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Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Tables, Figures, and Boxes -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction. The Sovereign Debt Puzzle -- PART I. THE THEORY OF SOVEREIGN DEBT -- CHAPTER 1. Why Do Countries Repay Their Debts? -- CHAPTER 2. A Critical Political Economy Approach -- CHAPTER 3. The Structural Power of Finance -- CHAPTER 4. Three Enforcement Mechanisms -- PART II. A BRIEF HISTORY OF SOVEREIGN DEFAULT -- CHAPTER 5. The Making of the Indebted State -- CHAPTER 6. The Internationalization of Finance -- CHAPTER 7. From Great Depression to Financial Repression -- PART III. THE LOST DECADE: MEXICO (1982-1989) -- CHAPTER 8. Syndicated Lending and the Creditors' Cartel -- CHAPTER 9. The IMF's "Triumphant Return" in the 1980s -- CHAPTER 10. The Rise of the Bankers' Alliance -- CHAPTER 11. "The Rich Got the Loans, the Poor Got the Debts" -- PART IV. THE GREAT DEFAULT: ARGENTINA (1999-2005) -- CHAPTER 12. The Exception That Proves the Rule -- CHAPTER 13. From IMF Poster Child to Wayward Student -- CHAPTER 14. The Rise and Fall of the Patria Financiera -- CHAPTER 15. "Even in a Default There Is Money to Be Made" -- PART V. THE SPECTER OF SOLON: GREECE (2010-2015) -- CHAPTER 16. The Power of Finance in the Eurozone -- CHAPTER 17. Anatomy of a "Holding Operation" -- CHAPTER 18. The Establishment Digs In -- CHAPTER 19. The Socialization of Greece's Debt -- CHAPTER 20. The Defeat of the Athens Spring -- Conclusion. Shaking Off the Burden -- Appendix. A Word on Methodology -- Notes -- References -- Index

Since the inception of the European Economic Community (EEC) in the 1957 Treaty of Rome, the Member States have recognized that activities to restrict competition and abuses of dominant positions in business could seriously hinder the free flow of goods and services and the creation of a common market within the Community. The Treaty of Rome provides that one activity of the Community shall be "the institution of a system ensuring that competition in the Common Market is not distorted." Articles 85 and 86 form the basis of this system. Article 85 contemplates control of cartels and concerted anticompetitive practices. Article 86 concerns abuses of dominant positions or monopolies. The European Communities Council, the principal legislative body of the EEC, is required to promulgate regulations effecting the principles of articles 85 and 86. The Commission, the chief executive body of the EEC, is directed to apply those regulations and to investigate and control possible infringements. Decisions of the Commission may be appealed directly to the Court of Justice. After a period of adjustment and organization for the Community, the Council in 1962 adopted Regulation 17/62, the initial implementation of articles 85 and 86. The Regulation provides that violations of those articles are punishable by fines and penalties. In addition to the Commission's enforcement of the competition rules, Regulation 17/62 authorizes the Member States to take action if the Commission has not instituted proceedings.

1. The Concept of Undertaking -- a. The Functional Approach -- b. The Relativity of the Concept -- c. Single Economic Entity -- 2. Market Defi nition -- a. Product and Geographic Markets -- b. One-way Substitution -- c. Markets for Spare Parts -- Aft ermarkets -- d. Narrow Markets -- e. Switching Costs -- f. Markets for Raw Materials -- g. Judicial review -- 3. Article 101 TFEU -- a. Agreement between Undertakings -- b. Concerted Practice -- c. Joint Classifi cation and Single Overall Agreement -- d. Decision by an Association -- e. Object or Eff ect -- f. Scope of Analysis under Article 101(1) TFEU and the 'Rule of Reason' -- g. Ancillary Restraints -- h. Appreciable Eff ect (de minimis) -- i. Appreciable Eff ect on Trade between Member States -- j. Article 101(2) TFEU -- k. Article 101(3) TFEU -- 4. Horizontal and Vertical Agreements -- a. Cartel Agreements -- b. Price Fixing -- c. Purchase Price Fixing -- d. Collusive Tendering -- e. Market Sharing and Non-compete Agreements -- f. Information Exchange Arrangements -- g. Hub and Spoke Information Exchange -- h. Export Bans -- i. Exclusive Distribution Agreements -- j. Selective Distribution Agreements -- k. Online Sales Restrictions -- l. Single Branding Agreements -- m. Franchise Agreements -- n. Resale Price Maintenance -- o. Agency Agreements -- 5. Article 102 TFEU -- a. Dominance -- b. Dominant Position within the Internal Market or in a Substantial Part of it -- c. Abuse and the Goals of Article 102 TFEU -- d. Predatory Pricing -- e. Selective Price Cuts -- f. Price Alignment -- g. Price Discrimination -- h. Rebates -- i. Margin Squeeze -- j. Excessive Pricing -- k. Refusal to Supply -- l. Tying and Bundling -- m. Other forms of Exclusion -- n. Objective Justifi cation and Effi ciency Defence -- o. Eff ect on Trade between Member States -- p. Nullity and Severance -- 6. Collective Dominance -- a. Article 102 TFEU -- b. The European Merger Regulation -- c. Conscious Parallelism vis-à-vis Concerted Practice -- 7. Competition Law and the State -- a. Article 4(3) Treaty on European Union (TEU) -- b. State Compulsion Defence -- c. Article 106(1) TFEU -- d. Article 106(2) TFEU -- e. Article 106(3) TFEU -- 8. Competition Law and Intellectual Property Rights -- a. Article 101 TFEU and Licensing of Intellectual Property Rights -- b. Standard Setting Bodies, FRAND Licensing and Article 102 TFEU -- c. Intellectual Property Rights, Market Power and Article 102 TFEU -- d. Pharmaceutical Sector -- 9. Mergers and Acquisitions -- a. Concentrations -- b. Community (Union) Dimension -- c. Mandatory notifi cation and suspension -- d. Referrals to and from Member States -- e. Investigation -- f. Horizontal Mergers -- g. Vertical Mergers -- h. Conglomerate Mergers -- i. Buyer Power -- j. Countervailing Buyer Power -- k. Efficiencies -- l. Failing Firm Defence -- m. Remedies -- n. Trustee -- o. Full Function Joint Ventures -- p. Judicial Review -- q. Transactions falling short of concentration - minority shareholdings -- 10. Enforcement - The European Commission -- a. Prioritisation of enforcement -- b. Inspection Powers -- c. Obstruction during inspection -- d. Request for Information -- e. Statement of Objections and Access to File -- f. Professional Secrecy -- g. Limited Right against Self-incrimination -- h. Professional Legal Privilege -- i. Interim Measures -- j. Finding and Termination of Infringement - Remedies -- k. Commitments -- l. Fines -- m. Recovery of fine from employees and directors -- n. Limitation Periods -- o. Full and Effective Judicial Review -- p. Leniency Programme -- q. Access to the Commission's Internal Documents and Evidence -- r. Settlement Procedure in Cartel Cases -- s. The Decision Powers of the National Competition Authority - Uniform Application -- 11. Enforcement - Th e National Courts -- a. Direct Eff ect of Articles 101 and 102 TFEU -- b. Actions for Damages -- c. The Measure of Damages -- d. Euro Defence -- e. Interim Relief -- f. Early Disposal of Competition Claims -- g. Burden and Standard of Proof in Competition Cases -- h. Standing and Passing on Defence -- i. Uniform Application of Competition Laws -- j. Cooperation between National Courts and Commission -- k. Jurisdiction and Applicable Law -- 12. Extraterritoriality 571 -- a. The Implementation Doctrine -- b. The Single Economic Entity Doctrine

Cover -- Part One: Governance in the European Union -- A. Foundations -- I. The Proto-Constitutional Establishment of European Domestic Policy. Germans and the Conditions for Federal Order in Europe -- II. Law of the European Union: Institutions and Procedures -- III. National Representation in Supranational Institutions: The Case of the European Central Bank -- B. Multi-Level Decision-Making in the EU -- I. Enlargements and their Impact on EU Governance and Decision-Making -- II. European Hesitation: Turkish Nationalism on the Rise? -- III. Limits of Cultural Engineering: Actors and Narratives in the European Parliament's House of European History Project -- C. Governance of External Relations -- I. Mapping out a Euro-Mediterranean Strategy -- II. Transatlantic Leadership in a Multipolar World: The EU Perspective -- III. International Negotiations: The Foundations -- Part two: Regulation in the European Union -- D. Legal Pillars -- I. The Art of Regulation & The Ethics of Competition and State Aid -- II. The Role of the European Council in the European Union's Institutional Framework -- III. Frustration or Success: How to Negotiate EU Law -- E. Sector-Specific Regulation -- I. Cartels and Restrictive Agreements in the Liberalized Telecommunication Sector - EU and National Competition Law Enforcement -- II. Regulating the Railway: Innovative and Competitive Railways in Europe: Infrastructure Usage Charges and the Principle of Non-Discrimination -- III. Competition and the Water Sector -- F. Economic Pillars -- I. Emerging Varieties of Capitalism in the EU New Member Countries of East Central Europe -- II. Economic Security - Key Challenge of the 21st Century -- III. Policies for Coherence and Structural Change: the Quest for Cohesion

Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- Introduction -- 1 The response to big business: the formative era, 1880-1914 -- The social milieu and the market -- Self-regulation vs.government intervention -- The contrastiong patterns of bussiness structure -- The causes and consequences of managerial centerlization -- 2 The divergence of economic thought -- Popular opinion before the marger wave -- The professional economist's responese before the marger wave -- The impact of the great merger wave:popular opinion -- The merger wave and professional economists -- 3 The political response -- The divergence of legal ruless before the merger wave -- The politics of government intervention and the merger wave -- Post merger-wave britain:business self-regulation takes hold -- Post merger-wave america: the bureaucratization of antitrust -- 4 The courts respond to big business -- The british"rule of reasonableness -- The american"rule of reason -- Judicial activism and self-restraint -- The comparative role of lawyers within the business order -- 5 The impact of World War I, 1914-1921 -- War-time cooperation,pressure groups, and governmental policy -- Pressure groups and changing economic thought -- Law, pressure groups, and the standing committee on trusts -- The vicissitudes of american antitrust enforcement -- 6 Tentative convergence, 1921-1948 -- The new parameters of comparative business structure -- Pressure groups and changing economic thought -- Law and the differing impact of pressure groups -- American influence, international cartels, and the revival of antitrust 1942-1948 -- 7 A British antimonopoly policy emerges, 1940-1948 -- Defenders of cartelization vs. promoters of competition, 1940-1942 -- Planning for postwar employment and the gaitskell-allen memorandum, 1942-1943

Printed for the use of the Temporary National Economic Committee. ; At head of title, no. 1-43: 76th Cong., 3d sess. Senate committee print. ; no. 37. Saving, investment, and national income.--no. 38. A study of the construction and enforcement of federal antitrust laws.--no. 39. Control of the petroleum industry by major oil companies.--no. 39-A. Review and criticism on behalf of Standard Oil Co. (New Jersey) and Sun Oil Co. of Monograph no. 39 with rejoiner by monograph author.--no. 40. Regulation of economic activities in foreign countries.--no. 41. Price discrimination in steel.--no. 42. The basing point problem.--no. 43. The motion picture industry -- a pattern of control. ; no. 1. Price behavior and business policy.--no. 2. Families and their life insurance.--no. 3. Who pays the taxes?--no. 4. Concentration and composition of individual incomes.--no. 5. Industrial wage rates, labor costs, and price policies.--no. 6. Export prices and export cartels.--no. 19. Government purchasing -- an economic commentary.--no. 20. Taxation, recovery, and defense.--no. 21. Competition and monopoly in American industry.--no. 22. Technology in our economy.--no. 23. Agriculture and the national economy.--no. 24. Consumer standards.--no. 25. Recovery plans.--no. 26. Economic power and political pressures.--no. 27. The structure of industry.--no. 35. Large-scale organization in the food industries.--no. 36. Reports of the Federal Trade Commission on natural gas and natural gas pipe lines in the U.S.A.; agricultural implement and machinery inquiry; motor vehicle industry inquiry. ; Mode of access: Internet.

In our research, a critical view of mediation is offered as an extrajudicial method for the complaint of damage and damage derived from antitrust practices. It is relatively recent the possibility that those affected may complain, whereas the doctrine calls the private application of the competence, the damage and damage derived from an antitrust practice. However, even the doctrine congratulates itself for recognizing the civil action of the judgments against the antitrust practice, in the light of the problems that will make the effectiveness of the administrative resolutions in the subsequent exercise of the civil action. On the other hand, while we are at one moment in which the legislator plans to adopt a series of measures to encourage mediation as a suitable method for resolving conflicts, we reflect about the benefits and possible inconveniences of this procedural method in the context antitrust law. ; En este trabajo de investigación se ofrece una visión crítica de la mediación como método extrajudicial para la reclamación de los daños y perjuicios derivados de conductas contrarias a la libre competencia. Es relativamente reciente la posibilidad de que los perjudicados puedan reclamar, en lo que la doctrina denomina la aplicación privada del derecho de la competencia, los daños y perjuicios derivados de una conducta anticompetitiva mediante el ejercicio de la civil. Sin embargo, aunque la doctrina se congratula por el reconocimiento del ejercicio de la acción civil de los justiciables ante la práctica antitrust, no son pocos los problemas que conlleva la eficacia de las resoluciones administrativas en el posterior proceso civil. Por otro lado, aun cuando nos encontramos en un momento en el que el legislador se plantea adoptar una serie de medidas para impulsar la mediación como método adecuado de solución de conflictos, tanto en general como en el ámbito del derecho de la competencia, nos planteamos las ventajas y posibles inconvenientes de esta herramienta procesal en este concreto ámbito del derecho.

