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This paper provides a quantitative analysis of power relations and strategic investment in the transport system for Russian gas. First, we analyse how the architecture of the transport system determines Russia's bargaining power vis-à-vis (potential) transit countries. By applying the Shapley value as a solution for multilateral bargaining we find that competition between transit countries is of little strategic importance compared to direct Russian access to its customers in Western Europe. Second, we develop a dynamic model of strategic investment. We find that the failure to include Belarus and Ukraine into a framework for international contract enforcement resulted in underinvestment in cheap pipelines and overinvestment in expensive ones. As capacities are increased to gain leverage over transit countries, customers in Western Europe benefit in terms of lower prices and higher supply security.

Artists, musicians and writers have always been great travellers. Today, their talent circulates in new ways, and takes new forms, as the creative industries expand globally in a marriage of media technology and the traditional arts. The growing international market for cultural talent can do much to help countries diversify their economies, and improve the quality of life more broadly. The creative industries are subject to strong clustering effects, with talent moving swiftly to the most vibrant clusters, not always to the advantage of the poorer countries which can lose talent to the richer world. Countries that protect intellectual property rights, educate and train their talent, and maintain politically open and liberal societies will have a head start in the global creative economy. – migration ; culture ; intellectual property

For the first time in history, international monetary relations were institutionalized after World War II as a set of legal obligations. The Articles of Agreement that formed the International Monetary Fund contain international legal obligations of the rules of good conduct for IMF members. Members were required to maintain a par value for their currency (until 1977), to use a single unified exchange-rate system, and to keep their current account free from restrictions. In this article I explore why governments committed themselves to these rules and the conditions under which they complied with their commitments. The evidence suggests that governments tended to make and keep commitments if other countries in their region did so as well. Governments also complied with their international legal commitments if the regime placed a high value on the rule of law domestically. One inference is that reputational concerns have a lot to do with international legal commitments and compliance. Countries that have invested in a strong reputation for protecting property rights are more reluctant to see it jeopardized by international law violations. Violation is more likely, however, in the face of widespread noncompliance, suggesting that compliance behavior should be understood in its regional context.

Few, if any, branches of international law have undergone such dramatic growth and evolution as international human rights in the one hundred years since the founding of the American Society of International Law. This branch of international law did not really come into its own until after World War II. Before then, what today we would broadly characterize as human rights law consisted of diffuse or unrelated legal principles and institutional arrangements that were in one way or another designed to protect certain categories or groups of human beings. Included in this mix prior to World War I were state responsibility for injuries to aliens, international humanitarian law (as we know it today), the protection of minorities, and humanitarian intervention.

Diese Arbeit widmet sich vordergründig der Betrachtung des für die Abwicklung der Hypo Alpe Adria Bank International AG geschaffenen Sondergesetzes aus dem Blickwinkel des österreichischen Insolvenzrechtes und des internationalen Investitionsschutzes, am Beispiel des Freihandelsabkommens CETA. Zu Beginn wird ein kurzer Überblick über den Hergang der Verstaatlichung der Hypo Alpe Adria Bank International AG durch die österreichische Bundesrepublik gegeben. In weiterer Folge werden jene rechtlichen Möglichkeiten zur Sanierung eines Kreditinstitutes erläutert, welche der österreichischen Bundesrepublik zur Verfügung standen bevor das Bundesgesetz zur Sanierung und Abwicklung von Kreditinstituten in Kraft trat. Der Kern dieses Abschnittes liegt in der Gegenüberstellung des durch den österreichischen Gesetzgeber zur Sanierung der Hypo Alpe Adria Bank International AG erlassenen Gesetzespaketes, mit den hierzu einschlägigen Normen des österreichischen Insolvenzrechtes. Hierdurch werden die Unterschiede beider Regelungsregime veranschaulicht. In weiterer Folge soll auf die Aufhebung des Bundesgesetzes für Sanierungsmaßnahmen der Hypo Alpe Adria Bank International AG eingegangen werden. Insbesondere wird hierbei auf die Überleitung der Hypo Alpe Adria Bank International AG in die Regelungsregime des Bundesgesetzes zur Sanierung und Abwicklung von Kreditinstituten Bezug genommen. In einem nächsten Abschnitt dieser Arbeit wird das Gesetzespaket zur Sanierung der Hypo Alpe Adria Bank International AG aus dem Blickwinkel des internationalen Investitionsschutzes betrachtet. Hierzu werden die einschlägigen Investitionsschutznormen des Freihandelsabkommens CETA herangezogen. Es soll anhand einer hypothetischen Annahme aufgezeigt werden, in welches Spannungsverhältnisse der internationale Investitionsschutz und staatliche Maßnahmen, wie etwa das Sondergesetz zur Abwicklung der Hypo Alpe Adria Bank International AG geraten können. ; This paper deals with the financial recovery of the Hypo Alpe Adria Bank International AG from the perspective of the Austrian insolvency law, as well as from the perspective of the international investment protection using the example of the free trade agreement CETA. The introductory part of theses thesis give a brief overview which is on the one hand followed by the description of the procedure concerning the nationalisation of the Hypo Alpe Adria AG by the Austrian Republic and on the other hand by the explanation of the worsening factors of the Hypo Alpe Adria finances. In the next chapter the juridical possibilities of the financial recovery of credit institutes, before the Austrian federal law of credit institute recovery entered into force, got pointed out. The main focus of this part of the thesis is the contrastive comparison of the legislative package of the Hypo Alpe Adria and the Austrian insolvency law. Therefor the relevant standards of both juridical norms got compared with the main aim to present the fundamental differences. Furthermore the revocation of the federal law dealing with the financial recovery of the Hypo Alpe Adria got thematised. Of special interest is the transition of the Hypo Alpe Adria Bank International AG to the legal effect of the federal law of credit institute recovery. Additionally to this the international investment protection got related to the financial recovery law. For this purpose the norms of investment protection of the free trade agreement CETA got considered too. A hypothetical expectation serves as a mean of presentation for the difficult relation for the investment protection as well as for the federal law, which can be clearly seen in the special law for the financial recovery of the Hypo Alpe Adria Bank International AG. Finally the resume of these thesis present the results of the contrastive analyse and the empirical work. ; eingereicht von Carmen Weninger ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der Verfasserin ; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Diplomarbeit, 2019 ; (VLID)3425264

