Among the various natural hazards, mass movements (MM) are probably the most damaging to the natural and human environment in the Mediterranean countries, including Lebanon which represents a good case study of mountainous landscape. Although affecting vast areas in the country, the phenomenon was not studied at regional scale, and related maps are still lacking. Therefore, this research deals with the use of remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) techniques in studying MM in Lebanon. In this context, the first part reviews existing knowledge on the topics of mass movements (MM) specifically in the Mediterranean region, and defines research gaps. It exposes the diverse types of MM, their magnitudes, the causative agents and their bad consequences. It clarifies confusions related to MM-terms (hazard, susceptibility, risk, etc.), and compares the efficiencies of the most used methods for MM susceptibility/hazard zonation. It includes also a statement on remote sensing and GIS benefits and constraints in mass movement studies, pointing out possible ways of research. The second part is dedicated to the detailed description of the study area "the Mediteranean slopes of central to north Lebanon" within Lebanon. Physical/morphodynamic and socioeconomic characteristics of the area are exposed, as well as the natural hazards, MM events, their socio-economic impacts and mitigation measures. All previous studies about MM hazard in Lebanon are reviewed. The studied area, extending from the Mediterranean coast to around 3000 m elevation, covers ~36% of the total area of Lebanon. It represents the geoenvironmental diversity of this country in terms of geology, soil, hydrography, land cover and climate. It is characterized by problematic human activities (e.g., chaotic urban expansion, artificial recharge of groundwater, overgrazing, forest fire) enhancing environmental decline and inducing MM, with minimal government control. The third part compares the applicability of different satellite sensors (Landsat TM, IRS, SPOT4) and preferred image processing techniques (False Color Composite "FCC", Pansharpen, Principal component analysis "PCA", Anaglyph) for the mapping of MM recognized as landslides, rock/debris falls and earth flows. Results from the imagery have been validated by field surveys and analysis of IKONOS imagery (1 m) acquired in some locations witnessing major MM during long periods. Then, levels of accuracies of detected MM from satellite imageries were plotted. This study has demonstrated that the anaglyph produced from the two panchromatic stereo-pairs SPOT4 images remains the most effective tool setting the needed 3-D properties for visual interpretation and showing maximum accuracy of 69%. The PCA pan-sharpen Landsat TM-IRS image gave better results in detecting MM, among other processing techniques, with maximum accuracy level of 62%. The errors in interpretation fluctuate not only according to the processing technique, but also due to the difference in MM type. They are minimal once 3D anaglyph SPOT4 is considered, varying between 31% (landslides), 36% (rock and debris falls) and reaching 46% in the case of earth and debris flows. The fourth part explores relationships between MM occurrence and different factor terrain parameters. Parameters expressed by: 1- preconditioning factors, like: elevation, slope gradient, slope aspect, slope curvature, lithology, proximity to fault line, karst type, distance to quarries, soil type, distance to drainage line, distance to water sources, land cover/use, and proximity to roads, and 2- triggering MM factors, like: rainfall quantity, seismic events,floods and forest fires, were correlated with MM using GIS-approaches. This study indicates, depending on bivariate remote sensing and GIS statistical correlations (Kendall Tau-b correlation), that lithology is the most influencing on MM occurrence, having the highest correlation with other parameters (i.e. 7 times correlated at 1% level of significance and 3 times at 5%). It also shows that statistical correlations to mass movements exist best between parameters at the following decreasing order of importance: soil type/distance to water sources (acting similarly on MM occurrence), karst/distance to quarries/land cover-use, proximity to faults, slope gradient/proximity to roads/floods, seismic events, elevation/slope aspect/forest fires. These correlations were verified and checked through field observations and explained using univariate statistical correlations. Therefore, they could be extrapolated to other Mediterranean countries having similar geoenvironmental conditions. The fifth part proposes a mathematical decision making method - Valuing Analytical Bi- Univariate (VABU) that considers two-level weights for mapping MM susceptibility/hazard (1:50,000 cartographic scale) within the study area. The reliability of this method is examined through field surveys and depending on a GIS comparison with other statistical methods - Valuing accumulation Area (VAA) (depending on one weight level) and Information Value (InfoVal) (requiring detailed measurements of MM areas). Three susceptibility maps were derived using preconditioning parameters, while hazard maps were produced from triggering ones. The coincidence values of overlapping susceptibility maps were found to be equal to 47.5% (VABU/VAA), 54% (VABU/InfoVal) and 38% (VAA/InfoVal). The agreement between hazard maps showed closer values than susceptibility ones, oscillating between 36.5% (VAA/InfoVal), 39% (VABU/VAA), and 44 % (VABU/InfoVal). Field verification indicates that the total precision of the produced susceptibility maps ranges from 52.5% (VAA method), 67.5% (InfoVal method) and 77.5% (VABU method). This demonstrates the efficiency of our method, which consequently can be adopted for predictive mapping of MM susceptibility/hazard in other areas in Lebanon and may be easily extrapolated using the functional capacities of GIS. The sixth part predicts the geographic distribution and volume of block falls (m3) across the study area using GIS decision-tree modelling. Such mapping was unavailable in Lebanon, but also in many other countries putting effort on landslide research rather than other types of MM. Several decision-tree models were developed using (1) all terrain parameters, (2) topographic parameters only, (3) geologic parameters only, and adopting various processing techniques (pruned and unpruned trees). The best regression tree model combined all parameters and explained 80% of the variability in field blocks falls' measurements. The unpruned model built using four geological parameters (lithology, soil type, proximity to fault line, and karst type) seems also interesting, classifying 68% of block falls and referring to a small amount of input data (4 parameters). The produced predictive quantitative block falls' map at 1:50,000 appears extremely useful for decision-making, helping adoption of mitigation measures to reduce the occurrence of harmful block falls. The seventh part focuses on monitoring MM activity through integrating space borne radar data and Global Positioning System (GPS) techniques. ERS radar imageries were processed using InSAR and permanent scatters techniques. The analysis showed difficulties in detecting ground deformations due to MM. Nevertheless, the analysis is still in its preliminary stage and future planned work will take into consideration other manipulating procedures for detecting the displacements. On the other hand, a GPS installation in Hammana area; one of the Lebanese villages lying in a major landslide, was conducted. Two campaigns were raised, but results are still lacking since there is not enough data accumulation. More observations are still needed to build up a comprehensive picture on the direction and velocity of the movement. ; Parmi les aléas naturels, les mouvements de terrain (MT) sont probablement les plus nuisibles à l'environnement naturel et humain, notamment dans les pays méditerranéens, incluant le Liban qui représente un bon cas d'étude de région montagneuse. Ce phénomène n'a pas été étudié à l'échelle régionale bien qu'il affecte de vastes zones dans ce pays, et les cartes d'aléa manquent encore. La recherche présentée ici est consacrée à l'utilisation des techniques de télédétection et des systèmes d'informations géographiques (SIG), pour l'étude des MT au Liban. La première partie passe en revue les connaissances existantes sur le thème des mouvements de terrain (MT), plus spécifiquement dans la région méditerranéenne, et définit les lacunes de recherche. Elle expose les divers types existants de MT, leurs magnitudes, les agents causatifs, et leurs effets. Elle clarifie la terminologie utilisée pour les MT (aléa, susceptibilité, risque, etc.), et compare les méthodes les plus utilisées pour la cartographie de l'aléa/susceptibilité aux MT. Elle présente aussi un état des avantages et problèmes de la télédétection et du SIG dans les études de mouvements de terrain, en insistant sur les voies possibles de recherche. La deuxième partie est consacrée à la description détaillée de la région d'étude qui couvre les versants méditerranéens du nord du Liban central. Les caractéristiques physiques/morphodynamiques et socio-économiques de cette région sont exposées, ainsi que les aléas naturels, les événements de MT, les impacts socio-économiques et les mesures de conservation. Toutes les études sur l'aléa MT au Liban sont revisitées. La région d'étude, s'étendant de la côte méditerranéenne jusqu'à 3000 m d'altitude, couvre à peu près 36 % de la superficie totale du Liban. Elle est représentative de la diversité géo-environnementale de ce pays en termes de géologie, sol, hydrographie, occupation du sol et climat. Elle se caractérise par des activités humaines problématiques (par exemple une expansion urbaine chaotique, la recharge artificielle des eaux souterraines, un surpâturage, des incendies de forêt), accroissant la dégradation de l'environnement et induisant les MT, avec un contrôle gouvernemental minime. La troisième compare l'efficacité de différents capteurs satellitaires à résolutions variées (Landsat TM, IRS, SPOT4) et diverses techniques de traitement d'image (composition colorée, fusion, analyse en composantes principales ACP, vision stéréoscopique) pour la détection visuelle des mouvements de terrain classés en glissements, éboulements de blocs rocheux et de débris, et coulées de boue. Les résultats ont été validés sur le terrain et en analysant des images IKONOS (1 m) acquises en certaines localités menacées par des MT sur de longues périodes. Ensuite, les niveaux de précision de la détection des MT à partir des images satellitaires ont été calculés. Cette étude a montré que l'anaglyphe produit à partir des images panchromatiques stéréo SPOT4 reste l'outil le plus efficace grâce aux caractéristiques 3D jouant un rôle essentiel dans l'interprétation visuelle et montrant un niveau de précision (pourcentage des MT détectés et vérifiés sur le terrain) maximal de 69 %. De plus, l'image de fusion Landsat TM-IRS, calculée par ACP, fournit des résultats de détection des MT meilleurs que les autres techniques, avec un niveau de précision de 62 %. Les erreurs d'interprétation fluctuent non seulement en fonction de la technique de traitement utilisée, mais aussi en fonction des types de MT. Elles sont minimes quand l'anaglyphe (3D) SPOT4 est pris en considération, variant de 31 % (glissements), 36 % (éboulements de blocs rocheux et de débris) à 46 % dans le cas des coulées de boue. La quatrième partie explore les relations entre l'occurrence de MT et les paramètres du terrain. Ces paramètres sont: 1- les facteurs de prédisposition, comme l'altitude, la pente en gradient, l'aspect de pente, la courbure de pente, la lithologie, la proximité aux failles, le type de karst, la distance aux carrières, le type de sol, la distance aux réseaux de drainage, la distance aux sources, l'occupation/utilisation du sol et la proximité aux routes, et 2- les facteurs déclenchants, comme la quantité de pluies, les événements sismiques, les inondations et les incendies de forêt, qui ont été corrélés avec les MT en utilisant les approches SIG. Cette étude montre, en se basant sur les corrélations statistiques bi-variées satellitaires et SIG (corrélation Kendal Tau-b), que la lithologie est ce qui influence le plus l'occurrence des MT, puisqu'elle a la corrélation la plus élevée avec les autres paramètres (7 fois corrélée à un niveau de signification de 1 %, et 3 fois à 5 %). Elle montre aussi que les corrélations statistiques entre ces paramètres et les mouvements de terrain existent suivant l'ordre d'importance décroissant suivant : type de sol/distance aux sources (agissant de manière similaire sur l'occurrence des MT), karst/distance aux carrières/occupation/utilisation du sol, proximité aux failles, gradient de pente/proximité aux routes/inondations, événements sismiques, altitude/aspect de pente/incendies de forêt. Ces corrélations sont vérifiées sur le terrain et expliquées en utilisant des corrélations statistiques uni-variées. Par conséquent, elles peuvent être extrapolées à d'autres pays méditerranéens caractérisés par des conditions géoenvironnementales similaires. La cinquième partie propose une méthode mathématique décisionnelle (méthode analytique bi-univariée d'évaluation ou "Valuing Analytical Bi-Univariate (VABU)") qui considère deux niveaux de pondération pour la cartographie de l'aléa/susceptibilité des MT (échelle 1/50000) dans la région d'étude. La fiabilité de cette méthode est examinée sur le terrain et en la comparant avec d'autres méthodes statistiques - Valuing accumulation Area (VAA) (un seul niveau d'évaluation) and Information Value (InfoVal) (nécessitant des mesures détaillées des MT). Trois cartes de susceptibilité sont dérivées en utilisant les facteurs conditionnant l'occurrence des MT, tandis que les cartes d'aléa sont produites à partir des facteurs déclenchants. Les valeurs de coïncidence de superposition des cartes de susceptibilité sont de 47,5 % (VABU/VAA), 54 % (VABU/InfoVal) et 38% (VAA/InfoVal), respectivement. L'accord entre les cartes d'aléas montre des valeurs proches de celles des cartes de susceptibilité, variant entre 36,5 % (VAA/InfoVal), 39 % (VABU/VAA), et 44 % (VABU/InfoVal). La validation sur le terrain indique que la précision totale des cartes de susceptibilité produites varie entre 52,5% (méthode VAA), 67,5% (méthode InfoVal) et 77,5% (méthode VABU). Cela démontre l'efficacité de notre méthode qui peut être adoptée pour une cartographie prédictive de l'aléa et de la susceptibilité des MT dans d'autres régions au Liban, et peut être aussi aisément extrapolée en utilisant les capacités fonctionnelles du SIG. La sixième partie prédit la distribution géographique et le volume des blocs rocheux (m3) dans la région d'étude en utilisant la modélisation suivant un arbre décisionnel. Une telle cartographie est indisponible au Liban, mais aussi dans d'autres pays qui portent plutôt leur effort sur la recherche des glissements plutôt que les autres types de MT. Plusieurs modèles d'arbres décisionnels ont été développés en utilisant, (1) tous les paramètres de terrain, (2) les paramètres topographiques uniquement, (3) les paramètres géologiques, et en adoptant plusieurs techniques de traitement. Le meilleur arbre de régression combine tous les paramètres et explique 80 % de la variabilité dans les mesures des blocs rocheux sur le terrain. Le modèle construit en utilisant les quatre paramètres géologiques (lithologie, type de sol, proximité aux failles et type de karst) parait aussi intéressant car il classe 68 % des blocs rocheux tout en se référant à un petit nombre de données d'entrée (4 paramètres). La carte produite de 'prédiction quantitative des blocs rocheux' à l'échelle du 1/50 000 apparait extrêmement utile pour la décision, aidant à l'adoption des mesures de conservation afin de réduire l'occurrence de movements nuisibles de blocs rocheux. La septième partie s'intéresse à la surveillance de l'activité des MT à travers l'intégration des données spatiales radar et des techniques GPS (Système de positionnement global). Les données radar ERS sont traitées en utilisant les techniques InSAR et des réflecteurs permanents. Cette analyse montre des difficultés pour la détection des MT. Cependant, elle est jusqu'à présent préliminaire, et un plan de travail futur prendra en considération d'autres traitements pour la détection des déplacements. D'un autre côté, une installation GPS a été effectuée dans la région de Hammana, un village libanais menacé par un grand glissement. Deux campagnes ont été rassemblées, mais les résultats manquent encore puisqu'il n'y a pas des données accumulées suffisantes. Plus d'observations sont nécessaires afin de construire une représentation compréhensive de la direction et de la vitesse du mouvement.
