspora. Soviet propaganda stressed on a happy future, the signs of which are already visible today. The romantic Ukrainian past was not familiar to everyone in the diaspora, as well as the communist future could not be experienced in Soviet Ukraine, but the established ideological contextsdemanded such symbols. Over time, they turned into a cliché and became a part of the mindset of several generations.

Актуальність теми дослідження визначається тим, що кооперативні форми господарювання органічно притаманні сучасному суспільству і сприяють його прогресивному економічному розвитку. Формування кооперативного сектора національної економіки дозволяє реалізувати підприємницьку ініціативу громадян, забезпечити зайнятість широких верств населення та посилити їх соціальний захист. Постановка проблеми. Кооперативна форма господарювання визнана у всіх державах - членах Європейського Союзу. Інтеграція українського кооперативного руху в європейський потребує визначення його стратегічних напрямів. Аналіз останніх досліджень і публікацій. Значний внесок у розвиток теорії, методології та історії розвитку кооперативного руху зробили багото вітчизняних вчених. Утім потребує подальшого дослідження європейський досвід кооперативного руху з метою його адаптації до українських умов. Виділення недосліджених частин загальної проблеми. Потребують дослідження нові вимоги, визначені Угодою про асоціацію до галузей національної економіки, яким притаманна кооперативна форма організації господарської діяльності. Постановка завдання. Дослідження особливостей інституціональних форм кооперативних організацій та їх об'єднань у країнах Європейського Союзу з метою їх адаптації та імплементації в Україні. Викладення основного матеріалу. У статті кооперативна модель національного господарства представлена, як кооперативна форма організації сегменту фінансово-кредитної сфери, а також галузей виробництва, обміну і споживання, взаємопов'язаних між собою поділом праці, яка є тривимірною (вертикальна, горизонтальна інтеграція, розвиток у часі). Висновки. На відміну від європейської практики, українські кооперативні об'єднання обмежені лише сферами споживчої, сільськогосподарської та кредитної кооперації. Причому їх розвиток недостатньо узгоджується і координується. Інтегрованою у міжнародний і Європейський кооперативний альянси лишається тільки Укоопспілка. Україна потребує створення реально діючого національного кооперативного альянсу, об'єднання його членів та їх активної інтеграції у міжнародні та європейські організації. ; Urgency of the research is determined by the fact that cooperative forms of management are organically inherent in modern society and contribute to its progressive economic development. Formation of the cooperative sector of the national economy enables to realize the entrepreneurial initiative of citizens, provide employment of the general population and strengthen their social protection. Target setting. The cooperative form of management is recognized in all member states of the European Union. Integration of the Ukrainian cooperative movement into the European requires the definition of its strategic directions. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. А lot of domestic scientists made a significant contribution to the development of the theory, methodology and history of the development of the cooperative movement. However, the European experience of the cooperative movement needs further research in order to adapt it to Ukrainian conditions. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. The research demands the new requirements defined by the Association Agreement to the branches of the national economy, which is characterized by a cooperative form of economic activity. The research objective. Investigation of the peculiarities of institutional forms of cooperative organizations and their associations in the countries of the European Union with a view to their adaptation and implementation in Ukraine. The statement of basic materials. In the article, the cooperative model of the national economy is presented as a cooperative form of organization of the segment of the financial and credit sphere, as well as branches of production, exchange and consumption, interconnected by a division of labor, which is three-dimensional (vertical, horizontal integration, development in time). Conclusions. Unlike European practice, Ukrainian cooperative societies are limited only to consumer, agricultural and lending cooperatives. Moreover, their development is not sufficiently coordinated and coordinated. Only the Ukoopspilka remains integrated into the international and European cooperative alliances. Ukraine needs to create a truly functioning national cooperative alliance, unite its members and actively integrate them into international and European organizations.

