Suchergebnisse

--- This paper reviews and analyzes issues of the Illicit Crop Eradication Program with Glyphosate (ICEPG) and its Environmental Management Plan, with the aim to demonstrate that the environmental and social components have not been properly considered. From the public policy viewpoint, they are shown to fit more into a military antinarcotics strategy rather than a social and environmental strategy, as opposed to the aims contained in the instrument definition, which talks about impact compensation, prevention, and mitigation; and protection of natural resources, environment, and population's health within the direct influence areas. For this purpose, an initial review of the Program definition and component organizations is provided; the Environmental Management Plan is explained, its implementation is analyzed; the results from this verification are shown; and, finally, the respective conclusions are formulated. ; En este artículo se revisan y analizan algunos aspectos del Programa de Erradicación de Cultivos Ilícitos con Glifosato (PECIG) y su Plan de Manejo Ambiental, con el ánimo de demostrar que no consideran de manera adecuada los componentes ambiental y social. Desde la perspectiva de las políticas públicas se demuestra que se ajustan más a una estrategia militar-antinarcóticos que social y medioambiental, contrario al querer transmitido en la definición del instrumento, que habla de la compensación, prevención y mitigación de impactos, la protección de los recursos naturales, del medio ambiente y de la salud de la ciudadanía ubicada en las zonas de influencia directa. Para ello, se hace un recuento de cómo está definido el Programa y los organismos que lo componen; después se explica el Plan de Manejo Ambiental y el análisis de su implementación, posteriormente se muestran los resultados obtenidos de esta verificación para, finalmente, formular las respectivas conclusiones. ; Neste artigo se revisam e analisam alguns aspetos do Programa de Erradicação de Cultivos Ilícitos com Glifosato (PECIG) e seu Plano de Gestão Ambiental, com o ânimo de demonstrar que não consideram de maneira adequada os componentes ambientais e sociais. Desde a perspectiva das políticas públicas se demonstra que se ajustam mais a uma estratégia militar-antinarcóticos que social e meio-ambiental, contrário ao querer transmitido na definição do instrumento, que fala da compensação, prevenção e mitigação de impactos, a proteção dos recursos naturais, do meio ambiente e da saúde da cidadania localizada nas zonas de influência direta. Para isso, se faz um reconto de como está definido o Programa e os organismos que o compõem; depois se explica o Plano de Gestão Ambiental e a análise de sua implementação; posteriormente, mostram-se os resultados obtidos desta verificação para, finalmente, formular as respetivas conclusões.

It is argued that political-administrative organizations are becoming increasingly complex with more horizontal governance required. In Swedish municipal administration, there is a group of administrators assigned the task of monitoring and promoting strategic topics that should be integrated horizontally within the organization. Examples of strategic topics are sustainability, safety/security, diversity, children/youth, public health, human rights, and gender equality. In the thesis, these administrators are called cross-sector strategists. The purpose of this dissertation is to explore how cross-sector strategists become a part of the political-administrative organization when representing, enacting, and reflecting on values in the undertaking of their formal posts. They are situated between the tradition of vertical governance, with formal procedures and hierarchy as its foundation, and the tradition of horizontal governance, with informal networks and deliberation as its foundation. Previous research has shown that this is likely to give rise to value conflicts, and the question is if cross-sector strategists experience value conflicts, and if so, how they cope with them. The cross-sector strategists are studied in this thesis from the perspective of situated agency – focusing on both the contextual expectations of the cross-sector strategists and on their internal reflections to solve value conflicts – in order to explore their process of becoming a part of the local government administration. A mixed-methods design is applied, containing analysis of job advertisements for cross-sector strategists, public managers, and social workers; in-depth interviews with cross-sector strategists; and a survey of professional networks for cross-sector strategists. The results show that cross-sector strategists are subjects to ambivalent and often-contradictory contextual expectations. Cross-sector strategists use the ambivalence of their work for their strategic purposes, and such ambivalence allows them to reframe their topics, their methods, their arguments, and their identity according to current situation in order to increase the impact of their assigned topics and diminish the inner conflict of wanting to be both a responsive bureaucrat and an active lobbyist. Combining these two dedications requires them to be highly reflexive and flexible actors. The outcome of cross-sector strategists' coping with value conflicts can be interpreted in two ways: 1) as if the cross-sector strategists are a formal tool to safeguard crucial democratic and ethical values due to the cross-sector strategists' method of sneaking the strategic policy areas into the organization. Or 2) as a to democracy risky administrative behavior in the long-term due to the disguising of value conflicts and diminished possibilities to process these value conflicts

