Introduction to monitoring and modeling the Deepwater Horizon oil spill / Yonggang Liu [and others] -- NOAA's satellite monitoring of marine oil / Davida Streett -- A new RST-based approach for continuous oil spill detection in TIR range : the case of the Deepwater Horizon platform in the Gulf of Mexico / C.S.L. Grimaldi [and others] -- Studies of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill with the UAVSAR radar / Cathleen E. Jones [and others] -- Absolute airborne thermal SST measurements and satellite data analysis from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill / W.S. Good [and others] -- A high-resolution survey of a deep hydrocarbon plume in the Gulf of Mexico during the 2010 Macondo blowout / J.P. Ryan [and others] -- Analyses of water samples from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill : documentation of the subsurface plume / Terry L. Wade [and others] -- Evaluation of possible inputs of oil from the Deepwater Horizon spill to the loop current and associated eddies in the Gulf of Mexico / Terry L. Wade [and others] -- Evolution of the loop current system during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill event as observed with drifters and satellites / Yonggang Liu [and others] -- Impacts of loop current frontal cyclonic eddies and wind forcing on the 2010 Gulf of Mexico oil spill / Nan D. Walker [and others] -- Loop current observations during spring and summer of 2010 : description and historical perspective / P. Hamilton [and others] -- Airborne ocean surveys of the loop current complex from NOAA WP-3D in support of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill / Lynn K. Shay [and others] -- Trajectory forecast as a rapid response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill / Yonggang Liu [and others] -- Tactical modeling of surface oil transport during the Deepwater Horizon spill response / A. MacFadyen [and others] -- Surface drift predictions of the Deepwater Horizon spill : the Lagrangian perspective / Helga S. Huntley, B.L. Lipphardt Jr., and A.D. Kirwan Jr. -- On the effects of wave-induced drift and dispersion in the Deepwater Horizon oil spill / Eugenio Pugliese Carratelli, Fabio Dentale, and Ferdinando Reale -- Tracking subsurface oil in the aftermath of the Deepwater Horizon well blowout / Robert H. Weisberg, Lianyuan Zheng, and Yonggang Liu -- Simulating oil droplet dispersal from the Deepwater Horizon spill with a Lagrangian approach / Elizabeth W. North [and others] -- Oil spill risk analysis model and its application to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill using historical current and wind data / Zhen-Gang Ji, Walter R. Johnson, and Zhen Li -- A statistical outlook for the Deepwater Horizon oil spill / C.H. Barker -- Possible spreadings of buoyant plumes and local coastline sensitivities using flow syntheses from 1992 to 2007 / Ross Tulloch, Chris Hill, and Oliver Jahn -- Subsurface trapping of oil plumes in stratification : laboratory investigations / David Adalsteinsson [and others].
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Introduction. Maritime economy is one of the most important factors of economic growth and national security. Prior to the post-Soviet stage of development, a high level of "maritime maturity" was achieved in Ukraine. Well-developed and diversified maritime economic complex of Ukraine included maritime transport, fisheries, shipbuilding and ship repair, marine engineering, offshore gas industry, seaports, sea recreation with cruise fleet of international standards, etc. During the last years Ukraine has lost most of its maritime potential. The renewal of maritime economy and recovery of the maritime complex became one of the most important national interests of Ukraine. Aim and tasks. The paper aims to analyse the problems of maritime complex of Ukraine and formulate national maritime interests of Ukraine under new geopolitical and economic conditions in the Black Sea region. Research results. In order to discuss the maritime interests of Ukraine was proposed a fractal model which considers maritime interests in the following dimensions: economy, geopolitics, environment, military-defence. As the strategic economic interests of Ukraine are considered: useofmarine natural resourcesthat can contribute toeconomicgrowth; development of transport and communication in the Black Sea-Azov basin and other areas of the World Ocean; development of recreational and tourism potential of Ukrainian Black Sea coast; marine energy development. Considering the geopolitical aspects, national interests include maintenance of the territorial integrity of Ukraine, development of a system of sustainable strategic, political and economic cooperation. Environmental aspect of maritime interests of Ukraine includes rational use of natural resources, greening of economic activities in costal areas, environmental management, reproduction of biological resources and protection of biodiversity of the Black and Azov Seas. In recent years the military-defence aspect of national interests takes on special significance. It includes, first of all, the effective realization of the defence strategy at the southern borders and development of the Naval Forces of Ukraine. Conclusions. National maritime interests of Ukraine were discussed from economic, geopolitical, environmental and military-defence points of view. One of important strategic interests of Ukraine is to ensure stability and protection of the regional security in the Black Sea-Azov region, which has become an arena of complex geopolitical and geoeconomic contradictions in the context of growing economic development trends in the region, transboundary and international problems.