На прикладах українського радянського плакату й обкладинок періодичних видань діаспори 1945–1989 рр. розглянуто символічні зображення України за допомогою ландшафту. З'ясовано, що міський та сільський ландшафти в обидвох випадках представлено відповідно до ідеологічного контексту. Радянські приклади наголошували на модернізації останніх років і символічно показували майбутнє. Діаспорні твори переповнені ностальгією за минулим тазображають ідеальні позачасові картини. Визначено, що символіка ландшафту пов'язана не стільки з реальним середовищем, як із різними візіями національної ідентичності. ; Based on the Soviet Ukrainian posters and periodicals' covers of the Diaspora from 1945–1989, symbolic landscape images of Ukraine have been analyzed. Soviet institutions, communities in the diaspora offered different visions, nostalgically recalling the past that is already gone or the future that is to come.Ukrainian city, both in the Soviet and diaspora designs, is represented quite often, but these images emphasize opposite values. In the diaspora, the most important urban symbol is a church. Two main cathedrals, St. Sophia in Kyiv and St. George in Lviv illustrate respective Ukrainian cities, communicating the idea of "East" and "West". Their combination promotes the idea of unity. Other architectural symbols for the diaspora are the Kyiv Teacher's House (a place of Central Rada – The Ukrainian parliament in 1917–1918), Zaborovsky Gate, Kyiv-Mohyla Academy (representing the building as it was built in Hetman Ivan Mazepa's time). A symbol of the Ukrainian capital in graphic design of both Ukrainian diaspora and Soviet Ukraine is the image of Golden Gate. Émigré publications show the ruins of this monument before the renovation. Soviet posters, instead, praise results of the early 1980's reconstruction, on the one hand reminding about history, and on the other – glorifying achievements of the Soviet state. In general, the Soviet version of urban landscape shows achievements of the Soviet urbanization only, while the pre-Soviet monuments (including the churches that were so important for diaspora) remain invisible. In addition to easily recognizable public buildings and monuments, Soviet city symbolic panoramas include residential and industrial areas.A common symbolic image of Ukrainian land, which was used in both of the political contexts, was a wheat field. In the diaspora, wheat spikes and wheat sheaves are represented quite often. A wheat field in the Soviet posters is one of the most popular symbols, communicating the idea of collective farming agricultural achievements. However, in many cases, it stands for Ukraine and differentiates it among the other Soviet republics.Images of Ukrainian village in Soviet Ukraine and the Ukrainian diaspora were quite different. Soviet posters represent Ukrainian villages in the context of the collective farms' achievements only. Modern planning, new infrastructure, and public buildings make these villages look like cities. Ukrainian village in diaspora shows no modernization and looks timeless – white hutsunder straw roofs surround a church. The symbolism of the Ukrainian village changed in the end of 80's; it was one of the signs of Perestroika. In late Soviet posters, wooden fences, straw roofs, poplartrees are back and become identical to the diaspora images. In the end of 1989 – early 1990, a church returns to the rural landscape. By the time when Ukrainian poster is free from communist ideology, national landscape symbols in the USSR and diaspora become the same.Most examples of the Ukrainian symbolic landscape in graphic design represent the past orthe future. Memories and nostalgia for the "lost paradise" of native land were cultivated in the Ukrainian diaspora. Soviet propaganda stressed on a happy future, the signs of which are already visible today. The romantic Ukrainian past was not familiar to everyone in the diaspora, as well as the communist future could not be experienced in Soviet Ukraine, but the established ideological contextsdemanded such symbols. Over time, they turned into a cliché and became a part of the mindset of several generations.

National audience ; The sector of the Troyes plain, a small territory in the Greater East of Paris, whose economic dynamics are representative of those of many small towns in France, is now one of the main areas of activity for preventive archaeology in the north of France. This fact is notably the result of an active, conscious and regular monitoring of areas submitted to land development for more than 25 years of archaeological research. The objective of collective research program « Plaine de Troyes », which draws up a complete assessment of the trajectory of this territory, is to apprehend the spatial dynamics of the human occupations of the first farmers from the Early Neolithic period to the territory polarized by the city of Troyes at the time of the Counts of Champagne. Conceived on a resolutely geographical basis, this program explores the data from a spatial (cartography, statistics) but also from a long-term perspective, for a better understanding of the logic of territorial evolution. The aim is to make a reflexive diagnosis of the long series of operations already carried out and to question the representativeness of their results. Their detailed analysis highlights the complexity of the factors involved, from the detection to the restitution of the main lines of ancient settlement to which any territorial project is attached. It also opens the discussion on the strategies that preventive archaeology must adopt to meet a strictly scientific requirement, without being influenced by commercial or political considerations. The project also aims to build up a statistical data set, characterized by multiple qualitative and quantitative variables, while providing results that can be easily reproduced by other well-monitored sectors. More generally, the objective is to contribute to the writing of a new discourse on the global history of the territories of the French isthmus. ; Le secteur de la plaine de Troyes, petit territoire du Grand Est parisien dont la dynamique