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The article deals with the peculiarities of the introduction of distance learning in the modern system of military education. The legal basis is described. The main social challenges, which dictate the need for such an introduction, are considered. The authors review selected models of distance learning what are called e-learning. The authors deal with platform, which are implemented, at military higher educational institutions systems. First of them is e-learning platform named MOODLE. It's not new platform for others higher schools. But, the military higher Schools have specific methods of education. The biggest problem is the secrecy of educational materials. Therefore, the analogical systems did not use in here before. However, the Concept of Distance Learning in the Armed Forces of Ukraine declares the strategy to implement of e-learning. Therefore, the authors emphasize a number of benefits of distance learning. Definitely, there are problems of introduction of distance learning and modern educations system in the educational process. The first results will give a new visualisation of advantages or disadvantages of distance education. However, today the important part of e-learning is to provide all the members of e-learning regular access to educational resources. Therefore, alternative resources are proposed for rationalizing the use of the training time and the period of independent training. In addition, new ways to use existing technologies and tools are proposed. The authors share their own experience about using the online platform Kahoot. It is created to make and use tests. Moreover, that platform is used for making anonym surveys. It is necessary for tutors who want to give their students all best. Kahoot is very simple system. Each question has three or four answers and about one hundred and twenty seconds to answer. The work with tests is similar to game. The participants do not feel pressure. It is able to engage the hidden abilities of each student. For authors opinion, that testing creates the ability to analyse, critically think, reject an unimportant bilateral solution are proposed. This, according to the authors, is an extremely important characteristic of a military officer. Thus, the introduction of the modern forms of education at military universities is a very important part of successful training. ; В даній статті розглядаються особливості впровадження дистанційного навчання в сучасну систему військової освіти, їх правове підґрунтя, та суспільні виклики, що диктують необхідність такого впровадження. Авторами розглянуті вибрані моделі і технології дистанційного навчання, що вводяться у військових вузах. Вказано на ряд їх переваг. Наголошено на проблемах їх впровадження в освітній процес. Запропоновано альтернативні ресурси для раціоналізації використання навчального часу та періоду самопідготовки. Крім того, запропоновано нові шляхи використання вже існуючих технологій та засобів, що дозволять задіяти слухачів у дискусії, розвинути в них здатність аналізувати, критично мислити, відкидати неважливе, швидко приймати рішення. Це, на думку авторів, є надзвичайно важливою характеристикою військового офіцера. ; В данной статье рассматриваются особенности внедрения дистанционного обучения в современную систему военного образования, их правовую основу, и общественные вызовы, которые диктуют необходимость такого внедрения. Авторами рассмотрены выбранные модели и технологии дистанционного обучения, которые вводятся в военных вузах. Указано на ряд их преимуществ. Отмечено проблемы их внедрения в образовательный процесс. Предложены альтернативные ресурсы для рационализации использования учебного времени и периода самоподготовки. Кроме того, предложены новые пути использования уже существующих технологий и средств, которые позволят задействовать слушателей в дискуссии, развить у них способность анализировать, критически мыслить, отвергать неважное, бистро принимать решения. Это, по мнению авторов, является чрезвычайно важной характеристикой военного офицера.

Актуальність тематичної спрямованості статті зумовлюється підвищенням значущості позабюджетних вкладеннь у виробничу і соціальну сфери. Аналіз законодавчої бази показав неврегульованість обліково-аналітичного забезпечення грантів як альтернативних джерел фінансування підприємств. Відсутність науково-обґрунтованих розробок з методології бухгалтерського обліку грантів у вітчизняній науці та законодавчій базі призвело до необхідності грунтовного аналізу існуючих нормативних актів, та визначення на їх основі сутності понятть «грант» та «цільове фінансування». Метою статті є удосконалення обліково-аналітичного забезпечення грантів як альтернативних джерел фінансування підприємств за рахунок розробки відповідних методичних рекомендацій. Основними методами дослідження стали аналіз, синтез, індукція, дедукція, теоретичне узагальнення. Результати дослідження полягають у вдосконаленні регламентації обліку цільового фінансування, зокрема розробці нормативного забезпечення обліку бюджетної та недержавної підтримки в Україні, який врегулював би методичні засади обліку отримання та використання коштів цільового фінансування. Основними завданнями організації обліку і контролю цільового фінансування та цільових надходжень повинне стати: узагальнення інформації про наявність та рух коштів, які призначені для здійснення заходів цільового призначення; контроль за використанням цільових надходжень за відповідними напрямами; своєчасне документальне оформлення операцій з цільового фінансування та цільових надходжень; узагальнення інформації про обсяги цільового фінансування та цільових надходжень. Розглянуто порядок розкриття інформації у фінансовій звітності підприємств. На підставі даних звітності формується інформація про процес державної, або недержавної підтримки підприємств та приймаються управлінські рішення. Це потрибує розкриття інформації про: облікову політику, прийняту для грантів або цільового фінансування, включаючи методи подання, прийняті для фінансових звітів; характер та обсяг грантів, визнаних у фінансовій звітності, а також зазначення інших форм державної допомоги, від яких суб'єкт господарювання має пряму вигоду; невиконані умови та інші умовні зобов'язання, пов'язані з державною або недержавною допомогою, що була визнана. ; The relevance of the thematic focus of the article due to the increasing importance of extrabudgetary investments in production and social spheres. The analysis of the legislative base showed the unresolved accounting and analytical support for grants as alternative sources of financing enterprises. The lack of scientifically based research on the methodology of accounting for grants in Russian science and legislation has led to the need for a thorough analysis of existing regulations, and the definition of the concepts of "grant" and "target financing" on their basis. The purpose of the article is to improve the accounting and analytical support of grants as alternative sources of financing enterprises through the development of appropriate guidelines. The main research methods were analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, theoretical generalization. The results of the study are to improve the regulation of accounting for targeted financing, in particular, the development of regulatory support for accounting for budget and non-state support in Ukraine, which would settle the methodological basis of accounting for the receipt and use of targeted financing. The main objectives of the organization of accounting and control of target financing and earmark ed revenues should be: synthesis of information on the availability and movement of funds intended for the implementation of special-purpose measures; control over the use of earmarked revenues in the relevant areas; timely documentation of transactions with earmarked funding and earmarked revenues; compilation of information on the amount of targeted financing and earmarked revenues. The procedure for disclosure of information in the financial stateme nts of enterprises was considered. Based on the reporting data, information is generated on the process of state or non-state support of enterprises and management decisions are made. It requires disclosure of information about: accounting policies adopted for grants or targeted funding, including presentati on methods, adopted financial statements; the nature and extent of subsidies reflected in the financial statements, as well as indications of oth er forms of state assistance from which the company has a direct benefit; unfulfilled conditions and other contingent liabilities related to state or non-state aid that was recognized.