Among the various natural hazards, mass movements (MM) are probably the most damaging to the natural and human environment in the Mediterranean countries, including Lebanon which represents a good case study of mountainous landscape. Although affecting vast areas in the country, the phenomenon was not studied at regional scale, and related maps are still lacking. Therefore, this research deals with the use of remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) techniques in studying MM in Lebanon. In this context, the first part reviews existing knowledge on the topics of mass movements (MM) specifically in the Mediterranean region, and defines research gaps. It exposes the diverse types of MM, their magnitudes, the causative agents and their bad consequences. It clarifies confusions related to MM-terms (hazard, susceptibility, risk, etc.), and compares the efficiencies of the most used methods for MM susceptibility/hazard zonation. It includes also a statement on remote sensing and GIS benefits and constraints in mass movement studies, pointing out possible ways of research. The second part is dedicated to the detailed description of the study area "the Mediteranean slopes of central to north Lebanon" within Lebanon. Physical/morphodynamic and socioeconomic characteristics of the area are exposed, as well as the natural hazards, MM events, their socio-economic impacts and mitigation measures. All previous studies about MM hazard in Lebanon are reviewed. The studied area, extending from the Mediterranean coast to around 3000 m elevation, covers ~36% of the total area of Lebanon. It represents the geoenvironmental diversity of this country in terms of geology, soil, hydrography, land cover and climate. It is characterized by problematic human activities (e.g., chaotic urban expansion, artificial recharge of groundwater, overgrazing, forest fire) enhancing environmental decline and inducing MM, with minimal government control. The third part compares the applicability of different satellite sensors (Landsat TM, IRS, SPOT4) and preferred image processing techniques (False Color Composite "FCC", Pansharpen, Principal component analysis "PCA", Anaglyph) for the mapping of MM recognized as landslides, rock/debris falls and earth flows. Results from the imagery have been validated by field surveys and analysis of IKONOS imagery (1 m) acquired in some locations witnessing major MM during long periods. Then, levels of accuracies of detected MM from satellite imageries were plotted. This study has demonstrated that the anaglyph produced from the two panchromatic stereo-pairs SPOT4 images remains the most effective tool setting the needed 3-D properties for visual interpretation and showing maximum accuracy of 69%. The PCA pan-sharpen Landsat TM-IRS image gave better results in detecting MM, among other processing techniques, with maximum accuracy level of 62%. The errors in interpretation fluctuate not only according to the processing technique, but also due to the difference in MM type. They are minimal once 3D anaglyph SPOT4 is considered, varying between 31% (landslides), 36% (rock and debris falls) and reaching 46% in the case of earth and debris flows. The fourth part explores relationships between MM occurrence and different factor terrain parameters. Parameters expressed by: 1- preconditioning factors, like: elevation, slope gradient, slope aspect, slope curvature, lithology, proximity to fault line, karst type, distance to quarries, soil type, distance to drainage line, distance to water sources, land cover/use, and proximity to roads, and 2- triggering MM factors, like: rainfall quantity, seismic events,floods and forest fires, were correlated with MM using GIS-approaches. This study indicates, depending on bivariate remote sensing and GIS statistical correlations (Kendall Tau-b correlation), that lithology is the most influencing on MM occurrence, having the highest correlation with other parameters (i.e. 7 times correlated at 1% level of significance and 3 times at 5%). It also shows that statistical correlations to mass movements exist best between parameters at the following decreasing order of importance: soil type/distance to water sources (acting similarly on MM occurrence), karst/distance to quarries/land cover-use, proximity to faults, slope gradient/proximity to roads/floods, seismic events, elevation/slope aspect/forest fires. These correlations were verified and checked through field observations and explained using univariate statistical correlations. Therefore, they could be extrapolated to other Mediterranean countries having similar geoenvironmental conditions. The fifth part proposes a mathematical decision making method - Valuing Analytical Bi- Univariate (VABU) that considers two-level weights for mapping MM susceptibility/hazard (1:50,000 cartographic scale) within the study area. The reliability of this method is examined through field surveys and depending on a GIS comparison with other statistical methods - Valuing accumulation Area (VAA) (depending on one weight level) and Information Value (InfoVal) (requiring detailed measurements of MM areas). Three susceptibility maps were derived using preconditioning parameters, while hazard maps were produced from triggering ones. The coincidence values of overlapping susceptibility maps were found to be equal to 47.5% (VABU/VAA), 54% (VABU/InfoVal) and 38% (VAA/InfoVal). The agreement between hazard maps showed closer values than susceptibility ones, oscillating between 36.5% (VAA/InfoVal), 39% (VABU/VAA), and 44 % (VABU/InfoVal). Field verification indicates that the total precision of the produced susceptibility maps ranges from 52.5% (VAA method), 67.5% (InfoVal method) and 77.5% (VABU method). This demonstrates the efficiency of our method, which consequently can be adopted for predictive mapping of MM susceptibility/hazard in other areas in Lebanon and may be easily extrapolated using the functional capacities of GIS. The sixth part predicts the geographic distribution and volume of block falls (m3) across the study area using GIS decision-tree modelling. Such mapping was unavailable in Lebanon, but also in many other countries putting effort on landslide research rather than other types of MM. Several decision-tree models were developed using (1) all terrain parameters, (2) topographic parameters only, (3) geologic parameters only, and adopting various processing techniques (pruned and unpruned trees). The best regression tree model combined all parameters and explained 80% of the variability in field blocks falls' measurements. The unpruned model built using four geological parameters (lithology, soil type, proximity to fault line, and karst type) seems also interesting, classifying 68% of block falls and referring to a small amount of input data (4 parameters). The produced predictive quantitative block falls' map at 1:50,000 appears extremely useful for decision-making, helping adoption of mitigation measures to reduce the occurrence of harmful block falls. The seventh part focuses on monitoring MM activity through integrating space borne radar data and Global Positioning System (GPS) techniques. ERS radar imageries were processed using InSAR and permanent scatters techniques. The analysis showed difficulties in detecting ground deformations due to MM. Nevertheless, the analysis is still in its preliminary stage and future planned work will take into consideration other manipulating procedures for detecting the displacements. On the other hand, a GPS installation in Hammana area; one of the Lebanese villages lying in a major landslide, was conducted. Two campaigns were raised, but results are still lacking since there is not enough data accumulation. More observations are still needed to build up a comprehensive picture on the direction and velocity of the movement. ; Parmi les aléas naturels, les mouvements de terrain (MT) sont probablement les plus nuisibles à l'environnement naturel et humain, notamment dans les pays méditerranéens, incluant le Liban qui représente un bon cas d'étude de région montagneuse. Ce phénomène n'a pas été étudié à l'échelle régionale bien qu'il affecte de vastes zones dans ce pays, et les cartes d'aléa manquent encore. La recherche présentée ici est consacrée à l'utilisation des techniques de télédétection et des systèmes d'informations géographiques (SIG), pour l'étude des MT au Liban. La première partie passe en revue les connaissances existantes sur le thème des mouvements de terrain (MT), plus spécifiquement dans la région méditerranéenne, et définit les lacunes de recherche. Elle expose les divers types existants de MT, leurs magnitudes, les agents causatifs, et leurs effets. Elle clarifie la terminologie utilisée pour les MT (aléa, susceptibilité, risque, etc.), et compare les méthodes les plus utilisées pour la cartographie de l'aléa/susceptibilité aux MT. Elle présente aussi un état des avantages et problèmes de la télédétection et du SIG dans les études de mouvements de terrain, en insistant sur les voies possibles de recherche. La deuxième partie est consacrée à la description détaillée de la région d'étude qui couvre les versants méditerranéens du nord du Liban central. Les caractéristiques physiques/morphodynamiques et socio-économiques de cette région sont exposées, ainsi que les aléas naturels, les événements de MT, les impacts socio-économiques et les mesures de conservation. Toutes les études sur l'aléa MT au Liban sont revisitées. La région d'étude, s'étendant de la côte méditerranéenne jusqu'à 3000 m d'altitude, couvre à peu près 36 % de la superficie totale du Liban. Elle est représentative de la diversité géo-environnementale de ce pays en termes de géologie, sol, hydrographie, occupation du sol et climat. Elle se caractérise par des activités humaines problématiques (par exemple une expansion urbaine chaotique, la recharge artificielle des eaux souterraines, un surpâturage, des incendies de forêt), accroissant la dégradation de l'environnement et induisant les MT, avec un contrôle gouvernemental minime. La troisième compare l'efficacité de différents capteurs satellitaires à résolutions variées (Landsat TM, IRS, SPOT4) et diverses techniques de traitement d'image (composition colorée, fusion, analyse en composantes principales ACP, vision stéréoscopique) pour la détection visuelle des mouvements de terrain classés en glissements, éboulements de blocs rocheux et de débris, et coulées de boue. Les résultats ont été validés sur le terrain et en analysant des images IKONOS (1 m) acquises en certaines localités menacées par des MT sur de longues périodes. Ensuite, les niveaux de précision de la détection des MT à partir des images satellitaires ont été calculés. Cette étude a montré que l'anaglyphe produit à partir des images panchromatiques stéréo SPOT4 reste l'outil le plus efficace grâce aux caractéristiques 3D jouant un rôle essentiel dans l'interprétation visuelle et montrant un niveau de précision (pourcentage des MT détectés et vérifiés sur le terrain) maximal de 69 %. De plus, l'image de fusion Landsat TM-IRS, calculée par ACP, fournit des résultats de détection des MT meilleurs que les autres techniques, avec un niveau de précision de 62 %. Les erreurs d'interprétation fluctuent non seulement en fonction de la technique de traitement utilisée, mais aussi en fonction des types de MT. Elles sont minimes quand l'anaglyphe (3D) SPOT4 est pris en considération, variant de 31 % (glissements), 36 % (éboulements de blocs rocheux et de débris) à 46 % dans le cas des coulées de boue. La quatrième partie explore les relations entre l'occurrence de MT et les paramètres du terrain. Ces paramètres sont: 1- les facteurs de prédisposition, comme l'altitude, la pente en gradient, l'aspect de pente, la courbure de pente, la lithologie, la proximité aux failles, le type de karst, la distance aux carrières, le type de sol, la distance aux réseaux de drainage, la distance aux sources, l'occupation/utilisation du sol et la proximité aux routes, et 2- les facteurs déclenchants, comme la quantité de pluies, les événements sismiques, les inondations et les incendies de forêt, qui ont été corrélés avec les MT en utilisant les approches SIG. Cette étude montre, en se basant sur les corrélations statistiques bi-variées satellitaires et SIG (corrélation Kendal Tau-b), que la lithologie est ce qui influence le plus l'occurrence des MT, puisqu'elle a la corrélation la plus élevée avec les autres paramètres (7 fois corrélée à un niveau de signification de 1 %, et 3 fois à 5 %). Elle montre aussi que les corrélations statistiques entre ces