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China as a hot luxury market has witnessed high growth in luxury sales despite the COVID-19. In recent years, many luxury companies have further improved their brand value and influence via co-branding strategies, however, their brand cooperation received mixed evaluations. Drawing on the conceptual blending theory and self-concept consistency theory, this paper constructs and verifies the structural equation model of consumer evaluation of luxury co-branding from the perspectives of the brands and the consumers. The study reveals that luxury co-branding fit, advertising types and the consumers' life-role transition have a positive impact on consumer evaluation. Both the type of advertising and consumers' life-role transition have a moderating effect on consumer evaluation. Specifically, (i) In luxury co-branding, the co-branded products paired with a high fit between the values of the cooperative brands are more likely to receive high consumer evaluation; (ii) The publicity of the brand image of the co-branded products has a stronger moderating effect on the perceived quality, appeal and purchase intention of luxury users than the publicity of the features of the co-branded products; (iii) For luxury brands with a high degree of joint fit, consumers who have not experienced life-role transformation have a stronger regulatory effect on consumers' perceived quality, attractiveness and purchase intention than consumers who have experienced life-role transformation.

The units that formed the basis for the creation of the nowadays Department of Economic Sociology and Management have undergone many reorganizations. They were accompanied by a change of leaders, changes in personnel, changes of scientific and educational priorities, and in many cases of names. The Department of Sociology of Labor and Labor Collectives, the Department of Sociology of Organizations, the Department of Economic Sociology and Sociology of Labor, the Department of Economic Sociology and Marketing, the Department of Sociology of Organizations and Management — all these divisions were predecessors of the Department of Economic Sociology and Management, existing in the structure of the sociological faculty since 2017 year.The authors of the article analyze in detail the objective and subjective reasons for the transformations, as well as the consequences to which they led. Particular attention is paid to the change of words, terms and concepts used in the names of the structural units and courses that were assigned to them. Changes in language in a specific way reflected the transformations that took place in the economy and society. Words appeared and disappeared, acquired a positive and negative meaning, excited various emotions in all those involved in the educational process.The authors concluded that multiple changes, often complicating the work of professors, simultaneously increased their cohesion and contributed to the mastery in many disciplines. These features allow them today to implement innovative projects in the scientific and educational spheres.

In december 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed. This fact can be considered to be the most significant geopolitical event of the second half of the 20th century. As a result of the collapse of the USSR, fifteen union republics – the main units of the administrative-political and national division of the Soviet federation – gained state sovereignty and independence. One of the most important results of this process was the creation of Russia (Russian Federation), which declared itself and was recognized as the main successor of the Soviet empire. The young state faced many difficulties, which – at the level of internal policy – include carrying out socio-political-economic transformation, overcoming the deep structural crisis inherited from the late USSR, or building modern durable democratic institutions and democratic political culture. This meant that the new Russian elites needed to make a radical system change and to develop new political mechanisms in the management of this enormous country. The article will present the main problems faced by Russia and its establishment in the 1990s, with many turning points and breakthrough moments, specific to countries undergoing intensive and multifaceted post-communist transformation. Due to the importance and the role of Russia in the international system, the directions and tendencies of changes taking place in this country are particularly important, especially from the perspective of post-Soviet states and the countries of the former socialist block.

The article alludes to the historical and dynamic development that has experienced the educational transformation, since 1904, until our days. It includes a summary of the main initiatives, leading to achieve the longed-for "Education Quality", through the implementation of legislative changes, structural and organizational reforms, design and execution of strategies, plans, programs and projects. It goes deeper into the analysis of change management and the participation of socio-educational actors, as fundamental elements to ensure the viability of "Curriculum Transformation" of the Panamanian education during the period 2010 - 2014. This also describes the stages and phases of the participatory planning approach and its impact within the design process and project implementation. ; El artículo hace alusión al desarrollo histórico y dinámico que ha experimentado la transformación educativa, desde 1904, hasta nuestros días. Se resumen las principales iniciativas, conducentes a encontrar la tan anhelada "Calidad Educativa", a través de la implementación de modificaciones legislativas, reformas estructurales y orgánicas, diseño y ejecución de estrategias, planes, programas y proyectos. Se profundiza en el análisis de la gestión del cambio y la participación de los actores socioeducativos, como elementos fundamentales, para viabilizar la "Transformación Curricular" de la Educación panameña durante el periodo 2010 – 2014. Se describen las etapas y fases propias del Enfoque de Planificación Participativa y su impacto dentro del proceso de diseño y ejecución del proyecto.