Abstract- After the 1979 Revolution and the establishment of the Islamic Republic government in Iran and the change in political perspectives, the nuclear programme of Iran changed into a controversial issue between Iran and the West. Iran's nuclear programme was featured as one of the most important topics in newspapers and the media since then. It was told that Iran and the West (esp. US) have been on the edge of a war before The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) so the agreement signed in Vienna on 14 July 2015 between Iran and the P5+1 on Iran's nuclear programme was a real turning point since the beginning of the controversy. In this PhD thesis I looked at the role of language and media discourse in the coverage and representation of events related to Iran's nuclear programme from January to July 2015, during Barack Obama's administration, which brought about an important change in the attitude towards Iran's nuclear programme in both the Iranian and the Western media. The main questions this study aimed to seek a reply are:1) How were events, players and policies related to the Iranian nuclear programme question portrayed in the media, in Iran and the West respectively in the period under consideration? 2) What was the role of language and media discourse in the dissemination of information about events related to Iran's nuclear programme in both the Iranian and the Western printed media? 3) How the main actors and the most important themes were presented in the Persian and the Western newspaper articles on Iranian nuclear discourse? 4) To what extent did the views put forth by the two sides of the negotiations differ in the six months before the JCPOA? Unlike the previous studies, for the English language corpus, the articles of both English and American newspapers have been selected to widen the spectrum of the viewpoint of the West regarding to the issue: "The Washington Post", "The New York Times" (two American newspapers), "The Guardian" and "The Times" (two British newspapers). For the Persian language corpus I selected four significant newspapers in Iran form two important political parties (two reformist newspapers "Shargh" شرق and "Etemad" اعتماد, and two principalist newspapers "Keyhan" کیهان and "Resalat" رسالت). The Western corpus has been collected from Lexis-Nexis which provides electronic accessibility to legal and journalistic documents. The Persian News articles were gathered from an archive of Iranian press called "Magiran" www.magiran.com. I used critical discourse analysis as an interdisciplinary approach which is very popular to study news discourse and generally to the study of discourse that views "language as social practice" (Fairclough and Wodak 1997). At the same time I profit important benefit of the corpus-based approach to discourse analysis which is reducing research bias. The study provides confirmation that underlying ideological filters frame the news, working most often as an invisible hand, which makes every media text biased even when ostensibly reporting the same facts, in different language versions. The use of different linguistic resources frames the same news event differently, relying on different assumptions and triggering different interpretations. The discourse is clearly differentiated as for example the headlines differ in length, thematic structure and quantity of information given, lexical choices & syntactic and functional structures, depending on the assumed background information of the two audiences. The idea that recourse to hedges and boosters varies in different cultures can be confirmed considering the overuse of hedges and boosters by the Western journalists. All in all, this PhD. thesis confirms the impact of culture and national identity on political practices in mass media.

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :국제대학원 국제학과(국제지역학전공),2019. 8. 한영혜. ; This dissertation examines the expectations impact of the "Belt and Road initiative "in Egypt economic and foreign policy. Particularly, that the 'BRI' has become the focal point of China's national strategy. However, the objective of BRI is a subject heavily debated by think tanks, academia, and public media since it's begun. This study investigates the current trends in Chinese outward foreign direct investment since the initiation of the 'One Belt, One Road' initiative by the Chinese government in 2013. For China, meanwhile, strategic interest in Egypt was also growing. Unlike China's other Middle Eastern partners, ties with Egypt are not motivated by oil imports, but by a more geographic calculus. The Suez Canal has long been China's primary shipping route for sending goods to Europe, China's largest market. As a result, China has been eager to increase its presence in the crucial canal for decades. This study examine Egypt's political situation with explanations of Egypt's revolutions history and the Arab Spring in addition to the motives behind Egypt's revolution in 2011. Furthermore, explanation for Egypt's economic perspective, Egypt's ODA and Egypt's economic, political, and social challenges. The study additional examines the motivation behind a comprehensive strategic partnership between China and Egypt, particularly in terms of the prorated slump in United State power and influence in the Middle East. In point of fact, it is expected that China can profit successively by acquisition a foothold within the Middle East. This study found a significant potential benefit for Egypt with the chance to function as the "hub" for the BRI into Africa and the Middle East. The Chinese have already selected it as one of the top 5 countries for acquisitions and mergers potential over the following 5 years. The Suez Canal Economic Zone (SCZone) could play a significant role for China as well by transferring Chinese production to the nations with substantial imports. ; 이 논문은 일대일로가 이집트 경제 및 대외 정책에 가져오는 기대 효과를 조사합니다. 일대일로는 중국 국가전략의 중심에 있습니다. 그러나 일대일로의 탄생부터 그것의 목적은 싱크 탱크, 학계 및 대중 매체에 의해 심도 있게 논의되어왔다. 이 연구는 중국 정부의 일대일로 계획의 시작인 2013 년부터 최근까지의 외국인직접투자의 동향을 조사합니다. 중국의 경우 이집트를 전략적인 관점에서 더욱더 바라보았습니다. 중국의 다른 중동 파트너들과의 관계와는 다르게 이집트와의 관계는 석유의 수입이 바탕이 되지 않고 지리적인 계산이 바탕이 됩니다. 중국은 오랫동안 유럽으로 수출을 할 때 수에즈 운하를 주된 운송경로로 이용해왔습니다. 결과적으로 중국은 수십 년 동안 이 핵심적인 운하에서 입지를 강화하기를 희망하였습니다. 이 연구는 이집트의 정치적인 현황, 이집트 혁명의 역사, 아랍의 봄, 그리고 2011 년 이집트 혁명의 동기에 대하여 살펴봅니다. 또한 이집트 경제의 전망, 이집트의 공적개발원조, 그리고 이집트의 경제적, 정치적, 사회적 문제에 대하여 설명합니다. 이 연구는 더 나아가 중국과 이집트간의 포괄적인 전략적 파트너십에 대한 동기를 특히 약화되고 분배된 미국의 중동 국가에 대한 권력을 중심으로 살펴봅니다. 중국은 중동에 발판을 마련함으로써 성공적으로 이득을 취할 수 있습니다. 이 연구는 이집트가 일대일로를 아프리카와 중동 지역에 연결해주는 허브역할을 함으로써 상당한 이득을 취할 수 있다는 점을 발견했습니다. 중국은 이미 5 년 내에 인수합병 시 잠재력이 가장 높은 상위 5 개국 중 하나로 이집트를 선정했습니다. 이집트는 인수합병 대상 나라 .또한 수에즈 운하 경제 수역은 수입이 상당한 나라들에게 중국의 생산품을 전달해주는 역할을 할 수 있습니다. ; Chapter I. Introduction…………………………………………….….…… 7 Chapter II. Egypt's Political and Economic Situation……………….….… 12 Chapter II. BRI initiative…………………………………….……………… 50 Chapter IV. Egypt and China economic and political relation ………….…86 Chapter II. Conclusion ………………………………….…………….….… 119 ; Master