EU criminal law as an emergent regime : editorial introduction / Joanna Beata Banach-Gutierrez and Christopher Harding -- Supranational integration in criminal matters within the European Union : what could the future bring? / Joanna Beata Banach-Gutierrez -- The effects of the civilizing process on penal developments in the European Union / Jaroslaw Utrat-Milecki -- EU criminal law : national boundaries and the European penal rainbow / Joanna Banach-Gutierrez and Christopher Harding -- Towards a principled European criminal policy : some lessons from the Nordic countries / Raimo Lahti -- The marginalization of European criminal law : proportionality, subsidiarity, and principled public policy priorities in protecting human life and rights / Hendrik Kaptein -- EU criminal law and effet utile : a critical examination of the Union's use of criminal law to achieve effective enforcement / Vanessa Franssen -- Tasks for criminology in the field of EU criminal law and crime policy / Christopher Harding -- Reflections on the prospects for regional criminal courts : Europe and Africa compared / Harmen van der Wilt -- The practice of plea bargaining in the Nordic context / Patrick Gunsberg -- The EU criminal intelligence model : problems and issues / Artur Gruszczak -- Victims as individuals with rights in the European Union : their protection and their legal standing / Begona Vidal Fernandez -- Exploring the impact of legal culture in shaping the role of the European public prosecutor : the prospects for penal moderation / Constantina Sampani -- Exploring the case for criminalisation of business cartels in Europe / Patrick Gunsberg -- The EU legislation on protection of financial markets against market manipulation and its implementation in Polish law / Anna Blachnio-Parzych -- Transposing EU framework decisions into the United Kingdom's criminal law : the trials and tribulations of a researcher / Jennifer Edwards

UPDATE: Claudia Sheinbaum, who hails from the ruling Morena party, won the Mexican presidential election by upwards of 60% according to reports from the Sunday election. She will be Mexico's first female president. It is also the highest vote percentage for a presidential election in the country's democratic history, according to Reuters. Morena also swept the legislative races, capturing more than two-thirds of a super-majority in both houses of Congress. Millions of Mexican voters will head to the polls this Sunday for what is likely to be a historic national election. With over 20,000 congressional and local positions up for grabs, it's the largest election in the country's recent history. The most closely watched race will be for the presidency, as the nation prepares to choose a successor to outgoing populist leader Andrés Manuel López Obrador.Claudia Sheinbaum is the frontrunner — the former mayor of Mexico City, she leads her opposition in the polls by 20%. A member of the ruling leftist Morena party, Sheinbaum is expected to continue many of her predecessor's policies. But as Mexico faces a persistent security crisis, the future hinges on how the next president will distinguish her approach from that of López Obrador. Analysts say that better cooperation with the U.S. will be critical, and that both countries need to refocus on structural reforms, rather than simply increasing militarization. Sheinbaum's win would be historic for Mexico, as it would make her the country's first ever female president. But whether she will be a break from the status quo remains unclear, as López Obrador's party and legacy loom large, says Aileen Teague, a professor at Texas A&M University and non-resident fellow at the Quincy Institute, which publishes Responsible Statecraft. "She's enjoying Morena's popularity and she is reluctant to break from López Obrador's support and his shadow," Teague said.This election ultimately represents a choice between continuity of the current government, or a return to a past government that many Mexicans remember as corrupt and ineffective, says Stephanie Brewer of the Washington Office on Latin America. Sheinbaum's primary opposition is Xóchitil Gálvez, who is representing a coalition of parties that includes the Institutional Revolutionary Party which had ruled for decades before López Obrador and Morena during an era marked by inequality, corruption and violence. It was under these conditions that López Obrador emerged and gained immense popularity, promising to advocate for the working class and promoting social and developmental programs aimed at reducing poverty."What many families tangibly perceive is that to vote for the continuation of Morena is a vote to secure the continuation of these types of programs which they may be directly receiving," Brewer said. Sheinbaum promises to continue López Obrador's policies, including expanding social