Suchergebnisse

The development of smallholder irrigation is a policy priority in Ethiopia, yet little consideration has been given to the role state interventions play in enabling or constraining effective self-governance in farmer-managed schemes. To address this gap in evidence, research was conducted in Tigray, northern Ethiopia, in two irrigation sites. Focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews with key informants were the primary means of collecting data on local institutional arrangements, government interventions and management challenges. An opinion poll provided additional insights. Our case studies indicate that effective self-governance cannot easily be crafted by external actors. The introduction of modern irrigation technologies and formalized management arrangements has fostered dependency on external support and increased state influence in key decision-making processes, whilst traditional water user associations remain largely autonomous but have little access to financial resources. State interventions have also been poorly tailored to local context with negative consequences for performance, although there have been some successes where traditional arrangements for water management have been integrated into new institutions. The incorporation of farmer perspectives into performance assessments could facilitate more responsive interventions, and remains an important area of irrigation research and practice.

The article analyses the implication of private sector representatives in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) (2001–2005). The article shows that, before this international biodiversity assessment, firms were involved in three coalitions: the greenhouse gas pro‐trading coalition, the voluntary private standard coalition and the payment for environmental services coalition. These three coalitions all advocated a particular style of regulation that gave overwhelming emphasis to market‐based policy instruments. Corporate experts from the three coalitions identified were recruited to participate in the MEA. Thanks to the political visibility given to the ecosystem services concept by the MEA, private industry was able to strengthen and legitimize its actions in favour of market‐based environmental governance. At the same time, associating private sector representatives with the MEA process made it easier to disseminate the concept of ecosystem services.

Drawing from the experience of the Limpopo River Basin in Mozambique, the paper analyses the articulation of a water rights framework in the context of decentralised river basin governance and IWRM-inspired reforms. The nexus between financial autonomy, service provision, stakeholder participation and the resultant allocation of water within the river basin is explored by scrutinising the newly instituted system of water permits and payments. Three cases are examined: (1) parastatal agencies managing large perimeters of irrigated land; (2) large-scale commercial companies irrigating land; and (3) so-called focal points representing groups of smallholder irrigators. The three presented cases show that structural challenges, local geographies and power relations shape the final outcome of water reforms in relation to decentralised river basin management, stakeholders' participation and accountability. Rather than improving accountability to users and securing the financial basis for sustainable infrastructure operation and maintenance, the permit system in place reinforces existing inequalities.

La politica oggi non va oltre allo stereotipo dell'Italia culla delle arti e delle lettere, paese del sole, del cibo e della bella natura. È questa l'immagine che traspare da Expo 2015, dalle segnalazioni turistiche, ma anche dai discorsi dei personaggi che dicono di essere politici. La cura sia del patrimonio materiale, dai capolavori alle opere di spontanea devozione, sia di quello immateriale è tanto più impellente, quanto più estesa è stata e continua ad essere incisiva la distruzione, la dispersione, la disattenzione. Una millenaria opera di manutenzione del territorio, del museo Italia, è venuta meno assieme a una radicata tradizione culturale ricca di conoscenze tecniche, di miti, di leggende, di impegno civile. È possibile pensare che una particolare disciplina, la Storia dell'Arte, possa trasformare la mentalità delle classi dirigenti o addirittura indirizzare lo sviluppo economico di un intero paese, limitare episodi di speculazione, corruzione, negligenza, malaffare? La Storia dell'Arte da sola non può bastare, ma se si accompagna alla ricerca, al lavoro qualificato, alla giustizia, alla difesa della natura e del paesaggio, alla buona formazione umanistica, scientifica e tecnologica, all'iniziativa locale non limitata da campanilismi e provincialismi, all'imprenditoria giovanile, possiamo trasformare l'immaginazione di futuro in futuro possibile. L'uso innovativo dell'arte incoraggia la partecipazione, la coesione. Lo stiamo vedendo con il successo della creativa Street Art nelle periferie. Non è solo arte di strada, mostra i colori della vita, il dialogo fra arte e vita che sa spronare coinvolgendo gli sguardi. La Storia dell'Arte può diventare il pungolo, il puntello, il collante all'interno delle istituzioni centrali e decentrate preposte alla tutela, un positivo vettore economico creatore di lavoro. Assieme, in un sistema integrato fra musei, archivi, biblioteche, università, sarà allora possibile non solo conservare, bensì meglio conoscere e valorizzare il patrimonio diffuso che sinora ha saputo ...