By decree of December 20, 2013, are amended and added Articles 25, 27 and 28 of the Mexican Constitution on energy. Through these constitutional modifications, the door is completely opened to foreign and Mexican private companies to take over the country's natural resources (gas, oil, electricity, water and minerals). These changes to the Constitution are accompanied by new laws and reforms to others, such as the Expropriation Law, Hydrocarbons Law, Mining Law, National Waters Law, Electricity Industry Law, Geothermal Energy Law and others. The delivery of the collective wealth of the Nation to private capital is done under the pretext of the general benefit for the generation of wealth that it supposedly entails, and the legal formulas of "public order" and "public utility" are used; and those same terms serve as the basis for the dispossession of peasant, indigenous and ejidal communities; the energy reform goes against its agricultural and forestry vocation, because of the invasion that will take place in socially owned lands, precisely because of energy exploration and extraction. In the face of this economic, political and juridical offensive of today's capitalism, resistance has multiplied, for the defense of the territory and the material conditions of life, and for autonomy. These rights of the original peoples have been proclaimed and defended in recent years in Mexico, by the peoples and communities themselves, long before the frontal attack on them, as a result of the energy reform. Since the uprising of the Zapatista Army of National Liberation on January 1, 1994, these rights of indigenous peoples have been defended, among other ways, by producing insurgent rights. In order to understand this juridical reality, we must theoretically support it, and this is the proposal of the present work. ; Por decreto de 20 de diciembre de 2013, se reforman y adicionan los artículos 25, 27 y 28 de la Constitución Mexicana, en materia de energía. Por medio de esas modificaciones constitucionales, se abre totalmente la puerta a las empresas privadas extranjeras y mexicanas para apoderarse de las riquezas naturales del País (gas, petróleo, electricidad, agua y minerales). Estos cambios a la Constitución van acompañados de leyes nuevas y reformas a otras, tales como la Ley de Expropiación, Ley de Hidrocarburos, Ley de Minería, Ley de Aguas Nacionales, Ley de la Industria Eléctrica, Ley de Energía Geotérmica y otras. La entrega de la riqueza colectiva de la Nación al capital privado, se hace con el pretexto del beneficio general por la generación de riqueza que supuestamente conlleva, y se usan las fórmulas jurídicas del "orden público" y la "utilidad pública"; y esos mismos términos sirven de base para el despojo de comunidades campesinas, indígenas y ejidales; la reforma energética va contra su vocación agrícola y forestal, por la invasión que se dará en las tierras de propiedad social, precisamente por la exploración y extracción energética. Ante esta ofensiva económica, política y jurídica del capitalismo de hoy, se han multiplicado las resistencias, por la defensa del territorio y de las condiciones materiales de vida, y por la autonomía. Estos derechos de los pueblos originarios vienen siendo proclamados y defendidos en los últimos años en México, por los propios pueblos y comunidades, mucho antes del ataque frontal a los mismos, producto de la reforma energética. Señaladamente desde el levantamiento del Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional del 1 de enero de 1994.Precisamente estos derechos de los pueblos indígenas, se defienden, entre otros modos, produciendo derecho insurgente. Para comprender esta realidad jurídica, debemos soportarla teóricamente, y en ello reside la propuesta del presente trabajo.

Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales. Maestría en Derecho ; The revocation of the mandate is presented as a mechanism of direct democracy, which has its origins in the Philadelphia Convention in the United States and is characterized by early dismissal of its office from public officials previously elected through voting. This mechanism is based on the sovereign power of the citizen, whose argument focuses on the ability of citizens to recognize the good or poor performance of their authorities. At present, there are jurisprudential criteria of the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation, where they pronounce on the figure of revocation, whose analysis has led to an intense debate on the part of the ministers and ministers. Similarly, with regard to the legislative branch, a large number of initiatives have been presented, in which the reasons for the motion are to support the filing of the revocation, arguing the need for the people to be involved not only through of the vote, in the public affairs of the country. Being a revocation of mandate, a mechanism that is established for the benefit of the citizen and whose activation requires it, it is necessary to generate a culture of interest in the political affairs of every country, which is obtained through a citizen education. Being the holder of the Federal Executive, the first president must be the one who observes a better disposition to comply with the needs of a whole country and if not, he would be subjected to the revocation process. For many years, the prevailing regime in Mexico made it impossible for the citizen to participate in political issues, which resulted in a lack of citizen interest in which the voters no longer go out to vote and expect the worst performance of their representatives. ; La revocación de mandato se presenta como un mecanismo de la democracia directa, que tiene sus orígenes en la convención de Filadelfia, Estados Unidos, y se caracteriza por destituir anticipadamente de su cargo a los funcionarios públicos electos previamente a través del voto. Dicho mecanismo se sustenta en el poder soberano del ciudadano, cuyo argumento se centra en la capacidad que tiene el ciudadano de reconocer el buen o mal desempeño de sus autoridades. En la actualidad existen criterios jurisprudenciales de la Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación, donde se pronuncian respecto a la figura de revocación, de cuyo análisis se ha derivado un intenso debate por parte de las ministras y ministros. De igual forma, en lo que respecta al Poder Legislativo, se han presentado gran cantidad de iniciativas, en las que en su exposición de motivos se busca fundamentar la interposición de la revocación, argumentando la necesidad que tiene el pueblo de involucrarse no solamente a través del voto, en los asuntos públicos del país. Al ser la revocación de mandato un mecanismo que se establece en beneficio del ciudadano y cuya activación requiere de él, es necesario generar una cultura de interés en los asuntos políticos de todo país, lo cual se obtiene a través de una formación ciudadana. Al ser el titular del Ejecutivo Federal el primer mandatario debe ser éste quien observe una mejor disposición de cumplir con las necesidades de todo un país y de no ser así sería sometido al proceso de revocación. Por muchos años el régimen imperante en México imposibilitó la participación del ciudadano en temas políticos, con ello se originó una falta de interés ciudadano, ya muchos electores no salen a votar y esperan la peor actuación de sus representantes.