programs and infrastructure projects and favoring state-owned energy production. She has also stated her support for a package of constitutional reforms López Obrador initiated in February, which analysts criticize for eroding checks and balances. The reforms would further militarize the National Guard, authorizing it to police, and redesign and even eliminate institutions, such as the autonomous Federal Judiciary Council and the National Institute for Transparency, Access to Information, and Protection of Personal Data.But there may be areas where Sheinbaum will differentiate herself from her predecessor, particularly in her approach to cooperation with foreign states.Part of López Obrador's identity as a president was his commitment to focusing on Mexico's domestic issues, Brewer said. "It's almost purposefully showing that he is not at all concerned about deepening cooperation with foreign governments."Sheinbaum has hinted at being more willing to engage on the global stage, as she has emphasized that Mexico should play a more active role in multilateral treaties to address the climate emergency, for example. This openness to cooperation will be an important difference when it comes to Mexico-U.S. relations, particularly in addressing security concerns that affect both countries. Drug cartels have sown deep insecurity in and outside of Mexico — there have been 360,000 homicides and thousands of disappearances since 2006, when former president Felipe Calderon ordered a military crackdown on the cartels. Compounding this crisis, Mexican drug cartels are the primary producers of fentanyl-laced opioids that flood into the U.S. and fuel the majority of deadly opioid overdoses that occur in the U.S. each year.The U.S. and Mexico have agreed to cooperate to address these challenges through bilateral agreements such as the 2008 Mérida Initiative, which has been criticized for its emphasis on militarization and limited success in reducing violence and crime. But relations deteriorated during López Obrador's term. He narrowed channels of cooperation and communication with U.S. officials and law enforcement after a former Mexican defense minister was arrested in Los Angeles in 2020. Tensions grew after Mexican authorities disbanded a DEA-trained anti-narcotics force that had worked with U.S. law enforcement for decades.Though mutual distrust imbues the current relationship, Teague says, that could change if Mexico's next president is more inclined to engage with foreign leaders. "There could be an opportunity for some renewed cooperation in the way that we haven't seen in the last two years," she said. Sheinbaum may do so, as she says her security policy will focus on improving collaboration and information sharing between police and security forces, which includes a more fluid partnership with the U.S. But agreeing to cooperate more closely won't be enough, Brewer says. "If that cooperation isn't directed at the right policies, it's not going to bring advances," she said. A more fruitful relationship will target the structures and systems that facilitate cartel activity and security issues. The crux of the issue, according to Brewer, is the pervasive impunity in Mexico. Cartels thrive by colluding with state officials, while only a fraction of crimes are reported, investigated, and punished."You can't militarily deploy your way out of that problem," Brewer said, and yet this is where resources and investment have been directed, as opposed to reforming the justice system and targeting corruption.It will also be critical for the U.S. to reconsider how it applies pressure to the Mexican government to respond to security threats, as Washington makes specific demands that make it difficult to take a holistic, productive approach to security issues, Brewer adds. The migration crisis serves as an example — Mexico's current policy stems from U.S. pressure to intercept migrants before they reach the border, resulting in measures that restrict migrant movement, such as imposing new visa requirements and increasing detentions and deportations. "Those are all not only harmful to the migrant and asylum seeking population, they're extremely counterproductive," Brewer says, as these policies do nothing to address what drives people to migrate.Beyond reshaping policy objectives, Teague says Washington needs to demonstrate that it is interested in improving bilateral relations with Mexico. "Not just interested in them whenever it's politically useful, or whatever a crisis comes up, but actually interested in establishing productive relations in the longer term," she said.How the bilateral relationship will evolve will be highly dependent on the outcome of not just Mexico's election, but the U.S.'s in November. What's evident is that both nations must embrace a new paradigm for their relationship.

