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This article draws attention to the framing of problems in the history and sociology of Indian science. It argues that physics in postcolonial India cannot be seen in isolation from the political context within which it was embedded and the international circuits within which its work circulated. Further, the article demonstrates how certain experi mental approaches, highly effective from a scientific point of view, depend upon a violent exclusion of all that is social and living from the scientific register. The article draws on the conceptual device of 'landscape', borrowed from critical work in art history, to make the link between different elements of the argument.

Frontmatter --Preface --Contents --Introduction --I. Keeping Secrets --II. The Balance Sheet of Secrecy --III. The Proper Limits of Secrecy --IV. The Standards and Mechanics of Security Clearance --V. The Spreading of Security Requirements --VI. The Loyalty of Federal Scientists --VII. The Universities and Security Searcher --VIII. The Need for Fair Procedures --IX. Concluding Thoughts --Appendix A. Declassification Policy --Appendix B. AEC Criteria for Determining Eligibility for Personnel Security Clearance (January 5, I949) --Notes --Acknowledgments --Index

In the context of health, safety, and environmental decisions, the concept of risk involves value judgments that reflect much more than just the probability and consequences of the occurrence of an event. This article conceptualizes risk as a game, in which the rules must be socially negotiated within the context of a specific problem. This contextualist view of risk provides insight into why technical approaches to risk management often fail with problems such as those involving radiation and chemicals, where scientific experts and the public disagree on the nature of the risks. It also highlights the need for the interested parties to define and play the game, thus emphasizing the importance of institutional, procedural, and societal processes in risk management decisions. This contextualist approach is illustrated using the problem of siting hazardous waste facilities.

This course of one semester for undergraduates samples the literature—broadly defined—of the Arab, Persian and Turkish peoples and a time span of from just before the rise of Muhammad to modern times. It is literature-centered, i.e., the attention is on the reading and discussion of certain works or selections from works, rather than on literary history. Conceived more on the style of a Great Books course, its aim is to give the student as much direct acquaintance as possible in a few weeks with the thought, and the literary sensibilities of a great civilization. An alternative title would be Islamic Humanities, taking a cue from the more inclusive Oriental Humanities courses and the successful Western Humanities courses which led the way for them.

At the turn of the twentieth century, the Japanese government passed a series of laws targeting people diagnosed with Hansen's Disease (leprosy). As a result, many patients were quarantined in public leprosaria, often for life. In order to cope with both the diagnosis of a heavily stigmatized illness and a lifetime in isolation, patients began to write. The works produced by sufferers became so popular that by the mid-1930s their writing was referred to as a distinct literary genre, "leprosy literature." Studies of leprosy literature have focused on its depiction of human rights violations, struggles with the illness, and the difficulty of life in quarantine. However, patient writing in the 1930s also reveals the multiple ways in which patients found happiness within the institution. In this sense, leprosy literature is also a site of translation, revealing the negotiations of hospital life involving hospital and medical authorities, patients, leprosy relief groups, and government policies. Residents of the leprosaria represent happiness in multiple ways depending on their conception of their illness and life in the leprosaria. For some patients, the institution itself was a source of happiness in that their illness was stigmatized to the degree that life outside the hospital became unbearable. Other writers chafed at life in the hospital; the translation of happiness in their writing is a more complex process. This paper takes these diverse processes of translation as its starting point and examines the multiple ways in which patients conceived of health and happiness within the confines of hospital life.

"Literature has becomes an important means of understanding and interpreting the human beings in this society such as politics, religion, economics, social conflicts, class struggles, and human conditions". In other words, Literature is having two important things: one is language and the another one is human society that speaks a language. There are many languages all over the world. In each language, there is a poetry, short story, drama, fiction, prose etc., Of that, 'Dalit literature is mainly focused literature nowadays. Dalit writing is a post-independence literary theory. The evolution and the emergence of Dalit literature has a great historical importance. Dalit literature tells about the oppression and despair of the lives of the marginalized class, which was vast in population in many other parts of the world. In India, it was under the name of 'cast',and in the stern world, it was under the name of 'race'.

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The complexity of society is producing more and more disciplines – yet the side effect of such proliferation is a lack of collaboration between these disciplines. Therefore, researchers are introducing transdisciplinary work to integrate them. Although guoxue is an old-fashioned research about China and things Chinese, it not only indicates that the idea of disciplines has existed in traditional Chinese academia, but it also has a transdisciplinary nature. In this article, in order to make transdisciplinarity and guoxue illustrate each other, I will explain how it is possible for guoxue to be transdisciplinary and use law and literature as an example to show how disciplines can work together and be transcended. In addition, I will use some Confucian classics, which scholars read as guidelines for how to be a local government official, as examples to illustrate the transdisciplinary nature of guoxue.