Abstrak Desa dalam rangka mengurangi ketergantungannya terhadap bantuan pemerintah, dituntut untuk mampu mengelola potensi desa. Potensi desa yang dikelola dengan baik akan memberikan manfaat yang besar bagi peningkatan perekonomian desa maupun kesejahteraan masyarakat. Potensi desa dapat dikelola melalui sebuah lembaga yang disebut BUMDesa. Salah satunya adalah BUMDesa Jaya Tirta di Desa Gedongarum. BUMDesa Jaya Tirta menjalankan usaha pompanisasi / irigasi dengan memanfaatkan potensi sumber daya air Sungai Bengawan Solo yang mengalir disepanjang Desa Gedongarum. Hadirnya BUMDesa Jaya Tirta bertujuan untuk meningkatkan hasil pertanian Desa Gedongarum sekaligus menambah Pendapatan Asli Desa Gedongarum. Adapun kendala yang dihadapi BUMDesa Jaya Tirta dalam menjalankan usaha nya terkait kurangnya modal untuk memulai musim tanam. Jenis penelitian ini adalah adalah deskriptif menggunakan pendekatan kualitatatif. Fokus penelitian yaitu sosialisasi dan pembelajaran tentang BUMDesa, pelaksanaan musyawarah desa dengan pokok bahasan BUMDesa, pendirian BUMDesa yang menjalankan bisnis sosial (sosial business) dan bisnis penyewaan (renting), analisis kelayakan usaha BUMDesa, pengembangan kerjasama kemitraan strategis, diversifikasi usaha dalam bentuk BUMDesa. Subjek penelitian ditentukan dengan teknik purposive sampling. Teknik pengumpulan data dengan metode wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi. Analisis data dengan pengumpulan data, reduksi data, penyajian data dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa strategi pengelolaan BUMDesa Jaya Tirta sudah berjalan dengan baik sesuai dengan tahapan strategi pengelolaan BUMDesa yang telah dianjurkan oleh pemerintah dan menunjukkan adanya BUMDesa dapat menambah pendapatan asli desa. Adapun salah satu saran peneliti bagi pengurus BUMDesa Jaya Tirta yaitu agar perlunya membuka unit usaha baru pada bisnis keuangan seperti usaha simpan pinjam atau koperasi sesuai dengan tahapan akhir dalam strategi pengelolaan BUMDesa. Kata Kunci: Strategi Pengelolan, BUMDesa, PADesa. Abstract Villages in order to reduce their dependence on government assistance are required to be able to manage village potential. The potential of a well-managed village will provide great benefits for improving the village economy and the welfare of the community. Village potential can be managed through an institution called BUMDesa. One of them is BUMDesa Jaya Tirta in Gedongarum Village. BUMDesa Jaya Tirta runs a pumping / irrigation business by utilizing the water resources potential of the Bengawan Solo River which flows along the Gedongarum Village. The presence of BUMDesa Jaya Tirta aims to increase the agricultural output of Gedongarum Village while increasing the Original Income of Gedongarum Village. The constraints faced by BUMDesa Jaya Tirta in carrying out its business are related to the lack of capital to start the planting season. This type of research is descriptive using a qualitative approach. The focus of the research is the socialization and learning of BUMDesa, the implementation of village meetings with the BUMDesa subject matter, the establishment of BUMDesa which runs social businesses (leasing business) and leasing business, analysis of BUMDesa business feasibility, development of strategic partnership cooperation, business diversification in the form of BUMDesa. Research subjects were determined by purposive sampling technique. The technique of collecting data is by interview, observation and documentation. Analysis of data by collecting data, reducing data, presenting data and drawing conclusions. The results showed that the BUMDesa Jaya Tirta management strategy had gone well in accordance with the management stages of BUMDesa management that had been recommended by the government and showed that BUMDesa could increase the villages original income. One of the researchers suggestions for the BUMDesa Jaya Tirta management is that the need to open a new business unit in the financial business such as a savings and loan business or cooperative is in line with the final stages in the BUMDesa management strategy. Keyword: Management Strategy, BUMDesa, PADesa

The Seeds and Agro-Chem Industry today is a tightly knit oligopoly with only a handful of global players. Following a detailed assessment, the European Commission recently conditionally cleared three major transactions in the already highly concentrated sector - Chem China and Syngenta, Dow and Du Pont, Bayer and Monsanto – reducing the number of effective global players from six-to-four. Even though the Commission's decisions are laudatory in terms of their economic assessment of the impact of the transactions on product, price and innovation competition, these merger approvals suggest the following gap in EU Merger Control. Taking pride in its more economic approach, the EU Merger Control in its current form neglects the need to integrate the most fundamental principles of EU law. These principles can neither be easily quantified nor put in a straitjacket of 'cost/benefit' or 'efficiency' analysis. This article accordingly calls for the need to go back to the Treaty articles and examine how the EU Merger Control can effectively meet the larger policy objectives as enshrined in the Treaty articles, such as Article 11 TFEU's 'environmental integration rule', while simultaneously retaining the impression of being based in sound principles of competition law and economics. Incorporation of the principle of sustainable development alongside the well-defined economic principles well aligns with an integrated and holistic approach to policy-making. The approach suggested above may lead to a multiciplty of objectives - meaning that if such an approach is indeed adopted, the EU Merger Control may well need to look beyond the narrow construct of 'efficiency' and 'consumer welfare'. A failure to take account of these larger objectives, however, may ironically thwart the EU Merger Control from achieving the very fundamental objective it seemingly aspires to achieve that is 'consumer welfare'! Consumers being numerous and geographically dispersed experience the collective action problem. In the Bayer/Monsanto merger, despite this typical collective active problem, the Commission received over 55,000 emails, letters and postcards and an uncountable number of tweets on the social networking site Twitter. The citizens, who are also consumers, in their complaints requested the Commission to prohibit the transaction, as they saw the proposed merger being detrimental to 'human health, food safety, consumer protection, the environment and the climate'. The Commission's response to these complaints was that even though the said concerns were significant - they nonetheless could not form the basis of merger assessment, which needs to be limited to competition issues. As for the issues raised, in the opinion of the Commission, other areas of law such as those dealing with the regulatory system for pesticides and the consumer protection law could well address these other concerns. The dilemma confronting the Commission was whether to assess these transactions within the current framework grounded in well-defined scientific principles of economics (and increasingly econometrics) or in the alternative take account of some qualitative non-price considerations. The Commission evidently resorted to the former option. A decision otherwise would have been subject to intense economic criticism just like the GE/Honeywell decision, wherein the Commission proposed a very novel theory of 'Archimedean Leveraging', and prohibited the proposed merger. This means that for a truly effective competition policy and EU Merger Control in particular, the authorities need to 're-think, re-design and re-frame' the notion of competition policy as a 'system of inter-locking processes' in the Raworth's 'doughnut'. For such a sustainability-driven thinking on innovation, that re-directs the 'consumption choices available to consumers' within the sustainable 'safe and just space for humanity', there is a visible need to think and reflect upon the 'double limit of planetary boundaries' and incorporate it in the everyday philosophy of competition policy.