23 pages, 9 figures, 2 tables. ; The development and deployment of sensors for undersea cabled observatories is presently biased toward the measurement of habitat variables, while sensor technologies for biological community characterization through species identification and individual counting are less common. The VENUS cabled multisensory network (Vancouver Island, Canada) deploys seafloor camera systems at several sites. Our objective in this study was to implement new automated image analysis protocols for the recognition and counting of benthic decapods (i.e., the galatheid squat lobster, Munida quadrispina), as well as for the evaluation of changes in bacterial mat coverage (i.e., Beggiatoa spp.), using a camera deployed in Saanich Inlet (103 m depth). For the counting of Munida we remotely acquired 100 digital photos at hourly intervals from 2 to 6 December 2009. In the case of bacterial mat coverage estimation, images were taken from 2 to 8 December 2009 at the same time frequency. The automated image analysis protocols for both study cases were created in MatLab 7.1. Automation for Munida counting incorporated the combination of both filtering and background correction (Median- and Top-Hat Filters) with Euclidean Distances (ED) on Red-Green-Blue (RGB) channels. The Scale-Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) features and Fourier Descriptors (FD) of tracked objects were then extracted. Animal classifications were carried out with the tools of morphometric multivariate statistic (i.e., Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis; PLSDA) on Mean RGB (RGBv) value for each object and Fourier Descriptors (RGBv+FD) matrices plus SIFT and ED. The SIFT approach returned the better results. Higher percentages of images were correctly classified and lower misclassification errors (an animal is present but not detected) occurred. In contrast, RGBv+FD and ED resulted in a high incidence of records being generated for non-present animals. Bacterial mat coverage was estimated in terms of Percent Coverage and Fractal Dimension. A constant Region of Interest (ROI) was defined and background extraction by a Gaussian Blurring Filter was performed. Image subtraction within ROI was followed by the sum of the RGB channels matrices. Percent Coverage was calculated on the resulting image. Fractal Dimension was estimated using the box-counting method. The images were then resized to a dimension in pixels equal to a power of 2, allowing subdivision into sub-multiple quadrants. In comparisons of manual and automated Percent Coverage and Fractal Dimension estimates, the former showed an overestimation tendency for both parameters. The primary limitations on the automatic analysis of benthic images were habitat variations in sediment texture and water column turbidity. The application of filters for background corrections is a required preliminary step for the efficient recognition of animals and bacterial mat patches. ; The present work was developed in the context of the following Research Projects funded by: the Spanish Ministry for Science and Innovation-MICINN (RITFIM, CTM2010-16274), the Italian Ministry of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Politics-MIPAAF (HighVision, DM 19177/7303/08), the Canada Foundation for Innovation and the British Columbia Knowledge Development Fund (NEPTUNE Canada and VENUS project; University of Victoria), and an NSERC Canada Strategic Networks grant to the Canadian Healthy Oceans Network (CHONe). J. Aguzzi is a Postdoctoral Fellow of the Ramón y Cajal Program (MICINN). M. Matabos conducted this study during a post-doctoral fellowship funded by the Canadian Healthy Ocean Network (CHONe). K. Robert benefited from scholarships from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (Canada), the Fonds du Québec de Recherche—Nature et Technologies and the Bob Wright Foundation (University of Victoria). ; We acknowledge support by the CSIC Open Access Publication Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI). ; Peer reviewed
"Nitrous oxide, N2O, is the third most important (in global warming terms) of the greenhouse gases, after carbon dioxide and methane. As this book describes, although it only comprises 320 parts per billion of the earth's atmosphere, it has a so-called Global Warming Potential nearly 300 times greater than that of carbon dioxide. N2O emissions are difficult to estimate, because they are predominantly biogenic in origin. The N2O is formed in soils and oceans throughout the world, by the microbial processes of nitrification and denitrification, that utilise the reactive N compounds ammonium and nitrate, respectively. These forms of nitrogen are released during the natural biogeochemical nitrogen cycle, but are also released by human activity. In fact, the quantity of these compounds entering the biosphere has virtually doubled since the beginning of the industrial age, and this increase has been matched by a corresponding increase in N2O emissions. The largest source is now agriculture, driven mainly by the use of synthetic nitrogen fertilisers. The other major diffuse source derives from release of NOx into the atmosphere from fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning, as well as ammonia from livestock manure. Some N2O also comes directly from combustion, and from two processes in the chemical industry: the production of nitric acid, and the production of adipic acid, used in nylon manufacture. Action is being taken to curb the industrial point-source emissions of N2O, but measures to limit or reduce agricultural emissions are inherently more difficult to devise. As we enter an era in which measures are being explored to reduce fossil fuel use and/or capture or sequester the CO2 emissions from the fuel, it is likely that the relative importance of N2O in the 'Kyoto basket' of greenhouse gases will increase, because comparable mitigation measures for N2O are inherently more difficult, and because expansion of the land area devoted to crops, to feed the increasing global population and to accommodate the current development of biofuels, is likely to lead to an increase in N fertiliser use, and thus N2O emission, worldwide. The aim of this book is to provide a synthesis of scientific information on the primary sources and sinks of nitrous oxide and an assessment of likely trends in atmospheric concentrations over the next century and the potential for mitigation measures"--Publisher's description.