économique est représentative de celle de nombreuses petites villes de France, fait désormais partie des principales zones d'activité d'archéologie préventive du nord de la France. Cet état de fait est notamment le fruit d'un suivi actif, conscient et régulier, des surfaces soumises à aménagement depuis plus de 25 ans de recherches archéologiques. Le programme collectif de recherche (PCR) « Plaine de Troyes », qui établit un bilan complet sur la trajectoire de ce territoire, a pour objectif d'appréhender la dynamique spatiale des occupations humaines des premiers agriculteurs du Néolithique ancien jusqu'au territoire polarisé par la ville de Troyes au temps des comtes de Champagne. Conçu sur une base résolument géographique, ce programme explore les données sous l'angle spatial (cartographie, statistiques) mais aussi de la longue durée, pour une meilleure compréhension de la logique d'évolution territoriale. Il s'agit de poser un diagnostic réflexif sur la longue série d'opérations déjà menées et d'interroger la représentativité de leurs résultats. Leur analyse détaillée met en lumière la complexité des facteurs entrant en ligne de compte, de la détection jusqu'à la restitution des grandes lignes du peuplement ancien à laquelle s'attache tout projet de territoire. Elle ouvre également la discussion sur les stratégies que l'archéologie préventive doit adopter pour répondre à une exigence strictement scientifique, sans être influencée par des considérations commerciales ou politiques. Le projet vise également à constituer un jeu de données statistiques, caractérisé par de multiples variables qualitatives et quantitatives, tout en fournissant des résultats aisément reproductibles par d'autres secteurs bien suivis. Plus généralement, l'objectif est de concourir à l'écriture d'un nouveau discours sur l'histoire globale des territoires de l'isthme français.

Данная статья отражает этнокультурную специфику выделенных категорий мигрантов в ЕАО в указанный период. Для рассматриваемого субъекта Российской Федерации характерно удаленное положение от центра страны, приграничная близость с Китайской Народной Республикой, своеобразная история заселения края. Привлечение иностранной рабочей силы в область устанавливается в результате политики властей и в том числе нуждами частных предприятий. Государственные управленческие решения, конечно же, имеют немаловажное значение, тем не менее деятельностная сфера частных предпринимателей также играет определяющую роль в притоке трудовых мигрантов. Вследствие чего большое значение в региональной картине количественной составляющей трудовых мигрантов и в целом социально-экономической и общественно-политической сферах имеет комплексный результат. Объективные факторы, актуализирующие миграционные процессы в Еврейской автономной области: низкая плотность населения, процессы депопуляции и оттока населения, дефицит трудовых ресурсов. При написании исследования использовались компоненты методологии полевой этнографии, а именно: включенное наблюдение, опрос респондентов, запись полученного материала в полевой дневник. Выделены основные категории мигрантов с учетом разных уровней их адаптации: первичной адаптации (временные трудовые мигранты, студенты, туристы) и адаптации, предусматривающей интеграцию в местную этносоциальную среду (мигранты-соотечественники, вынужденные переселенцы, мигранты, прибывшие для создания или воссоединения семьи). Анализ имеющихся этнографических материалов, статистических сведений и архивных документов позволяет в настоящее время охарактеризовать динамику миграционных процессов в ЕАО, категории мигрантов и специфику их адаптации в принимающем обществе, современный срез этнической культуры национальных меньшинств и субэтнических общностей рассматриваемого субъекта федерации. Проблема этнокультурной адаптации устойчивых социальных групп, в том числе и этнических, является одной из основополагающих для понимания и построения актуальной стратегии формирования гармоничных межнациональных . This article presents the main categories of migrants in the Jewish Autonomous region in the late 20th — early 21st century. The Specifics of the development of modern migration processes in the Jewish Autonomous region (EAO) determine factors such as the remoteness of the region from the center of Russia, its border location, a special history of organization and development as a subject of the Russian Federation. The policy of attracting migrants to the region is determined not only by the government but also entrepreneurs. Their activities in this sphere are no less important than the adoption of state administrative decisions. Accordingly, it is a complex set of factors that forms the regional picture of labor migration on the socio-economic and socio-political environment, and which is not as predictable. Because the JAR is on the border with almost half a billion population of China, the decision of the migration, demographic and social issues is of strategic importance not only for the region, but also for the whole Russia. To collect research materials, the authors used the following methods of field ethnography: observation, interviewing informants, fixing ethnographic data and documents of local authorities, culture institutions, and current archives. The JAR population comprises a number of different categories of people: voluntary migrant labor, countrymen, students, tourists, visitors to relatives, and internally displaced persons (in most cases they are citizens of Ukraine). The authors note that the active processes of ethno-cultural differentiation in this field suggest an increase in variability of ethnic and cultural identities and, as a consequence, the need for better alignment of mechanisms of regulation of interethnic communications in recognition of the diversity of cultures. It has a significant impact on demographic and socio-economic situation in the field of migration, as it creates labor market, household daily life, and intergroup relations. Each separate category of migrants need adaptation or integration of different kinds. Therefore, the migration processes are chosen as the main aim for this publication.

