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With the increase of infections due to multidrug resistant bacterial pathogens and the shortage of antimicrobial molecules with novel targets, interest in bacteriophages as a therapeutic option has regained much attraction. Before the launch of future clinical trials, in vitro studies are required to better evaluate the efficacies and potential pitfalls of such therapies. Here we studied in an ex vivo human airway epithelial cell line model the efficacy of phage and ciprofloxacin alone and in combination to treat infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The Calu-3 cell line and the isogenic CFTR knock down cell line (cftr-) infected apically with P. aeruginosa strain PAO1 showed a progressive reduction in transepithelial resistance during 24 h. Administration at 6 h p.i. of single phage, phage cocktails or ciprofloxacin alone prevented epithelial layer destruction at 24 h p.i. Bacterial regrowth, due to phage resistant mutants harboring mutations in LPS synthesis genes, occurred thereafter both in vitro and ex vivo. However, co-administration of two phages combined with ciprofloxacin efficiently prevented PAO1 regrowth and maintained epithelial cell integrity at 72 p.i. The phage/ciprofloxacin treatment did not induce an inflammatory response in the tested cell lines as determined by nanoString ® gene expression analysis. We conclude that combination of phage and ciprofloxacin efficiently protects wild type and cftr- epithelial cells from infection by P. aeruginosa and emergence of phage resistant mutants without inducing an inflammatory response. Hence, phage-antibiotic combination should be a safe and promising anti-Pseudomonas therapy for future clinical trials potentially including cystic fibrosis patients.

My review of Ingrao and Sardoni's book paper focuses on its Part II, entitled "From the Neoclassical Synthesis to New Keynesian Economics." My criticisms amount to three. First, I disagree with Ingrao and Sardoni's account of the twists and turns that have occurred in modern macroeconomics. Often, where they see continuity, I see cleavage; where they see cleavage, I see continuity. Second, I put forward that the result of the 2008 recession is that DSGE economists were led to zero in on the hitherto neglected issue of the workings of the financial sector and its integration in their models. Hence, Ingrao and Sardoni's conclusion of failure must be revised. Third, I want to bring out that the internal history of economics can be written in two ways: the approach can be partisan or steer clear of the fray. As I am in favor of the latter, I regret that Ingrao and Sardoni have adopted the former.

over the last 20 years, few tourist destinations in the world have built a success as fast as Marrakesh. To such an extent that the 'Moroccan destination' is often indissociable from that of the 'red city'; Marrakesh's case is unique in the world. Behind this achievement, a will and political commitment to make tourism a development locomotive in the country. Thus, the tourism sector occupies an important place in the Moroccan economy, given the revenue it generates, the jobs it creates and its role in boosting other sectors. In this article, we demonstrate how tourism can be a development locomotive for a region such as Marrakesh and for its economy. In order to do so, we will first present the geographical and economic situation of the region. We will then set out the data and statistics making the city of Marrakesh the first tourist destination in Morocco. The last section of this article will discuss the impact of tourism on the city's economic sectors. ; International audience Over the last 20 years, few tourist destinations in the world have been appealing as fast as that of Marrakech to the extent that the "destination Morocco" is often confused with the "red city", the case of Marrakech is unique in the world.This is due to a strong willingness and a political commitment to make tourism a locomotive of development of the country. Thus, the tourism sector occupies an important place in the Moroccan economy, given the revenues it generates, the job opportunities it creates and its role in boosting other sectors. In this article, we show how tourism can be a locomotive of development for a region like Marrakech and its economy. To do this, we will first present the geographical and economic situation of the region. We will then expose the data and statistics making the city of Marrakech the first tourist destination in Morocco. The last section of this article will examine the impact of tourism activity on the city's economic sectors. ; over the last 20 years, few tourist destinations in the world have ...

Three decades after the third democratic wave, which put an end to dictatorships in Latin America, democracy seems to have entered crises. In recent months, various social upheavals have highlighted the institutional fragility of some of the countries in the region and have sparked many waves of violence that have challenged the democratic stability of the continent. In recent months Peru, Ecuador, Chile, Bolivia and Colombia have experienced demonstrations which have highlighted a clear social discontent. Previously, among others, Venezuelans and Portoricans had done so. In contrast, other countries such as Argentina were able to manage without violence the end of the mandate of an underspent government such as Macri and to hold new elections which, although polarised, put respect for institutionality before social mobilisation and protest. ; Tres décadas después de la tercera ola democrática, la cual puso fin a las dictaduras en América Latina, la democracia parece haber entrado en crisis. En los últimos meses, diferentes estallidos sociales han puesto en evidencia la fragilidad institucional de algunos de los países de la región y han desatado numerosas olas de violencia que han puesto en discusión la estabilidad democrática del continente. Durante los últimos meses, Perú, Ecuador, Chile, Bolivia y Colombia han experimentado movilizaciones que han puesto de relieve un evidente descontento social. Antes lo habían hecho, entre otros, venezolanos y portorriqueños. Como contraste, otros países como Argentina fueron capaces de gestionar sin violencia el fin de mandato de un gobierno desgastado como el de Macri y celebrar unas nuevas elecciones que, aun polarizadas, antepusieron el respeto a la institucionalidad a la movilización social y la protesta.