The Galápagos Islands are an archipelago of volcanic islands located in the Pacific Ocean, 926 km west of continental Ecuador, of which they are a part. Since 1978, Galapagos Islands are accepted as Heritage World, due to the growth of the population, there are several social, economic and environmental problems, which endanger the environment conservation of the Islands.In this context, the Ecuadorian government desires to preserve its ecological heritage. Hence, with the participation of several stakeholders mainly the Ministry of Energy and Renewable Energy, it is releasing a lot of initiatives. In order to improve the general services that are provided in the islands, this goal will be achieved by means of reducing fossil fuel consumption and therefore CO2 emissions. Thus, this thesis has analyzed the impact of new services on the grid such as the mandatory replacement of conventional vehicles and cookers for efficient ones and to propose solutions for reducing negative issues originated on the network. Also, a strong integration of distributed generation is considered in the analysis.In addition, innovative solutions for both low and medium voltage have been designed and tested for improving the electrical service without affecting the environment and conserving this world heritage. For instance, a smart DSM program composed of Time of Use scheme combined with Demand Response has shown interesting results, the installation of a Battery Energy Storage System has been studied as well; the results in Medium Voltage are promising. An Automatic Phase Switching system is adapted like a solution for reducing unbalance in low voltage with impressive results. The deployment of reclosers has demonstrated a considerable improvement in the reliability with a Return on Investment very short.Considering the Information and Communication Technologies a key piece to deploy Smart Grids, the communication architecture of the Neighbor, Field and Home Area Networks is addressed. As last, an Energy Management System for performing optimal energy management within Galapagos is designed. All these studies have a significant challenge: the optimal management of electricity of isolated grid with zero fossil energy. ; Les îles Galápagos sont un archipel d'îles volcaniques situées dans l'océan Pacifique, à 926 km à l'ouest de l'Equateur continental, dont elles font partie. Depuis 1978, les îles Galápagos sont déclarées patrimoine mondial. En raison de la croissance de la population, il existe plusieurs problèmes sociaux, économiques et environnementaux qui risquent la conservation de l'environnement des îles. Dans ce contexte, le gouvernement équatorien veut préserver son patrimoine écologique. Par conséquence, avec la participation de divers acteurs, principalement le ministère de l'Énergie et des Énergies renouvelables, il effectue plusieurs initiatives. Afin d'améliorer les services fournis sur les îles, cet objectif sera accompli grâce à la réduction de la consommation de carburants fossiles et donc des émissions de CO2. Donc, cette thèse a analysé l'impact des nouveaux services sur le réseau électrique, comme le remplacement obligatoire des véhicules conventionnels et des cuisinières pour des solutions efficaces et la proposition des solutions pour réduire les problèmes négatifs sur le réseau. En outre, une forte intégration de la génération distribuée a été considérée dans l'analyse. De plus, des solutions innovantes pour basse et moyenne tension ont été conçues et testées afin d'améliorer le service électrique sans affecter l'environnement et conserver ce patrimoine mondial. Par exemple, un programme DSM intelligent composé d'un schéma de temps d'utilisation (TOU) combiné avec la réponse de la demande (DR) a montré des résultats intéressants, l'installation d'un système de stockage d'énergie de batterie a également été testée, et les résultats de moyenne tension sont prometteurs. Un système de commutation automatique de phase a été adapté comme une solution pour réduire le déséquilibre en basse tension avec des résultats impressionnants. Le déploiement des réenclencheurs a démontré une amélioration considérable de la fiabilité avec un retour d'investissement très court. Considérant les technologies de l'information et de la communication, une pièce clé pour déployer Smart Grids, l'architecture de communication des réseaux de NAN/FAN/HAN a été abordée. Enfin, un Système de Gestion d'Energie pour la gestion optimale de l'énergie à Galápagos a été conçu. Toutes ces études représentent un défi important : la gestion optimale de l'électricité de réseau isolée sans énergie fossile.