Discussions of competition and regulatory reform typically focus on price and quantity effects. But improving certain infrastructure services can also stimulate entry, and competition in user industries downstream, allowing new firms to enter, incumbent users to offer new products, and rivalry to intensify. The authors present a case study of how innovations in road freight services affect selected downstream users of those services after regulatory reform. After a period of rigid regulation, and heavy government interference, Mexico in 1989 developed a new policy framework for road transport, with free entry, and market-based price setting. The result: faster, more reliable trucking has allowed user companies to offer new, previously unavailable products, and to reach new areas with existing products. Cheaper, more customer-responsive trucking services have allowed logistical innovations in user firms, and some user firms have decided not to keep their own fleets of trucks, but to outsource trucking services on the open market, thereby converting fixed costs to variable costs. For one fertilizer company, the benefits of reform included a ten percent improvement in operating margin. Successful reform requires careful planning and execution, and political support at high levels. Regulatory reform also profoundly changes the sectoral institution formerly responsible for the regulation. Enough resources should be provided to help organizations in the reformed industry make the transition to the post-reform environment - helping with such tasks as defining the organizations new role, and facilitating the redeployment of staff. The national competition agency can help greatly in laying the groundwork for reform by making a compelling case for the reforms expected benefits. After reform, the competition agency should also help with enforcement, to ensure that the cozy, cartel-like behavior stimulated by tight entry restrictions does not persist. In Mexico, three strong interventions were required to discipline attempted anti-competitive practices in the trucking industry in the years following reform.

Der behördlichen Kartellrechtsdurchsetzung durch die Kommission wird eine wesentliche Bedeutung für den Wettbewerbsschutz im Binnenmarkt zugesprochen. Nach der europäischen Rechtsprechung kann die Kommission das öffentliche Interesse der EU an einer Verfolgung von Wettbewerbsverstößen (sog. Unionsinteresse) durch die Festlegung eigener Durchsetzungsprioritäten weitgehend frei bestimmen. Die Reichweite dieser Befugnis und ihre Begrenzung durch das Primär- und Sekundärrecht sowie durch andere normative Ansätze wird anhand der Kommissionspraxis, der europäischen Rechtsprechung und der deutsch- und englischsprachigen Literatur insbesondere dahin untersucht, ob einzelne Marktteilnehmer die Kommission zum Einschreiten verpflichten können.

View the Executive SummaryIn the absence of honest, professional civilian law-enforcement agencies, President Felipe Calderón assigned the military the lead role in his nation's version of the "War on Drugs" that he launched in 2006. While the armed forces have spearheaded the capture and/or death of several dozen cartel capos, the conflict has taken its toll on the organizations in terms of deaths, corruption, desertions, and charges by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) of hundreds of human rights violations. The nation's Supreme Court has taken the first step in requiring that officers and enlistees accused of crimes against civilians stand trial in civil courts rather than hermetic military tribunals. As if combating vicious narco-syndicates were not a sufficiently formidable challenge, the government has assigned such additional roles to the Army and Navy as overseeing customs agents, serving as state and municipal security chiefs, taking charge of prisons, protecting airports, safeguarding migrants, functioning as firefighters, preventing drug trafficking around schools, establishing recreational programs for children, and standing guard 24-hours a day over boxes of ballots cast in recent elections. Meanwhile, because of their discipline, training, and skill with firearms, security firms are snapping up men and women who have retired from active duty. The sharp expansion of the armed forces' duties has sparked the accusation that Mexico is being "militarized." Contributing to this assertion is the Defense Ministry's robust, expensive public relations campaign both to offset criticism of civilians killed in what the Pentagon would label "collateral damage" and to increase contacts between average citizens and military personnel, who often constituted a separate caste. Dr. George W. Grayson examines the ever wider involvement of the armed forces in Mexican life by addressing the question: "Is Mexican society being 'militarized'?" If the answer is "yes," what will be the probable impact on relations between the United States and its southern neighbor? ; https://press.armywarcollege.edu/monographs/1532/thumbnail.jpg

In recent years no form of property right has been subject to more serious criticism or evoked more strenuous defence than the right conferred by a patent of invention. In Canada, which has so far been a patent-dependent economy, i.e. utilizing largely imported patents, it has taken somewhat longer for the issues to be brought into sharp focus. Dr. Fox's paper serves as a rallying-point for the defence. As one of the leading authorities on Canadian patent law and as an outstanding industrialist of St. Catharines, Ontario, with practical experience in marketing patented articles on both the domestic and international markets, his views deserve respect. Any apparent presumption in taking issue with some of Dr. Fox's statements and conclusions is justified only by the fact that his subject was not confined to patents but raised implications respecting legal and economic aspects of monopolies and restraints of trade and respecting some general principles of public administration and enforcement of criminal and regulatory laws affecting business.Dr. Fox suggests that the abuses of patents which have been the subject of much discussion and criticism in the United States and other countries with reference to the activities of domestic and international cartels cannot and do not occur in Canada. He claims that the remedies provided by the Canadian Patent Act, the Statute of Monopolies, and the Combines Investigation Act prevent such abuses from arising. He suggests that because these supposedly adequate remedies have only very rarely been invoked such abuses do not exist in Canada. His vigorous exposition of this theme is supplemented by well-deserved encomium of the Canadian patent system in its technical aspects and by a perhaps less deserved condemnation of all who suggest that patents, like corporations and other law-created instruments of trade and commerce, can sometimes be misused.