Background: Rare diseases are a group of more than 6000 disorders that on the whole may affect 30 million European Union citizens. Most rare diseases are of genetic origin, are often chronic and life-threatening. Patients living with rare diseases typically receive care from many providers and move frequently within health care settings, so high-quality transitional care is especially important for them, as well as for their family caregivers. Poor communications, incomplete transfer of information, inadequate education of health professionals, limited access to expertise services, and the absence of a single point person to ensure continuity of care all contribute to gaps in care during transitions. The research project focuses on four rare Lysosomal storage disease - LSDs (Pompe disease, Anderson-Fabry disease, Gaucher disease and Mucopolysaccharidosis type 1) featured by the availability of treatments that allow for a good quality of life for patients and aims to gather information on the real patient journey and on the health and social services used in order to analyse and identify the key conditions for improving the care management of rare and ultra-rare diseases (RD). Methods: We conducted a national survey, distributed to patients and caregivers from the 1st of June 2016 to the 7th of August 2016. Data were gathered through questionnaires disseminated online (through the patient associations' websites, Facebook pages and other online networks) or administered directly to patients through the patients' associations, to maintain the privacy and anonymity. The questionnaire consisted of 70 questions related to history and pattern of referrals to specialist, time to diagnosis, core medical tests, disciplines and specialists, time and type of treatment. The questionnaire was developed based on 16 in-depth interviews to patients sampled to cover the 4 LSDs, different ages and residence at the national level and further tested through the support of patients' associations. Data were analysed by descriptive and analytical statistics. Results: Of the survey participants, 177 patients provided evaluable data. The sample covered the national territory, was mainly composed of adult patients (average 40 age), who were diagnosed with rare LSDs 13 years ago. According to the survey patients living with rare LSD diseases visited an average of 2.4 centres before receiving an accurate diagnosis and the mean length of time from symptom onset to accurate diagnosis was around 7.3 years, however, there was a significant relationship between mean length of time for diagnosis and age (P >0.001), the mean length of time was reduced to 1.5 years for young patients (under 20 age), while was around 12 years for the older ones (over 65 age), indicating therefore the clear improvement in the diagnostic phase and in the access to reference centres. The analysis revealed the variability in tackling rarity and complexity, the wide number and specialization of professionals involved and the difficulty to provide integrated care pathways (ICPs) due to the lack of scalability and standardisation of care processes. Conclusion: The combination of rarity, complexity and lack of effective treatment creates huge obstacles to the provision of holistic care and in many cases significant medical, psychological and social needs remain unmet. Rare and ultra-rare disease challenge the most traditional care management models, indeed, people with a RD often need follow up care and support from different categories of health professionals, often from several different medical specialities, as well as by social workers and other social and local service providers which requires a level of coordination not easy to organise in most health care systems.