This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014-2018 under grant agreement No 633053. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission. ; The provision of a particle and power exhaust solution which is compatible with first-wall components and edge-plasma conditions is a key area of present-day fusion research and mandatory for a successful operation of ITER and DEMO. The work package plasma-facing components (WP PFC) within the European fusion programme complements with laboratory experiments, i.e. in linear plasma devices, electron and ion beam loading facilities, the studies performed in toroidally confined magnetic devices, such as JET, ASDEX Upgrade, WEST etc. The connection of both groups is done via common physics and engineering studies, including the qualification and specification of plasma-facing components, and by modelling codes that simulate edge-plasma conditions and the plasma-material interaction as well as the study of fundamental processes. WP PFC addresses these critical points in order to ensure reliable and efficient use of conventional, solid PFCs in ITER (Be and W) and DEMO (W and steel) with respect to heat-load capabilities (transient and steady-state heat and particle loads), lifetime estimates (erosion, material mixing and surface morphology), and safety aspects (fuel retention, fuel removal, material migration and dust formation) particularly for quasi-steady-state conditions. Alternative scenarios and concepts (liquid Sn or Li as PFCs) for DEMO are developed and tested in the event that the conventional solution turns out to not be functional. Here, we present an overview of the activities with an emphasis on a few key results: (i) the observed synergistic effects in particle and heat loading of ITER-grade W with the available set of exposition devices on material properties such as roughness, ductility and microstructure; (ii) the progress in understanding of fuel retention, diffusion and outgassing in different W-based materials, including the impact of damage and impurities like N; and (iii), the preferential sputtering of Fe in EUROFER steel providing an in situ W surface and a potential first-wall solution for DEMO. ; European Commission; Consortium for Ocean Leadership 633053; Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia as the Center of Excellence has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Framework Programme H2020-WIDESPREAD-01-2016-2017-TeamingPhase2 under grant agreement No. 739508, project CAMART²
The global lockdown to mitigate COVID-19 pandemic health risks has altered human interactions with nature. Here, we report immediate impacts of changes in human activities on wildlife and environmental threats during the early lockdown months of 2020, based on 877 qualitative reports and 332 quantitative assessments from 89 different studies. Hundreds of reports of unusual species observations from around the world suggest that animals quickly responded to the reductions in human presence. However, negative effects of lockdown on conservation also emerged, as confinement resulted in some park officials being unable to perform conservation, restoration and enforcement tasks, resulting in local increases in illegal activities such as hunting. Overall, there is a complex mixture of positive and negative effects of the pandemic lockdown on nature, all of which have the potential to lead to cascading responses which in turn impact wildlife and nature conservation. While the net effect of the lockdown will need to be assessed over years as data becomes available and persistent effects emerge, immediate responses were detected across the world. Thus, initial qualitative and quantitative data arising from this serendipitous global quasi-experimental perturbation highlights the dual role that humans play in threatening and protecting species and ecosystems. Pathways to favorably tilt this delicate balance include reducing impacts and increasing conservation effectiveness. ; The Canada Research Chairs program provided funding for the core writing team. Field research funding was provided by A.G. Leventis Foundation; Agence Nationale de la Recherche, [grant number ANR-18-32–0010CE-01 (JCJC PEPPER)]; Agencia Estatal de Investigaci; Agência Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investigação Tecnologia e Inovação (ARDITI), [grant number M1420-09-5369-FSE-000002]; Alan Peterson; ArcticNet; Arkadaşlar; Army Corp of Engineers; Artificial Reef Program; Australia's Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS), National Collaborative; Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS), University of Tasmania; Australian Institute of Marine Science; Australian Research Council, [grant number LP140100222]; Bai Xian Asia Institute; Batubay Özkan; BC Hydro Fish and Wildlife Compensation Program; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Bertarelli Foundation; Bertarelli Programme in Marine Science; Bilge Bahar; Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; Biology Society of South Australia; Boston University; Burak Över; California State Assembly member Patrick O'Donnell; California State University Council on Ocean Affairs, Science & Technology; California State