Présentation de l'éditeur : Action research in partnership combines knowledge production, transformation of social realities and the building up of individual and collective skills. This book provides the foundation for understanding the theoretical background to action research in partnership in the field of agriculture and putting it into practice. The key intermediate steps and milestones of the approach are presented and discussed. The initial step - defining the problem and structuring the team that brings together all stakeholders - is crucial to the success of subsequent activities. The processes and methods that allow all stakeholders to be actively involved in the design, planning, monitoring and evaluation of results are described, as are those related to assessing the relevance of the results in terms of knowledge produced, capacity building of the actors or problem solving. The book draws on a wide range of experiences in agriculture and rural development in developing countries, and especially in Africa and Latin America. Together, they illustrate how practitioners have responded to the challenges of implementing an approach that has to be tailored and finetuned to the specificities of each situation. This book is intended for researchers and professionals working in the field of rural development. Representatives of rural and farmers¿ organizations in developing countries, often dealing with complex development challenges, will also find it useful. Contents: Part 1: Foundations of action research in partnership. Part 2: First steps to an action research in partnership. Part 3: Making action research in partnership work. Part 4: Results and monitoring/evaluation. Part 5: Operational considerations

En el contexto de la liberalización comercial y de la actual crisis, la Agroindustria Rural (AIR) se enfrenta a nuevos desafíos relacionados con: la emergencia de nuevas exigencias de los consumidores, rápidos cambios en los circuitos de distribución y una mayor competencia por la importación de productos. Este entorno resulta aún más difícil si a lo anterior se agrega la persistencia de altos niveles de marginación y pobreza en las zonas rurales. Una respuesta a esta problemática podría venir de la explotación de lasinterrelaciones que hay entre la AIR y el territorio examinadas bajo un nuevo enfoque de reflexión denominado Sistema Agroalimentario Localizado (SIAL). El SIAL se define como una forma particular de Sistema Productivo Local (SPL) organizado en torno a recursos locales específicos. En este documento se presentan los desafíos actuales de la AIR, así como la evolución de la noción SIAL en sus varias dimensiones: como concepto, enfoque, método de análisis y método de acompañamiento del desarrollo de concentración de agroindustrias rurales,haciendo énfasis particularmente en la calificación territorial de los productos como proceso de activación de los SIAL y como oportunidad para las AIR.

In an interval of only six decades 1950-2010, we have witnessed the five centuries old emigration process interruption that has shaped modern European history. At the end of World War II begins an intense opposite migration flow from former European colonies to their historic metropolis, which had also incorporated other areas that never had that relationship of dependency. This phenomenon is undoubtedly the most important contemporary social process that has taken place in Europe. Such a transformation could only occur by the confluence of important complementary factors. In separate sections of this article we present the main causes of recent immigrations in Europe and what flows within Europe and from other continents can be identified. Second, we explore the key aspects of immigration: demographics, gender and labor market. Then, we study the problems of integration in the host societies and immigration policies that facilitate it. We ended our discussion with references to the singular case of Spain. ; En un intervalo de sólo seis décadas 1950-2010, hemos sido testigos de la interrupción del proceso multisecular emigratorio que ha marcado toda la historia moderna europea. Al término de la Segunda Guerra Mundial comienza un intenso reflejo de movilidad opuesta, desde las antiguas colonias europeas hacia su metrópoli histórica, que se ha contagiado también a otras áreas que nunca tuvieron esa relación de dependencia. Este fenómeno constituye, sin duda, el proceso social contemporáneo más importante que ha tenido lugar en Europa. Una transformación así sólo ha podido ocurrir por la confluencia de importantes factores complementarios. En diferentes apartados de este artículo exponemos las principales causas de la inmigración reciente en Europa y qué flujos intraeuropeos y procedentes de otros continentes pueden identificarse. En segundo término, nos interesamos por los aspectos claves del fenómeno inmigratorio: demografía, género y mercado de trabajo. Posteriormente estudiamos los problemas de integración en ...

http://www.csi.ensmp.fr/Items/WorkingPapers/Download/DLWP.php?wp=WP_CSI_018.pdf Describes two examples (in France and in the US) of replication of the Danish procedure of the consensus conference for public participation in nanotechnology, and argues that emphasis on the evaluation of the participatory procedure should not be made at the expense of richer analysis of the problematisation of public participation fostered by such policy instruments.