Testimony issued by the Government Accountability Office with an abstract that begins "This testimony is based on our report entitled "Temporary Assistance for Needy Families: Fewer Eligible Families Have Received Cash Assistance Since the 1990s, and the Recession's Impact on Caseloads Varies by State." As a result of sweeping changes made to federal welfare policy in 1996 with the creation of TANF, welfare changed from a program entitling eligible families to monthly cash payments under Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) to a capped block grant that emphasized employment and work supports for most adult participants who receive such assistance. With the creation of TANF, the number of families who received cash assistance fell significantly, from 4.8 million families on average each month in 1995--just prior to the creation of TANF--to 1.7 million in 2008. During this time frame, poverty among all children initially fell, from about 21 percent in 1995 to about 16 percent in 2000, and then rose thereafter to 19 percent in 2008. Most families receiving cash assistance are single mothers with children, and children in such families have historically experienced high rates of poverty. Furthermore, the recession, which began in late 2007 and deepened nationally in 2008, put additional pressures on families living in poverty, especially families with children, who are particularly vulnerable. Under the TANF block grant program, created by the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA), states receive federal funds to design and operate their own welfare programs within federal guidelines. The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) administers the TANF program, which provides states with up to about $16.5 billion each year in TANF block grant funds, and each state must contribute a specified level of its own funds to qualify for the grant. In addition, under TANF, states must involve a minimum percentage of their adult TANF cash assistance recipients in work activities for a required number of hours each week. They must also restrict most families to a lifetime limit of 60 months of federally funded TANF cash assistance. Within certain limitations, states set their own eligibility limits and benefit levels for cash recipients. States also impose financial consequences, or sanctions, on families that do not comply with TANF work or other requirements, and many states have also implemented programs or strategies intended to divert families from cash assistance. To help states in an economic downturn, PRWORA created a TANF contingency fund of up to $2 billion, and most recently, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 made an additional $5 billion available to states for fiscal years 2009 and 2010 through a new Emergency Contingency Fund."

Il petrolio è la più importante fonte di energia al mondo e dalle previsioni sembra destinata ad esserlo anche nei prossimi anni. Si potrà dunque immaginare che quando si scopre che una piccola regione del sud Italia "galleggia" sul giacimento petrolifero più grande dell'Europa continentale si prospetti una situazione abbastanza complessa dove gli interessi che entrano in gioco sono molteplici e spesso conflittuali. Lo scopo di questo lavoro è di riassumere brevemente l'evoluzione storica dell' "affare petrolio" in Basilicata per poi analizzare la situazione attuale da tutti i possibili punti di vista. Si analizza in primis l'aspetto economico e produttivo mostrando numerosi grafici riferiti alla dimensione regionale ed al suo ruolo nel contesto nazionale; si passa poi agli aspetti ambientali e sociali ed in particolare si analizzano: il livello di attuazione degli impegni presi ad inizio attività, la storia degli incidenti, i problemi ambientali, gli effetti dell'attività estrattiva sulla salute della popolazione, la situazione occupazionale, il conflitto dell'attività estrattiva con il Parco Nazionale Val d'Agri Lagonegrese, la proposta di uno sviluppo ecosostenibile per la Basilicata, il ruolo della Banca Europea per gli Investimenti, le modalità di utilizzo delle royalties. Si conclude presentando brevemente la linea adottata dalla Giunta regionale per il futuro della Basilicata ed il parere delle associazioni ambientaliste a tale proposito. ABSTRACT Petroleum is the most important energy source in the world and according to the projections it is going to have this important role also in the following years. It's easy to imagine that when a small region in southern Italy is discovered to float on the biggest oilfield of the continental Europe, the situation is going to be very complex and several adversarial interests are involved. The aim of this work is to briefly summarize the historical evolution of the "oil business" in Basilicata and then to analyze the present situation from each possible point of view. We analyze first of all the economic and productive aspect showing numerous graphs regarding the regional dimension and its role in the national context; then we talk about the social and environmental aspects and precisely we analyze: the implementation level of the starting agreements, the accident history, the environmental problems, the impact of the oil extraction on the population's health, the employment situation, the conflict between oil extraction and the Val d'Agri Lagonegrese National Park, the proposal for a sustainable development of Basilicata, the role of the European Investment Bank, the way of spending the royalties amount. Finally we briefly summarize how the regional government is going to operate for Basilicata future and what Environmental associations think about it.