paramètres et les mouvements de terrain existent suivant l'ordre d'importance décroissant suivant : type de sol/distance aux sources (agissant de manière similaire sur l'occurrence des MT), karst/distance aux carrières/occupation/utilisation du sol, proximité aux failles, gradient de pente/proximité aux routes/inondations, événements sismiques, altitude/aspect de pente/incendies de forêt. Ces corrélations sont vérifiées sur le terrain et expliquées en utilisant des corrélations statistiques uni-variées. Par conséquent, elles peuvent être extrapolées à d'autres pays méditerranéens caractérisés par des conditions géoenvironnementales similaires. La cinquième partie propose une méthode mathématique décisionnelle (méthode analytique bi-univariée d'évaluation ou "Valuing Analytical Bi-Univariate (VABU)") qui considère deux niveaux de pondération pour la cartographie de l'aléa/susceptibilité des MT (échelle 1/50000) dans la région d'étude. La fiabilité de cette méthode est examinée sur le terrain et en la comparant avec d'autres méthodes statistiques - Valuing accumulation Area (VAA) (un seul niveau d'évaluation) and Information Value (InfoVal) (nécessitant des mesures détaillées des MT). Trois cartes de susceptibilité sont dérivées en utilisant les facteurs conditionnant l'occurrence des MT, tandis que les cartes d'aléa sont produites à partir des facteurs déclenchants. Les valeurs de coïncidence de superposition des cartes de susceptibilité sont de 47,5 % (VABU/VAA), 54 % (VABU/InfoVal) et 38% (VAA/InfoVal), respectivement. L'accord entre les cartes d'aléas montre des valeurs proches de celles des cartes de susceptibilité, variant entre 36,5 % (VAA/InfoVal), 39 % (VABU/VAA), et 44 % (VABU/InfoVal). La validation sur le terrain indique que la précision totale des cartes de susceptibilité produites varie entre 52,5% (méthode VAA), 67,5% (méthode InfoVal) et 77,5% (méthode VABU). Cela démontre l'efficacité de notre méthode qui peut être adoptée pour une cartographie prédictive de l'aléa et de la susceptibilité des MT dans d'autres régions au Liban, et peut être aussi aisément extrapolée en utilisant les capacités fonctionnelles du SIG. La sixième partie prédit la distribution géographique et le volume des blocs rocheux (m3) dans la région d'étude en utilisant la modélisation suivant un arbre décisionnel. Une telle cartographie est indisponible au Liban, mais aussi dans d'autres pays qui portent plutôt leur effort sur la recherche des glissements plutôt que les autres types de MT. Plusieurs modèles d'arbres décisionnels ont été développés en utilisant, (1) tous les paramètres de terrain, (2) les paramètres topographiques uniquement, (3) les paramètres géologiques, et en adoptant plusieurs techniques de traitement. Le meilleur arbre de régression combine tous les paramètres et explique 80 % de la variabilité dans les mesures des blocs rocheux sur le terrain. Le modèle construit en utilisant les quatre paramètres géologiques (lithologie, type de sol, proximité aux failles et type de karst) parait aussi intéressant car il classe 68 % des blocs rocheux tout en se référant à un petit nombre de données d'entrée (4 paramètres). La carte produite de 'prédiction quantitative des blocs rocheux' à l'échelle du 1/50 000 apparait extrêmement utile pour la décision, aidant à l'adoption des mesures de conservation afin de réduire l'occurrence de movements nuisibles de blocs rocheux. La septième partie s'intéresse à la surveillance de l'activité des MT à travers l'intégration des données spatiales radar et des techniques GPS (Système de positionnement global). Les données radar ERS sont traitées en utilisant les techniques InSAR et des réflecteurs permanents. Cette analyse montre des difficultés pour la détection des MT. Cependant, elle est jusqu'à présent préliminaire, et un plan de travail futur prendra en considération d'autres traitements pour la détection des déplacements. D'un autre côté, une installation GPS a été effectuée dans la région de Hammana, un village libanais menacé par un grand glissement. Deux campagnes ont été rassemblées, mais les résultats manquent encore puisqu'il n'y a pas des données accumulées suffisantes. Plus d'observations sont nécessaires afin de construire une représentation compréhensive de la direction et de la vitesse du mouvement.
This guide accompanies the following article: Christine V. Wood, 'The Sociologies of Knowledge, Science, and Intellectuals: Distinctive Traditions and Overlapping Perspectives', Sociology Compass 4/10 (2010): 909–923, 10.1111/j.1751‐9020.2010.00328.x.It offers a list of texts that one could use in developing a course in the sociology of scientific knowledge, in the sociology of knowledge in general, or in a more specialized course on the field of scholarly production, experts and intellectuals, and the social organization of the academic profession and research sciences.Author's introductionFew review and teaching materials exist that collect the diverse research exploring the social and institutional context in which scholarly and scientific ideas are generated, legitimated, and diffused. By zeroing in on the social 'field' or 'arena' of scholarly production, which may include the sciences, humanities, and social sciences, sociologists are better able to delineate the distinct analytic traditions that have emerged in studying various orderings of certified knowledge – whether philosophical, humanistic, social scientific, or scientific – and their producers. Despite obvious overlaps, the sociologies of knowledge, science, and intellectuals owe their origins as sociological sub‐fields to distinctive theoretical and even methodological traditions. Considering intellectuals and experts as social groups working in specific social contexts, institutions, and making different kinds of claims to knowledge is different from studying the gestation of ideas and their content, whether these ideas are values, beliefs, assumptions, or scientific and academic theories. Within the sociology of knowledge, studies of the production of academic knowledge is a separate body of literature from studies of social cognition, collective memory, or the internalization of norms and values, and so some distinctions are necessary. In some sense, the sociology of knowledge as a grand project that could subsume the study of scientific knowledge and the study of intellectuals as a social class or group and of the academic professions. But many scholars draw boundaries between the sociologies of knowledge and science, owing to the empirical distinctions between an area of inquiry that subsumes the study of broad orderings of knowledge and a field that focuses on the distinct status and situation of natural and hard science in modern life – its content, institutional contexts, organization, normative structures, political conflicts, and applications. Depending on their research interests, scholars have drawn boundaries within the sub‐fields of science studies, for instance by delineating between the 'political' sociology of science and the 'historical' sociology of science, or by focusing on the interactions between political and social movements and science and academia. Depending on the interests of the professor and the degree of specialization of a course, this guide offers a list of texts that one could use in developing a course in the sociology of scientific knowledge, in the sociology of knowledge in general, or in a more specialized course on the field of scholarly production, experts and intellectuals, and the social organization of the academic profession and research sciences.Author recommendsFollowing a chronology of sociological work on knowledge, science, and intellectuals, from the classical, 19th‐Century theory of Karl Marx and Max Weber through the early and mid‐20th‐Century is to trace a neat trajectory of sociological theory in its various incarnations – foundational, functionalist, structural, institutional, political, historical, and cultural. Many classical essays in the sociology of knowledge and science are dispersed among larger texts devoted to the essays of key sociological thinkers. Within the sociology of knowledge or science, numerous volumes exist that detail foundational and specialized approaches in the field.For a primer in the modern sociologist's treatment of science as a social institution, an excellent collection is Robert Merton's The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations, a compendium of essays from the thinker on science in modern societies, with attention paid to scientific institutions as they developed from the 17th‐Century through the 20th‐Centuries. What is most remarkable about Merton's collection of essays is that it sets the framework for many core themes that would later be elaborated by sociologists on questions of science, including the relationship of science to other institutions and conflicts among scientists over the prioritization of some programs of research and discovery over others. In a thesis that explored the 'interdependence' of science and other institutional spheres in seventeenth century England, where modern science was just beginning, Merton explored the 'interdependence' of science and other institutional spheres, occupational, religious, economic, and militaristic. Aside from this essentially 'macro' view of science, Merton also wrote on the 'Normative Structures of Science', where he discussed a conflict between the governing ethos of science and the attitudes of others across institutional and social spheres. He wrote that a tenet in science is that all scientists should in their research ignore all considerations other than the advance of knowledge, the justification being that consideration of the practical or social uses of the knowledge increases the possibility for bias and error. Merton claimed that this attitude had furnished a basis of revolt against science – once the applications of the science are discovered, those authorities or groups who disapprove of that application will turn their antipathy toward the science itself. Finally, in an essay on 'Priorities in Scientific Discovery', Merton laid the groundwork for the 'functionalist' perspective of science. He argued that science operates with governing norms of priority and originality, which places pressure on scientists to assert their claims as original. When science as an institution is working efficiently, those who have best fulfilled their roles as scientists will have made genuinely original contributions to the common stock of knowledge, and are afforded rightful esteem and recognition. The focus on the judgment of originality and credibility in science has sparked a wave of new scholarship, which I outline in the course syllabus and essay.Given the status of 'science and technology studies' as an ever expanding interdisciplinary field, several recent volumes collect contemporary essays in the social studies of science. A notable volume that contains diverse theoretical and methodological writings in the social studies of science is the Handbook of Science and Technology Studies, edited by Edward J. Hackett, Olga Amsterdamska, Michael Lynch, and Judy Wajcman (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2007). Emphases on the political dimensions of scientific knowledge production are currently receiving a great deal of attention, with diverse research exploring the politics of nuclear proliferation, environmental justice movements, and the politics of gender and sexual difference in scientific and medical research. The New Political Sociology of Science: Institutions, Networks, and Power, edited by Scott Frickel and Kelly Moore, provides a good introduction (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 2006). Other edited volumes are useful as introductory texts to core essays and readings in the sociology of knowledge. A nice volume that contains overlapping research in the sociologies of knowledge and science is Society & Knowledge: Contemporary Perspectives in the Sociology of Knowledge & Science, edited by Volker Meja and Nico Stehr (Transaction Publishers, 2005).Sample syllabusSince the sociologies of knowledge and science are such broad areas of research, the sample syllabus takes into account analysis of knowledge production in the sciences, social sciences, and humanities as well as the study of intellectuals as a group. For those that find the focus broad, recommended readings allow those with more interest in science and technology studies or in the study of expert communities to zero‐in on specific bodies of literature. This course could be framed