TABLE OF CONTENTS; 1 THE MEANING OF INTEGRATION; 2 CROSS-NATIONAL MIGRATION; 3 A THEORY OF ACCEPTANCE OF MIGRANTS; 4 THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLES: OPENNESS OF POLICY TOWARD MIGRANTS; 5 THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLES: NONPOLICY FACTORS AFFECTING ACCEPTANCE AND ADJUSTMENT; 6 THE DEPENDENT VARIABLES: WHAT HAPPENS TO PEOPLE; 7 THE INTEGRATION OF PEOPLE; Appendix A. SELECTED NEWSPAPER ARTICLES; Appendix B. SYNOPTIC TABLE OF DIFFERENTIAL LAWS GOVERNING FOREIGN WORKERS; NOTES; INDEX

If social science's "cultural turn" has taught us anything, it is that knowledge is constrained by the time and place in which it is produced. In response, scholars have begun to reassess social theory from the standpoints of groups and places outside of the European context upon which most grand theory is based. Here a distinguished group of scholars reevaluates widely accepted theories of state, property, race, and economics against Latin American experiences with a two-fold purpose. They seek to deepen our understanding of Latin America and the problems it faces. And, by testing social science paradigms against a broader variety of cases, they pursue a better and truly generalizable map of the social world. Bringing universal theory into dialogue with specific history, the contributors consider what forms Latin American variations of classical themes might take and which theories are most useful in describing Latin America. For example, the Argentinian experience reveals the limitations of neoclassical descriptions of economic development, but Charles Tilly's emphasis on the importance of war and collective action to statemaking holds up well when thoughtfully adapted to Latin American situations. Marxist structural analysis is problematic in a region where political divisions do not fully expresses class cleavages, but aspects of Karl Polanyi's socioeconomic theory cross borders with relative ease. This fresh theoretical discussion expands the scope of Latin American studies and social theory, bringing the two into an unprecedented conversation that will benefit both. Contributors are, in addition to the editors, Jeremy Adelman, Jorge I. Domínguez, Paul Gootenberg, Alan Knight, Robert M. Levine, Claudio Lomnitz, John Markoff, Verónica Montecinos, Steven C. Topik, and J. Samuel Valenzuela

Building on an interdisciplinary approach bringing together political science and linguistics, this paper investigates how and why metaphors are used by Belgian politicians. In particular, the article focuses on the usage of metaphors to describe the evolution of federalism in the country over time. As argued by Ritchie (2013), 'examining metaphors that appear in political discourse provides insights into the way speakers understand their situation, and how they seek to accomplish their ends'. This research undertakes a systematic analysis of the use of metaphors by Belgian politicians during television debates from the 1980's until now. We rely on an original longitudinal corpus of 127 (part of) television debates covering 40 years from both public broadcasters in Belgium: the Dutch-speaking VRT and the French-speaking RTBF. The selected television debates relate to the progressive – albeit not without political tensions – transformation of Belgium's political system. Our corpus is thus a solid indicator of this political transformation and therefore provides a fertile ground for the analysis of metaphors. To do so, we will conduct a corpus analysis by applying the MIPVU procedure (Steen et al., 2010) in order to identify potential metaphorical contexts. In line with Steen's three- dimensional model (2008), we will subsequently analyse the identified metaphors by making a distinction between three different layers of metaphor, respectively at the linguistic, conceptual and communicative levels. Building on previous studies (Perrez & Reuchamps 2014, 2015), this analysis makes it possible to determine which (deliberate) metaphors have been used by the political elite to describe the establishment and evolution of the federal system, and more specifically, to assess to what extent this metaphor usage evolved over time and across the linguistic border. References Perrez, Julien & Reuchamps, Min (2014). Deliberate metaphors in political discourse: the case of citizen discourse. Metaphorik.de 25: 7–41. Perrez, Julien & Reuchamps, Min (2015). A crazy machine or a strong "living apart together" relationship? The role of metaphors in citizens' perception of Belgian federalism. Mots. Les langages du politique 109: 125–145. Ritchie, L. David. (2013): Metaphor. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. Steen, Gerard J. (2008): "The paradox of metaphor: Why we need a three- dimensional model for metaphor", in: Metaphor & Symbol 23: 213–241. Steen, Gerard J., Dorst, Aletta G., Herrmann, J. Berenike, Kaal, Anna, Krennmayr, Tina & Pasma, Trijntje (2010): A Method for Linguistic Metaphor Identification, From MIP to MIPVU, Amsterdam: John Benjamins. ; Peer reviewed