10 pages, 1 table , 2 figures, 1 additional file. ; Background: For ruminants reared on grazing systems, gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) parasite infections represent the class of diseases with the greatest impact on animal health and productivity. Among the many possible strategies for controlling GIN infection, the enhancement of host resistance through the selection of resistant animals has been suggested by many authors. Because of the difficulty of routinely collecting phenotypic indicators of parasite resistance, information derived from molecular markers may be used to improve the efficiency of classical genetic breeding. ; Methods: A total of 181 microsatellite markers evenly distributed along the 26 sheep autosomes were used in a genome scan analysis performed in a commercial population of Spanish Churra sheep to detect chromosomal regions associated with parasite resistance. Following a daughter design, we analysed 322 ewes distributed in eight half-sib families. The phenotypes studied included two faecal egg counts (LFEC0 and LFEC1), anti-Teladorsagia circumcincta LIV IgA levels (IgA) and serum pepsinogen levels (Peps). ; Results: The regression analysis revealed one QTL at the 5% genome-wise significance level on chromosome 6 for LFEC1 within the marker interval BM4621-CSN3. This QTL was found to be segregating in three out of the eight families analysed. Four other QTL were identified at the 5% chromosome-wise level on chromosomes 1, 10 and 14. Three of these QTL influenced faecal egg count, and the other one had an effect on IgA levels. ; Conclusion: This study has successfully identified segregating QTL for parasite resistance traits in a commercial population. For some of the QTL detected, we have identified interesting coincidences with QTL previously reported in sheep, although most of those studies have been focused on young animals. Some of these coincidences might indicate that some common underlying loci affect parasite resistance traits in different sheep breeds. The identification of new QTL may suggest the existence of complex host-parasite relationships that have unique features depending on the host-parasite combination, perhaps due to the different mechanisms underlying resistance in adult sheep (hypersensitivity reactions) and lambs (immunity). The most significant QTL identified on chromosome 6 for LFEC1 may be the target for future fine-mapping research efforts. ; This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science (Projects 1FD97-0225 and 1FD97-0427) and by the European Union through the project genesheepsafety (QLK5-2000-00656). Financial support from the Castilla and León regional government (Junta de Castilla y León) by a grant for research groups of excellence (Project GR43) is acknowledged. Beatriz Gutiérrez-Gil is funded by the "Juan de la Cierva Program" of the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science. ; Peer reviewed

Qualquer esforço para dar sentido à complexidade do processo reprodutivo na vida contemporânea se depara não só com o modelo biomédico e as estruturas governamentais de poder, mas também com as definições que tais estruturas impõem às parteiras e obstetrizes e à sua denominação, considerando-se os limites nacionais e culturais. A definição internacional de parteira demanda a formação em instituições de ensino reconhecidas pelo governo. As parteiras tradicionais não podem ser consideradas parteiras, mas são denominadas parteiras tradicionais. Há uma gama enorme de denominações para as parteiras em diversos locais, nas diversas línguas e ao longo do tempo, que torna difícil nomear este profissional. Entretanto, em escala global, pode-se reconhecer que há duas ramificações de parteira: a que está incorporada ao sistema de saúde e a que está fora dele. ; Cualquier esfuerzo para dar sentido a la complejidad del proceso reproductivo en la vida contemporánea se depara no solamente con el modelo biomédico y las estructuras gubernamentales de poder, sino con las definiciones que estas estructuras imponen a las parteras y matronas y su denominación considerándose los límites nacionales y culturales. La definición internacional de partera demanda formación en instituciones de enseñanza reconocidas por el gobierno. Las parteras tradicionales no pueden ser consideradas parteras, pero son denominadas parteras tradicionales. Hay una gama enorme de denominaciones para las parteras, en diversos locales, en las diversas lenguas y a lo largo del tiempo, y por eso es difícil nombrar a este profesional. No obstante, en escala global se puede reconocer que hay dos ramificaciones de partera: la que está incorporada al sistema de salud y la que está fuera de él. ; Any effort to make sense of the complexities of contemporary midwifery must deal not only with biomedical and governmental power structures but also with the definitions such structures impose upon midwives and the ramifications of these definitions within and across national and cultural borders. The international definition of a midwife requires graduations from a government-recognized educational program. Those who have not are not considered midwives but are labeled traditional birth attendants. Since there are myriad local names for midwives in myriad languages, the impact of this naming at local levels can be hard to assess. But on the global scale, the ramifications of the distinction between midwives who meet the international definition and those who do not have been profound. Those who do are incorporated into the health care system. Those who do not remain outside of it, and suffer multiple forms of discrimination as a result.