Актуальність тематичної спрямованості статті зумовлюється підвищенням значущості позабюджетних вкладеннь у виробничу і соціальну сфери. Аналіз законодавчої бази показав неврегульованість обліково-аналітичного забезпечення грантів як альтернативних джерел фінансування підприємств. Відсутність науково-обґрунтованих розробок з методології бухгалтерського обліку грантів у вітчизняній науці та законодавчій базі призвело до необхідності грунтовного аналізу існуючих нормативних актів, та визначення на їх основі сутності понятть «грант» та «цільове фінансування». Метою статті є удосконалення обліково-аналітичного забезпечення грантів як альтернативних джерел фінансування підприємств за рахунок розробки відповідних методичних рекомендацій. Основними методами дослідження стали аналіз, синтез, індукція, дедукція, теоретичне узагальнення. Результати дослідження полягають у вдосконаленні регламентації обліку цільового фінансування, зокрема розробці нормативного забезпечення обліку бюджетної та недержавної підтримки в Україні, який врегулював би методичні засади обліку отримання та використання коштів цільового фінансування. Основними завданнями організації обліку і контролю цільового фінансування та цільових надходжень повинне стати: узагальнення інформації про наявність та рух коштів, які призначені для здійснення заходів цільового призначення; контроль за використанням цільових надходжень за відповідними напрямами; своєчасне документальне оформлення операцій з цільового фінансування та цільових надходжень; узагальнення інформації про обсяги цільового фінансування та цільових надходжень. Розглянуто порядок розкриття інформації у фінансовій звітності підприємств. На підставі даних звітності формується інформація про процес державної, або недержавної підтримки підприємств та приймаються управлінські рішення. Це потрибує розкриття інформації про: облікову політику, прийняту для грантів або цільового фінансування, включаючи методи подання, прийняті для фінансових звітів; характер та обсяг грантів, визнаних у фінансовій звітності, а також зазначення інших форм державної допомоги, від яких суб'єкт господарювання має пряму вигоду; невиконані умови та інші умовні зобов'язання, пов'язані з державною або недержавною допомогою, що була визнана. ; The relevance of the thematic focus of the article due to the increasing importance of extrabudgetary investments in production and social spheres. The analysis of the legislative base showed the unresolved accounting and analytical support for grants as alternative sources of financing enterprises. The lack of scientifically based research on the methodology of accounting for grants in Russian science and legislation has led to the need for a thorough analysis of existing regulations, and the definition of the concepts of "grant" and "target financing" on their basis. The purpose of the article is to improve the accounting and analytical support of grants as alternative sources of financing enterprises through the development of appropriate guidelines. The main research methods were analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, theoretical generalization. The results of the study are to improve the regulation of accounting for targeted financing, in particular, the development of regulatory support for accounting for budget and non-state support in Ukraine, which would settle the methodological basis of accounting for the receipt and use of targeted financing. The main objectives of the organization of accounting and control of target financing and earmark ed revenues should be: synthesis of information on the availability and movement of funds intended for the implementation of special-purpose measures; control over the use of earmarked revenues in the relevant areas; timely documentation of transactions with earmarked funding and earmarked revenues; compilation of information on the amount of targeted financing and earmarked revenues. The procedure for disclosure of information in the financial stateme nts of enterprises was considered. Based on the reporting data, information is generated on the process of state or non-state support of enterprises and management decisions are made. It requires disclosure of information about: accounting policies adopted for grants or targeted funding, including presentati on methods, adopted financial statements; the nature and extent of subsidies reflected in the financial statements, as well as indications of oth er forms of state assistance from which the company has a direct benefit; unfulfilled conditions and other contingent liabilities related to state or non-state aid that was recognized.

ABSTRACT. The policy of coastal reclamation in the Teluk Lampung ample posessome problems or lack of socio-economic conditions of rendering of fishermenaround the area of reclamation. After the policy of coastal reclamationimplemented, have are gave an impact on the fishermen about being the difficulty in finding fish and meet his needs. So the formula obtained by the issue of howsocio-economic impacts of fishing due to the perceived policy of coastalreclamation in the Teluk Lampung, especially Kelurahan Sukaraja. The purpose ofthis research is to give an overview of the impact of the social economy isperceived as one of the fishermen the impact arising from the existence of apolicy of coastal reclamation in the Teluk Lampung. This research was conductedto evaluate the impact of coastal reclamation policy. In evaluating the impact ofthis policy, researchers used the theory of impact evaluations or evaluationsummative evaluation methods belonged to Rossi and Freeman, then use the lawand some other supporting theory. Type of this research is descriptive researchwith qualitative approach. Conclusion of this research is the policy of coastalreclamation have yet to produce the desired impact. This is due to several factors.(1) Problems related to lack of public land in the town of Bandar Lampung has yetto be resolved, (2) the lack of participation or the participation of coastalcommunities, (3) how implementation is not appropriate, (4) the Government ofthe city of Bandar Lampung that have yet to implement environmentallydevelopment, (5) Yet the existence of the handling of the Government of the cityof Bandar Lampung accepted impact-related coastal communities, (6) theincidence of coastal communities must feel aggrieved and only benefit thedeveloper. In addition, the policy of reclaiming the beaches generate unwantedimpacts for coastal communities in particular Kelurahan Sukaraja fisherman. Sothe Government of the city of Bandar Lampung need to apply environmentallydevelopment, oversight and coordination to deal with the impact of requiringcommunity as well as in the process of coastal reclamation policy. Keywords: Policy, Evaluation, Coastal Reclamation, Impact. ; ABSTRAK. Kebijakan reklamasi pantai di Teluk Lampung cukup menimbulkan beberapamasalah atau kurangnya kondisi sosial ekonomi rendering nelayan di sekitar area reklamasi.Setelah kebijakan reklamasi pantai dilaksanakan, memberi dampak pada nelayan tentangsulitnya menemukan ikan dan memenuhi kebutuhannya. Maka rumusan tersebut diperolehdengan cara bagaimana dampak sosial ekonomi penangkapan ikan akibat adanya kebijakanreklamasi pantai di Teluk Lampung khususnya Kelurahan Sukaraja. Tujuan dari penelitianini adalah untuk memberikan gambaran umum tentang dampak ekonomi sosial yangdirasakan sebagai salah satu nelayan yang timbul akibat adanya kebijakan reklamasi pantaidi Teluk Lampung. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi dampak kebijakanreklamasi pantai. Dalam mengevaluasi dampak kebijakan ini, peneliti menggunakan teorievaluasi dampak atau evaluasi metode evaluasi sumatif milik Rossi dan Freeman, lalumenggunakan hukum dan beberapa teori pendukung lainnya. Jenis penelitian ini adalahpenelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalahkebijakan reklamasi pantai belum menghasilkan dampak yang diinginkan. Hal inidisebabkan beberapa faktor. (1) Masalah yang terkait dengan kurangnya lahan publik dikota Bandar Lampung masih harus dipecahkan, (2) kurangnya partisipasi atau partisipasimasyarakat pesisir, (3) bagaimana pelaksanaannya tidak tepat, (4) Pemerintah Dari kotaBandar Lampung yang belum menerapkan pembangunan lingkungan, (5) Namun keberadaanpenanganan Pemerintah Kota Bandar Lampung menerima masyarakat pesisir terkaitdampak, (6) kejadian masyarakat pesisir harus dirugikan. Dan hanya menguntungkanpengembang. Selain itu, kebijakan reklamasi pantai menimbulkan dampak yang tidakdiinginkan bagi masyarakat pesisir khususnya nelayan Kelurahan Sukaraja. Jadi PemerintahKota Bandar Lampung perlu menerapkan pembangunan lingkungan, pengawasan dankoordinasi untuk mengatasi dampak dari masyarakat yang membutuhkan serta dalamproses kebijakan reklamasi pantai. Kata kunci: Kebijakan, Evaluasi, Reklamasi Pesisir, Dampak

Das Handwerk ist ländlich. Der Beschäftigungsbeitrag des Handwerks in ländlichen Regionen ist 33 % höher als in den städtischen Regionen. Gerade in diesen Räumen, welche eine niedrigere Wirtschaftsleistung aufweisen als Städte, übernimmt das Handwerk eine stabilisierende Funktion, vermindert Armut, integriert Jugendliche in das Arbeitsleben und schafft eine lebenswerte Umgebung. Dennoch spielt das Handwerk auch in den Städten eine wichtige Rolle. In den meisten der 402 deutschen Kreise liegt der Anteil der Handwerker an allen Erwerbstätigen über 10 %. Die vorliegende Kurzstudie widmet sich jedoch vornehmlich den ländlichen Räumen, die man als handwerkswirtschaftliche Kernregionen bezeichnen kann. Folgende Fragen werden in dieser Kurzstudie beantwortet: 1. Welche Funktionen erfüllt das Handwerk in ländlichen Räumen? Produkt- und Dienstleistungsinnovationen in Handwerksunternehmen erzeugen positive Impulse für die regionale Wirtschaft. Außerdem integrieren Handwerksunternehmen Jugendliche mit niedrigeren Bildungsabschlüssen in den regionalen Arbeitsmarkt und wirken somit Armut und Abwanderung entgegen. Und schließlich übernehmen Handwerksunternehmen eine Versorgungsfunktion in dünn besiedelten Räumen. 2. Gibt es besondere Merkmale handwerklicher Regionen? Handwerksregionen unterscheiden sich in bestimmten Merkmalen deutlich von Nicht-Handwerksregionen. Sie weisen ein niedrigeres Pro-Kopf-Einkommen auf und sind vorrangig ländlich geprägt. In Handwerksregionen gibt es dennoch weniger Armut als in vergleichbaren Nicht-Handwerksregionen und die Bevölkerungsentwicklung verläuft langfristig stabiler. 3. Welche Regionen profitieren von der GRW-Strukturförderung (Gemeinschaftsaufgabe "Verbesserung der regionalen Wirtschaftsstruktur")? Handwerksregionen erhalten eine geringere Fördersumme als Nicht-Handwerksregionen. Die bisherige Strukturförderung kommt Siedlungsräumen zugute, welche am stärksten durch die Schrumpfung betroffen sind. Wenn man das Ziel einer räumlichen Strukturförderung prinzipiell akzeptiert, stellt sich hier die Frage, ob eine Förderung der am stärksten schrumpfenden Regionen als nachhaltig angesehen werden kann. Stattdessen wäre über eine Förderung von strukturschwachen Wirtschaftsräumen nachzudenken, welche ein Mindestmaß an zukünftiger Bestandsfestigkeit aufweisen. 4. Einmal Handwerksregion – immer Handwerksregion? Wie lange überdauern regionale wirtschaftliche Strukturen? Es kann gezeigt werden, dass Regionen, deren Wirtschaftsstruktur 1926 bereits stark vom Handwerk geprägt wurde, heute wieder zu den Handwerksregionen zählen. Es gibt weiterhin Hinweise darauf, dass die Wurzeln dieser strukturellen Stabilität noch weiter in der Vergangenheit liegen und im Zusammenhang mit bestimmten landwirtschaftlichen Strukturen im 19. Jahrhundert stehen. ; The proportion of craftsmen in the overall labor force is 33 % higher in rural counties (Kreise und kreisfreie Städte) than in urban ones. Rural counties are characterized by lower levels of prosperity and the crafts play a stabilizing role, lowers poverty, integrates young people into the labor force und promotes a livable social environment. The crafts sector also plays a minor role in urban areas. In most of the 402 German counties, the proportion of craftsmen in the overall labor force lies above 10 %. This study focusses on rural regions however, that can be called core crafts regions. The following questions will be answered in this study: 1. What function does the crafts sector have in rural regions? There are positive effects of innovative crafts products and services for regional economies. Young workers who would otherwise have trouble entering the labor market are supported by crafts training, thereby lowering poverty. The crafts sector provides goods and services in sparsely populated areas. 2. Are there typical characteristics of crafts counties? Crafts counties are different from non-crafts counties. They display lower per capita levels of GDP and they are mostly rural. Nevertheless, there is less poverty in crafts regions than in non-crafts regions and the longer term population dynamics are more stable. 3. What are the regions benefitting from regional economic subsidies provided by the government? Crafts regions receive less regional economic aid than non-crafts regions. The current support system benefits settlement areas that are strongly affected by population decline. If one accepts the existence of regional economic support in principle, it must nevertheless be asked whether such a support policy can be regarded as sustainable. 4. Once a crafts region always a crafts region? The historical persistence of regional economic structures. It can be shown that regions whose economic structures were characterized by the crafts in 1926 also display a strong crafts focus today. There is evidence for even older roots of such a crafts structure. In particular, if a region tended to display a low productivity agricultural structure in the 19th century it is likely to develop a crafts structure over time, which then persists over many decades.