International audience ; Kenya faces several development challenges including poverty, disease, unemployment, negative civic engagement among others. The development bottlenecks worsened following the introduction of the IMF/World Bank-propelled Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) of the late 1970s and early 1980s. While the SAPs had envisaged benefits, they largely became part of the problem rather than the solution to development in Kenya. Accompanying these were negative civic engagements, particularly, ethnic conflict and political maladministration especially after the re-introduction of multiparty politics in the early 1990s. These drawbacks notwithstanding, development planning went on culminating in the Economic Recovery Strategy for Wealth and Employment Creation (ERSWEC) 2003-2007 in 2002 and its successor, the Kenya Vision 2030 in 2007. While the former was implemented, the latter is on course with the First Five Year Medium-Term Plan running from 2008 to 2012 recently concluded. The blueprint is driven by three pillars, namely; The economic, social and political pillars aimed at transforming the country into a middle income nation status by 2030. In the social pillar of the Vision are envisaged development projects for social transformation of the country. This paper reviews the proposed projects in the social pillar that were to be implemented by the year 2012 and points out the possible challenges that stood on the way of the envisaged transformation and suggests the way forward.

International audience ; Kenya faces several development challenges including poverty, disease, unemployment, negative civic engagement among others. The development bottlenecks worsened following the introduction of the IMF/World Bank-propelled Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) of the late 1970s and early 1980s. While the SAPs had envisaged benefits, they largely became part of the problem rather than the solution to development in Kenya. Accompanying these were negative civic engagements, particularly, ethnic conflict and political maladministration especially after the re-introduction of multiparty politics in the early 1990s. These drawbacks notwithstanding, development planning went on culminating in the Economic Recovery Strategy for Wealth and Employment Creation (ERSWEC) 2003-2007 in 2002 and its successor, the Kenya Vision 2030 in 2007. While the former was implemented, the latter is on course with the First Five Year Medium-Term Plan running from 2008 to 2012 recently concluded. The blueprint is driven by three pillars, namely; The economic, social and political pillars aimed at transforming the country into a middle income nation status by 2030. In the social pillar of the Vision are envisaged development projects for social transformation of the country. This paper reviews the proposed projects in the social pillar that were to be implemented by the year 2012 and points out the possible challenges that stood on the way of the envisaged transformation and suggests the way forward.

It is disheartening that despite efforts and resources put in transforming the rural communities in Nigeria, they have continued to remain underdeveloped. Several approaches, among which is community development, have been adopted to improve the lives of the people, all to no avail. This paper on leadership question and the challenges of community development in Nigeria examines why these communities have continued to remain poor. The methodology adopted is analytical discussion of library materials. The paper examines what community development entails, and the leadership challenges that have undermined its effective roles in rural transformation and community development in Nigeria. It observes that leadership is fraught with many challenges that have impinged on its efforts at transforming the rural communities despite their abundant human and material resources. It looks at those factors that have blurred the visions of leadership in community development. The development of the resources could leap frog the communities as foundations for development of national economies and integration to global markets. Having examined the exigencies of genuine and critical knowledge leadership, the paper recommends among others, that leadership for community development be development-oriented, shun corruption, be transparent and accountable; development assistance agencies and government to re-examine the internal and external factors militating against rural transformation; and the structural policies of development to be re-evaluated to examine why they have not achieved targets.

International audience ; If the link between generational change and changes in the collective action taken by political organizations is often noted, the causal mediations between these two forms of transformation are more rarely studied. Based on the concepts of generational location, generational group, and generational unit developed by Karl Mannheim, this paper aims to provide an understanding of how a change in generational situation within the French Tobacconists' Association was used strategically in the fight for access to power within this professional organization. Using both structural and situational analysis, we show how the addition of demonstrations to the repertoire of collective action was a symbolic act of display by what is defined as the "new generation." ; Si le lien entre changement générationnel et modification du répertoire d'action au sein des organisations politiques est souvent soulevé, les médiations causales entre ces deux types de transformations sont plus rarement étudiées. Á partir des notions de situation de génération, d'ensemble générationnel et d'unité générationnelle développées par Karl Mannheim, cet article propose de saisir comment le changement de situation générationnelle du groupe professionnel des buralistes est utilisé de manière stratégique dans la lutte pour l'accès au pouvoir au sein de l'organisation représentative. Travailler ensemble les logiques structurelles et les logiques de situation permet alors de comprendre que le recours à la manifestation comme nouvelle pièce du répertoire d'action est un acte symbolique de monstration de ce qui est défini comme la nouvelle génération.