The article deals with the impact of the multinational companies in the indigenous territories, situation that is creating a new kind of casualty —the environmental refugee—. The development of the multinational companies highly contribute to the violation, inter alias, of the right to life and health of vulnerable social groups. Environmental displacement affects millions of people and is likely to affect many more in the near future. They have no official status and no official protection. The International Community should respond to the humanitarian concerns of environmentally refugees, and the threat posed by the indiscriminate actions of the transnational Companies. This article questions the absence of non-relief development assistance for environmental refugees and consequently it is the obligation of the international community to substantively extend the definition of refugee to one that encompasses those displaced for environmental reasons. The contemporary challenge is to interpret the refugee's definition in a suitable way that accommodates or include current refugee flows. This paper argues that according to the Vienna Convention, an evolutionary approach for interpretation of the Refugee Convention, should be necessary to protect new kind of refugees and therefore fulfill the objectives and purposes of the Convention. ; El impacto de las compañías multinacionales en los territorios indígenas está generando una nueva categoría de víctimas, los refugiados ambientales. Los involuntarios movimientos migratorios por causa de la degradación del medio ambiente están afectando diariamente a millones de personas alrededor del mundo. El acelerado desarrollo de las compañías transnacionales ocasiona la significativa violación de derechos fundamentales, tales como los derechos a la vida y la salud, de uno de los grupos más vulnerables en la sociedad, los indígenas. Los refugiados ambientales no tienen un estatus oficialmente reconocido, y por ende carecen de protección legal. Este artículo cuestiona el vacío legislativo y por ende la falta de protección a la que se ven enfrentados los refugiados ambientales que son víctimas de la indiscriminada intervención de las empresas multinacionales. Es obligación de la Comunidad Internacional extender la definición acerca del concepto que se tiene de refugiado, para así contemplar y proteger a los indígenas que se ven afectados por la amenazante intervención de las compañías multinacionales en sus resguardos. Es menester, para aquellos que defendemos los derechos humanos, clamar por una interpretación que, de conformidad con la Convención de Viena, se adapte a las circunstancias actuales y que efectivamente sea un instrumento legislativo que se adecue y defienda los derechos de las víctimas que cruzan fronteras en busca de estabilidad, tal como lo proclaman los objetivos y propósitos que linearon la filosofía de la Convención sobre el Estatuto de los Refugiados.

O trabalho apresenta uma síntese dos principais resultados da pesquisa A Reestruturação Produtiva e os impactos sobre o trabalho e o emprego bancário na Bahia, realizada no período 1998-2000, com o apoio do CNPq e do PIBIC/UFBa. A análise principal demonstra que as inovações tecnológicas - automação - e as mudanças organizacionais - terceirização e qualidade total em curso no setor bancário, ao lado de um processo de privatização dos bancos estatais, têm resultado numa situação de múltiplos riscos para os trabalhadores bancários. Esse quadro de intensa precarização do trabalho assume diferentes expressões: os bancários que ainda permanecem empregados vivem o risco de perder o emprego, a partir da s demissões em massa, que vêm ocorrendo desde o final dos anos 80; vivem o risco de se tornarem doentes ocupacionais, portadores de Lesões por Esforços Repetitivos, ou de adquirir problemas de saúde mental, como resultado da intensificação do trabalho e da automação; vivem o risco de sofrer assaltos e seqüestros e, portanto vivem arriscando as suas próprias vidas; e vivem um processo de "desencantamento" e de perda de identidade com o "ofício bancário", o que se tem refletido fortemente na atuação dos sindicatos, que vivem hoje correndo o risco de perder a sua representatividade e capacidade de luta e resistência.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Trabalho, bancários, emprego, precarização, riscos. BANK EMPLOYEE: a multiple risk employment This paper summarizes the main results of the research the Productive Restructuring and its impacts on bank employment in Bahia, which carried out in the 1998-2000 period, with the support from CNPq and PIBIC/UFBa. The main analysis demonstrates that the technological innovations - automation - and the organizational changes - outsourcing and total qualities - that the bank sector is undergoing, toghter with the privatization process of the state banks, has led to a multiple risks situation for the bank employees. This picture of intense labor precarization adopts different expressions: the bank employees who still emain working in the banks run the risk of losing the job owing to the massive layoffs that have taken place since late 80s. They are subjects to occupational diseases, to repetitive effor lesions - REL - or mental health illnesses, beaceuse of labor intensification and automation. They are at danger of being robbed or kidnapped, and therefore they are constantly risking their own lives. They also experience the disenchantment process of loss of identity process with the "bank service", highly reflected through the unions movements, since their capacity of struggle and resistance is at stake. KEY WORDS: Labor, bank employees, job, precarization, risks. Publicação Online do Caderno CRH: http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br