102 páginas. ; La presente investigación, pretende analizar el comportamiento oligopólico de la industria farmacéutica global entre los años 2004 a 2015, mostrando cómo ésta dinámica tiene una incidencia en el acceso a los medicamentos para el tratamiento de las terapias oncológicas en países emergentes y cómo se ve afectada la calidad de la salud de las personas con menos recursos económicos. Se acota la investigación tomando a Colombia desde el enfoque específico en terapias crónicas para el cáncer, teniendo en cuenta variables como limitaciones de acceso, la inversión en investigación y desarrollo, los sistemas de salud, los sistemas de patentes, entre otras. Esta realidad de la industria farmacéutica se relaciona como marco conceptual con el concepto de bien común expuesto por Aristóteles, acogido por Santo Tomas y posteriormente por la doctrina de la iglesia católica. Y como fuentes teóricas lo expuesto en las obras de Elinor Ostrom, "Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action (1990)" y Joseph Stiglitz, "Globalization and its Discontents (2002". Tratando así de mostrar cómo este tipo de poderosas industrias, así como los gobiernos y sus instituciones, deben asumir un rápido cambio de mentalidad, en busca de un equilibrio entre el beneficio particular y el bien común. ; The following investigations, intends to analyze the oligopolic behavior of the pharmaceutical industry between the years of 2004 and 2015, showing how this behavioral pattern incides on the access to medicine for the oncology therapies on emergent countries and how the health quality is affected of the people with scarce economic resources is affected. The investigation is delimited taking Colombia from the chronical cancer therapy perspective, considering variables such as access limitations, research and development founding, health care systems, patent systems among others. This reality of the pharmaceutical industry is linked with the common good concept exposed by Aristotle, saint Thomas Aquinas and later on by the catholic social teaching. As theoretical sources the concepts exposed by the works of Elinor Ostrom "Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action (1990)" and Joseph Stiglitz, "Globalization and its Discontents (2002)". Exhibiting how these powerful industries, as well as the government and its institutions, should assume a quick change of mindset, looking to achieve balance between the particular benefit and the general welfare. ; La présente recherche, prétend d'analyser le comportement oligopolistique de l'industrie pharmaceutique globale entre les années 2004 et 2015. On montre l'incidence de cette dynamique dans l'accès aux médicaments, pour les traitements des thérapies oncologiques dans des nations emergentes, et comment cela affecte la qualité de la santé des personnes aux ressources économiques limités. La recherche est délimité en prenant la Colombie, visant les thérapies chroniques pour le cancer, et en tenant en compte des variables comme les contraintes pour l'accès, l'investissement en recherche et développement, les systèmes de santé, les systèmes de brevets, entre outres. Cette realité de l'industrie pharmaceutique est liée au cadre conceptuel avec la notion du bien commun exposée par Aristote, accueillie par Saint Thomas et ultérieurement par la doctrine de l'église catholique. Pour sources théoriques, ayant cela exposé dans les ouvrages de Elinor Ostrom, "Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action (1990)" et Joseph Stiglitz, "Globalization and its Discontents (2002)". En cherchant de montrer comment ce type d'industries puissantes, ainsi que les gouvernements et ces institutions, doivent assumer un changement de mentalité rapide, en cherchant l'equilibre entre l'avantage particulier et le bien commun.

This report presents the findings and recommendations from a gender assessment and learning review of IFAD's Adaptation in Smallholder Agriculture Programme (ASAP). This review is a reality-check into how ASAP-supported projects are translating project design commitments to gender equality and women's empowerment into implementation practice. It is intended to provide reflections on how implementation practice is likely to contribute to outcomes for gender equality and women's empowerment. The Paris Climate Agreement of 2015 provides clear recognition of the obligations of all parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to human rights, gender equality, empowerment of women, and intergenerational equity. The agreement states, for example: "Parties acknowledge that adaptation should follow a country-driven, gender-responsive, participatory and fully transparent approach" (p.25). At the same time, the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) that comprise the substance of the commitments that underpin the Paris Agreement, and related climate policy frameworks and plans (e.g. the National Adaptation Plans), are weak and inconsistent in integrating an understanding of gender equality and women's empowerment and the ways in which gender differences matter for climate change adaptation and mitigation. The challenges and opportunities for agriculture when it comes to both climate change adaptation and mitigation loom large in the NDCs and the NAPs. For some years, key organizations and donors in small-scale agriculture and rural livelihoods have worked hard to understand the specific challenges that women as well as men face in increasing incomes, productivity, resilience and food and nutrition security. Organizational policies, guidelines and investments have been developed to address the challenges of providing clear access for women and men to opportunities for economic empowerment, and commitments have been made to support progress towards gender equality through investments in development policies and practices. Similar efforts and initiatives are being made across the globe in national policies and sectoral commitments in agriculture, livestock and natural resources management. Yet practice is challenging. Turning commitments into tangible activities takes sustained effort, shared understanding of the goals, and spaces to learn and reflect with partners, small-scale producers, and community leaders about what is relevant and impactful in different contexts. Technical specialists, with training and experience in specific agricultural practices may not feel confident or comfortable exploring how gender dynamics affect how those practices are made available to women as well as men, and how gender roles in households can affect who benefits from adopting certain practices. Implementing agencies, from government departments to non-governmental organizations, face significant resource constraints, and can find the demands of in-depth gender and social analysis or evaluation too onerous for staff capacities and budgets. Many stakeholders in projects may intuitively understand that transformations in the ways that gender roles and behaviours are critical to the success of projects, but it is difficult to conceptualize what 'gender-transformative' looks like in terms of project activities. While this report presents key findings, conclusions and recommendations from a gender assessment and learning review of eight country cases of ASAP-supported projects, it should be recognized that 5 ASAP Gender Assessment and Learning Review – Final Report these likely apply to a range of projects and investments being implemented and developed in the arena of small-scale agriculture and adaptation to climate change in rural livelihoods. It is therefore hoped that this report can provide the basis for further collaboration between IFAD, CARE and CCAFS.