broadly as a course on the social contexts of knowledge production – science, knowledge, and modern research and academic vocations. A basic goal of the class is to encourage students to think more reflexively about science and about their own work as social scientists, while also to promote ongoing research on the ever changing social contexts of the academic professions and knowledge production in the sciences, social sciences, and humanities.This 10 week outline introduces theoretical texts and some exemplary case studies.Week 1: Introduction:This session is an introduction to the sociological study of knowledge production, science, and intellectuals as a group. The class should discuss short pieces as foundational texts, which may include Gramsci's essay writing on intellectuals in Selections from the Prison Notebooks (New York: International Publishers, 1971); excerpts from Karl Mannheim's Ideology and Utopia: An Introduction to the Sociology of Knowledge (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1985), particularly those portions that deal with the social function of the intellectual and the 'classless intellectual'; Max Weber's essay 'Science as a Vocation' (Pp. 129–156 in From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, edited by H. Gerth and C. W. Mills, New York: Oxford University Press, 1958); and some more contemporary piece, perhaps Merton's essay 'Paradigm for the Sociology of Knowledge', a clarifying, comprehensive essay on the myriad topics that could be subsumed under the sociology of knowledge (in The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973). Given the breadth of Merton's essay, which does not deal exclusively with scholarly and scientific knowledge, class discussion should devote attention to the distinctions among approaches that deal with intellectuals as a group, the social contexts of science, and the content of ideas.Week 2: Classical foundations:The second week should involve a more detailed emphasis on theoretical foundations in the sociology of knowledge and science. Though Weber's essay on 'Science as a Vocation' has been introduced in the first week, the discussion should center more intensely on how the classical scholars handled questions about knowledge and intellectuals. Using Merton's essay to frame the classical theorists' take on science and knowledge, a comparison of the perspectives of Marx and Weber on knowledge and intellectuals should make for a lively discussion. Excerpts from Marx's The German Ideology provide a good introduction to Marx's views on the way the content of ideas are linked to material life. In Marx's critique of the writings in political economy of his day, he argues that the content, form, and method of the writing on utilitarianism from the prominent bourgeois thinkers of the day were linked to concrete social and economic developments in Europe. To contrast Marx's take that the content of political and economic writing reflected social and economic developments, Weber provides a more nuanced analysis of how the class interests of intellectuals influences the content of their ideas in his writing on how certain types of intellectuals influenced the ideological and ethical doctrines of major world religions, by advocating ideas that conformed to but were not directly influenced by their occupational class interests. Important to this discussion is to compare and contrast Marx and Weber and the extent to which each sees social class as shaping ideas.Weeks 3–4: Social structure, function, and institutions:The next several sessions deal with the various approaches to science and technology, knowledge, and intellectuals to emerge in the middle of the 20th‐Century. The first set of discussions should be on social structure and function – essentially, in discussion how sociologists' have understood the influence of social structure on knowledge production and how scholars have theorized on the function or 'role' of scientists and intellectuals in the promotion of the social order. Again, Robert Merton provides a touchstone example of a 'functionalist' perspective on science, and a good example is his essay on 'Priorities of Scientific Discovery' (The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973). An exemplary text and enjoyable read is Florian Znaniecki's Social Role of the Man of Knowledge (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, [1940] 1986). C. Wright Mills's Sociology and Pragmatism: The Higher Learning in America is an exemplary and oft‐overlooked text on the growth of pragmatism and modern American sociology, a model of research design and a prescient analysis of how occupational and economic conditions, the changing demographic of the American university, and the content and function of elective curricula influenced the development of new areas of research in philosophy and the growth of modern sociology (New York: Oxford University Press, 1969). This text could also be used to discuss the importance of institutional conditions in shaping academic disciplines and knowledge production. Key texts on the importance of institutions as portals and venues of intellectual activity and the social importance of scientists and intellectuals as institutional and bureaucratic actors include Lewis Coser's Men of Ideas: A Sociologist's View (New York: Free Press, 1965) and Edward Shils's (1972) collection of essays, The Intellectuals and the Powers, and Other Essays (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).Weeks 5–6: Politics and reflexivity:Alvin W. Gouldner's The Coming Crisis of Western Sociology is a good introduction to a reflexive approach to knowledge production in the social sciences (New York: Avon, 1970). Gouldner analyzed the 'presuppositions' of two generations of social theorists, comparing the early 20th‐Century sociological preoccupations with social order with the more conflict‐laden approaches of the New Left generation. The book makes a rather convincing case about how scholars' relations to resources and politics form the subtext of social theory. Other examples of the 'politics' of knowledge production and the social situation of the observer or abound, particularly in feminist theory, beginning with Dorothy Smith's now‐dated essay 'Women's Perspective as a Radical Critique of Sociology' (Pp. 21–34 in The Feminist Standpoint Theory Reader: Intellectual and Political Controversies, edited by S. Harding, New York: Routledge, 2004). A good way to trace the intellectual trajectory of feminist critiques of science and knowledge is by assigning selections from The Feminist Standpoint Theory Reader. These texts will provide something of an antidote or contrast to the social structural or 'functional' perspectives. Also fitting for these discussion are a couple of texts that revived the analyses of the influence of intellectuals' social class position on the content of ideas. Erik Olin Wright (1978) focused on intellectuals in late capitalism and György Konrad and Ivan Szelenyi (1979) analyzed the social position of intellectuals under Eastern European state socialism, in both cases melding political sociology with the sociology of knowledge. Discussions of the texts featured in these 2 weeks should provoke students to discuss whether the main imperative of the sociology of knowledge – the analysis of the social and material, or at least contextual, backdrop to knowledge claims – is in itself reflexive.Weeks 7–8: Fields, new institutional analysis, social movements, and networks:Among the most popular recent approaches in the sociology of knowledge are field analysis, network analysis, and new institutional approaches. Each of these could be said to be in some sense 'macro' as the focus is on how broader contexts and relationships influence the content and flow of ideas. Bourdieu's Homo Academicus is a study of the relationships of status among French university professors and includes rigorous analyses of scholars' career and family backgrounds as well as the relationships of academic disciplines to authorities in the university and the state (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1988). Examples of how institutional conditions shape the development, structure, and composition of academic disciplines and departments have emerged in recent years, the most notable examples being Charles Camic's essay (published in 1995 in Social Research) on how local institutional conditions and interdisciplinary interaction influenced the development of distinct analytic traditions in three early sociology departments and Mario Small's essay (published in 1999 in Theory and Society) on how local institutional factors influenced differences in the content and structure of new African‐American studies programs. Excellent examples of the influence that social movements and collective action have on the formation of new academic disciplines include Fabio Rojas's From Black Power to Black Studies: How a Radical Social Movement Became an Academic Discipline (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007) and Scott Frickel's Chemical Consequences: Environmental Mutagens, Scientist Activism, and the Rise of Genetic Toxicology (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2004). Finally, Randall Collins's mammoth The Sociology of Philosophies: A Global Theory of Intellectual Change outlines a vast network analysis of philosophical production across historical periods (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000). The book is big, and an idea is to have students read the theoretical sections that explain the logic of a network analysis of philosophical production, and then to have students select individual chapters to read and present to the class.Week 9: Culture and micro‐sociological analysis:With the rise in importance of the sociology of culture in recent years, interested scholars have applied some of the research techniques developed in culture studies to analyze knowledge production. An exemplary study in this area is Karin Knorr‐Cetina's Epistemic Culture: How the Sciences Make Knowledge, which is a micro‐sociological account of how scientists in high‐energy particle physics and molecular biology labs conduct their research (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999). If students are interested in the contexts of scientific knowledge production and laboratory life, students might compare Knorr‐Cetina's analysis with earlier studies of the interactions of actors and artifacts in science labs, beginning with the work of Bruno Latour, perhaps starting with Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers through Society (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987).Week 10: Using approaches in the sociology of science to analyze other kinds of knowledge production:At the 'cutting edge' of research in the sociology of knowledge are attempts by scholars to adapt, or utilize, the theories and methods developed in science studies to analyze knowledge production in the social sciences and humanities. A good essay that draws on the work of Knorr‐Cetina is Gregoire Mallard's 'Interpreters of the Literary Canon and their Technical Instruments: The Case of Balzac Criticism', published in the American Sociological Review in 2005. A more recent example examines how social science and humanities professors evaluate knowledge, borrowing from research in the social studies of science on consensus, evaluation, and credibility: Michele Lamont's How Professors Think: Inside the Curious World of Academic Judgment (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009). Students should assess how convincingly a research area that originated in social studies of science, like studies of how knowledge is prioritized and judged as 'original' or the use of technical instruments in the humanities, applies to knowledge contexts outside of the hard sciences.Focus questions
In what ways can the methods and theories of the sociology of science be adapted to analyze knowledge production in other areas, including the humanities and the social sciences? What sorts of processes and knowledge claims are specific to science? What makes an analysis reflexive? Is analyzing the material or institutional conditions that shape ideas or scientific production inherently critical or reflexive? Among the more recently popularized theoretical and methodological approaches to intellectual life, like Bourdieu's 'field' analysis of the French university and Collins's network analysis of philosophy, which is likely to be most transposable across diverse scientific and academic settings?