University Long Beach; Canada Foundation for Innovation (Major Science Initiative Fund and funding to Oceans Network Canada), [grant number MSI 30199 for ONC]; Cape Eleuthera Foundation; Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Charles Darwin Foundation, [grant number 2398]; Colombian Institute for the Development of Science and Technology (COLCIENCIAS), [grant number 811–2018]; Colombian Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development, [grant number 0041–2020]; Columbia Basin Trust; Commission for Environmental Cooperation; Cornell Lab of Ornithology; Cultural practices and environmental certification of beaches, Universidad de la Costa, Colombia, [grant number INV.1106–01–002-15, 2020–21]; Department of Conservation New Zealand; Direction de l'Environnement de Polynésie Française; Disney Conservation Fund; DSI-NRF Centre of; Excellence at the FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology; Ecology Project International; Emin Özgür; Environment and Climate Change Canada; European Community: RTD programme - Species Support to Policies; European Community's Seventh Framework Programme; European Union; European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, Marie Skłodowska-Curie, [grant number 798091, 794938]; Faruk Eczacıbaşı; Faruk Yalçın Zoo; Field research funding was provided by King Abdullah University of Science and Technology; Fish and Wildlife Compensation Program; Fisheries and Oceans Canada; Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, [grant numbers FWC-12164, FWC-14026, FWC-19050]; Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional; Fonds québécois de la recherche nature et technologies; Foundation Segré; Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT Portugal); Galapagos National Park Directorate research, [grant number PC-41-20]; Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, [grant number GBMF9881 and GBMF 8072]; Government of Tristan da Cunha; Habitat; Conservation Trust Foundation; Holsworth Wildlife Research Endowment; Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, Sevastopol, Russia; Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt; Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Brazil; Israeli Academy of Science's Adams Fellowship; King Family Trust; Labex, CORAIL, France; Liber Ero Fellowship; LIFE (European Union), [grant number LIFE16 NAT/BG/000874]; Mar'a de Maeztu Program for Units of Excellence in R&D; Ministry of Science and Innovation, FEDER, SPASIMM,; Spain, [grant number FIS2016–80067-P (AEI/FEDER, UE)]; MOE-Korea, [grant number 2020002990006]; Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund; Montreal Space for Life; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Earth and Space Science Fellowship Program; National Geographic Society, [grant numbers NGS-82515R-20]; National Natural Science Fund of China; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; National Parks Board, Singapore; National Science and Technology Major Project of China; National Science Foundation, [grant number DEB-1832016]; Natural Environment Research Council of the UK; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), Alliance COVID-19 grant program, [grant numbers ALLRP 550721–20, RGPIN-2014-06229 (year: 2014), RGPIN-2016-05772 (year: 2016)]; Neiser Foundation; Nekton Foundation; Network of Centre of Excellence of Canada: ArcticNet; North Family Foundation; Ocean Tracking Network; Ömer Külahçıoğlu; Oregon State University; Parks Canada Agency (Lake Louise, Yoho, and Kootenay Field Unit); Pew Charitable Trusts; Porsim Kanaf partnership; President's International Fellowship Initiative for postdoctoral researchers Chinese Academy of Sciences, [grant number 2019 PB0143]; Red Sea Research Center; Regional Government of the Azores, [grant number M3.1a/F/025/2015]; Regione Toscana; Rotary Club of Rhinebeck; Save our Seas Foundation; Science & Technology (CSU COAST); Science City Davos, Naturforschende Gesellschaft Davos; Seha İşmen; Sentinelle Nord program from the Canada First Research Excellence Fund; Servizio Foreste e Fauna (Provincia Autonoma di Trento); Sigrid Rausing Trust; Simon Fraser University; Sitka Foundation; Sivil Toplum Geliştirme Merkezi Derneği; South African National Parks (SANParks); South Australian Department for Environment and Water; Southern California Tuna Club (SCTC); Spanish Ministry for the Ecological Transition and the Demographic Challenge; Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness; Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation; State of California; Sternlicht Family Foundation; Suna Reyent; Sunshine Coast Regional Council; Tarea Vida, CEMZOC, Universidad de Oriente, Cuba, [grant number 10523, 2020]; Teck Coal; The Hamilton Waterfront Trust; The Ian Potter Foundation, Coastwest, Western Australian State NRM; The Red Sea Development Company; The Wanderlust Fund; The Whitley Fund; Trans-Anatolian Natural Gas Pipeline; Tula Foundation (Hakai Institute); University of Arizona; University of Pisa; US Fish and Wildlife Service; US Geological Survey; Valencian Regional Government; Vermont Center for Ecostudies; Victorian Fisheries Authority; VMRC Fishing License Fund; and Wildlife Warriors Worldwide.