The features of studying youth problematic in domestic sociology during various periods of the Russian history (Imperial, Soviet and post-Soviet) are discusses in this article. The effect have made historical features of development of our society, state, a scientific thought on development of domestic sociology of youth are analyzes. Author pays attention to little known works and unjustly neglected classics of Russian socio-political thought, conducted a very interesting and large-scale sociological research on youth problematic. The author analyzes various theoretical approaches to the definition of "youth" in sociology. Describes three basic (sociopsychological, social, socio-cultural) and less common (reproductive, out risk assessment, thesaurus, integration and other) approaches to the definition of youth. The author consider the integration approach to the definition of youth asthe most successful which take into account both psycho-hysiological and age peculiarities, typical of young people, its place and function in the social structure, socio-cultural group values and interests, its participation in the life process of society, characteristics of identity and self-determination. The author defines young people as a socio-demographic group (the generation of people in the age range from 14 to 30 years) in their development of emerging and gaining social maturity, namely the acquisition of basic social roles and functions, life choices, self-determination, self-identity and awareness of their values and interests, its place in the world. At the same time, he consider young people as one of the most vulnerable category of the population, because of the lack of a significant part of the relevant knowledge, experience, and economic independence. Therefore, it is an attractive target for manipulative action of the various actors of the public life. The author notes the prospect of a large-scale study focused on the impact on youth of different, not unique subjects of a public life, using her as an object of manipulation, as well as approbation of it political, socio-psychological technologies and experiments. ; В данной статье автором рассматриваются особенности изучения молодежной проблематики в отечественной социологии в различные периоды российской истории: имперский, советский и постсоветский ее периоды. Автор анализирует, какое воздействие оказали на развитие отечественной социологии молодежи исторические особенности развития нашего общества, государства, научной мысли. Обращает внимание на малоизвестные работы и незаслуженно забытых классиков русской социально-политической мысли, проводивших крайне интересные и масштабные социологические исследования по молодежной проблематике. Автор также рассматривает различные теоретические подходы к определению понятия "молодежь" в социологии. Характеризует три основных (социально-психологический, стратификационный, социокультурный) и менее распространенные (воспроизводственный, рискологический, тезаурусный, интеграционный и иные) подходы к определению молодежи. На его взгляд, наиболее удачным является интеграционный подход к определению молодежи, учитывающий психофизиологические и возрастные особенности, свойственные молодежи, ее место и функции в социальной структуре общества, групповые социокультурные ценности и интересы, ее участие в процессе жизнедеятельности общества, особенности самоидентификации и самоопределения. Автор определяет молодежь как социально-демографичесую группу (поколение людей в возрастном диапазоне от 14 до 30 лет), находящуюся в своем развитии на стадии становления и обретения социальной зрелости, а именно – в процессе усвоения основных социальных ролей и функций, выбора жизненного пути, самоопределения, самоидентификации и осознания своих ценностей и интересов, своего места в мире. В то же время, молодежь, на его взгляд, является одной из самых слабозащищенных и уязвимых категорий населения, в силу отсутствия у значимой ее части соответствующих знаний, опыта и экономической независимости. Поэтому она является привлекательным объектом для манипулятивного воздействия со стороны различных субъектов общественной жизнедеятельности. Автор отмечает перспективность масштабного изучения целенаправленного воздействия на молодежь различных неоднозначных субъектов общественной жизнедеятельности, использующих ее как объект манипуляций, а также апробаций на ней политических, социально-психологических технологий и экспериментов.

The process of billing the health services of the General Hospital of the III DE TARQUI was analyzed, both from the point of view of the external audit carried out by ISSFA to the planning of the years 2014 and 2015, and from the point of view of the perception by the medical and nursing staff, towards different components of the internal management of this hospital. From the analysis of the medical financial audit carried out by the ISSFA, it was identified that there are medical errors due to the lack of documentation supporting the payment, as well as the incorrect filling of the medical records. Through the application of a survey to all medical and nursing staff, the research focused on the analysis of components of internal institutional management such as collaboration between hospital departments, communication within the institution, training and training of the Personnel, leadership of superiors, and working conditions. A problem of disorganization and lack of knowledge was identified mainly due to lack of communication, which is negatively influencing the development of the daily work of health personnel. The lack of internal communication means that the internal operations and processes are not well understood, the documentation and compilation of the medical records are not performed well, and, finally, the billing procedure with quality is affected. It proposes an action plan considering the main axes identified, through the application of internal marketing strategies in the medical and nursing personnel involved, to socialize the internal processes of financial medical audit, and, to make the medical and nursing personnel aware of the Correct documentation and compilation of clinical history, as a fundamental component for payment for health services billed by this health home. ; El proceso de facturación de los servicios de salud del Hospital General de la III D.E TARQUI fue analizado, tanto desde el punto de vista de la auditoría externa realizada por el ISSFA al planillaje de los años 2014 y 2015, como desde el punto de vista de la percepción por parte del personal médico y de enfermería, hacia diferentes componentes de la gestión interna de este centro hospitalario. Del análisis de la auditoría médico financiera realizada por el ISSFA, se identificó que existen errores de tipo médico por carencia de documentación de respaldo para el pago, así como por el incorrecto llenado de la historia clínica. Mediante la aplicación de una encuesta a todo el personal médico y de enfermería, la investigación se enfocó en el análisis de componentes de la gestión interna institucional como la colaboración entre los departamentos del hospital, la comunicación dentro de la institución, la formación y capacitación del personal, el liderazgo de los superiores y, las condiciones de trabajo. Se identificó un problema de desorganización y desconocimiento principalmente por falta de comunicación, que está influyendo negativamente en el desarrollo de las labores diarias del personal de salud. El déficit en la comunicación interna, conlleva a que no se conozcan bien los operaciones y procesos internos, no se realice bien la documentación y recopilación de la historia clínica, y, finalmente el procedimiento de facturación con calidad esté afectado. Se propone un plan de acción considerando los principales ejes identificados, mediante la aplicación de estrategias de marketing interno en el personal médico y de enfermería involucrado, para socializar los procesos internos de auditoría médica financiera, y, concientizar al personal médico y de enfermería sobre la correcta documentación y recopilación del historial clínico, como componente fundamental para el pago por los servicios de salud facturados por esta casa de salud.

