Suchergebnisse

Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of figures -- List of tables -- List of contributors -- Acknowledgement -- 1. Re-conceptualizing urban recovery in the age of protracted displacement -- PART I: Understanding systems and scales of governance -- 2. Global Compacts or containment? Geopolitics by design -- 3. Refugees, resettlement, and the territorial correlates of resilience -- 4. Spatial patterns, gray spacing, and planning policy implications: The urbanization of forced population displacement in Lebanon -- 5. Governing displaced cities: Calibrating reconstruction amidst instability -- 6. City Development Frame: The City as a unit of the countryside recovery (Azaz City in Syria) -- PART II: Housing the displaced -- 7. Understanding protracted displacement through the dwelling: The temporal injustice of the not quite, not yet solutions to refugee crises -- 8. Learning to be a city: Emerging practices for housing the displaced in Bar Elias (Lebanon) -- 9. The recovery of Baghdad's neighborhoods in the aftermath of 'Al-Taifiyah' sectarian conflict -- PART III: Conceiving of cultural heritage in the recovery process -- 10. From recovery to resilience: Challenges and opportunities for post-crisis recovery of urban heritage -- 11. The [framing] of heritage in the post-war reconstruction of Beirut central district (Lebanon) -- 12. The politics of urban recovery in a Soviet-era spa resort town: Heritage tourism and displaced communities in Tskaltubo, Georgia -- 13. Creative institutionalism: Statecraft beyond the state in Palestine -- 14. Souls of homes: Heritage as a manifestation of community relationships through space and time -- PART IV: Space and imaginaries in framing post-crisis recovery(s) -- 15. Transient city - steadfast camp: Re-construction of ancient Rome and present Dheisheh.

Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of figures -- Contributors -- Introduction: Imagining law, justice, and order in real and fictional ill cities -- 1 The narratives of justice, order, and morality in our cities -- Part I: Imagining ill cities: their treatments under various movie scenarios -- Part II: Visualizing the forms of ill cities -- Cities as living organisms -- References -- PART I: Imagining ill cities: their treatments under various movie scenarios -- 1. The dark side of cleanliness and order: Visual renderings of oppression in dystopian science fiction cinema -- 1 Once upon a time, (not so) far away: another space in utopia/dystopia -- 2 Spatializations of dystopia -- 3 Dirt and cleanliness as spatial metaphors of dis/order -- 4 Conclusions: away from the elsewhere? -- References -- 2. 'Wanna fight?': utopia-dystopia in Nicolas Winding Refn's recent cinema -- 1 The city as utopia-dystopia -- 2 Winding Refn's slaughterhouse ethics -- Filmography -- References -- 3. The dysfunctional town and the social contract: Figures of violence in the liberal legal imaginary -- 1 Introduction -- 2 From freedom to subjection: the town's logic of exchange -- 3 Liberal values of equality and free choice -- 4 The aesthetics of injustice -- 5 The language of abstraction -- 6 Centrality of pain to contract moral authority in Dogville -- 7 Violence, justice, and law -- 8 Justice as allegory, justice in history -- References -- 4. Cities as ill bodies? Cure them with a commons-oriented approach -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Case history -- 3 Medication -- 4 A new form of urban commons? -- 5 Outlook -- References -- 5. Cities that degrade: Ken Loach on social ills -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Theoretical concepts -- 3 Cities that degrade: the underlining themes -- 4 Conclusion -- References.