This article provides a conceptualization of trust in interstate relations in terms amenable to research. In the field of International Relations trust is often equated with the willingness to take risks on the behavior of others. However, this approach is problematic because it does not provide a basis for distinguishing between trusting and non-trusting relationships. In contrast, I propose that trust implies a willingness to take risks on the behavior of others based on the belief that potential trustees will `do what is right'. Recognizing that trust involves particular beliefs about the motivations of others distinguishes it from the broader category of risk and enables trusting relationships to be identified more precisely. After elaborating my definitional approach, I discuss indicators designed to gauge the presence of trusting interstate relations in empirical settings.

The article examines the provisions of EU and EAEU law regarding the role and place of international agreements and international customary law in their respective legal orders. The duty of regional integration organisations to comply with international law necessitates the creation of mechanisms allowing incorporating international law norms into the EU and EAEU legal systems while ensuring the independent (autonomous) character of these legal orders. The case law of supranational courts plays a prominent role in resolving this issue. The author focuses primarily on issues that are relevant not only for the EU but for the EAEU at the current stage of its development: ensuring that international agreements with third parties are compatible with the main rules and principles of the functioning of the integration organization; the possibility for individuals to challenge the validity of EU/EAEU institutions/bodies acts on the ground that they are contrary to international treaty or customary law as well as to the binding nature for a regional integration organisation of international agreements concluded by Member States in fields where the competence has been transferred to the supranational level. The author comes to the conclusion that despite the fact that the mechanisms provided by the EAEU Treaty are insufficient, the gaps can be partially filled by the EAEU Court through its case law. In that regard the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union represents an important benchmark, although it needs to be assessed critically. Thus, the strict approach of the CJEU regarding the direct effect of universal international agreements as well as its application of the functional succession doctrine in relation to international agreements concluded by Member States makes it difficult for individuals to rely on international law in order to protect their rights.

Whether forced into relocation by fear of persecution, civil war, or humanitarian crisis, or pulled toward the prospect of better economic opportunities, more people are on the move than ever before. Opportunities for lawful entry into preferred destinations are decreasing rapidly, creating demand that is increasingly being met by migrant smugglers. This companion volume to the award-winning The International Law of Human Trafficking presents the first-ever comprehensive, in-depth analysis into the subject. The authors call on their experience of working with the UN to chart the development of new international laws and to link these specialist rules to other relevant areas of international law, including law of the sea, human rights law, and international refugee law. Through this analysis, the authors explain the major legal obligations of States with respect to migrant smuggling, including those related to criminalization, interdiction and rescue at sea, protection, prevention, detention, and return.

"Der Sturz der kirgisischen Regierung im April, die Unruhen im Juni und die Parlamentswahl im Oktober lenkten 2010 mehrfach den internationalen Blick auf ein Land, das inmitten eines autoritären Umfeldes um politische Stabilisierung und Demokratie kämpft. Doch ohne Unterstützung von außen schwindet die Hoffnung, diesen Kampf zu gewinnen. Wenn Kirgisistan nicht zu einem zweiten Afghanistan werden soll, darf es keinesfalls sich selbst überlassen bleiben." (Autorenreferat)

Intergenerational justice not only requires the adoption of best practices and policies, but also the prevention and repression of deleterious and morally blameworthy human behaviour which have severe impacts on the long-term health, safety and means of survival of groups of individuals. While many international crimes have indirect consequences on the well-being of present and future generations, it cannot be said that existing international criminal law is currently well-placed to directly and clearly protect intergenerational rights. As such, the development of a new type of international crime, crimes against future generations, may be a promising avenue for implementing intergenerational justice. Such a crime would penalise acts or conduct that amount to serious violations of existing international law regarding economic, social and cultural rights or the environment.