International audience ; If the link between generational change and changes in the collective action taken by political organizations is often noted, the causal mediations between these two forms of transformation are more rarely studied. Based on the concepts of generational location, generational group, and generational unit developed by Karl Mannheim, this paper aims to provide an understanding of how a change in generational situation within the French Tobacconists' Association was used strategically in the fight for access to power within this professional organization. Using both structural and situational analysis, we show how the addition of demonstrations to the repertoire of collective action was a symbolic act of display by what is defined as the "new generation." ; Si le lien entre changement générationnel et modification du répertoire d'action au sein des organisations politiques est souvent soulevé, les médiations causales entre ces deux types de transformations sont plus rarement étudiées. Á partir des notions de situation de génération, d'ensemble générationnel et d'unité générationnelle développées par Karl Mannheim, cet article propose de saisir comment le changement de situation générationnelle du groupe professionnel des buralistes est utilisé de manière stratégique dans la lutte pour l'accès au pouvoir au sein de l'organisation représentative. Travailler ensemble les logiques structurelles et les logiques de situation permet alors de comprendre que le recours à la manifestation comme nouvelle pièce du répertoire d'action est un acte symbolique de monstration de ce qui est défini comme la nouvelle génération.

Global capital -- or rather the political responses to globalization -- transform cities & states, & particularly capital cities as urban centers of state politics. Responding to as well as actively constructing a climate of economic competition, urban policy makers use symbolic flagship strategies to promote economic development & at the same time mobilize collective political action. But the plural nature of capital city culture not only promotes collective mobilization to overcome political economic interest conflicts. Its deep symbolic meanings can also enhance contestation & conflict beyond the initial regeneration plans. The political controversies about Vienna's new cultural district 'Museumsquartier' & the deinitialmolition of the 'Palast der Republik' on the Schlossplatz in Berlin illustrate how the leaders of two different European capital cities struggle for a collective basis of political action. The article enquires into these capital cities' diverse institutional potential for governing plural deliberation processes & thus reflexively responding to their changing functions as symbolic centers of transforming states. In this plural context of state-transformation, cultural policy as a government strategy is challenged by cultural politics as a plural interaction. This questions the relationship of cultural & power as a structural representation or a motive & resource of agency. Externally determined political economic changes of the urban context find reflection in urban cultural politics through a dynamic, fluid, & open-ended process of institutional self-transformation. References. Adapted from the source document.

В настоящей статье излагаются результаты исследования глобальных процессов, вызывающих трансформацию угроз экономической безопасности. Исследование основано на гипотезе о том, что в современных условиях открытости национальных хозяйственных систем угрозы меняют свою актуальность в силу резких колебаний мировой экономической и политической конъюнктуры, вызванных циклическими, структурными, и даже системными кризисами. Объектом исследования выступает продовольственная сфера национальной экономики. Выявлены следующие сущностные характеристики трансформации угроз экономической безопасности государства в продовольственной сфере в современных условиях: 1) трансформация в иерархии угроз экономической безопасности, когда на первый план выходят угрозы, проявляющие себя на стадиях общественного производства и распределения; 2) негативная синергия внешних и внутренних угроз экономической безопасности государства, связанных с разными сферами национального хозяйства (продовольственная, энергетическая, промышленная, теневая и иные сферы), ведущая к увеличению энтропии в системе экономической безопасности государства; 3) трансформация несистемных угроз, связанных с продовольственной сферой (финансовых, валютных, ценовых и др.) в системные угрозы экономической безопасности (угрозы природного или геополитического характера); 4) трансформация самого субъективного восприятия угроз как представлений о продовольственной безопасности, что позволяет определить основные направления нивелирования угроз экономической безопасности государства, генерируемых в продовольственной сфере. Результаты анализа трансформации угроз служат теоретической основой разработки модели нивелирования угроз экономической безопасности в продовольственной сфере. ; In this article authors stated results of research of the global processes causing transformation of threats of economic security. Research bases on a hypothesis that in modern conditions of openness of national economic systems of threat change the relevance owing to the sharp fluctuations of a world economic and political environment caused cyclic, structural, and even by system crises. The object of research is the food sphere of national economy. Authors revealed following intrinsic characteristics of transformation of threats of economic security of the state in the food sphere in modern conditions: 1) transformation in hierarchy of threats of economic security when to the forefront there are threats proving at stages of a social production and distribution; 2) the negative synergy of the external and internal threats of economic security of the state connected with different spheres of national economy (food, power, industrial, shadow and other spheres), conducting to increase in entropy in system of economic security of the state; 3) transformation of the non-system threats connected with the food sphere (financial, currency, price, etc.) in system threats of economic security (threat of natural or geopolitical character); 4) transformation of the most subjective perception of threats as ideas of food security that allows to define main directions of leveling of the threats of economic security of the state generated in the food sphere. Results of the analysis of transformation of threats form a theoretical basis of development of model of leveling of threats of economic security in the food sphere.