[spa] El presente trabajo de investigación, presentado como Tesis Doctoral, bajo el título de "Las acciones de indemnización por infracción de las normas de competencia. Especial consideración a la Directiva 2014/104/CE", centra su atención en el complejo análisis de la tutela sustantiva y procesal del Derecho de la competencia, con especial referencia a los problemas teóricos y prácticos que se plantean, tanto en sede administrativa como jurisdiccional, en orden al ejercicio de las acciones civiles de reparación de los daños y perjuicios que pudieren derivar de los ilícitos antitrust. Tras analizar la conceptualización de la competencia y del Derecho de la competencia, así como su triple dimensión constitucional (institucional, subjetiva y social), se enfrenta la compleja traslación del public enforcement y del private enforcement al ámbito propio del Derecho Procesal. Desde la óptica de la dependencia recíproca entre el Derecho Mercantil y el Derecho Procesal se examinan tanto la regulación antitrust del ordenamiento jurídico estadounidense (rule of reason, per se rule y quick look rule; la persecución de los ilícitos antitrust a cargo de la Antitrust Division; los leniency programs; la interposición de las antitrust damages actions; la legitimación y la construcción de la antitrust injury; la indirect purchaser rule; la passing-on defense; los trebles damages; la institución del discovery; las class actions; y las motions to dismiss y motions to summary judgement); como aquella otra que es propia, por influencia de la Directiva 2014/104/UE, de un largo proceso de armonización, positiva y de mínimos, de las normas de los diferentes Estados miembros de la Unión Europea relativas al Derecho de la competencia, tanto en su vertiente sustantiva como procesal. Finalmente, desde la perspectiva de la transposición a nuestro ordenamiento jurídico de la Directiva europea de daños, que ha tenido lugar mediante el Real Decreto-ley 9/2017, así como teniendo también presente que no es factible optar por una traslación automática de las soluciones del sistema antitrust norteamericano al ámbito europeo, en especial por lo que hace referencia a aquellos Estados de influencia de civil law; se incorporan, fruto de un amplio y comparado análisis doctrinal y jurisprudencial, relevantes conclusiones acerca, entre otras materias, de su ámbito de aplicación (objetivo, subjetivo y temporal); el derecho al pleno resarcimiento; el régimen de responsabilidad conjunta y solidaria; el plazo para el ejercicio de las acciones de daños; los efectos de las resoluciones de las autoridades administrativas y los órganos jurisdiccionales competentes; la cuantificación de los daños y perjuicios; el nuevo concepto de cártel; las soluciones extrajudiciales en el ámbito del resarcimiento de daños; el régimen de sobrecostes (passing-on); la competencia judicial; la legitimación colectiva y las acciones de clase; las diligencias preliminares; las modalidades de follow-on y stand-alone; la acumulación de acciones; la intervención de terceros; la carga de la prueba; el acceso a las fuentes de prueba; y la coordinación entre procesos judiciales. ; [cat] El present treball d'investigació, presentat com a Tesi Doctoral, amb el títol "Les accions d'indemnització per infracció de les normes de competència. Especial consideració a la Directiva 2014/104/CE", centra la seva atenció a la complexa anàlisi de la tutela substantiva i processal del Dret de la competència, amb especial referència als problemes teòrics i pràctics que es plantegen, tant en seu administrativa com jurisdiccional, vers l'exercici de les accions civils de reparació dels danys i perjudicis que poden derivar-se dels il·lícits antitrust. Un cop analitzada la conceptualització de la competència i del Dret de la competència, així com la seva triple dimensió constitucional (institucional, subjectiva i social), s'afronta la complexa translació del public enforcement i del private enforcement a l'àmbit propi del Dret Processal. Des de l'òptica de la dependència recíproca entre el Dret Mercantil i el Dret Processal s'examinen tant la regulació antitrust de l'ordenament jurídic estatunidenc (rule of reason, per se rule i quick look rule; la persecució dels il·lícits antitrust a càrrec de l'Antitrust Division; els leniency programs; la interposició de les antitrust damages actions; la legitimació i la construcció de l'antitrust injury; la indirect purchaser rule; la passing-on defense; els trebles damages; la institució del discovery; les class actions; i les motions to dismiss i motions to summary judgement); com aquella altra que és pròpia, per influència de la Directiva 2014/104/UE, d'un llarg procés d'harmonització, positiva i de mínims, de les normes dels diferents Estats membres de la Unió Europea relatives al Dret de la competència, tant a la seva vessant substantiva com processal. Finalment, des