This thesis deals with the question of how Tanzania's land (1999) and water (2002) reforms have impacted local dynamics of negotiating access to, and control over, land and water in Endamarariek, Karatu District. I have carried out 12 months of ethnographic fieldwork in 2009 and 2010, during which I examined those dynamics of negotiation. The main methodology used was the extended case method, which I have complemented with participant observation, interviews, ethnographic census, and wealth ranking. In order to place my results in a historical perspective, I also examined the history of resource control and access in the study area. The overall aim of my research has been to contribute to an understanding of the impact of formalisation and decentralisation on resource access and control. The Tanzanian land and water reforms were designed within the framework of the Millennium Development Goals and were aimed at eradicating poverty and preventing conflicts over land. With my research I have brought to light the discrepancies between the intentions of the policies and their achieved results. Formalisation of land and water rights has not reduced poverty and conflicts while in some cases even worsening them. I argue that the failure of the reforms to reduce poverty attests to the fact that the international development agenda does not always resonate with the realities existing at the local level. The situation at the local level is characterised by the exisistence of various social fields with their own forums, rules, and laws. The ignorance of those fields leads to outcomes where practices from the customary fields inhibit the implementation of the law, statutory laws are overruled by forum shopping, broad land loss takes place, conflicts become worse, and final solutions are found only on a customary field. In the fields of law and political science, conflict resolution and access to resources are approached by statutory law and administration. In accordance with this perspective, the methodology of these fields has been largely grounded upon a narrow frame, with research based only on official texts and interviews with representatives of statutory bodies. By examining only the statutory order, a one-sided and incomplete picture of local realities emerges. This work has strived to provide a broader and more balanced picture using the methodologies of legal anthropology. I have used legal anthropology and institutional theory as a framework for investigating the strategies that actors use in negotiating, gaining, and maintaining access to resources, both in daily life and in conflicts. Furthermore, I have used the concept of legal pluralism as an analytical frame to understand the diversity and the multifaceted nature of the rules applied in resource negotiation at the local level. The theory of legal pluralism has enriched this work by calling attention to the co- existence and interaction of multiple rules and laws. For example, the idea of co-existing laws in a community suggests that actors' claims of legitimacy can be easily assigned to a specific law; for example, a village chairman may derive legitimacy from statutory law. However, my findings show that in resource distribution, the legitimacy and authority of a person to settle a conflict does not necessarily derive from the official position he/she holds at the moment, but should rather be understood as an accumulation of experiences rooted in different positions in customary law, church, projects, and state offices—all of which work together to form reputation and acknowledgement in the community. In other words, people's power to negotiate resource access and settle conflicts is by and large related to their social capital within society.