Policies and projects aimed at Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation, and the sustainable management of forests and the enhancement of forest carbon stocks (REDD+), have been regarded as an opportunity to improve forest governance while supporting rural livelihoods. However, now that REDD+ policies are being increasingly implemented, a number of justice-related challenges have emerged, including how social heterogeneity should be approached to avoid deepening the unequal access to land, resources and livelihood opportunities or even violating human rights in rural contexts. Applying an environmental justice lens, this article analyses the experience of three local communities in Nepal participating in REDD+ pilot projects, focusing on how indigenous peoples, women and Dalits have participated in and been affected by such initiatives. Our research shows that the studied REDD+ pilot activities in Nepal have been, to some extent, able to recognise, empower and benefit certain social groups, indigenous women in particular, whilst Dalits (particularly Dalit women) had a different experience. REDD+ projects have had limited impact in addressing more entrenched processes of political discrimination, male dominance in decision-making, and uneven participation driven by spatial considerations or specific social targeting approaches. While the projects examined here have been partially just, and rather sensitive to existing patterns of social differentiation, the complexity of social differentiation still makes it difficult to operationalise environmental justice in REDD+ implementation. Hence, we conclude that deficits in distributive, recognition and procedural justice cannot be resolved without first addressing wider issues of social injustices throughout Nepal, historically inherited along the dimensions of class, caste, ethnicity, gender, and spatiality.

Historical aerial photography has become a valuable commodity in any country, as it provides a precise record of historical land management over time. In a developing country, such as South Africa, that has undergone enormous political and social change over the last years, such photography is invaluable as it provides a clear indication of past injustices and serves as an aid to addressing post-apartheid issues such as land reform and land redistribution. National mapping organisations throughout the world have vast repositories of such historical aerial photography. In order to effectively use these datasets in today's digital environment requires that it be georeferenced to an accuracy that is suitable for the intended purpose. Using image-to-image georeferencing techniques, this research sought to determine the accuracies achievable for ortho-rectifying large volumes of historical aerial imagery, against the national standard for ortho-rectification in South Africa, using two different types of scanning equipment. The research conducted four tests using aerial photography from different time epochs over a period of sixty years, where the ortho-rectification matched each test to an already ortho-rectified mosaic of a developed area of mixed land use. The results of each test were assessed in terms of visual accuracy, spatial accuracy and conformance to the national standard for ortho-rectification in South Africa. The results showed a decrease in the overall accuracy of the image as the epoch range between the historical image and the reference image increased. Recommendations on the applications possible given the different epoch ranges and scanning equipment used are provided.

Historical aerial photography has become a valuable commodity in any country, as it provides a precise record of historical land management over time. In a developing country, such as South Africa, that has undergone enormous political and social change over the last years, such photography is invaluable as it provides a clear indication of past injustices and serves as an aid to addressing post-apartheid issues such as land reform and land redistribution. National mapping organisations throughout the world have vast repositories of such historical aerial photography. In order to effectively use these datasets in today's digital environment requires that it be georeferenced to an accuracy that is suitable for the intended purpose. Using image-to-image georeferencing techniques, this research sought to determine the accuracies achievable for ortho-rectifying large volumes of historical aerial imagery, against the national standard for ortho-rectification in South Africa, using two different types of scanning equipment. The research conducted four tests using aerial photography from different time epochs over a period of sixty years, where the ortho-rectification matched each test to an already ortho-rectified mosaic of a developed area of mixed land use. The results of each test were assessed in terms of visual accuracy, spatial accuracy and conformance to the national standard for ortho-rectification in South Africa. The results showed a decrease in the overall accuracy of the image as the epoch range between the historical image and the reference image increased. Recommendations on the applications possible given the different epoch ranges and scanning equipment used are provided.

The text explores the relationship between public space, methods of security control and democracy, establishing the direct link between these relations and the issue of space justice. In doing so, he relies very briefly on contemporary examples of the occupation of urban public spaces by contemporary movements. ; International audience ; The text explores the relationship between public space, methods of security control and democracy, establishing the direct link between these relations and the issue of space justice. In doing so, he relies very briefly on contemporary examples of the occupation of urban public spaces by contemporary movements. ; Le texte explore la relation entre espace public, méthodes de contrôle sécuritaire et démocratie, établissant le lien direct entre ces relations et la question de la justice spatiale. Pour ce faire il s'appuie très brièvement sur les exemples contemporains d'occupation des espaces publics urbains par des mouvements contestataires.