Conference on Remembering Communism: Celebrating 15 years of Democracy, Thessaloniki, June 4-5, 2004 Fifteen Years of Democracy Export in the Balkans: Who Did What to Whom? by Steven Sampson Department of Social Anthropology Lund University Lund, Sweden Contact: Sampson@Get2net.Dk. This paper argues that we must analyze democracy assistance as a specific practice separate from democracy and democratization. Based on the author's consulting and research on democracy assistance in Romania, Albania, Kosovo and Bosnia, it is shown that democracy assistance has led to the export of project culture and project organizations, but it is questionable whether it has had impact on democratizatoin as such. INTRODUCTION: APPEARANCES AND REALITIES For a conference focusing on 15 years of post-communism, and with the recent entry of 8 former socialist countries into a democratic EU, it is appropriate to begin with the problem of "historical legacies". One of these legacies has been the lack of democratic institutions and democratic culture. For the Central European states, the task was to rediscover and revitalize democratic traditions which had existed prior to World War Two. Democratic culture had to be resuscitated and reactualized. For the Balkans and the Former Soviet Union, it was a question of creating a democratic culture where none had existed, where there had been tribalism or corruption, or where there had been at best only enclaves or islands of democratic, modern thinking. Where was this democracy going to come from? How was it going to evolve? Early on, despite the proliferation of new political parties and elections, it was clear that "deep democracy" would not simply spring up. With the onset of the EU accession project, it was decided – in the smoke-filled rooms of Brussels, in the End of History think tanks in Washington, and in the dillusioned formerly pro-Tanzania foreign aid offices of Scandinavia—that democracy was necessary for economic development, and that democracy itself would develop only if it were implanted. The techniques and methods of democratic society, the attitudes of openness and tolerance, the practices of governance and accountability, all this should and could be exported. One could democratize these societies using democratic models from abroad. Thus was born the "democracy export" industry. No one ever used the term "democracy export"; rather they called it "democracy assistance" and used a host of familiar metaphors related to agriculture (seed programs), navigation (pilot projects), health prevention (injection) and even warfare (attacking problems with campaigns and democratization officers). Democracy, an end state connected with people gaining control over their own lives by holding elections and making decisions, this kind of democracy became "democracy assistance". Democracy became a project for stimulating "democratization".

The accepted accession to the European Union in Lithuanian internal transportation is regulated by the coordination of national legal acts with the international conventions arid documents of various international organisations. This process was particularly accelerated when Lithuania started negotiations on the accession to the European Union. Future transport pricing policy of Lithuania has two objectives – to guarantee the covering of operational costs and to strive for economic efficiency. These objectives should not be coincident. Economic, institutional and legal refonns in Lithuania are implemented with the aim to co-ordinate the standards and regulations effective in Lithuania with the acts of the European Union. In the article on the basis of pricing of the peak, the social marginal, the environmental costs referring to the advanced research of Western and US scientists, were analysed and improved the evaluation of external Lithuanian transport costs and economic methods enabling the integration of external transport costs into the internal costs were offered. The improvement of external cost evaluation will enable the integration of external transport costs in line with the EU standards. One of the most actual problems of Lithuania is the growth of environmental impact and social subsequences caused by the increase of transport in Lithuania: Increasing traffic jams, air pollution, growing rates of accidents and noise emission are the main problems of the Lithuanian transport system. Thus, in transport system, besides the internal costs, there exist the external costs that are not reflected in transport cost price. These costs are caused by air pollution, worsened health condition of people, decreased agrarian fertility, increased water pollution, etc. Therefore it is necessary to evaluate these external transport costs and to propose the ways of their reduction as well as their inclusion into the transportation price. The methodological basis of the article is the method of systematic and multicriteria! analysis aiming at the evaluation of the necessity of the inclusion of external transport costs into the transport price with the attitude towards the national and the carrier's positions. Research work of Western and US scientists was referred to the grounding of the necessity of external transport costs in Lithuania. Having analysed the experience of the scientists of US and Western countries, as well as the practice of Lithuanian scientists, a methodology for the evaluation of external transport costs in the country was offered. The application of the EU standards is tackled as well. Most ideas suggested in the article could be valuable for further formation and enhancement of external costs of economic technique in Lithuania thus approaching the national pricing to the EU standard system. The evaluation made in the article shall be applied for the implementation of external transport cost evaluation technique in Lithuanian transport. First Published Online: 19 Dec 2011

