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AbstractThe Canadian labour market experienced a period of unprecedented turmoil following the onset of the COVID‐19 pandemic. We analyze the main changes using standard labour force statistics and new data on job postings. Envisaging a phase of temporary severing of employment relationships followed by a phase of more standard labour market search and matching, we use stock and flow data to understand key developments. We find dramatic changes in employment, unemployment and labour market attachment in the first few months of the pandemic and a broad though gradual recovery through to the end of 2021.

The Canadian labour market is currently emerging from a holding pattern with unusually high numbers of people in temporary (or "recall") unemployment, people who are "employed but absent from work" for unspecified reasons, or people who are not in the labour force while waiting to be recalled. Two encouraging signs are evident. New postings of vacancies have recovered from 50 percent to about 80 percent of their pre-crisis level. Also, data suggest that the increase in employment in May 2020 is due to the re-entry into employment of some of those waiting to be recalled. These patterns suggest that the labour market might rebound quickly. Warning signs are that the shares of unemployed persons without job attachment and of those on recall engaged in job search are beginning to increase.

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Two types of Sierra Leone agricultural cooperatives, marketing & thrift-&-credit societies, which comprised about 95% of cooperatives in the mid-1960s, offer a basis for elaboration of a theory of innovation diffusion focused on the supply side. This is a market & infrastructure approach, as contrasted with an adoption approach, focused on the demand side, or a development approach, focused on the impact of innovation diffusion & of development on each other & on other variables. Temporal trends by district are analyzed from 1948 on. A variety of relevent factors is identified. 1 Table, 3 Figures. W. H. Stoddard.

Considerable concern has recently been expressed worldwide about growing income inequality. Much of the discussion, though, has been in general terms and focused on the US experience. To understand whether and how Canada ought to respond to this development, we need to be clear on the facts. This paper documents Canadian patterns in income inequality and investigates the top 1 percent of earners—the group receiving the most attention. We summarize what is known about the causes of growing income inequality, including the role of gender wage differences. Finally, we outline policy options for reducing—or slowing the growth of—inequality.