Este artículo es un intento por comprender en clave realista las causas del conflicto colombo-ecuatoriano durante el período 2006-2009. En ese sentido se exploran las características y transformaciones del conflicto armado así como el manejo de la diplomacia y relaciones internacionales del Estado colombiano. En un contexto de inestabilidad política interna, los Estados procuran extracción y validación externa; en ese orden de ideas se analiza el período de la crisis, en el que Colombia se decantó por una diplomacia de la "pacificación forzada" de conformidad, primero, con la actitud internacional de lucha antiterrotrista y, segundo, con un programa nacional de viejo cuño para la superación del conflicto interno. Esta postura contrastó en todo con la actitud pacifista del gobierno de Ecuador, lo que permitió el inicio, desarrollo y agudización del conflicto fronterizo. ; The following article is an attempt to understand in accordance with realist thinking, the causes of conflict between Colombia and Ecuador during 2006-2009. In this sense, it explores the characteristics and transformations of the armed conflict, as well as the management of the diplomacy and international relations of the Colombian State. In an internal political instability context, the States seek external extraction and validation; in this vein is analyzed the crisis period, which Colombia opted for diplomacy of the "forces pacification" according to the international attitude of fight against terrorist and an old national program which tries overcoming the internal conflict. This stance contrasted with the Ecuadorian government pacifist attitude, allowing the beginning, developing and worsening of the border conflict.