The accepted accession to the European Union in Lithuanian internal transportation is regulated by the coordination of national legal acts with the international conventions arid documents of various international organisations. This process was particularly accelerated when Lithuania started negotiations on the accession to the European Union. Future transport pricing policy of Lithuania has two objectives — to guarantee the covering of operational costs and to strive for economic efficiency. These objectives should not be coincident. Economic, institutional and legal refonns in Lithuania are implemented with the aim to co-ordinate the standards and regulations effective in Lithuania with the acts of the European Union. In the article on the basis of pricing of the peak, the social marginal, the environmental costs referring to the advanced research of Western and US scientists, were analysed and improved the evaluation of external Lithuanian transport costs and economic methods enabling the integration of external transport costs into the internal costs were offered. The improvement of external cost evaluation will enable the integration of external transport costs in line with the EU standards. One of the most actual problems of Lithuania is the growth of environmental impact and social subsequences caused by the increase of transport in Lithuania: Increasing traffic jams, air pollution, growing rates of accidents and noise emission are the main problems of the Lithuanian transport system. Thus, in transport system, besides the internal costs, there exist the external costs that are not reflected in transport cost price. These costs are caused by air pollution, worsened health condition of people, decreased agrarian fertility, increased water pollution, etc. Therefore it is necessary to evaluate these external transport costs and to propose the ways of their reduction as well as their inclusion into the transportation price. The methodological basis of the article is the method of systematic and multicriteria! analysis aiming at the evaluation of the necessity of the inclusion of external transport costs into the transport price with the attitude towards the national and the carrier's positions. Research work of Western and US scientists was referred to the grounding of the necessity of external transport costs in Lithuania. Having analysed the experience of the scientists of US and Western countries, as well as the practice of Lithuanian scientists, a methodology for the evaluation of external transport costs in the country was offered. The application of the EU standards is tackled as well. Most ideas suggested in the article could be valuable for further formation and enhancement of external costs of economic technique in Lithuania thus approaching the national pricing to the EU standard system. The evaluation made in the article shall be applied for the implementation of external transport cost evaluation technique in Lithuanian transport. First Published Online: 19 Dec 2011

A dual approach of the food sector -- based on distinguishing between agricultural products and foodstuffs -- has long time prevailed in Community law. Therefore, products which aimed at carrying out a common function -- feeding -- have been regulated on distinct legal bases, which led to reaching different objectives and implementing different legislative procedures. This approach has, obviously, been questioned since the beginning of the crisis of the mad cow's disease in March 1996. Although this crisis seemed at first glance, to be conjunctural, it had, among other consequences, a great impact on how to apprehend the food sector and led to a new approach of its legal status. Being largely reorganised, this status tends to become the framework of a coherent action, since it recognises the food chain concept and develops instruments suited for risk management. Moreover, the food-security goal now leads all the Community's action which is based on the principles of precaution and prevention. There should be a full articulation between these new orientations and the requirements in the multilateral agreements signed under the control of the WTO. These new orientations also tend to acknowledge the right to the protection of Health and to information granted to consumers. Should one go further and grand them with a fundamental right to security ? ; Une approche juridique duale du secteur alimentaire -- fondée sur la distinction entre les produits agricoles et les denrées alimentaires -- a longtemps prévalu en droit communautaire. Les produits destinés à satisfaire une fonction commune -- l'alimentation -- ont donc été réglementés sur des fondements juridiques distincts, entraînant ainsi la poursuite d'objectifs et la mise en œuvre de procédures législatives différents. Une remise en cause de cette approche est manifeste depuis le déclenchement de la crise de la " Vache folle " en mars 1996. Crise de prime abord conjoncturelle, elle a eu de nombreuses implications notamment quant au mode d'appréhension de tout le secteur alimentaire, dont elle invite à revisiter le statut juridique. Largement réorganisé, celui-ci tend à devenir le cadre d'une action cohérente grâce à la consécration de la notion de chaîne alimentaire et au développement d'instruments adaptés à la gestion des risques. De plus, la poursuite de l'objectif de sécurité alimentaire oriente désormais toute l'action communautaire fondée sur les principes de précaution et de prévention. Ces nouvelles orientations devront être pleinement articulées avec les exigences des accords multilatéraux conclus dans le cadre de l'OMC et, par ailleurs, elles confortent, peu à peu, les droits à la protection de la santé et à l'information reconnus aux consommateurs. Faudrait-il au-delà leur reconnaître un droit fondamental à la sécurité ?