"Contemporary debate over the legacy of racial integration in the United States rests between two positions that are typically seen as irreconcilable. On one side are those who argue that we must pursue racial integration because it is an essential component of racial justice. On the other are those who question the ideal of integration and suggest that its pursuit may damage the very population it was originally intended to liberate. In An Impossible Dream? Sharon A. Stanley shows that much of this apparent disagreement stems from different understandings of the very meaning of integration. In response, she offers a new model of racial integration in the United States that takes seriously the concerns of longstanding skeptics, including black power activists and black nationalists. Stanley reformulates integration to de-emphasize spatial mixing for its own sake and calls instead for an internal, psychic transformation on the part of white Americans and a radical redistribution of power. The goal of her vision is not simply to mix black and white bodies in the same spaces and institutions, but to dismantle white supremacy and create a genuine multiracial democracy. At the same time, however, she argues that achieving this model of integration in the contemporary United States would be extraordinarily challenging, due to the poisonous legacy of Jim Crow and the hidden, self-reinforcing nature of white privilege today. Pursuing integration against a background of persistent racial injustice might well exacerbate black suffering without any guarantee of achieving racial justice or a worthwhile form of integration. As long as the future of integration remains uncertain, its pursuit can neither be prescribed as a moral obligation nor rejected as intrinsically indefensible. In An Impossible Dream? Stanley dissects this vexing moral and political quandary"--

This introductory paper to our first issue provides reflection on the concept of critical global citizenship at both theoretical and practical levels. We maintain that 'citizenship', irrespective of its level of articulation (i.e. national, international, global, etc.) remains an issue that reflects a status, a feeling and practices that are intrinsically interlinked. As a legal status, formal citizenship allows individuals to form a sense of belonging within a political community and, therefore, empowers them to act and perform their citizenship within the spatial domains of the nation-state. Critical global citizenship, asks these same individuals not so much to neglect these notions of belonging and practice to a particular locale, but to extend such affinities beyond the territorial boundaries of their formal national membership and to think critically and ethically about their local, national and global relationship with those who are different from themselves. Making a case for a critical global citizenship, however, also requires acknowledging material inequalities that affect the most vulnerable (i.e. migrants, asylum seekers, those experiencing poverty, etc.) and which mean that efforts to cultivate global citizenship orientations to address social injustice are not enacted on an even playing field. As such, a critical global citizenship approach espouses a performative citizenship that is at once democratic and ethical, as well as being aimed at achieving social peace and sustainable justice, but which is also affected by material conditions of inequality that require political solutions and commitment from individuals, states, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and civil society organisations.1
1 This article is based on F. Mansouri (2014), 'The Global Citizenship Project: From Words to Action', published by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. © UNESCO, Paris

This introductory paper to our first issue provides reflection on the concept of critical global citizenship at both theoretical and practical levels. We maintain that 'citizenship', irrespective of its level of articulation (i.e. national, international, global, etc.) remains an issue that reflects a status, a feeling and practices that are intrinsically interlinked. As a legal status, formal citizenship allows individuals to form a sense of belonging within a political community and, therefore, empowers them to act and perform their citizenship within the spatial domains of the nation-state. Critical global citizenship, asks these same individuals not so much to neglect these notions of belonging and practice to a particular locale, but to extend such affinities beyond the territorial boundaries of their formal national membership and to think critically and ethically about their local, national and global relationship with those who are different from themselves. Making a case for a critical global citizenship, however, also requires acknowledging material inequalities that affect the most vulnerable (i.e. migrants, asylum seekers, those experiencing poverty, etc.) and which mean that efforts to cultivate global citizenship orientations to address social injustice are not enacted on an even playing field. As such, a critical global citizenship approach espouses a performative citizenship that is at once democratic and ethical, as well as being aimed at achieving social peace and sustainable justice, but which is also affected by material conditions of inequality that require political solutions and commitment from individuals, states, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and civil society organisations.1 1 This article is based on F. Mansouri (2014), 'The Global Citizenship Project: From Words to Action', published by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. © UNESCO, Paris