Le rapport de soutenance rend tout d'abord hommage à la qualité du dossier présenté à l'appui de la demande de l'habilitation à diriger des recherches: un mémoire substantiel, deux livres (en français et en anglais), une quarantaine d'articles publiés dans des revues reconnues, des contributions originales à des ouvrages collectifs, ainsi que de nombreuses communications à des réunions scientifiques internationales. Les ouvrages d'Albert Doja sont très variés même s'ils sont essentiellement consacrés à l'Albanie et à la région balkanique. Il y a beaucoup de thèmes importants abordés et une quantité significative de propositions. C'est un corpus très riche, plein d'idées intéressantes qui poussent à repenser les concepts de base. Les rapporteurs notent qu'il y a deux thématiques organisent le dossier, celui de la construction culturelle de la personne (morphologie sociale, parenté et relations de genre) et celui des relations interethniques élargies aux champs de la religion, de la nation et de la folklorisation des traditions culturelles et notamment des conflits qu'enclenchent tous ces éléments. Sa thèse de Doctorat qui était en grande partie basée sur les données folkloriques et ethnographiques cherchait à comprendre la constitution de la personne en Albanie en utilisant des bases d'interprétation anthropologique où les influences les plus explicites sont les œuvres de Lévi-Strauss. De la construction de la personne le regard s'est très naturellement porté vers les valeurs et les traits structurels qui façonnent la société albanaise (un système lignager, l'idéologie du sang, l'hypertrophie du sentiment fraternel, le sens de l'honneur, la codification de l'amitié, etc.). Ces approfondissements et ces élargissements de la problématique de départ ont abouti, par touches successives, à un riche tableau où l'étude de la socialisation, de la formation de personne, la nature de la culture régionale, la structure sociale, la construction de l'honneur, les pratiques religieuses par rapport à la distribution linguistiques contribuent à un effort orienté vers une compréhension de la spécificité des sociétés et des cultures albanaises et sud-est européennes. De là il se met à analyser les formes et la dynamique de l'identité ethnique, nationale et le conflit. Son anthropologie représente une excellente combinaison qui devrait être utile dans la recherche régionale. Il s'agit d'une anthropologie sociale et historique des 'traditions' mais dans la mesure où elle se situe dans un balancement entre ethnie et nation on peut considérer qu'il s'agit d'une anthropologie du juste milieu qui d'ailleurs ne sacrifie nullement l'actualité comme en témoignent les analyses consacrées au phénomène des viols ou encore à l'exercice démocratique. Enfin il discute les questions plus contemporaines qui relèvent des transformations politiques et sociales dans la région, l'introduction de la démocratie, la migration et l'intégration. Le mémoire distingue d'ailleurs très bien les champs de recherche et les champs d'implication. Dans ce parcours Albert Doja démontre sa maîtrise de la région du point de vue historique, linguistique et culturelle en même temps qu'il intègre en grande partie ces connaissances dans les discussions théoriques contemporaines dans la discipline. Catherine Quiminal (Professeur, Paris VII) note que ce dossier met en évidence de manière convaincante l'intérêt, pour l'anthropologie, d'aborder des terrains concernant des sociétés du sud-est européen, puisque l'auteur revendique également une démarche comparative peu développée par l'anthropologie de l'Europe. De tels terrains permettent de "passer de l'Autre primitif ou archaïque, conventionnel ou populaire, en situation néo-coloniale ou dans une communauté locale, vers l'étude des processus dynamiques et transactionnels de transformation sociale, de modernisation et de globalisation". Albert Doja y fait état des connaissances historiques, géographiques, ethnologiques concernant la région. Il en restitue de manière critique les conditions de production et de reproduction et les limites. L'histoire des cultures du Sud-Est européen nécessite, selon l'auteur, une nouvelle formulation, un regard orienté sur la construction des identités, les transformations familiales et sociales. Le mode d'analyse proposé pour aborder des sociétés que l'auteur préfère qualifier de "conventionnelles" plutôt que de traditionnelles, s'éloigne volontairement de la monographie d'un groupe artificiellement isolé à la recherche de survivances, pour se focaliser sur les institutions centrales et les valeurs dominantes. Anthropologue né en Albanie, formé en France, ayant un engagement maintenu pendant plusieurs années dans des relations personnelles étroites en Europe du sud-est aussi bien qu'en Europe de l'Ouest, vivant et travaillant depuis de longues années en France, en Grande Bretagne et en Irlande, il se trouve dans une position propice à un type de recherche de terrain diachronique et comparative. Jonathan Friedman (Directeur d'études, EHESS) note également que dans sa tentative de caractériser la région balkanique comme située entre deux complexes de civilisation en réponse aux discussions classiques basées sur la notion de région croisée entre l'orient et l'occident et le réductionnisme que cela peut entraîner, Albert Doja propose de redéfinir la région en termes de frontières plus fluides et de co-existence entre peuples différents. Ici il prend en compte à la fois la culture ou la société dans le sens objectiviste de l'observateur et l'identité culturelle ou ethnique qui est pratiquée dans les interactions entre membres de différentes populations. Sa discussion de la méthode est fort intéressante et reflète le parcours de sa formation. Il insiste sur la nécessité de combiner des méthodes différentes, historiques et comparatives, ethnographie, analyses de textes et recherches sur les documents archivés. Jean Copans (Professeur, Paris V) note que Albert Doja passe d'une folkloristique classique de recueil des traditions à une anthropologie politique ou politologie géostratégique plurinationale. La question est d'importance car on doit se demander quelles sont les méthodologies de terrain les plus adéquates à l'étude des relations interethniques et des valeurs culturelles. Peut-on enquêter directement sur le processus de construction de l'ethnicité, peut-on observer en direct sa genèse interactive ou faut-il attendre un degré de fusion, de formalisation et de verbalisation pour la saisir et puis la déconstruire? Si les africanistes sont obsédés par cette question, pour Albert Doja il s'agit d'une nouvelle théorie, assez subtile et complexe. L'ethnicité est une question de point de vue, de position que redouble ici le problème de l'observation de la violence. L'anthropologie du génocide, de la souffrance et de l'affliction est à la mode mais c'est la mémoire qui joue le rôle central, de même que c'est le processus d'observation qui fournit des réponses empiriques aux nouvelles questions décisives qui mettent en cause les méthodes de la discipline. Michael Herzfeld (Professeur, Harvard University), note également qu'on ne peut qu'être profondément frappé par la grande envergure des observations d'Albert Doja sur l'ethnographie albanaise et par l'érudition qui les soutient. On constate, bien sûr, que les données dont Albert Doja traite sont riches d'informations et d'aperçus. Il est allé bien loin au-delà de la prospective limitée des chercheurs antérieurs à lui. Il a mené de sérieuses enquêtes empiriques et fait preuve qu'il possède suffisamment la capacité de fournir des descriptions nuancées des faits sociaux. Souvent il révèle une sensibilité ethnographique presque éclatante, là où on est peut-être le moins préparé à le rencontrer, comme c'est le cas notamment dans son article sur les problèmes de stabilité au Kosovo, là où une petite scène de tension et de méprise dans un café Internet révèle l'univers du "transnational" dans toute sa complexité. Mais ce qui sauve les analyses des études folkloriques traditionnelles (isolation intellectuelle et stigmatisation par l'association avec des nationalismes exceptionnellement durs et revanchistes) consiste avant tout en deux points forts: sa connaissance, évidemment bien profonde et circonstanciée, de l'histoire des théories les plus importantes en anthropologie sociale d'un côté, et sa méfiance soit du nationalisme soit des critiques souvent trop simplistes avancées par des savants qui n'avaient peut-être pas considéré que le modèle d'une identité construite peut devenir abusive dans le cas où elle sert à soutenir des idéologies identitaires opposées selon la rhétorique de l'opposition entre le faux et le réel. En ce qui concerne le champ des ethnicités comparées de l'Europe, Jean Copans note que des nationalités de l'empire austro-hongrois on glisse à l'ethnicisme avec des intellectuels organiques (et parfois des ethnologues) tout aussi responsables (et coupables!). Michael Herzfeld aussi mentionne les observations d'Albert Doja sur les points de parallélisme entre la politique ethnique et le comportement des savants, pour noter que celle-ci est une comparaison qui a pu achever un très haut niveau d'importance analytique. Le rapporteur est bien d'accord avec les observations d'Albert Doja, car ce qui est d'une importance capitale est le fait qu'il réussit à nous rappeler que les savants font déjà partie de ce qu'ils étudient, qu'ils le veuillent ou non. Il faut souligner que bien que d'autres ethnologues aient déjà établi des rapports, soit historiques, soit formels, entre le nationalisme et l'anthropologie, Albert Doja achève sur ce point une formulation suffisamment généralisable et heuristiquement suggestive pour qu'on puisse en dériver des projets "de terrain" à l'avenir. À ce propos Christian Bromberger (Professeur, Université de Provence) et Jonathan Friedman (Directeur d'études, EHESS) notent tous les deux que les interprétations des violences et des atrocités sexuelles dans les conditions de conflit interethnique pendant les guerres de Bosnie et du Kosovo sont fort intéressantes. Jean Copans (Professeur, Paris-V) estime aussi que l'hypothèse d'Albert Doja sur l'équivalence culturelle des modèles de lecture du viol par la victime et par celui qui l'a perpétré est pertinente. Albert Doja montre comment la pollution du sang dans des sociétés qui en ont érigé la pureté en valeur dominante vise et "amène nécessairement le désordre et l'éclatement du système social et du groupe tout entier". La substitution d'une ligne paternelle externe à la ligne établie par le mariage par l'agression désorganise profondément l'ordre parental de la société locale. Jean-Pierre Warnier (Professeur, Paris V) note à ce propos que les cadres d'analyse proposés par Albert Doja relèvent du structuralisme (Hage, Héritier, Testart, Douglas) en termes de catégories disjonctives et de rituels par rapport aux représentations des humeurs corporelles et à la réalité physique de l'agression–intrusion. Le cadre théorique structuraliste est traditionnellement considéré rebelle à l'analyse politique, mais le mérite d'Albert Doja est de montrer que la "culture" des protagonistes permet de comprendre l'impact ravageur du viol sur la subjectivité des acteurs, situant le viol dans un rapport de force et de pouvoir - pouvoir qui, comme le répétait Michel Foucault, s'adresse toujours au corps dans sa matérialité. Dans ses analyses des causes des viols, Albert Doja est convaincu que l'explication doit être cherchée dans le fait que les valeurs d'honneur sont mises en avant par une sorte d'agencéité (agency) politique et instrumentale. Par ailleurs, les rapports de pouvoir ne sont pas impliqués dans la re-traditionalisation des valeurs. C'est le changement des structures macrosociologiques qui alimente cette re-traditionalisation et c'est l'usage instrumental des valeurs identitaires et des valeurs morales et sociales de l'honneur ou de la religion qui fait que le viol soit aussi efficace comme une arme de purification ethnique. Ainsi on peut suggérer que le viol a une fonction politique immédiate. Jonathan Friedman note qu'un point bien fort dans les recherches d'Albert Doja consiste à démontrer l'importance de l'anthropologie dans la compréhension des conflits contemporains dans la région balkanique. Il démontre que la logique des rapports familiaux, basé sur un modèle fortement patriarcal où l'honneur est central et génératif des feuds (vendetta) qui bloque la résolution des conflits sans la violence. Cette logique lie la production des sujets masculins à la politique ethnique. C'est une contribution importante à une discussion de la guerre qui est souvent limitée à des concepts généraux comme le nationalisme ou les régimes corrompues qui utilisent leurs propres populations pour atteindre des buts privés. Dans sa discussion des rapports complexes entre l'État, les discours nationalistes et la façon dont ils sont assimilés en bas de l'ordre politique, Albert Doja suggère le rôle important de la mondialisation dans le déclenchement de la fragmentation à l'intérieur de l'État-nation. Il discute la façon dont se développent les débats entre Albanais et Serbes à propos du statut historique de Kosovo, où les intellectuels ont joué un rôle important. Certes Albert Doja construit son champ de manière historique, anthropologique et comparative. Même si cette comparaison s'arrête essentiellement aux frontières des Balkans, Jean Copans ajoute toutefois que par ailleurs il nous propose une théorie générale de 1'ethnicité. Il faut donc discriminer entre généralisation et comparaison. Or les sociétés des Balkans sont des sociétés de l'histoire écrite ce qui modifie les perceptions anthropologiques habituelles. Nous ne sommes pas dans le contexte post-colonial habituel mais le choix de propositions cognitivistes ne débouche heureusement pas sur des propositions essentialistes ou instrumentalistes, ni sur des réactions de mode qui mondialiseraient abusivement l'expérience récente des Balkans. Christian Bromberger note à ce propos que l'auteur, traitant du thème des identités, renvoie dos à dos les "primordialistes" et les "instrumentalistes" en notant justement que même si "les attributs culturels tenus pour être la marque distinctive d'un groupe peuvent faire l'objet de transformations, de substitutions, de réinterprétations, cela ne conduit pas à poser que l'identification ethnique peut s'exercer à partir de n'importe quoi". Jonathan Friedman ajoute aussi que la discussion d'Albert Doja sur les rapports entre l'ethnicité instrumentale et primordialiste est importante, même si elle reprend partiellement des discussions connues ailleurs aussi. Le fait que la manipulation de l'identité reste toujours dans des limites encadrées par une espace identitaire qui a ses propres limites implique que l'instrumentalisme est toujours limité et que "on ne peut s'identifier à partir de n'importe quoi". Mais Albert Doja marque un point important quand il soutient que ces deux concepts sont mieux compris si on les considère comme des aspects d'un même phénomène. Jean-Pierre Warnier remarque que la question du pouvoir et des rapports politiques apparaît souvent dans les travaux d'Albert Doja, mais là où il se rapproche le plus d'une analyse politique, c'est dans l'article «The politics of religion». D'un point de vue théorique, il ne semble pas suffisant de renvoyer dos à dos primordialistes et constructivistes, comme le fait pourtant le candidat. C'est l'analyse du pouvoir qui permet de trancher entre les deux, ainsi que l'a suggéré Jean-François Bayart dans son livre L'Illusion identitaire. A cette question concernant le pouvoir, Albert Doja répond que c'est précisément parce la question du pouvoir et des rapports politiques est centrale à l'ensemble de ses travaux qu'on devrait considérer plutôt réducteur de la traiter séparément. Le candidat dit faire une distinction entre pouvoir et politique et qu'il s'intéresse à l'usage instrumental des valeurs morales et sociales de l'identité. Catherine Quiminal note à ce propos que les processus que Albert Doja qualifie de construction identitaire se développent en fonction d'enjeux sociaux et politiques circonstanciés parce que définis par des rapports de force internes aux sociétés considérées et par les relations plaçant ces dernières sous la dépendance d'autres sociétés, rapports et relations qui sont générateurs de domination, de discriminations et de résistances. Ces relations ont sûrement des incidences sur la compréhension de ce que Albert Doja appelle indifféremment dynamique des valeurs culturelles ou dynamique culturelle des valeurs sociales. Christian Bromberger note également l'importance des processus de construction et d'affirmation des identités collectives, ainsi abordées par Albert Doja, dans une région marquée par une forte fragmentation des appartenances confessionnelles. L'auteur souligne le rôle des affiliations religieuses (le bektachisme par exemple) dans la construction des nationalismes et dans les phénomènes de résistance qui ont ponctué l'histoire complexe de l'Albanie et du sud-est de l'Europe. Il analyse, de façon éclairante et à diverses échelles chronologiques, les phénomènes de conversion et de reconversion religieuses dont l'Albanie a été le théâtre. Également fructueuse est pour Michael Herzfeld l'explication que Albert Doja suggère de l'islamisation compréhensive d'une grande partie de la population albanaise. Il étend son modèle aux cas des bosniaques, et on ne peut que regretter qu'il n'est pas encore arrivé à comparer d'autres cas, tel celui de la Crète (où la cruauté des autorités vénitiennes assurèrent leur défaite par les Turcs et donc fournit un cas extrêmement clair de ce que Albert Doja indique pour l'Albanie). Quelle ironie historique que ce soit l'Église catholique qui, par l'oppression des populations orthodoxes, ait déclenché la réaction par lequel l'Islam gagna son importance actuelle en Albanie, même si c'est dans ses aperçus historiques plutôt qu'ethnographiques où Albert Doja semble achever son plus haut niveau de perspicacité! Catherine Quiminal souligne aussi l'hypothèse suivante proposée par l'auteur: "Le développement des pratiques religieuses et des mouvements successifs de conversion et reconversion parmi les Albanais. . . se laisse interpréter comme des expressions de conflit et de protestation, conduisant aux mouvements nationaux et au nationalisme". L'étude de la dynamique de ces mouvements a permis à l'auteur de "comprendre la relativité des conflits politico-religieux et ethnico-nationaux. . . et de mettre la signification des changements d'appartenance religieuse dans la perspective de négociation et de redéfinition des identités sociales". La religion s'ethnicise à des fins de rassemblement. Nation, nationalisme et citoyenneté sont des notions également appréhendées par l'auteur comme constructions identitaires et idéologiques. L'ethnicité est considérée finalement comme "une forme et une métaphore de l'activité et de l'organisation sociale". Jonathan Friedman note aussi que la discussion par Albert Doja de la démocratisation possible de l'Albanie est assez prometteuse, même si elle est encore à ses débuts. Il est d'accord avec l'auteur qui se demande dans quels sens peut se produire une démocratisation dans une société où un affaiblissement de l'État débouche sur un renforcement des rapports parentaux et claniques, où les hiérarchies clientélistes sont à l'ordre du jour ainsi que l'identité du type clanique dominante. Mais on peut aussi suggérer que c'est au contraire les soi-disant institutions démocratiques qui sont adaptées à des stratégies "conventionnelles", semblable à la démocratie africaine (ou du moins congolaise). En fin de compte, les ouvrages d'Albert Doja représentent un corpus marqué d'une vaste érudition qui suscite de nouveaux points de départ pour une ethnologie comparative de la région balkanique. Avant tout, il a trouvé les moyens théoriques pour ériger un pont analytique entre les expériences sociales des gens ordinaires et les structures politiques des entités nationales construites en leur nom et, selon les discours officiels, en accord avec leur vie sociale et culturelle. Pour conclure, le rapport de soutenance revient sur l'originalité du dossier "en rendant hommage au travail accompli par Albert Doja", et souligne "l'intérêt d'une discussion entre anthropologues européanistes et anthropologues des aires culturelles plus traditionnelles de la discipline", aussi bien que "l'impression positive qui se dégage de cette œuvre riche et d'un parcours où chaque étape inaugure un renouvellement des perspectives et des thématiques".
Die Inhalte der verlinkten Blogs und Blog Beiträge unterliegen in vielen Fällen keiner redaktionellen Kontrolle.
Warnung zur Verfügbarkeit
Eine dauerhafte Verfügbarkeit ist nicht garantiert und liegt vollumfänglich in den Händen der Blogbetreiber:innen. Bitte erstellen Sie sich selbständig eine Kopie falls Sie einen Blog Beitrag zitieren möchten.