A mathematical model for the design of marine sewage disposal systems in accordance with the criteria of the EU Bathing Water Directive is developed and applied to the design of the outfall of the sewage from Athens, Greece. The model calculates the reduction of fecal coliforms due to initial and subsequent dilutions and die-off due to the effect of solar radiation and predicts the concentrations of fecal coliforms at the bathing area for specific hours and current velocities. A combination of these results with the probability distribution of the velocity of the sea currents results in a frequency distribution of fecal coliform concentrations at the bathing area thus enabling evaluations with respect to conformity to the statistical criteria of the EU Directive. The application of the model to the disposal system for the sewage of Athens shows that conformity, without the use of effluent disinfection, can be achieved for the nearest bathing area, located at a distance of 3.4 km from the outfall, irrespective of the definition of the bathing hours (8 am-8 pm or 24 hrs) and for a sufficiently conservative mortality rate. These results indicate that under Mediterranean or similar conditions, with typical wind induced currents, a sewage field travel distance of a few kilometres is sufficient to ensure bathing areas against infection, without the need for sewage disinfection. It should, however, be stressed that these conclusions are valid on the assumption that the sampling procedures outlined in the EU Directive refer to uniformly distributed sampling throughout the bathing period of the day or season.
Long-range transport of aerosol from lower latitudes to the high Arctic may be a significant contributor to climate forcing in the Arctic. To identify the sources of key contaminants entering the Canadian High Arctic an intensive campaign of snow sampling was completed at Alert, Nunavut, from September 2014 to June 2015. Fresh snow samples collected every few days were analyzed for black carbon, major ions, and metals, and this rich data set provided an opportunity for a temporally refined source apportionment of snow composition via positive matrix factorization (PMF) in conjunction with FLEXPART (FLEXible PARTicle dispersion model) potential emission sensitivity analysis. Seven source factors were identified: sea salt, crustal metals, black carbon, carboxylic acids, nitrate, non-crustal metals, and sulfate. The sea salt and crustal factors showed good agreement with expected composition and primarily northern sources. High loadings of V and Se onto Factor 2, crustal metals, was consistent with expected elemental ratios, implying these metals were not primarily anthropogenic in origin. Factor 3, black carbon, was an acidic factor dominated by black carbon but with some sulfate contribution over the winter-haze season. The lack of K+ associated with this factor, a Eurasian source, and limited known forest fire events coincident with this factor's peak suggested a predominantly anthropogenic combustion source. Factor 4, carboxylic acids, was dominated by formate and acetate with a moderate correlation to available sunlight and an oceanic and North American source. A robust identification of this factor was not possible; however, atmospheric photochemical reactions, ocean microlayer reaction, and biomass burning were explored as potential contributors. Factor 5, nitrate, was an acidic factor dominated by NO3−, with a likely Eurasian source and mid-winter peak. The isolation of NO3− on a separate factor may reflect its complex atmospheric processing, though the associated source region suggests possibly anthropogenic precursors. Factor 6, non-crustal metals, showed heightened loadings of Sb, Pb, and As, and correlation with other metals traditionally associated with industrial activities. Similar to Factor 3 and 5, this factor appeared to be largely Eurasian in origin. Factor 7, sulfate, was dominated by SO42− and MS with a fall peak and high acidity. Coincident volcanic activity and northern source regions may suggest a processed SO2 source of this factor. ; Funding of this study was provided as part of the Network on Climate and Aerosols Research (NETCARE), Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), the government of Ontario through the Ontario Graduate Scholarship (OGS), and Environment and Climate Change Canada. This project would not have been possible without the collaboration of many skilled individuals, including Allan K. Bertram and Sarah Hanna at the University of British Columbia and Catherine Philips-Smith at the University of Toronto.
From the New York Times-bestselling author of Midnight in Chernobyl comes the definitive, dramatic, minute-by-minute story of the Challenger space shuttle disaster based on fascinating in-depth reporting and new archival research - this is riveting history that reads like a thriller** THE NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER **'Gripping' ED CAESAR - 'Masterly' GEOFF DYER - 'Incredible' TIM HARFORD - 'A universal story that transcends time' NEW YORK TIMES - 'Superb DAILY TELEGRAPH On the morning of 28 January 1986, just seventy-three seconds into flight, the space shuttle Challenger broke apart over the Atlantic Ocean, killing all seven people on board. Millions around the world witnessed the tragic deaths of the crew, which included schoolteacher Christa McAuliffe. Like the assassination of JFK, the Challenger disaster is a defining moment in twentieth century history - one that forever changed the way America thought of itself and its optimistic