In the scope of urban space production, Brazilian urban policy, despite pointing out in its guidelines the struggle for the right to the city, seems indifferent to the impacts of real estate speculation on ecosystems. Given the context of the climate emergency, there is an urgent need to align urban and environmental policy for planning cities adapted to climate change. This work presents, based on spatial data from the recent deforestation of the city of João Pessoa, the legal and socioenvironmental characteristics of the urban expansion of the city and how the municipal urban and environmental policy has catalyzed processes of socioenvironmental injustice. It appears that planning and management are limited to following the trends signaled by the real estate market and that pressure ecosystems, especially in the southern portion of the municipality, and also that democratic arrangements are forged to make society's role in defending ecosystems unfeasible. ; No âmbito da produção do espaço urbano, a política urbana brasileira apesar de assinalar em suas diretrizes a luta pelo direito à cidade, parece indiferente aos impactos da especulação imobiliária sobre os ecossistemas. Dado o contexto da emergência climática, é urgente alinhar a política urbana e ambiental para o planejamento de cidades adaptadas às mudanças do clima. Este trabalho apresenta, a partir de dados espaciais do desflorestamento recente da cidade de João Pessoa, as características jurídicas e socioambientais da expansão urbana da cidade e como a política urbana e ambiental municipal têm catalisado processos de injustiça socioambiental. Constata-se que o planejamento e a gestão se limitam a acompanhar as tendências sinalizadas pelo mercado imobiliário e que pressionam os ecossistemas, principalmente na porção sul do município, e também que os arranjos democráticos são forjados para inviabilizar a atuação da sociedade na defesa dos ecossistemas.

In critical urban research, artists are typically seen as drivers of central city gentrifi cation and public arts asdepoliticized tools of the creative city agenda. This paper takes Toronto's Main Square as a case study, first,to delineate the multiple ways that community arts can influence social change beyond gentrifi cation, andsecond, to identify suburban space as an important site of cultural and creative policy articulation. We claimthat the unique non-central location of Main Square appears as a significant factor shaping the trajectory oftransformation and delimiting the political potential of arts in engendering public values and in addressingspatial injustice. We claim that rather than following the script of neoliberal creative city policies, communitybased public art can work within and against a market-driven logic of cultural programming to pose newopportunities for public space and public life. ; Dans la recherche urbaine critique, les artistes sont généralement considérés comme moteur de l'embourgeoisementde centre-ville et les arts publics sont perçus comme des outils dépolitisés du programme des villes créatives.Dans cet article, nous analysons les transformations de Main Square à Toronto pour illustrer les multiples façonsdont l`art communautaire peut infl uencer des changements sociaux au-delà de l'embourgeoisement. De plus,nous identifi ons l'espace de banlieue comme un lieu important pour la formulation de politiques culturelles etcréatives. Nous affi rmons que l'emplacement unique et non-central de Main Square apparaît comme un facteurdéterminant de la production de l'espace public et qui délimite le potentiel politique des arts pour lutter contrel'injustice spatiale. Nous affi rmons que l'art public communautaire n'est pas simplement un outil commercialisé,mail ce dernier peut créer de nouvelles opportunités pour l'espace public et la vie publique.