RESUMEN This article aims to assess the general orientation (expansionist or counter-shareholder) of the discretionary component of Brazilian fiscal policy in the period 1995-2017, as well as to verify its position with respect to the business cycle (pro-cyclical or counter-cyclical). To this end, we propose and apply a new methodology to separate the discretionary fiscal impulse from that part of the fiscal outcome obtained from the activation of automatic fiscal stabilisers. We conclude that tax policy: (1) generated a mostly pro-cyclical (destabilising) position of its discretionary component, which led it to amplify rather than dampen business cycles; (2) it could not prevent the government debt-to-GDP ratio from entering an unsustainable path at the end of the period. Some suggestions are made to improve their performance. ; RESUMEN Este artículo tiene como objetivo evaluar la orientación general (expansionista o contraccionista) del componente discrecional de la política fiscal brasileña en el periodo 1995-2017, así como verificar su posición respecto al ciclo económico (procíclica o anticíclica). Con este fin, proponemos y aplicamos una nueva metodología para separar el impulso fiscal discrecional de la parte del resultado fiscal que se obtiene de la activación de los estabilizadores fiscales automáticos. Concluimos que la política fiscal: 1) generó una posición mayormente procíclica (desestabilizadora) de su componente discrecional, lo que la llevó a amplificar en lugar de amortiguar los ciclos económicos; 2) no pudo evitar que la relación deuda pública/PIB entrase en una trayectoria insostenible al final del periodo. Se hacen algunas sugerencias para mejorar su rendimiento.

A complete geometric classification of symmetries of autonomous Hamiltonian systems is established; explaining how to obtain their associated conserved quantities in all cases. In particular, first we review well-known results and properties about the symmetries of the Hamiltonian and of the symplectic form and then some new kinds of non-symplectic symmetries and their conserved quantities are introduced and studied. ; I acknowledge the financial support from the Spanish Ministerio de Econom´ıa y Competitividad project MTM2014–54855–P, the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci´on y Universidades project PGC2018-098265-BC33, and the Secretary of University and Research of the Ministry of Business and Knowledge of the Catalan Government project 2017–SGR–932. I also greatly appreciate the comments and suggestions of Prof. Mikhail S. Plyushchay. Finally, my thanks to the referees for their extensive and valuable comments that have allowed me to significantly improve the final version of the work. ; Postprint (author's final draft)

While it may seem surprising to cross the eyes of the history of law and political science, it is an institutionalised choice, as it is the node of the scientific project of the Montesquieu Research Institute (IRM — EA 7434), behind this sixth issue of the Jean Moulin Cahiers. The file "The norm in social sciences: a cross look of the history of law — political science" comes from a colloquium held in this research unit of the University of Bord. ; S'il peut paraître surprenant de croiser les regards de l'histoire du droit et de la science politique, il s'agit d'un choix institutionnalisé, puisqu'il constitue le nœud du projet scientifique de l'Institut de recherche Montesquieu (IRM – EA 7434), à l'origine de ce sixième numéro des Cahiers Jean Moulin. Le dossier « La norme en sciences sociales : regards croisés histoire du droit – science politique » est en effet issu d'un colloque tenu dans cette unité de recherche de l'université de Bord …

This article seeks to provide elements for the characterization of one of the streams of the feminist movement in Argentina and Abya Yala, the popular autonomous feminist movements. Based on the delimitation of a series of consensus and open debates –in some cases implicit, generated by the practices- it is possible to conceive a dynamic and porous political space that involves the intersectional perspective of the gender struggles and expands is area of influence outside the national borders. For the analysis, the theoretical framework of the intersectionality, feminist economic contributions and studies about the common/ordinary are used. We hold that the way in which the quoted debates develop will partly define the future configuration of this feminist streams, and, thus, will influence the future of the movement as a whole. ; Este artículo busca aportar elementos para la caracterización de una de las corrientes dentro del movimiento feminista en Argentina y Abya Yala, los feminismos populares autónomos. A partir de la delimitación de una serie de consensos y debates abiertos –en algunos casos implícitos, generados en las prácticas- se da cuenta de un espacio político poroso y dinámico que incorpora la perspectiva interseccional a las luchas de género y extiende su territorio de influencia por fuera de las fronteras nacionales. Para el análisis se utiliza el andamiaje teórico de la interseccionalidad y aportes economía feminista y estudios sobre lo común. Como presunción se sostiene que el modo en que se vayan tramitando los debates citados definirá en parte la configuración futura de esta corriente de los feminismos, y por tanto, influirá en el devenir del movimiento en su conjunto. Facultad de Periodismo y Comunicación Social