Saudi-Arabien erlebt einen tiefgreifenden Wandel und steht vor großen Herausforderungen, die weit über sein traditionelles Image als Ölexporteur hinausgehen. Das Land, das über Jahrzehnte hinweg stark von der Ölförderung abhängig war und noch immer ist, steht vor besonderen Herausforderungen im Kontext der Nachhaltigkeit. Im Zeitalter von globaler Erwärmung, Ressourcenknappheit und Umweltzerstörung gewinnt das Konzept der Nachhaltigkeit zunehmend an Bedeutung.Es ist daher von großer Relevanz, sich mit den Bemühungen und Initiativen einzelner Länder auseinanderzusetzen, die darauf abzielen, ökologische, ökonomische und soziale Nachhaltigkeit zu fördern. Mit seinem "Vision 2030"-Programm hat das Königreich ambitionierte Ziele formuliert, um seine Wirtschaft zu diversifizieren und nachhaltige Entwicklung zu fördern (vgl. Benlaria et al., 2022).Diese Arbeit zielt darauf ab, die verschiedenen Nachhaltigkeitsprojekte des Landes darzustellen, zu analysieren und kritisch zu bewerten. Zu Beginn wird Saudi-Arabiens Standpunkt in der Welt als Ölexporteur beleuchtet. Des Weiteren werden die Herausforderungen, die bei der Umstellung auf nachhaltige Projekte entstehen, erörtert. Im Anschluss werden die Potenziale und Strategien für eine nachhaltige Energiezukunft vorgestellt.Saudi-Arabiens Standpunkt in der Welt (Ölexporteur)Saudi-Arabien ist als einer der weltgrößten Ölexporteure bekannt, dessen Wirtschaft traditionell stark von der Erdölindustrie abhängig ist. Als eines der führenden Ölexportländer nimmt Saudi-Arabien eine bedeutende Rolle in der globalen Wirtschaft und Energiepolitik ein. Der Reichtum des Landes, der auf den umfangreichen Ölvorkommen beruht, hat das Land nicht nur zu einem wirtschaftlichen Schwergewicht gemacht, sondern auch zu einem Schlüsselakteur auf der geopolitischen Bühne.Die Einnahmen aus dem Ölexport bilden die Stütze der Staatsfinanzen und ermöglichen es dem Land, umfassende Infrastrukturprojekte zu finanzieren und soziale Programme zu unterstützen. Jedoch ist Saudi-Arabien stark von den Schwankungen des globalen Ölpreises abhängig, was die Wirtschaft anfällig für externe Einflüsse macht.Mit einem Anteil von rund 42 % am Bruttoinlandsprodukt ist der Erdölsektor ein entscheidender Faktor für die Wirtschaft des Landes (vgl. Alghamdi et al., 2020). In der Vergangenheit trug der Ölreichtum zur Entwicklung verschiedener Wirtschaftsstrukturen bei und ermöglichte es dem saudischen Staat, seine umfassenden Sozialleistungen zu finanzieren (vgl. Henrich, 2023, S. 197).Die Notwendigkeit, sich von der Öl-Abhängigkeit zu lösen, wurde insbesondere durch die Ereignisse im September 2019 verdeutlicht, als zwei Erdölanlagen der Firma ARAMCO durch Drohnenangriffe beschädigt wurden, wodurch das Königreich kurzzeitig 60 % seiner Produktionskapazitäten verlor (vgl. Akbulut et al., 2022, S.74).Diese Abhängigkeit von fossilen Brennstoffen hat langfristige Folgen für die Umwelt und stellt das Land vor Herausforderungen im Zusammenhang mit globaler Erwärmung und Klimawandel. Angesichts der zunehmenden internationalen Bestrebungen zur Reduktion von Treibhausgasen und der Förderung nachhaltiger Energiequellen, steht Saudi-Arabien vor einem Wendepunkt. Es muss seine Wirtschaft diversifizieren und den Weg hin zu einer nachhaltigeren Zukunft einschlagen (vgl. Alghamdi et al., 2022).Die außenpolitischen Strategien Saudi-Arabiens, insbesondere die Annäherung an Israel und die Beziehungen zu den USA, spielen ebenfalls eine wichtige Rolle. Die Unterstützung der USA, insbesondere im Sicherheitsbereich, bleibt für das Land von zentraler Bedeutung (vgl. Akbulut et al., 2022, S.97f.).Kritik gibt es an der Ernsthaftigkeit Saudi-Arabiens im Hinblick auf internationale Umweltverträge. Frühere Positionen des Landes bei Verhandlungen zu globalen Umweltabkommen wurden als obstruktiv eingestuft, was teilweise darauf zurückgeführt wurde, dass eine Reduzierung von Treibhausgas-Emissionen zu einem Rückgang der Nachfrage nach Erdöl und damit zu Einnahmeverlusten führen könnte.Dennoch zeigt das Engagement und die Teilnahme an globalen Umweltforen ein zunehmendes Bewusstsein für Nachhaltigkeitsfragen innerhalb des Landes. Mit der Umsetzung von Vision 2030, einem ambitionierten Programm des Kronprinzen Mohammed Bin Salman, das darauf abzielt, die Abhängigkeit des Landes vom Öl zu senken und der Förderung nachhaltiger Praktiken in verschiedenen Wirtschaftssektoren, einschließlich der Umwelt-, Energie- und Infrastrukturprojekte, hat Saudi-Arabien bereits wichtige Schritte in Richtung einer nachhaltigeren Zukunft unternommen (vgl. Akbulut et al., 2022, S.68). Herausforderungen bei der Umstellung auf nachhaltige ProjekteAls ein bedeutender Exporteur von Erdöl und Erdgas sieht sich Saudi-Arabien vor der Herausforderung, sich von seiner starken Abhängigkeit von fossilen Brennstoffen zu lösen und auf nachhaltige Projekte umzusteigen. Außerdem steht das Land vor zahlreichen Entwicklungsproblemen wie hoher Arbeitslosigkeit, schnell wachsender Bevölkerung, schneller Urbanisierung und einem großen Zustrom von Einwanderern, während es gleichzeitig über unzureichendes Ackerland sowie Lebensmittel- und Wasserressourcen verfügt.Trotzdem strebt Saudi-Arabien an, sich von der Abhängigkeit von Erdöl zu lösen und den Übergang zu erneuerbaren Energiequellen voranzutreiben, um den Energiebedarf des Landes zu decken. Um diese Ziele zu erreichen, wurden umfassende Recyclingprojekte etabliert und Anstrengungen unternommen, um die Wüstenbildung und verschiedene Formen der Umweltverschmutzung zu reduzieren. Ein optimierter Umgang mit Wasserressourcen wird durch die Reduzierung des Verbrauchs und die Nutzung von aufbereitetem und erneuerbarem Wasser gefördert. Darüber hinaus werden Inseln, Naturschutzgebiete und Strände geschützt und rehabilitiert, um sie der Öffentlichkeit zugänglich zu machen. Das Bildungssystem spielt ebenfalls eine Rolle bei der Förderung nachhaltiger Praktiken. Saudi-Arabien hat in den letzten Jahrzehnten die Anzahl der Universitäten erheblich erhöht, was auf sein Engagement für eine nachhaltige nationale Entwicklung hinweist (vgl. Alshuwaikhat et al., 2017).Saudi-Arabien hat sich internationalen Anstrengungen angeschlossen, um den Herausforderungen des Klimawandels zu begegnen, wie es auch auf der Klimakonferenz von Dubai 2023 deutlich wurde. Dennoch wird das Land aufgrund seiner führenden Rolle in der Erdölproduktion und als einer der zehn größten CO2-Produzenten weltweit weiterhin kritisiert (vgl. Haque et al., 2020). Die Forschung empfiehlt, dass die saudi-arabische Regierung nicht nur die Nutzung erneuerbarer Energien fördern, sondern auch deren Finanzierung verbessern und die Leistungsfähigkeit des Verbrauchs und der industriellen Nutzung von erneuerbaren Energien steigern sollte (vgl. Kahia et al., 2021). Potenziale und Strategien für eine nachhaltige EnergiezukunftDa Saudi-Arabien über reichlich Sonneneinstrahlung und große Flächen verfügt, die sich ideal für die Nutzung von Solarenergie eignen, sind die Potenziale für erneuerbare Energien in Saudi-Arabien groß. Photovoltaikanlagen könnten einen erheblichen Beitrag zur Energieversorgung leisten. Aufgrund der klimatischen Bedingungen mit hoher Sonneneinstrahlung und der ausgedehnten, dünn besiedelten Landfläche verfügt das Land über ein großes Potenzial in der Solarenergie, das bisher nur minimal genutzt wird.Zudem bieten die beträchtlichen Windenergieoptionen zusätzliche Chancen, nachhaltige Energie zu gewinnen. Durch ihr ergänzendes Erzeugungsprofil wird die Windenergie den Ausbau der Solarenergie unterstützen. Darüber hinaus bieten die ausgedehnten Küstengebiete des Landes ideale Bedingungen für die Entwicklung von Windenergieprojekten. Diese erneuerbaren Ressourcen haben das Potenzial, Saudi-Arabien zu einem Vorreiter auf dem Gebiet der nachhaltigen Energie zu machen (vgl. Krebber, 2022).Die saudi-arabische Regierung hat bereits in verschiedene Projekte investiert, um die nationale Infrastruktur zu verbessern und die Effizienz im Energieverbrauch zu steigern (vgl. Alghamdi et al., 2022). Es ist zu beachten, dass Saudi-Arabien nicht nur im Hinblick auf Energie, sondern auch im Hinblick auf Wasser und Abfallmanagement Nachhaltigkeit anstrebt. Die Einführung von Recyclingprojekten und die Bemühungen zur Reduzierung von Wüstenbildung und Verschmutzung sind Teil dieser Bestrebungen (vgl. Alshuwaikhat et al., 2017).Die Umsetzung dieser vielfältigen Strategien und Projekte ist allerdings mit Herausforderungen verbunden. Die vollständige Abhängigkeit von fossilen Brennstoffen für die Stromerzeugung und der Mangel an verbindlichen Bauvorschriften, die Nachhaltigkeit berücksichtigen, stellen Hindernisse dar, die es zu überwinden gilt. Die Regierung hat zwar wichtige Schritte unternommen, um Umweltschutz, Biodiversität, natürliche Ressourcen und eine bessere Lebensqualität zu gewährleisten, doch der Weg zu einer nachhaltigen Zukunft erfordert eine fortgesetzte und verstärkte Anstrengung in Bildung, Forschung und Regulierung (vgl. Alghamdi et al., 2022). Nachhaltigkeitsprojekte in Saudi-ArabienIn Saudi-Arabien hat sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten ein bedeutender Wandel vollzogen, der insbesondere durch die zunehmende Bedeutung von Nachhaltigkeitsprojekten gekennzeichnet ist. Die Regierung hat erkannt, dass die Abhängigkeit von fossilen Brennstoffen langfristig nicht tragbar ist, und hat daher erhebliche Investitionen in erneuerbare Energiequellen und nachhaltige Entwicklungsprojekte getätigt (vgl. Benlaria et al., 2022).Dabei hat Saudi-Arabien eine Reihe von Initiativen gestartet, um die Prinzipien der Nachhaltigkeit im Land zu realisieren. Bedeutende staatliche Bauprojekte und die Entwicklung von Infrastruktur und Gebäude, einschließlich Unterkünften, privatem Bau, Krankenhäusern und Schulen, haben zur raschen Entwicklung des Tourismussektors beigetragen. Die Regierung hat zudem wichtige Maßnahmen zum Schutz der Umwelt und zur Erhaltung der Biodiversität und natürlicher Ressourcen ergriffen (vgl. Alghamdi et al., 2022).Beispielsweise wurden mit dem Programm "Vision 2030" ambitionierte Ziele formuliert, um die Wirtschaft des Landes zu diversifizieren und nachhaltige Entwicklung zu fördern. Zu den Zielen gehört die Aufnahme erneuerbarer Energien in den Energiemix des Landes, die Steigerung der Produktion von Erdgas und die Kontrolle des Energieverbrauchs durch Subventionspläne für Brennstoffe (vgl. Mohammed et al., 2020). Im folgenden werden drei große Nachhaltigkeitsprojekte Saudi-Arabiens vorgestellt:Neom - "The Line"Ein zentrales Element von Vision 2030 ist das Projekt Neom, das als eine Stadt der Zukunft konzipiert ist und als Musterbeispiel für nachhaltige Städteplanung dienen soll. Mit einem Investitionsvolumen von geschätzten 500 Milliarden US-Dollar ist Neom nicht nur ein städtisches Großprojekt, sondern auch ein Symbol für die Transformation des Königreichs.Neom wird vollständig auf erneuerbare Energiequellen setzen und strebt an, eine Netto-Null-Kohlenstoff-Stadt zu werden. Die Entwicklungspläne für Neom schließen innovative Technologien ein, wie grüne Wasserstoffanlagen, solarbetriebene Entsalzungsanlagen und Systeme für urbane Luftmobilität, die es ermöglichen, Neom als einen globalen Vorreiter in der nachhaltigen Stadtentwicklung zu positionieren (vgl. Yusuf et al., 2022).Des Weiteren wird "The Line" errichtet, das ein Teil des größeren NEOM-Projekts ist. Es soll eine 170 km lange lineare Stadt werden, die darauf abzielt, alle wesentlichen Alltagsbedürfnisse innerhalb von fünf Gehminuten erreichbar zu machen und dabei auf den Einsatz von Autos zu verzichten. Die Verkehrssysteme werden vollständig unterirdisch geführt und durch künstliche Intelligenz gesteuert, um eine reibungslose Integration und schnelle Massentransitsysteme zu gewährleisten (vgl. Algumzi, 2022).Trotz der hohen Erwartungen und des Potenzials birgt das Projekt auch Herausforderungen. Die finanzielle Transparenz und das Risikomanagement sind kritische Aspekte, die es zu beachten gilt. Darüber hinaus muss Neom den Spagat zwischen der Bewahrung der kulturellen Identität Saudi-Arabiens und der Einführung von Innovationen meistern. Die Fertigstellung der ersten Phase ist für 2025 geplant, was den ambitionierten Zeitrahmen des Projekts unterstreicht.Das Projekt soll ein neues Kapitel in der Geschichte der urbanen Entwicklung aufschlagen. Es soll ein Modell sein, das zeigt, dass nachhaltig geplante Städte sowohl aus sozioökonomischer als auch aus technologischer Perspektive machbar sind. Der Erfolg dieses Megaprojekts könnte weitreichende Implikationen für die Stadtplanung weltweit haben und Saudi-Arabien als einen führenden Akteur im Bereich der Nachhaltigkeit etablieren (vgl. Yusuf et al., 2022).Das Rote Meer ProjektSaudi-Arabien schlägt durch das Rote Meer Projekt bemerkenswerte Ökotourismus-Bemühungen für eine nachhaltige Zukunft ein. Das Projekt ist ein Beispiel für die Förderung der Tourismusindustrie. Die Vielfalt der natürlichen