International audience ; The city of Brest is located in west of France. Its military port, "L'Arsenal" was created in 1685. In this same space, there was also a commercial port which, from 1822, was removed by the military authorities. "Arsenal" was then the largest French military port of the Atlantic. This article analyzes the report of Mr. Lamblardie, director of maritime works, in order to build the commercial port outside the military zone. Reading this document, we can observe how the treatment of a question directly affecting the population of Brest has been addressed by the military administration in relation to the Ministry of War in Paris, without consulting local actors. It also reflects the tensions between a centralized administration and the development policies of the region. ; La ciudad de Brest se sitúa en el extremo occidental de Francia. Su puerto militar, ―L´Arsenal‖ fue creado en 1685. Allí también funcionó un puerto comercial el que, a partir de 1822, quizó ser retirado de allí por la autoridad militar. Para entonces era el puerto militar francés más grande del atlántico. La presente ponencia analiza el informe del señor Lamblardie, director de las obras obras marítimas, para construir el puerto mercantil fuera del área militar. De la lectura de este documento se puede observar como el tratamiento de una cuestión que afectaba directamente a la población de Brest, fue abordado por la administración militar en relación con el ministerio de la guerra en París, sin consultar a los actores locales, lo que a su vez refleja tensiones entre una administración centralizada y las políticas de desarrollo de la región. ; La ville de Brest est située à l'extrémité ouest de la France. Son port militaire, "L'Arsenal" a été créé en 1685. Dans cet espace miitaire, existait également un port de commerce qui, à partir de 1822, en a été retiré par les autorités militaires. "L'Arsenal" était alors le plus grand port militaire français de l'Atlantique. Cet article analyse le rapport de M. Lamblardie, directeur des travaux maritimes, pour construire le port de commerce en dehors de la zone militaire. A la lecture de ce document, on peut observer comment le traitement d'une question touchant directement la population brestoise a été abordé par l'administration militaire en relation avec le ministère de la guerre à Paris, sans consulter les acteurs locaux. Il reflète également les tensions entre une administration centralisée et les politiques de développement de la région.

L'articolo ha come obiettivo dimostrare l'inefficacia del diritto del lavoro in tempi di globalizzazione nel tutelare il lavoratore, quale contraente debole del rapporto di lavoro. Dopo una breve disamina del contesto storico-politico della globalizzazione, che ha portato ad un diritto del lavoro sempre più privatizzato, si insiste nell'assenza di una forma di protezione universale per i lavoratori dal punto di vista del diritto internazionale pubblico nei sistemi OIL-WTO-carte Onu; si individua infine come unica tutela transnazionale, e comunque orientata in senso favorevole al mercato, la giurisprudenza della Corte di Giustizia alla luce delle disposizioni della Carta europea dei diritti fondamentali. ; The article is aimed at demonstrating that in globalization labour law is ineffective to protect the worker, as weak contractor in the employment relationship. After a short analysis of the historical and political context of globalization, that brought labour law to privatization, the author highlights the lack of universal protection for workers from the point of view of international public law in the systems of ILO-WTO-UN charts; finally, he describes -like unique transnational form of workers' protection, even if market-oriented - the recent jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice about the European Chart of Fundamental Rights. ; L'article veut démontrer la faiblesse du droit du travail dans la mondialisation en ce qui concerne la protection du travailleur, contractant sous-protégé dans la relation de travail .Aprés une brève description du contexte historique et politique de la globalisation, qui a produit un droit du travail toujours plus privatisé, on souligne l'absence de techniques de sauvegarde du travailleur dans le système du droit international publique (OIT, OMC, documents ONU); à la fin, on individue la jurisprudence de la Court de Justice comme seule forme de protection transnationale du travailleur, même si orientée vers les valeurs du marché. ; El artículo quiere demostrar la ineficacia del derecho del trabajo en la globalización en lo que se refiere a la protección del trabajador, en cuanto contrayente débil. Tras una breve descripción del contexto histórico-político de la globalización, que ha producido un de - recho del trabajo cada vez más privatizado, se subraya la ausencia de una forma de protec - ción en pos de los trabajadores en el sistema del derecho internacional público (OIT, OMC, cartas ONU); por fin, se individua, como única forma de tutela transnacional del trabajador, en cualquier caso orientada hacia el mercado, y la recién jurisprudencia de la Corte de Justicia de la Unión Europea a la luz de la Carta Europea de los derechos fundamentales.