Books reviewed:Peter Chapman, general editor, Historical Records of Australia: Resumed Series III, Despatches and Papers Relating to the History of Tasmania, Volume VII. Tasmania, January–December 1828Various authors, Edward Gibbon Wakefield and the Colonial Dream: A ReconsiderationGed Martin, Edward Gibbon Wakefield: Abductor and MystagogueRosamond Siemon, The Mayne InheritanceStephen Garton, The Cost of War: Australians ReturnBridget Goodwin, Keen As Mustard: Britain's Horrific Chemical Warfare Experiments in AustraliaMeredith Burgmann and Verity Burgmann, Green Bans, Red Union: Environmentalism and the New South Wales Builders Labourers' FederationTim M. Berra, A Natural History of AustraliaGregory Melleuish, The Packaging of Australia: Politics and Culture WarsErrol Cocks, Charlie Fox, Mark Brogan and Michael Lee, eds, Under the Blue Skies: The Social Construction of Intellectual Disability in Western AustraliaR.A. Markus, Gregory the Great and His WorldCaroline Litzenberger, The English Reformation and the Laity: Gloucestershire, 1540–1580Peter Marshall, ed., The Impact of the English ReformationTom Webster, Godly Clergy in Early Stuart England: The Caroline Puritan Movement, c. 1620–1643Adrian Wilson, ed., Rethinking Social History: English Society 1570–1920 and its InterpretationDavid Alexander, Richard Newton and English Caricature in the 1790sDavid Taylor, The New Police in Nineteenth‐Century England: Crime, Conflict and ControlBernard Lightman, ed., Victorian Science in ContextGeoffrey V. Sutton, Science for a Polite Society: Gender, Culture and the Demonstration of EnlightenmentEdna Hindie Lemay and Alison Patrick, Revolutionaries at Work: The Constituent Assembly, 1789–1791Martin Kitchen, The Cambridge Illustrated History of GermanyDouglas Newton, British Policy and the Weimar Republic 1918–1919Andrei Sinyavsky, The Russian IntelligentsiaBruce Russett, No Clear and Present Danger A Skeptical View of the United States Entry into World War IIPaul N. Goldstene, Revolution American Style: The Nineteen‐Sixties and BeyondVamik D. Volkan, Norman Itzkowitz and Andrew W. Dod, Richard Nixon: A PsychobiographyEric Jones, Lionel Frost and Colin White, Coming Full Circle: An Economic History of the Pacific RimStephen Alomes and Michael Provis, eds, French Worlds, Pacific Worlds: French Nuclear Testing in Australia's BackyardNicholas Tarling, Nations and States in Southeast AsiaDavid Kelly and Anthony Reid, eds, Asian Freedoms: The Idea of Freedom in East and Southeast AsiaEdmund Terence Gomez and Jomo K.S., Malaysia's Political Economy: Politics, Patronage and ProfitsMartin Stuart‐Fox, History of LaosChristopher Kremmer, Stalking the Elephant Kings: In Search of LaosGrant Evans, The Politics of Ritual and Remembrance: Laos Since 1975K.L. Sharma, Social Stratification in India: Issues and ThemesVera Mackie, Creating Socialist Women in Japan: Gender, Labour and Activism, 1990–1937Ian Bellany, The Environment in World Politics: Exploring the LimitsDavid Shearman with Gary Sauer‐Thompson, Green or Gone: Health, Ecology, Plagues, Greed and Our FutureDaniel S. Geller and J. David Singer, Nations at War: A Scientific Study of International ConflictDaniel Pick, War Machine: The Rationalisation of Slaughter in the Modern Age