view of the future. Yet the full story of what happened - and why - has never been told.Based on extensive archival research and meticulous, original reporting, Challenger: A True Story of Heroism and Disaster on the Edge of Space follows a handful of central protagonists - including each of the seven members of the doomed crew - through the years leading up to the accident, a detailed account of the tragedy itself, and into the investigation that followed. Its a compelling tale of optimism and ingenuity shattered by political cynicism and cost-cutting in the interests of burnishing national prestige; of hubristic go fever; and of an investigation driven by heroic leakers and whistle-blowers determined to bring the truth to light.With astonishing clarity and narrative verve, Adam Higginbotham reveals the history of the shuttle program, the lives of men and women whose stories have been overshadowed by the disaster, as well as the designers, engineers and test pilots who struggled against the odds to get the first shuttle into space. A masterful blend of riveting human drama, fascinating science and shocking political infighting, Challenger brings to life a turning point in our history. The result is an even more complex and extraordinary story than any of us remembered - or thought possible
Few subjects have caught the attention of the entire world as much as those dealing with natural hazards. The first decade of this new millennium provides a litany of tragic examples of various hazards that turned into disasters affecting millions of individuals around the globe. The human losses (some 225,000 people) associated with the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, the economic costs (approximately 200 billion USD) of the 2011 Tohoku Japan earthquake, tsunami and reactor event, and the collective social impacts of human tragedies experienced during Hurricane Katrina in 2005 all provide repetitive reminders that we humans are temporary guests occupying a very active and angry planet. Any examples may have been cited here to stress the point that natural events on Earth may, and often do, lead to disasters and catastrophes when humans place themselves into situations of high risk. Few subjects share the true interdisciplinary dependency that characterizes the field of natural hazards. From geology and geophysics to engineering and emergency response to social psychology and economics, the study of natural hazards draws input from an impressive suite of unique and previously independent specializations. Natural hazards provide a common platform to reduce disciplinary boundaries and facilitate a beneficial synergy in the provision of timely and useful information and action on this critical subject matter. As social norms change regarding the concept of acceptable risk and human migration leads to an explosion in the number of megacities, coastal over-crowding and unmanaged habitation in precarious environments such as mountainous slopes, the vulnerability of people and their susceptibility to natural hazards increases dramatically. Coupled with the concerns of changing climates, escalating recovery costs, a growing divergence between more developed and less developed countries, the subject of natural hazards remains on the forefront of issues that affect all people, nations, and environments all the time. This treatise provides a compendium of critical, timely and very detailed information and essential facts regarding the basic attributes of natural hazards and concomitant disasters. The Encyclopedia of Natural Hazards effectively captures and integrates contributions from an international portfolio of almost 300 specialists whose range of expertise addresses over 330 topics pertinent to the field of natural hazards. Disciplinary barriers are overcome in this comprehensive treatment of the subject matter. Clear illustrations and numerous color images enhance the primary aim to communicate and educate. The inclusion of a series of unique "classic case study" events interspersed throughout the volume provides tangible examples linking concepts, issues, outcomes and solutions. These case studies illustrate different but notable recent, historic and prehistoric events that have shaped the world as we now know it. They provide excellent focal points linking the remaining terms in the volume to the primary field of study. This Encyclopedia of Natural Hazards will remain a standard reference of choice for many years.
of Part A -- Banquet Address -- 1. Primary Energy Sources -- 1.1 Is Massive Solar Energy Conversion a Practical Prospect? -- 1.2 A Tower-Top Point Focus Solar Energy Collector -- 1.3 Reliability of Low Cost Cu2S/CdS Solar Cells for Large-Scale Conversion of Solar to Electrical Energy -- 1.4 Geothermal Energy as a Resource in a Hydrogen Energy Economy -- 1.5 The Effect of Atmospheric Turbulence on Windmill Performance -- 1.6 Hydrogen: The Ultimate Energy Source -- 2. Hydrogen Production -- 2.1 Nuclear Water-Splitting and High Temperature Reactors -- 2.2 High Temperature Nuclear Reactors as an Energy Source for Hydrogen Production -- 2.3 Hydrogen Production with a High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor (HTGR) -- 2.4 Hydrogen Production from Decomposition of Water by Means of Nuclear Reactor Heat -- 2.5 Aqueous Homogeneous Reactor for Hydrogen Production -- 2.6 Wind Capture and Diversion Through Pneumatic Energy Recovery with Large Capacity Aerogenerators -- 2.7 Sea Thermal Power as a Hydrogen and Methanol Generator -- 2.8 Ocean Based Solar-To-Hydrogen Energy Conversion Macro