45 páginas, 13 tablas, 4 gráficos, 6 mapas, 1 anexo. ; [ES] Entre 1950 y 2050, la población de 65 o más años del Mediterráneo pasará de 15 a 126 millones de personas, es decir, que en 2050 uno de cada cinco habitantes del Mediterráneo será un "senior". El proceso de envejecimiento demográfico en el espacio mediterráneo muestra, en miniatura, las transformaciones de la estructura demográfica que afectará al conjunto del planeta. Todos los países del Mediterráneo, independientemente de sus diferencias demográficas, económicas, sociales, políticas, culturales, etc., se verán sometidos a cambios notables de su estructura por edad, que se caracterizarán por un incremento tanto absoluto como relativo de los "seniors". En este contexto, si bien se apreciarán diferencias importantes, tanto en el ritmo como en la intensidad del fenómeno, lo verdaderamente relevante será la universalidad de éste. ; [EN] Between 1950 and 2050, population aged 65 and over in the Mediterranean will pass from 15 to 126 million people; that is to say, one in five inhabitants of the Mediterranean area will be a senior in 2050. The process of population aging in the Mediterranean region shows, on a small scale, the changing demographic structure that will affect the entire planet. All Mediterranean countries, regardless of their demographic, economic, social, political and cultural differences, will be subject to significant changes in its age structure, which will become characterized by an increase in both the absolute and relative amount of the seniors. In this context, although differences will be significant among countries in both the pace and the intensity of the phenomenon, the universality of it emerges as the relevant feature. ; [FR] Entre 1950 et 2050, la population de 65 ans ou plus de la Méditerranée passera de 15 à 126 millions de personnes, c'est-à-dire, qu'en 2050 un habitant sur cinq de la Méditerranée sera un "senior". Le processus de vieillissement démographique dans l'espace méditerranéen montre, en miniature, les transformations de la structure démographique qui touchera l'ensemble de la planète. Tous les pays de la Méditerranée, indépendamment de leurs différences démographiques, économiques, sociales, politiques, culturelles, etc., seront soumis à des changements notables de leur structure par âges, qui se caractériseront par un accroissement tant absolu comme relatif des "seniors". Dans ce contexte, même si des différences importantes peuvent s'apprécier, tant en ce qui concerne le rythme comme l'intensité du phénomène, l'universalité de celui-ci est réellement le fait remarquable. ; Peer reviewed

House prices have risen strongly since 1997 in France, like in many other developed countries. Indeed, housing supply has not been strong enough to answer a buoyant demand. Household demand for housing has been mainly boosted by falling interest rates and a lengthening of loan duration, but also by demographic factors and foreign investment. The increase in house prices seems therefore justified and not the sign of a speculative bubble, like in Paris at the beginning of the 1990s. This is confirmed by the analysis of housing yields: due to the inertia of rent prices, rates of return on housing have decreased but not as much as long-term interest rates, thus remaining slightly higher than bonds yields. ; L'objectif de cet article est d'évaluer l'hypothèse, souvent évoquée, de formation d'une bulle spéculative sur le marché de l'immobilier de logement. L'augmentation récente des prix en France est d'abord comparée à celle observée dans les autres pays occidentaux, où le marché a également été dynamique. Il en ressort que les prix ont été bien plus sages dans l'Hexagone qu'au Royaume-Uni ou qu'en Espagne, par exemple. En outre, la poussée des prix depuis 1997, replacée dans une perspective historique, n'est pas atypique si on la compare aux phases de hausse de la fin des années 1970 ou des années 1980. Elle ne commence vraiment à s'en distinguer qu'en 2004, du fait du dynamisme du marché en province qui tranche avec la plus grande sagesse des prix en région parisienne. La hausse des prix apparaît finalement justifiée par les déterminants structurels de la demande de logements. La démographie —, avec l'accélération de la hausse du nombre de ménages —, le recul des taux d'intérêt et le comportement des banques — qui ont solvabilisé un plus grand nombre d'acquéreurs potentiels —, la demande étrangère plus vigoureuse ou encore la politique du logement, sont autant de facteurs qui ont soutenu le marché. Au regard des rendements de l'immobilier considéré en tant qu'actif, la hausse des prix n'apparaît pas excessive. Compte tenu de l'inertie des loyers, elle a certes conduit à un recul du rendement locatif des logements, mais ce recul est comparable à celui des taux d'intérêt à long terme, de telle sorte qu'à l'heure actuelle, le placement d'un capital dans l'immobilier n'est pas moins avantageux que le placement en obligations. L'hypothèse de la formation d'une bulle, qui aurait conduit à une hausse des prix non justifiée par les rendements, est donc écartée, tout comme celle d'un futur effondrement du marché.