de la perspectiva de la transposició al nostre ordenament jurídic de la Directiva europea de danys, que ha tingut lloc mitjançant el Reial Decret- llei 9/2017, així com també tenint molt present que no és factible optar per una translació automàtica de les solucions del sistema antitrust nord-americà a l'àmbit europeu, en especial quant a aquells Estats d'influència de civil law; s'incorporen, fruit d'una anàlisi doctrinal i jurisprudencial comparada, rellevants conclusions, sobre entre d'altres temes, el seu àmbit d'aplicació (objectiu, subjectiu i temporal); el dret al ple rescabalament; el règim de responsabilitat conjunta i solidària; el termini per a l'exercici de les accions de danys; els efectes de les resolucions de les autoritats administratives i els òrgans jurisdiccionals competents; la quantificació dels danys i perjudicis; el nou concepte de càrtel; les solucions extrajudicials a l'àmbit del rescabalament de danys; el règim de sobre-costos (passing-on); la competència judicial; la legitimació col·lectiva i les accions de classe; les diligències preliminars; les modalitats follow-on i stand-alone; l'acumulació d'accions; la intervenció de tercers; la càrrega de la prova; l'accés a les fonts de prova; i la coordinació entre processos judicials. ; [eng] The present research work, presented as a Doctoral Thesis, under the title "Damages actions for infringements of competition rules. Special consideration to the Directive 2014/104/CE", focuses its attention on the complex analysis of the substantive and procedural protection of Competition Law, with special reference to the theoretical and practical problems that arise, both in the administrative and judicial sphere, with regard to the exercise of civil actions for compensation of damages that may arise from antitrust offences. After analysing the conceptualization of competition and Competition Law, as well as its triple constitutional dimension (institutional, subjective and social), the complex translation of public enforcement and private enforcement to the field of procedural law is faced. From the perspective of the mutual dependence between Business Law and Procedural Law, both the antitrust regulations of the US legal system are examined (rule of reason, per se rule and quick look rule; the prosecution of antitrust offences by the Antitrust Division; leniency programs; the filing of antitrust damages actions; the standing and construction of antitrust injury; the indirect purchaser rule; passing-on defence; treble damages; the institution of discovery; class actions; and motions to dismiss and motions to summary judgement); as well as that which is proper, due to the influence of Directive 2014/104/EU, of a long process of positive and minimal harmonization of the rules of the different Member States of the European Union regarding Competition law, both in its substantive and procedural aspects. Finally, from the perspective of the transposition into our legal system of the European Directive on Damages, which has taken place through Royal Decree- Law 9/2017, as well as bearing in mind that it is not feasible to opt for an automatic transfer of the solutions of the US antitrust system to the European sphere, especially in reference to those States of civil law influence; relevant conclusions about, among other matters, its scope of application (objective, subjective and temporary); the right to full compensation are incorporated as a result of a broad and comparative doctrinal and jurisprudential analysis; the regime of joint and several liability; the time limit for the exercise of actions for damages; the effects of the resolutions of the competent administrative authorities and courts; the quantification of damages; the new concept of cartel; the out-of-court remedies in the field of compensation for damages; the regime of overcharges (passing-on); jurisdiction; collective legitimation and class actions; preliminary proceedings; follow-on and stand-alone modalities; consolidation of actions; intervention of third parties; burden of proof; disclosure of evidence; and coordination between legal proceedings.

Gegenstand des Werkes ist die Untersuchung der Zahlungsunfähigkeit von Bußgeldadressaten nach Ziffer 35 der Bußgeldleitlinien 2006 (sog. "inability to pay") bei der Kartellrechtsdurchsetzung durch die Europäische Kommission. Die Autorin setzt sich mit den wichtigsten wettbewerbstheoretischen Ansätzen auseinander, um die Bedeutung der ordoliberalen Wettbewerbsfreiheit, die Rolle der Effizienz und die Grenzen der Abschreckung im Hinblick auf die Leistungsfähigkeit von Bußgeldadressaten zu erläutern. In diesem Zusammenhang formuliert sie konkrete Vorschläge für die Anwendung von Ziffer 35 der Bußgeldleitlinien. Parallel dazu wird der Einsatz von diversen Sanktionsmöglichkeiten in Zusammenhang mit der Zahlungsunfähigkeit analysiert.