System -- 2.9 Thermochemical Water Cracking Using Solar Heat -- 2.10 Photolysis of Water as a Solar Energy Conversion Process: An Assessment -- 2.11 The Technology and Economics of Hydrogen Production from Fusion Reactors -- 2.12 Economic Criteria of Selection for Closed Cycle Thermochemical Water-Splitting Processes -- 2.13 Comparative Study of Hybrid Energy Systems of Hydrogen and Electric Power -- 2.14 An Economic Perspective on Hydrogen Fuel -- 2.15 The Utilization of Solar Energy for Hydrogen Production by Cell Free System of Photosynthetic Organisms -- 2.16 An Analysis of Hydrogen Production Via Closed-Cycle Schemes -- 2.17 Hydrogen and Food Production from Nuclear Heat and Municipal Wastes -- 2.18 Hydrogen as Energy Storage Element -- 2.19 Hydrogen Opportunities in Saudi Arabia -- 2.20 On Methods for the Large-Scale Production of Hydrogen From Water -- 2.21 Electrolytic Hydrogen Generators -- 2.22 Electrolysis of Sea Water -- 2.23 Hydrogen Generation Through Static Feed Water Electrolysis -- 2.24 Hydrogen Generation by Solid Polymer Electrolyte Water Electrolysis -- 2.25 Evaluation of Multi-Step Thermo Chemical Processes for the Production of Hydrogen From Water -- 2.26 Considerations on Iron-Chlorine-Oxygen Reactions in Relation to Thermochemical Water-Splitting -- 2.27 Thermochemical Hydrogen Production Research at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory -- 2.28 Analysis of Thermo Chemical Water- Splitting Cycles -- 2.29 A Search for Thermochemical Water-Splitting Cycles -- 3. Hydrogen Storage and Transmissions -- 3.1 Pipeline Transportation of Hydrogen -- 3.2 Economics of Pipeline Transport for Hydrogen and Oxygen -- 3.3 Low Thermal Flux Glass-Fiber/Metal Vessels for LH2 Storage Systems -- 3.4 Electric Power and Fuel Transmission by Liquid Hydrogen Superconductive Pipeline -- 3.5 Optimal Location of Hydrogen Supply Centers to Minimize Distribution Costs -- 3.6 The Activation of a Lanthanum-Nickel-Five Hydrogen Absorbent -- 3.7 An Engineering-Scale Energy Storage Reservoir of Iron Titanium Hydride -- 3.8 Modeling Studies of Fixed-Bed Metal-Hydride Storage Systems -- 3.9 The Safety Characteristics of LaNi5 Hydrides -- 3.10 The Formation and Properties of Rare-Earth and Transition Metal Hydrides.
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The field of digital signal processing grew out of the flexibility afforded by the use of digital computers in implementing signal processing algorithms and systems. It has since broadened into the use of a variety of both digital and analog technologies, spanning a broad range of applications, bandwidths, and realizations. The Digital Signal Processing group carries out research on algorithms for signal processing and their applications. Current application areas of interest include signal enhancement and active noise cancellation; speech, audio and underwater acoustic signal processing; advanced beamforming for radar and sonar systems; and signal processing and coding for wireless and broadband multiuser communication networks. In some of our recent work, we have developed new methods for signal enhancement and noise cancellation with single or multisensor measurements. We have also been developing new methods for representing and analyzing fractal signals. This class of signals arises in a wide variety of physical environments and also has potential in problems involving signal design. We are also exploring potential uses of nonlinear dynamics and chaos theory of signal design and analysis. Another emphasis is on structuring algorithms for approximate processing and successive refinement. In other research, we are investigating applications of signal and array processing to ocean and structural acoustics and geophysics. These problems require the combination of digital signal processing tools with a knowledge of wave propagation to develop systems for short time spectral analysis, wavenumber spectrum estimation, source localization, and matched field processing. We emphasize the use of real-world data from laboratory and field experiments such as the Heard Island Experiment for Acoustic Monitoring of Global Warming and several Arctic acoustic experiments conducted on the polar ice cap. A major application focus of the group involves signal processing and coding for wireless multiuser systems and broadband communication networks. Specific interests include commercial and military mobile radio networks, wireless local area networks and personal communication systems, digital audio and television broadcast systems, and multimedia networks. Along with a number of other directions, we are currently exploring new code-division multiple- access (CDMA) strategies, new techniques for exploiting antenna arrays in wireless systems, and new methods for modeling and management of traffic in high-speed packet-switched networks. Much of our work involves close collaboration with the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, and a number of high technology companies in the Boston area. ; Sanders, a Lockheed-Martin Corporation ; US Army Research Laboratory ; US Navy - ONR ; National Science Foundation ; National Defense Science and Engineering Fellowship ; US Air Force Office of Scientific Research ; National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship ; AT&T Bell Laboratories Graduate Research Fellowship ; Contract BZ4962 (Sanders) ; Contract DAAL01-96-2-0001 (USARL) Contract DAAL01-96-2-0002 ; Grant N00014-93-1-0686 (ONR) Grant N00014-96-1-0930 Grant N00014-95-1-0362 ; Grant MIP 95-02885 (NSF) ; Grant F49620-96-1-0072 (USAF-OSR)