This article covers migrants from Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua and Panama. While their main destination is the US, Mexico is also a destination for Central Americans and a transit place on their way to the US.Central America's migrant population comprises mainly illiterate and unqualified men, rural in origin and of economically active age. Many are heads of families and significant numbers are from marginal groups, including indigenous peoples. Mexican migrants are similar in age, but most come from urban zones. Whether Central American or Mexican, the majority are undocumented. Many return home after having lived in the US for a time.The little data that are available on HIV/AIDS in the region relate more to Mexico than to Central America. Honduras is the most affected country in Central America, with more than a half all reported cases. Currently, rural cases make a small but rapidly growing percentage of the total in both Mexico and Central America, an indicator of the growing impact of migra‐tion on epidemiological trends.Available data on HIV/AIDS in the migrant populations of Central America mostly concern migrants in their places of destination (i.e., Mexico and the US). In contrast, a number of research projects on migratory conditions in Mexico shed some light on HIV diffusion, particularly research on Mexican migration towards the US. Among current AIDS cases in Mexico, 10 per cent have a history of residence in the US. This group is clearly differentiated from the rest of People Living With HIV/AIDS's (PLWHA) recorded in the country, with a demographic profile similar to that of temporary migrants.Studies assessing risk behaviours and levels of knowledge of HIV/AIDS among migrants to the US show a descending gradient: almost everyone has heard of condoms, few know about its preventive possibilities, fewer still have appropriate information about its correct use, only a minority use it, and even fewer do so correctly. Widespread risk and vulnerability factors among migrants include highly stressful living environments, high rates of alcohol use and sexual intercourse, and sex with sex workers and/or multiple sexual partners.Migration in Mexico and Central America is profoundly related to economic and political conditions. Police and restrictive measures in the US have resulted in high levels of undocumented migration which has had significant and broadly documented consequences for the spread of HIV, while restricting migrants' use of services.Two priorities are suggested. First, more research on Central American migrant flows to Mexico and the US. Second, reducing illegal migration will require intense political and technical work to convince decision makers of the risks that restrictive measures generate for the public health.

• Significant economic spin-off benefits will occur in Canada from the construction and operation of a world-class KAON Factory including: • New products and markets for construction and operations suppliers • Establishment of new ventures • Attraction of new companies to Canada • Industrial diversification • Direct sales from the KAON Factory itself • Commercialization of KAON research • Scientific tourism and conferences • Increased university enrollment in the sciences • Research evidence from other world scale scientific research facilities such as CERN, ESA and NASA confirms that such opportunities and benefits take one or two decades to completely unfold. • Very preliminary estimates show that in the order of $485 million of economic spin-off benefits will occur over a period of 15 years from expenditures on medium to high technology products and services for a KAON Factory. • It also appears that the magnitude of KAON related opportunities can be increased and the timing of their occurrence can be accelerated with an overall impact in the range of $48 million through the application of appropriate strategies, plans and programs. • A clear message from study research is that the mandate of a KAON Factory must include the maximization of local, regional and national economic opportunities resulting from the construction and operation of the facility. It is projected that over the ten years commencing with its construction, the KAON Factory will consume over $900 million of goods and services. It has been demonstrated by other international research programs/facilities that the creation of this market for sophisticated products and services possibly supported by other government expenditures and programs (e.g. defense spending, health care research, funding of other scientific research, etc.), is a very effective strategy for fostering industrial growth, innovation, and international competitiveness. • In fact two results may be achieved with each dollar of expenditure: new scientific research and innovation is funded, and a new industrial sector is created and fostered through its critical phase. • With respect to supplier risk, it has been shown that companies supplying scientific research facilities with "never before seen" products and services generally receive strong support from scientist-clients to work out problems and deliver the required results. • Accordingly, companies (particularly those that in their formative stages) are able to share product development and/or reduce their rate failure through this assistance process. are small or just the risk of new of technological • In addition, the multi disciplinary scientific infrastructure of a research facility such as a KAON Factory has proven to be a strong catalyst for technological innovation and commercial product development. • In summary, on the basis of our limited research, a KAON Factory appears to offer good potential to achieve desirable economic objectives for Canada. ; TRIUMF ; Unreviewed ; Researcher