В статье рассматривается роль и место топонимов в политической культуре средневековой Японии. Топоним можно рассматривать как гиперссылку, «кликнув» на которую раскрываешь нескончаемую цепочку общекультурных, исторических, литературных образов, событий и явлений. Исследование топонимики требует междисциплинарного подхода. Островной характер территории Японии, особенности рельефа, распространение и устойчивость анимистических верований способствовали тому, что точная локализация события или явления приобретала особое значение. Развернутый адрес события или явления чаще всего состоит из топонимов провинции, уезда, деревни или какого-то конкретного места, что почти всегда позволяет обнаружить указанный объект на географической карте. Более того, однажды введенные в контекст культуры географические объекты становятся местами поклонения, источниками вдохновения для многих поколений и чрезвычайно редко подвергаются изменениям. Топонимы являются составной частью имен божеств, имен императоров и членов их семьи. Топонимика была важна и при определении и фиксации границ государства. Вероятно, впервые в японской письменной традиции географическое пространство всего архипелага, кроме удаленной северо-восточной части, было представлено в первой поэтической антологии «Манъёсю» (вторая половина VIII века). В статье подробно анализируется история происхождения и бытования топонимов, составляющих культурно-исторический образ страны, ее название (Ямато – Нихон), название самой высокой горы архипелага (Фудзи). Кроме того, в качестве примера рассматривается топоним заставы (Сиракава), объекта сегодня малоизвестного, но являвшегося важным элементом политико-административного устройства средневекового государства. Топоним как один из видов имен собственных консервативен по своей природе, что позволяет ему являться хранителем исторической информации, быть показателем времени в письменной культуре, то есть, используя термин М.М.Бахтина, формировать хронотоп культуры. Географическая определенность характерная для островной ментальности и корреляция с ней императорского мифа, являвшиеся одними из основ японской политической культуры вплоть до ХХ века, определили повышенное внимание к топонимике в культурной традиции. ; The article investigates the role and place of toponyms in political culture of medieval Japan. Research of place names demands interdisciplinary approach. A toponym can be considered to be a so called hyperlink, having clicked on it you open a never-ending chain of cultural, historical, political, literary images, events and phenomena. The exact localization of an event or phenomenon is of particular importance in the conditions of insular territory, relief features, distribution and stability of animistic beliefs in Japan. A complete address of an event or a phenomenon most often includes toponyms of the province, county, village or some concrete place that almost always allows to discover the specified object on a map. Moreover, the geographical objects once introduced into cultural context become places of worship, sources of inspiration for many generations and are extremely seldom changed. Toponyms are a component of names of deities, names of emperors and members of imperial family. Place names were also important for determining and fixing state borders. In the article we analyze the history, of origin and existence of toponyms, which make the base of political, historical and cultural image of the country: name of the country (Yamato – Nihon), name of the highest mountain (Fuji). Besides, we investigate as an example of an important element of the political and administrative structure of the medieval state the place name of such an object as a territorial barrier (Shirakawa), little known today. Being onomastic on the whole, a toponym keeps stability and invariance, allows to save historical information, to be a time indicator in written culture, i.e. using M. M. Bakhtin's term, to form a chronotope of culture. Bases of Japanese political culture up to the 20th century were geographical determinacy of insular mentality and correlation with the imperial myth. This has defined special attention to place names in Japanese cultural tradition.

Целью данной статьи является проведение исследования по проблеме повышения эффективности системы судоустройства и судопроизводства в Калмыцкой степи в начале XX в. На основе документальных источников, выявленных в фондах Национального архива Республики Калмыкия, был проведен анализ проектов реформирования системы судоустройства и судопроизводства в Калмыцкой степи в начале XX в. Микроисторическое исследование позволило детально рассмотреть мероприятия, предлагаемые заведующим калмыцким народом и съездом улусных попечителей, в рамках проектов по реформированию судебной системы в Калмыкии. Основное внимание уделяется интеграции Калмыцкой степи в правовую систему Российской империи, в ходе которой происходила девальвация статуса Зарго. В заключении автор делает вывод о том, что попытки по повышению эффективности в деятельности судебной системы Калмыкии имели место в начале XX в. и в основном носили реорганизационный характер, т. е. содержали предложения по организационной части, но в конечном итоге не затрагивали содержательную ее составляющую, т. е. не предусматривалась специальная подготовка, переподготовка и повышение квалификации кадров. Между тем, квалификация судей является одним из важнейших аспектов в осуществлении правосудия. ; The article studies the elaboration of projects for reforming the judicial system and proceedings in Kalmyk Steppe in the early 20th century. Archival materials of the National Archive of the Republic of Kalmykia served as the basis for the research. Additionally, published sources by pre-revolutionary and contemporary authors were applied as well; the works are of great interest since those are empiric materials collected during corresponding expeditions and describing the structure of judicial bodies and their functions within the Kalmyk Khanate, thus establishing the basis for the further studies on the history of the traditional judicial system and proceedings. In the 19th century the judicial system and proceedings in Kalmyk Steppe were regulated by laws and enactments of the Russian state. The shallow analysis of the 19th century imperial legislative acts shows that as the Kalmyks were introduced into the common Russian legal framework the status of the Zargo as a judicial instance within the Kalmyk community got devaluated. In view of the actual state of judicial organization and proceedings in Kalmykia, there inevitably appeared a necessity for solving the issue of developing the court and investigative system in the steppe and its reorganization in order to enhance its efficiency. The microhistorical research of the region and its judicial system allowed to have a detailed look at the arrangements proposed by the Kalmyk People's Supervisor and the Congress of Ulus (i.e. District) Curators within the projects for reforming Kalmykia's judicial system. One of the basic problems was that when it came to hearings of cases, the Zargo had no unified court practices regarding the order and forms of judicial proceedings; the competence of the court was also not determined. The conducted analysis of projects for enhancing the efficiency of judicial system and proceedings in Kalmyk Steppe in the early 20th century has shown the mechanism of introduction of the Kalmyks into the common Russian legal framework by the 19th century imperial legislative acts. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the suggested arrangements developed on the basis of the administrative experience obtained by ulus curators during their service. The author concludes that the attempts to improve the efficiency of Kalmykia's judicial activities made in the early 20th century were mostly of restructuring nature, i.e. contained proposals as to reorganize the activities but definitely introduced no essential changes no special training, re-training or upgrade training programs were implied. Whereas the expertise of judges is a cue aspect in the delivery of justice.