This dissertation examines the intersection of urban sustainability and environmental justice (EJ) in Los Angeles, California. 'Urban sustainability', the idea that incorporating sustainable measures into urban development plans/strategies can ameliorate ecological degradation and social inequality without compromising economic growth, has recently emerged as a powerful discourse with regards to city planning and environmental governance. In this dissertation, I critically interrogate urban sustainability's claims, questioning how equitable socio-spatial configurations can be created through modes of urban governance, which despite its optimistic rhetoric, are still driven by the logic of capitalist economic development and overseen by the racial state. To investigate the ways in which environmental justice, then, is facilitated and/or constrained under the programmatic realization of urban sustainability, I focus on one particular sustainability project in Los Angeles—the restoration/revitalization of the Los Angeles River Watershed. Restoring the L.A. River is an ambitious undertaking by a diverse consortium of state and NGO actors, and consists of an agenda that goes beyond any single urban environmental issue; it has emerged as a symbol of a 'cleaner, greener' Los Angeles. In order to examine this sustainability initiative, I conducted a critical ethnography that consisted of two years of fieldwork in Los Angeles. Based on this research, I present several arguments throughout this dissertation. I trace the history of the environmental movement to restore the Los Angeles River and sustainably manage its watershed; in doing so, I identify the counter-hegemonic narratives and objectives embedded within this political activism. These activist efforts, I argue, which seek to disrupt the dominant urban land-water management regime in metropolitan Los Angeles, enable the environmental agenda of river restoration to articulate with local environmental justice efforts centered on equitable distribution of greenspace, public health considerations in urban planning, and youth/community development. Despite these achievements, the current plan to restore the Los Angeles River embodies principles of ecological modernization, which rely upon dominant political-economic processes and ultimately stymie a more substantive engagement with the politics of environmental justice. The contradictions of relying upon urban processes—those dictated by capitalist land markets and entrepreneurial forms of governance—that produce environmental injustices, in order to implement sustainability programs that purport to undo those injustices, reveal the inability of this particular urban sustainability project to advance environmental justice. These contradictions reproduce inequalities, which are already observed in the environmental gentrification unfolding in certain riverside neighborhoods. These historically divested neighborhoods are heralded as new sites of urban greening, but often are left unprotected from real estate speculation and housing markets that threaten to displace lower-income residents. Another major argument of my dissertation is that limited conceptualizations of environmental justice prevent even well-meaning state and NGO actors from effectively promoting more equitable environmental conditions for communities. Many actors involved in the environmental projects centered on L.A. River restoration operate from a narrowly-conceived distributive model of justice. Focusing solely on distributions of environmental burdens and benefits throughout a geographic area, I argue, not only falls into the trap of handling urban places as static and bounded, but also precludes meaningful engagement with other aspects of environmental justice politics. In particular, promoting EJ requires understanding how place-based identity formation, histories of structural racism and cultural marginalization, and access to participatory mechanisms differentially impact afflicted communities. I present the case studies of two neighborhoods (Pacoima and Elysian Valley) and two coalitions (the Chinatown Yard Alliance and Alianza de los Pueblos del Rio) to demonstrate how struggles for environmental justice in Los Angeles involve a politics of place, race, and identity. Through these cases, I conclude that urban sustainability agendas that actually advance environmental justice, then, must move beyond distributive myopia to recognize the underlying socio-spatial processes that create inequitable and unjust places.

List of tables and figures -- Introduction -- The global crisis of inequality and its South African manifestations Devan Pillay -- Part One: Inequality And Class: Polarities And Policies -- Chapter 1 Inequality in South Africa Neva Makgetla -- Chapter 2 A national minimum wage in South Africa: A tool to reduce inequality? Jana Mudronova and Gilad Isaacs -- Chapter 3 The politics of poverty and inequality in South Africa: Connectivity, abjections and the problem of measurement Sarah Bracking -- Chapter 4 The financialisation of the poor and the reproduction of inequality David Neves -- Part Two: The Politics Of Inequality -- Chapter 5 Liberal democracy, inequality and the imperatives of alternative politics: Nigeria and South Africa Samuel Oloruntoba -- Chapter 6 Liberalism and anti-liberalism in South Africa. Or, is an egalitarian liberalism possible? Daryl Glaser -- Chapter 7 Equality and inequality in South Africa. What do we actually want? And how do we get it? Roger Southall -- Part Three: Social Dimensions Of Inequality -- Chapter 8 Analysis must rise: A political economy of falling fees Stephanie Allais -- Chapter 9 Education, the state and class inequality: The case for free higher education in South Africa Enver Motala, Salim Vally and Rasigan Maharajh -- Chapter 10 Still waiting: The South African government's pending promise of equality for people with disabilities Jacqui Ala and David Black -- Chapter 11 Big fish in small ponds: Changing stratification and inequalities in small towns in the Karoo region, South Africa Doreen Atkinson -- Part Four: Land And Environment -- Chapter 12 Spatial defragmentation in rural South Africa: A prognosis of agrarian reforms Samuel Kariuki -- Chapter 13 Mining, rural struggles and inequality on the platinum belt, South Africa Sonwabile Mnwana -- Chapter 14 Challenging environmental injustice and inequality in contemporary South Africa Jacklyn Cock -- Chapter 15 The geography of nuclear power, class and inequality in South Africa Jo-Ansie van Wyk