Abstract A predominant academic question is how and why the development paths of municipalities and regions take certain forms. In recent decades, geographers and economists in particular have investigated the dynamics of how local institutional conditions and their local mobilisation can affect development outcomes and how development is determined by "structural" forces such as state- and EU-based regulations and globalisation of the economy. Thus, the notion that historical sensitiveness and context-dependency are essential factors in local and regional development and growth has gained credence. Then again, municipalities and regions are not "islands" of development but integral parts of complex socio-spatial relations and processes. From this viewpoint, border municipalities and regions are eminently interesting research contexts as they are sites where different scalar political interests, institutional structures, and development discourses are continuously manifested, materialised and contested in the daily practices of local and regional actors. Nevertheless, this thesis argues that the existing mainstream studies investigating the development paths and prospects of border regions and municipalities are, firstly, overly EU-centric and, secondly, have an overly limited perspective on the institutional environment and legacy in which local and regional actors operate. The main attention in this regard has often been on the institutional differences between states and nationalities. In order to understand the development prospects of border areas and the preconditions of transnational regionalisation, municipal planning of border areas needs to be approached not only from the perspective of EU-driven cross-border co-operation and building of "transnational" scale, but more comprehensively. Accordingly, the present research on the Finnish-Swedish border area, which is an internal border area of the EU, takes a more historically and contextually sensitive institutional approach in this regard. Investigating the structural and discursive dynamics related to the institutionalisation of cross-border co-operation as a development strategy in the context of municipal planning enables not only identification of the conflicts and intersections between state-, EU- and local/regional-level development interests and institutional structures, but also provides room for recognising the diversity of the existing interests, strategies and motivations of local and regional actors and different interest groups involved in these institutionalisation processes. This thesis suggests that the concept of policy transfer and problematisation of the dynamics of how and why certain development strategies, policies and discourses become selected, implemented and sustained at the border municipalities offers a fruitful theoretical and political framework for examining the abovementioned issues. Accordingly, the thesis studies the intertwined relationship between local agency and the mobilisation of scalar institutional structures in regional planning and policy transfer processes by applying the Cultural Political Economy approach and strategic-relational theory on institutions (see Jessop & Sum 2013) as theoretical-methodological lenses. The thesis consists of three original research articles that form a scalar and temporal continuum. The empirical research is based on interviews conducted with key municipal and regional actors (i.e. planners, politicians, project managers and entrepreneurs), historical document material reaching back to the 1930s, as well as supplementary policy documents produced at various governmental levels. Both critical discourse analysis and content analysis are used as analysis methods. As the dynamics of municipal planning are reflected primarily against the formal institutional planning system in Finland, the study focuses on the Finnish side of the border — the Finnish Tornio Valley and the Kemi-Tornio sub-region. The results underline that the institutionalisation of cross-border co-operation as a key development strategy has been a long path-dependent process in which policy transfer processes and local mobilisation have become intertwined. While the "large-scale" development follows the Finnish national development — the transition from state-led, topdown politics to a more bottom-up, region-based development model — the investigation of these policy transfer processes also shows that the border location and the mobilisation of both the "border region identity" and the EU's cross-border co-operation policy discourse have had a marked impact on the development path. Accordingly, they have furthered the development towards cross-border regionalisation. Moreover, border municipalities are challenging the state's authority and the subordinated municipality-state relation by invoking this development. This development, however, is regionally contested and exemplifies the power relations both between municipalities with/without state border as well as between public and private sector actors. In the end, which development strategies become dominant or discarded in a particular context depends on how different actors and interest groups mobilise their privileged positions in relation to surrounding formal and informal institutional structures, such as municipal autonomy, EU cross-border cooperation funding schemes, trust relations, regional identity, and prevailing norms and customs. This research stands as an illustrative example that it is crucial not to consider these context-specific "soft" matters as somehow secondary to "rational" economic reasoning when investigating courses of action and economic development paths.

Die Ostpolitik war einer der größten strategischen Erfolge der jungen Bundesrepublik. Doch ihr Ziel war nicht etwa die Transformation kommunistischer Staaten, sondern die schrittweise Wiedervereinigung. In einer wiederbelebten Form, die rein auf dem Konzept "Wandel durch Handel" beruht, taugt sie nicht für das 21. Jahrhundert. (IP)

"Der Wechsel von einer Generation zur nächsten besitzt im unternehmerischen Mittelstand einen prominenten und bis heute dominanten Stellenwert in der Wahrnehmung der betroffenen Akteure, da mit der Übergabe an die folgende Familiengeneration traditionellerweise die Existenz des Unternehmens sichergestellt werden soll. Auch bei der gegenwärtig tätigen ostdeutschen Unternehmergeneration, mit ihrer Sozialisation in der sozialistischen Kombinatswirtschaft, stellt die geplante Nachfolge innerhalb der Verwandtschaft die vorherrschend angestrebte Form der Weiterführung des Unternehmens dar. In Ostdeutschland liegt jedoch eine besondere Situation vor, weil, im Zuge der Transformation der Wirtschaft, der generative Wechsel an der Unternehmensspitze und der transformative Wandel ökonomischer Institutionen stark auseinander fielen. Während mit der Wende ein 'Strukturbruch' in ökonomisch-politischer Hinsicht zu konstatieren ist, war der Generationswechsel bei den ökonomischen Funktionseliten teilweise 'stillgestellt'. Eine immer noch dominierende Gruppe von Leitern mittelständischer Unternehmen in Ostdeutschland weist einen biografischen Hintergrund in der Kombinatswirtschaft der DDR auf. Diese Personen konnten zumeist Anfang der 9oer Jahre zeitlich kurze Gelegenheitsfenster nutzen, um Verantwortung für Unternehmen zu übernehmen. Auf Grund dieser Vorgeschichte sind sie als 'Senior-Unternehmer' anzusehen, für die es kein westdeutsches Pendant gibt und die den industriellen Mittelstand in Ostdeutschland prägen. Ihre relativ homogene Altersstruktur macht größere Veränderungen in der Zusammensetzung ökonomischer Funktionseliten in den nächsten Jahren wahrscheinlich." (Autorenreferat)