Publikacja recenzowana / Peer-reviewed publication ; Polska od momentu członkostwa w UE zaczęła zwracać szczególną uwagę na kwestię ochrony środowiska. Wspólnota pozwala na dowolność kreowania przez państwa ich bilansów energetycznych, jednak unijne prawo musi być przestrzegane i wdrażane. W związku z tym polityka bezpieczeństwa energetycznego Polski, kreowana przez rząd oraz organizacje rządowe, pozarządowe, przedsiębiorców, a także społeczeństwo, powinna uwzględniać unijne priorytety, zwłaszcza w przypadku sektora odnawialnych źródeł energii. OZE są jednym z priorytetów polityki energetyczno-klimatycznej UE. Celem artykułu jest m.in. wskazanie roli prosumenta w zarządzaniu bezpieczeństwem energetycznym Polski oraz analiza tzw. energetyki prosumenckiej. Kwestię prosumenta reguluje w Polsce ustawa o OZE – proces nowelizacji w 2015 r, odbił się szeroką dyskusją nie tylko w gronie naukowym, ale i wśród przedstawicieli organizacji społecznych oraz środowisk skupiających prosumentów w Polsce. Zjawisko to było widoczne również i na początku 2016 r., gdzie nowy rząd, po dojściu do władzy (Patia Prawo i Sprawiedliwość), postanowił wznowić pracę nad zawartością ustawy. Należy podkreślić, że w polskim prawie nie było bezpośredniego wsparcia finansowego (określonego na poziomie ustawowym) dla małych producentów energii elektrycznej. Kredyty i uproszone rozwiązania administracyjne, nie zachęcały konsumentów do indywidualnych inwestycji. W wyniku nowelizacji ustawy o OZE prosument w ramach wsparcia może skorzystać m.in. z zakupu i montażu małych instalacji odnawialnych źródeł energii finansowanych z funduszy unijnych. Artykuł stanowi także próbę odpowiedzi na pytania: kim jest prosument, co to jest energetyka prosumencka oraz jakie są jej założenia? Jaka jest rola prosumenta w procesie zarządzania bezpieczeństwem energetycznym w Polsce? Artykuł koncentruje się na zagadnieniu aktualnym, co zwiększa jego atrakcyjność pod względem badawczym. ; Since its EU membership, Poland has paid special attention to the protection of the natural environment. The Community enables flexible creation of the energy balances by the Member States, but EU law must be respected and implemented. Therefore, the energy security policy created by the Polish government and governmental organizations, NGOs, businesses and the society should take into account the EU priorities, especially in the renewable energy sector. RES is one of the priorities of the energy and climate policy. This article aims to indicate the prosumer role in the management of energy security, and to analyse prosumer energy. The issue of prosumer-driven regulations in the field of renewable energy in Poland, amended in 2015, triggered a broad discussion not only among the scientific community, but also among the representatives of social organizations and communities gathering prosumers in Poland. This phenomenon was evident also at the beginning of 2016, when the new government came to power (the Law and Justice party) and decided to resume work on the content of the Act. It should be emphasized that the Polish law provided for no direct financial support (determined on a statutory level) for small power producers. Simplistic loans and administrative arrangements do not encourage consumers to individual investments. As a result of the amendment to the law on renewable energy in support of prosumer benefits from, among others, the purchase and assembly of small installations of renewable energy sources financed from the EU funds. This article aims to answer a few questions: who is the prosumer, who is the energy prosumer and what are their objectives? What is the role of the prosumer in the management of energy security in Poland? The article focuses on a topical issue, which makes it all the more interesting in terms of research.

As women gained access to influence politics through official channels, the social justice concerns of feminist activists started to be pursued in Romania through institutionalized forms of political intervention. The institutionalization and professionalization of the feminist movement were widely associated with feminist and women NGOs collaborating with governmental gender equality bodies to advance movement goals and achieve policy success. While some scholars insisted on the benefits of infusing feminist ideas and practices within the state, others considered that NGOization made the feminist movement susceptible of co-optation contributing to its demobilization and depoliticization. The concept of co-optation reflects the dilemmas faced by contemporary feminist movements regarding the displacement of feminist goals and concerns that might be adapted to other priorities and agendas – sometimes adverse and conflicting with the original aims – once they become part of the official political channels of decision-making. The resource dependency of feminist NGOs and groups on state or private funds is also associated with the co-optation of movement organizations. With this in mind, how does one build on critical analyses around the concept of co-optation without disbanding the actions and efforts of feminist activists and NGOs as legitimating the policy agendas of state or private donors? This study aims, first, to explain, the tensions engendered by co-optation and the insider/outsider dilemma facing the contemporary feminist movement and, second, to explore the strategies developed by the feminist movement to resist or govern co-optation. In order to explore the process of co-optation, especially the tensions and strategies of resistance engendered by it, the paper uses the NGOization body of literature and provides empirical evidence from research on the Romanian feminist movement. ; Gdy kobiety zyskały możliwość wpływania na politykę za pośrednictwem oficjalnych kanałów, postulaty feministek dotyczące sprawiedliwości społecznej zaczęto realizować w Rumunii poprzez zinstytucjonalizowane formy interwencji politycznej. Instytucjonalizację i profesjonalizację ruchu feministycznego powszechnie kojarzono z feministycznymi i kobiecymi organizacjami pozarządowymi współpracującymi z rządowymi organami do spraw równości płci w celu realizacji postulatów ruchu i osiągnięcia sukcesu w sferze polityki. Podczas gdy niektórzy badacze zawracali uwagę na korzyści płynące z przenikania idei i praktyk feministycznych do struktury państwa, inni uważali, że organizacje pozarządowe czynią ruch feministyczny podatnym na kooptację, przyczyniając się do jego demobilizacji i odpolitycznienia. Koncepcja kooptacji odzwierciedla dylematy, przed którymi stoją współczesne ruchy feministyczne. Dylematy te dotyczą przesuwania celów ruchu, które mogą być dostosowane do innych priorytetów i programów – czasami działając na niekorzyść ruchu i w sprzeczności z pierwotnymi celami, szczególnie gdy staną się częścią oficjalnych kanałów politycznych. Zależność feministycznych grup i organizacji pozarządowych od funduszy państwowych lub prywatnych jest również powiązana z kooptacją ruchu. Jak budować ruch na krytycznych analizach koncepcji kooptacji bez jednoczesnego kwestionowania wagi działań i wysiłków aktywistów feministycznych i organizacji pozarządowych jako legitymizujących programy polityczne państwowych lub prywatnych darczyńców? Badanie to ma na celu, po pierwsze, wyjaśnienie napięć powstałych w wyniku kooptacji i związanych z dylematem bycia wewnątrz/na zewnątrz, przed którym stoi współczesny ruch feministyczny. Po drugie, celem autorki artykułu jest zbadanie strategii przeciwstawienia się lub zarządzania kooptacją opracowanych przez ruch feministyczny. Do analizy procesu kooptacji, a zwłaszcza wywoływanych przez ów proces napięć i powstałych wopozycji do niego strategii oporu, w tekście wykorzystano literaturę NGO-izacji i przedstawiono empiryczne dowody pochodzące z badań nad rumuńskim ruchem feministycznym.