Ediacaran macrofossils from the Avalon Terrane (primarily eastern Newfoundland and the central UK) record some of the earliest large and complex multicellular organisms on Earth. Perhaps the greatest unknown regarding these fossils is their relevance to the early evolutionary history of the Kingdom Animalia. In recent years, new data and discoveries have revealed insights into Ediacaran paleobiology, taxonomic relationships, paleoecology and taphonomy, significantly refining our understanding of Avalonian ecosystems. Here, we summarise recent observational and quantitative studies, and their bearing on the current understanding of Avalonian benthic marine ecosystems. A review of existing knowledge of the biological composition of Avalonian marine assemblages demonstrates that they record densely-populated ecosystems inhabited by a diverse range of organisms, likely representing multiple biological Kingdoms. Appreciation of this diversity, and of the complexities it introduces to paleoecological studies, is vital when considering the relationship between macroevolution and contemporaneous climatic, tectonic and geochemical events. We then summarise current understanding of Avalonian paleoecology. Studies into locomotion, reproduction, feeding strategies, and community structure and succession reveal that these ecosystems were considerably different to Phanerozoic settings. Furthermore, we suggest that Avalonian ecosystems witnessed the appearance of novel nutrient sources, offering new opportunities and niches for benthic organisms. The suggestion that the numerically dominant rangeomorphs were osmotrophic is reviewed and appraised in light of geochemical, morphological, and biological information. Finally, the use of modern ecological metrics in the study of Ediacaran fossil assemblages is assessed. Concerns regarding the interpretation of paleoecological data are outlined in light of current taphonomic and sedimentological understanding, and these cast doubt on previous suggestions that the Avalonian assemblages were largely composed of metazoans. Nevertheless, we emphasise that if treated with necessary caution, paleoecological data can play a significant role in assisting efforts to determine the biological affinities of late Ediacaran macroscopic organisms. ; Thanks are extended to the editors of Gondwana Research, T. Horscroft and M. Santosh, for inviting this review, and for their patience whilst we completed it. The Parks and Natural Areas Division, Department of Environment and Conservation, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador provided permits to conduct research within the Mistaken Point Ecological Reserve between 2008–2013, whilst the Department of Tourism, Culture and Recreation provided permits for paleontological research in other parts of the Province from 2012–2013. The support of the Portugal Cove South Visitor Center interpreters during our field research was greatly appreciated. This work has been supported by the Natural Environment Research Council [grant numbers NE/I005927/1 to CGK and NE/G523539/1 to EGM]; a Henslow Junior Research Fellowship from Cambridge Philosophical Society to AGL; and the National Geographic Global Exploration Fund [GEFNE 22-11 to AGL]. Field assistance from J. Matthews, J. Stewart, D. Collins, and T. Hearing has been invaluable, and we have enjoyed fruitful discussions on this topic with N. Butterfield, D. McIlroy, J. Hoyal Cuthill, M. Brasier, S. Conway Morris and P. Wilby. The work and support of past and current workers in this field is gratefully acknowledged. B. MacGabhann and one anonymous reviewer are thanked for providing detailed comments that have strengthened this manuscript, whilst S. Jensen and M. Friedman provided helpful feedback on parts of this manuscript assessed as a chapter of AGL's thesis. ; This is the final published version of an article that was originally published in Gondwana Research, Available online 4 December 2014, doi:10.1016/j.gr.2014.11.002