182537 182549 8 ; S ; [EN] Although intelligent agent-based systems have existed for several years, the progression in terms of real applications or their integration in the industry have not yet reached the expected levels. During the last two decades, many agent platforms have appeared with the aim of simplifying the development of multi-agent systems. Some of these platforms have been designed for general purposes, while others have been oriented towards specific domains. However, the lack of standards and the complexity associated with supporting such systems, among other difficulties, have hampered their generalised use. This article looks in depth at the current situation of existing agent platforms, trying to analyse their current shortcomings and their expected needs in the near future. The goal of the paper is to identify possible lines of work and some of the most crucial aspects to be considered in order to popularize the application of agent technology as a dynamic and flexible solution to current problems. Moreover, the paper presents SPADE 3, a new version of the SPADE middleware, which has been totally redesigned in order to conform to the identified challenges. Finally, a case study is proposed to illustrate how SPADE 3 is able to fulfill these challenges. This work was supported in part by the Spanish Government, under Project RTI2018-095390-B-C31-AR. Palanca Cámara, J.; Terrasa Barrena, AM.; Julian Inglada, VJ.; Carrascosa Casamayor, C. (2020). SPADE 3: Supporting the New Generation of Multi-Agent Systems. IEEE Access. 8:182537-182549. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3027357

In this article I discuss a number of ethical issues surrounding the USA-commissioned Belmont report (NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN SUBJECTS OF BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH, 1979), using as one of the spurs for my discussion a case of post qualitative research with ten (Black) children aged 14-15 in a school in South Africa. I asked the children to form groups to reflect together on the possible relevance for South Africa of certain scenarios in relation to climate change that had been constructed during research in Australia. The "scenario exercise" was intended to stimulate the participants' active learning together in relation to their engagement with the scenarios. It was also intended to be consciously "performative" in that the words used in the presented scenarios would admittedly have some impact on the children's (joint) considerations, for which I took some responsibility. With reference to this research, and at the same time engaging with ongoing ethical debates related to the purpose of social scientific inquiry, I offer ethical deliberations which entail a radical revision of the ethical guidelines of the Belmont report (which inform many institutional ethical review boards across the globe) to incorporate a performative understanding of social research. While I concentrate on addressing ethical issues concerning research interaction with children/young people, I suggest that my deliberations have implications for participatory research with adults too.

Dieser Beitrag möchte die gesellschaftstheoretisch fundierte Diskussion des neuen Strukturwandels der Öffentlichkeit fortführen und dabei einen neuen Ansatz aufgreifen, der von dem Kultursoziologen Andreas Reckwitz unter dem Titel "Die Gesellschaft der Singularitäten - Zum Strukturwandel der Moderne" vorgelegt wurde. Dazu wird dieser Theorieentwurf vorgestellt, diskutiert und auf seine Potenziale für eine Theorie von Öffentlichkeit unter Bedingungen eines neuerlichen Strukturwandels hin geprüft. Im Fokus steht die Frage, welche Einsichten durch die Unterscheidung der sozialen Logiken des Allgemeinen und Singulären (sowie die damit verbundene These ihrer Umstellung) gewonnen werden können – und wie sie sich mit derzeitigen Überlegungen in der Öffentlichkeitstheorie verbinden lassen. Darüber hinaus wird ein Vorschlag unterbreitet, wie der theoretischen Herausforderung begegnet werden kann, derzeitige Strukturveränderungen von Gesellschaft und Öffentlichkeit aus einer fachlichen Tradition heraus angemessen zu beobachten und zu beschreiben, die sich begrifflich und theoretisch in der industriellen Moderne entwickelt hat.

Welche Darstellungen von 'fernen Anderen' finden im Globalen Norden Verbreitung und Anklang? Welche nicht? Wer spricht für wen? Wer bleibt ungehört? Und: Weshalb scheint es zunehmend wichtig und geboten, diese Fragen zu stellen? Die sozialwissenschaftliche Studie analysiert und diskutiert kontroverse Debatten um epistemische, politische und ethische Aspekte der Repräsentation in Zusammenhängen humanitärer und wissenschaftlicher Wissensproduktion. Sie zeigt auf, wie kritisiert aber auch gerechtfertigt wird, dass internationale NGOs nach wie vor mit Elendsfotografien um Spenden werben, und beleuchtet, warum Forschung über, für oder mit marginalisierten Personen politisch und ethisch verantwortungsvoll betrieben werden soll.