El presente trabajo fue patrocinado por el proyecto Prometeo de la Secretaria de Educación Superior, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENESCYT) de la Republica de Ecuador. ; La proliferación en la academia de los llamados estudios culturales, estudios postcoloniales y subalternos constituye un cuestionamiento teórico-metodológico a las formas modernas de producir conocimiento. El "Sur" es el enclave de estas epistemologías que con la pretensión de luchar contra las injusticias cognitivas y sociales, han permitido a los académicos "otros" la consolidación dentro de la jerarquía del conocimiento, gracias a la integración de los nuevos proyectos cognitivos que se reacomodan así dentro de la academia. El objetivo de este articulo es por lo tanto elevar a contradicción nuestra labor de intelectuales, que está directamente inserta tanto en las contradicciones de la división espacial del conocimiento, como en la mutación y extensión del paradigma moderno. ; The proliferation, in the academy, of the so-called cultural studies, post-colonial studies and subordinates constitute a theoretical-methodological questioning of the modern ways of knowledge production. The "South" is these epistemologies' enclave which, through the claim of fighting against the cognitive and social injustices, allowed the academics "other" the consolidation of their practices within the hierarchy of knowledge, due to the integration of new cognitive projects which, in turn, reaccomodate within the academy. The goal of this article is to elevate to the contradiction our intellectual work, which is as placed in the spatial division of knowledge's contradictions as it is in the mutations and extensions of the modern paradigm. ; A proliferação na academia dos chamados estudos culturais, estudos pós-coloniais e subalternos constituem um questionamento teórico-metodológico às formas modernas de produção de conhecimento. O "Sul" é o enclave destas epistemologias que, com a pretensão de lutar contra as injustiças cognitivas e sociais permitiram aos ...

Darjeeling lies in the Eastern Himalayan Region, one of the highest rainfall receiving regions in India. But, the communities have been facing water scarcity for decades perpetuating extreme inequalities in the form of water injustice; realities of these everyday sources of harassment and crisis are obscured within 'larger political questions.' The Darjeeling Himalaya has historically been a site of multiple political disruptions over the demands of creating Gorkhaland, a separate State from the State of West Bengal, within India. In this paper, I examine the informal nature of water supply as an outcome of insufficient developmental processes and malgovernance furthered by the marginal condition of the region. The extensive presence of informal systems and their intertwining with the formal, the pseudo-municipality systems, and the over-dependence on community organizations spell out the inability or unwillingness of the state towards alleviating the water scarcity. This also highlights the ingenuity of the local suppliers and communities as the chance taken by for profit or as forms of survival. Among households, everyday marginalization is visible through activities of water acquisition from a plethora of water suppliers and disconnections from the state supplies due to legality of residence and being, and social and spatial differentiation—both underpinned by their social and political status. With the Darjeeling Municipality being my 'site' of study, I lay bare its waterscapes to highlight the determinants of informal water vendors. Adding to existing rich literature on the region, this paper explores marginalization foregrounding issues of everyday practices of malgovernance, corruption, and red-tapism that defines the political spaces of the Hills. In doing so, it is my purpose to argue that economic, underdevelopment, and governance are not separate from but are an integral part of the 'identity crisis' that defines the socio-political and historical realities of the Darjeeling Hills.