Ökosysteme und soziokulturellen Merkmale Saudi-Arabiens bieten viele Möglichkeiten für den Ökotourismus. Dieses Luxustourismus-Entwicklungsprojekt erstreckt sich über einen Archipel von 90 Inseln an der Westküste Saudi-Arabiens und den Küsten der Provinz Tabuk.Das bereits 2017 angekündigte Projekt soll den internationalen Tourismus auf diese unberührten Inseln locken, bis zu 70.000 Arbeitsplätze schaffen und das Ökosystem an der Küste des Roten Meeres schützen. Zu den Zielen gehört das Streben nach 100 Prozent erneuerbarer Energie und schließlich die Erzeugung und Speicherung der vor Ort genutzten Energie aus erneuerbaren Quellen (vgl. Al-Sulbi, 2010). Grünes RiadUm der Wüstenlandschaft und dem immer bedrohlicheren Klimawandel entgegenzuwirken, hat Saudi-Arabien das sogenannte Riyadh Green Project ins Leben gerufen. In Riad, der Hauptstadt Saudi-Arabiens, sollen 7,5 Millionen Bäume den immer extremeren Lebensbedingungen entgegensteuern. Bis 2030 will König Salman Bin Abdulaziz zahlreiche Bäume in der Stadt und der gleichnamigen Provinz pflanzen. Das Projekt soll die Lebensqualität der Millionenmetropole verbessern und zielt darauf ab, den Pro-Kopf-Anteil der Grünfläche der Stadt von 1,7 auf 28 Quadratmeter zu erhöhen.Ein wesentliches Ziel des Projekts ist es, die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels in der Millionenmetropole zu verringern. Die CO2-Konzentration soll durch die urbane Bepflanzung um 3-6 % gesenkt werden, auch der Feinstaub-Gehalt soll reduziert werden. Dies bringt gesundheitliche Vorteile für die Bevölkerung von Riad mit sich, deren Atemwege von schlechter Luftqualität beeinträchtigt sind. Durch das Projekt soll eine höhere Luftqualität gewährleistet, geringere Temperaturen in der Stadt erreicht und weniger Wasser verschwendet werden (vgl. Hager, 2022).Beitrag zur globalen EnergiewendeSaudi-Arabien hat die Saudi Green Initiative ins Leben gerufen, die zum Ziel hat, bis 2030 50 % des Stroms aus erneuerbaren Energien zu gewinnen. 2019 machte Gas 65 % des saudi-arabischen Strommixes aus, der Rest wird durch Öl abgedeckt. Saudi-Arabien gehört zu den weltweit größten CO₂-Verursachern, will sich jedoch als ambitionierter Akteur im Kampf gegen den Klimawandel etablieren.Kronprinz Mohammed bin Salman erklärte im Oktober 2021 auf dem Saudi Green Initiative Forum, sein Land strebe an, bis 2060 klimaneutral zu werden. In diesem Zusammenhang hat das Königreich erhebliche Anstrengungen unternommen, um den Übergang zu erneuerbaren Energien voranzutreiben und eine nachhaltige Infrastruktur zu entwickeln. Die Vision 2030 des Königreichs unterstreicht die Ambitionen, die Abhängigkeit von Öleinnahmen zu verringern und eine nachhaltigere und vielfältigere Wirtschaft zu schaffen.Die Regierung hat umfangreiche Investitionen in den Ausbau erneuerbarer Energien getätigt, insbesondere in Solar- und Windenergie, um ihre Ziele zu erreichen. Diese Bemühungen sind nicht nur auf die Reduzierung von Treibhausgasemissionen und die Bekämpfung des Klimawandels ausgerichtet, sondern auch darauf, die Energieversorgungssicherheit zu stärken und wirtschaftliche Chancen zu schaffen.Trotz dieser Bemühungen weist die aktuelle Entwicklung erneuerbarer Energien in Saudi-Arabien noch eine erhebliche Lücke im Vergleich zu den gesetzten Zielen auf. Die angestrebten Kapazitäten von 27,3 Gigawatt bis 2023 und 58,7 Gigawatt bis 2030 scheinen aufgrund der bisherigen Fortschritte schwer erreichbar (vgl. Mohammed et al., 2020).Die saudische Regierung hat wichtige Initiativen ergriffen, um die Umwelt zu schützen und die Biodiversität zu bewahren. Dennoch hängt die Elektrizitätserzeugung vollständig von fossilen Brennstoffen ab, was erhebliche Umweltauswirkungen mit sich bringt (vgl. Alghamdi et al., 2022). Saudi-Arabien hat zwar bedeutende Schritte in Richtung Nachhaltigkeit unternommen, jedoch ist es noch ein langer Weg, bis das Königreich seine ambitionierten Ziele erreicht. Soziale, ökonomische und ökologische AuswirkungenDie Nachhaltigkeitsdiskussion in Saudi-Arabien ist eng mit der sozialen, ökonomischen und ökologischen Entwicklung des Königreichs verknüpft. Der Versuch, von der Abhängigikeit von Öl- und Gasexporten wegzukommen und auf erneuerbare Energien und Nachhaltigkeitsprojekte umzusteigen, ist ein schwieriger Schritt, der verschiedene Auswirkungen mit sich bringt. Welche sozialen, wirtschaftlichen und ökologischen Auswirkungen durch diese Projekte entstehen, werden im folgenden Kapitel näher betrachtet.Unter soziale Auswirkungen fallen neue Arbeitsplätze und neuer Wohnraum für die Bevölkerung Saudi-Arabiens. Die Bedeutung von Nachhaltigkeit in Saudi-Arabien wird auch durch das Engagement für nachhaltige Praktiken in öffentlichen und privaten Unternehmen unterstrichen, wobei die Regierung ernsthafte Anstrengungen unternimmt, um Umweltprobleme anzugehen (vgl. Hashmi et al., 2014).Dennoch besteht eine Diskrepanz zwischen den Umweltgesetzen und der Landespolitik sowie den Regelungen, und es mangelt an öffentlichem Bewusstsein für Nachhaltigkeit. Es wird deutlich, dass trotz der Bemühungen der Regierung zur Adressierung von Umweltproblemen und ökologischen Fußabdrücken noch merkliche Probleme bestehen, die den Fortschritt hin zu einer umweltgerechten Nachhaltigkeit behindern (vgl. Mandeli, 2019).Ökonomisch wird gehofft, dass Saudi-Arabiens Wirtschaft durch die Projekte wächst. Die Bemühungen des Königreichs, erneuerbare Brennstoffe aus einheimischen Quellen zu fördern, sind ebenfalls ein wichtiger Schritt in Richtung einer nachhaltigeren Energieversorgung. Investitionszuflüsse öffnen und stärken gleichzeitig die Finanzmärkte Saudi-Arabiens, um eine nachhaltige Entwicklung zu realisieren (vgl. Belloumi et al., 2020). Darüber hinaus ist eine umfassende Bildungsreform erforderlich, um Manager auf die Arbeitsplätze der Zukunft vorzubereiten und das Königreich auf den Weg der Nachhaltigkeit zu führen (vgl. Hashmi et al., 2014).Für die ökologische Nachhaltigkeit ist die Förderung des Ökotourismus in Saudi-Arabien von enormer Bedeutung. Dies erfordert eine ganzheitliche Integration sowohl naturzentrierter als auch menschzentrierter Perspektiven, um einen nachhaltigen Ökotourismus auf nationaler Ebene aufrechtzuerhalten (vgl. Al-Sulbi, 2010). Die strategische Bewegung zur Förderung der Tourismusindustrie in allen Regionen des Königreichs begann im Jahr 2002 und hat sowohl erhebliche Investitionen in diesen aufstrebenden Sektor angezogen als auch eine Änderung der Einstellung der Touristen bewirkt (vgl. Al-Sulbi, 2010).Trotz dieser Fortschritte ist Saudi-Arabien nach wie vor mit Herausforderungen konfrontiert ist, wie z.B. der zunehmenden Nachfrage nach Wohnraum und finanziellen und institutionellen Kapazitäten (vgl. Mandeli, 2019). Saudi-Arabien muss sich weiterhin für internationale Investitionszuflüsse öffnen und gleichzeitig seine Finanzmärkte stärken, um eine nachhaltige Entwicklung zu realisieren (vgl. Belloumi et al., 2020).Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass Saudi-Arabien bedeutende Schritte in Richtung Nachhaltigkeit unternommen hat, aber nach wie vor mit der Herausforderung konfrontiert ist, die sozialen, ökonomischen und ökologischen Auswirkungen von Nachhaltigkeitsprojekten in Einklang zu bringen und die Implementierung dieser Projekte effektiv zu gestalten.AusblickSaudi-Arabien hat in den letzten Jahren erhebliche Anstrengungen unternommen, um seine Wirtschaft diversifizierter und nachhaltiger zu gestalten. Dabei stehen verschiedene Projekte und Initiativen im Mittelpunkt, die darauf abzielen, die Abhängigkeit von fossilen Brennstoffen zu verringern und die Umweltauswirkungen zu minimieren.Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass in dem Land Saudi-Arabien, das historisch stark von der Ölproduktion abhängig ist, das Thema Nachhaltigkeit in den letzten Jahren zunehmend an Bedeutung gewonnen hat. Die saudi-arabische Regierung hat ihre Vision 2030 eingeführt, die eine Reihe von strategischen Zielen zur Diversifizierung der Wirtschaft und zur Förderung nachhaltiger Entwicklung beinhaltet (vgl. Mohammed et al., 2020). Diese Vision beinhaltet die Schaffung einer "lebendigen Gesellschaft", einer "florierenden Wirtschaft" und einer "ehrgeizigen Nation", wobei Nachhaltigkeit in allen drei Bereichen als Schlüsselkomponente betrachtet wird (vgl. Alnasser et al., 2022).Innerhalb dieser Rahmenbedingungen hat Saudi-Arabien bedeutende Projekte zur Förderung erneuerbarer Energien initiiert. Ein Beispiel für das Engagement des Landes ist die Entwicklung von Kapazitäten im Bereich der erneuerbaren Energien. Die positive Auswirkung von erneuerbaren Energien auf das Bruttoinlandsprodukt verdeutlichen die Potenziale für ein nachhaltiges Wirtschaftswachstum (vgl. Benlaria et al., 2022).Zudem werden in Saudi-Arabien Maßnahmen zur Förderung des nachhaltigen Tourismus ergriffen. Die Planung von nachhaltigen Ökotourismus-Potenzialen erfordert eine ganzheitliche Integration von naturzentrierten und menschenzentrierten Perspektiven, um einen nachhaltigen Ökotourismus auf nationaler Ebene zu gewährleisten (vgl. Al-Sulbi, 2010).Trotzdem bleibt Saudi-Arabien einer der weltweit größten Energieverbraucher, was die Notwendigkeit für das Land betont, seine Energieeffizienz zu steigern und auf saubere Technologien umzustellen. Reformen bei den Energiesubventionen und Forschungsarbeiten zur Energieeffizienz werden als wichtige Schritte für Saudi-Arabien gesehen, um eine nachhaltige Entwicklung voranzutreiben (vgl. Belloumi et al., 2020).Die Herausforderungen, die sich aus der raschen Urbanisierung und dem wachsenden Energie- und Wasserverbrauch ergeben, erfordern jedoch eine umfassende Herangehensweise. Saudi-Arabien hat trotz der Fortschritte im Umweltschutz noch nicht das Ziel der nachhaltigen Entwicklung erreicht, was auf unzureichende Stadtplanung und -management zurückzuführen ist (vgl. Mandeli, 2019).Trotz dieser Herausforderungen zeigt die saudi-arabische Regierung ein ernsthaftes Engagement für die Bewältigung von Umweltproblemen und fördert die Forschung und das Studium von Umweltherausforderungen, die das Königreich betreffen (vgl. Hashmi et al., 2014).Insgesamt zeigt Saudi-Arabien mit den Nachhaltigkeitsprojekten eine klare Verpflichtung zum Umweltschutz und zur Reduzierung der Abhängigkeit von nicht erneuerbaren Ressourcen wie Öl und Gas. Die Entwicklungen und Projekte zeigen das Bestreben des Landes, nachhaltige Praktiken zu fördern und gleichzeitig die Wirtschaft zu diversifizieren.Nach wie vor muss Saudi-Arabien die Nachhaltigkeitsprojekte und erneuerbare Energien fördern, um die Umweltbedingungen zu verbessern und um die langfristige wirtschaftliche Stabilität des Königreichs fördern. Durch hohe Investitionen in erneuerbare Energien, Bergbau, nachhaltigen Tourismus und verbessertes Umweltmanagement zeigt Saudi-Arabien, dass es bereit ist, eine führende Rolle in der nachhaltigen Entwicklung der Region zu übernehmen.LiteraturverzeichnisAlghamdi et al. (2022). Reviewing the effects of deploying building information modelling (BIM) on the adoption of sustainable design in Gulf countries: a case study in Saudi Arabia, (S. 12). Zugriff am 12. Januar 2024 unter https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/0633a9da9ba38156d5a4c36fe6900b01a8e623beAlgumzi, A. (2022). Risks and Challenges Associated with NEOM Project in Saudi Arabia: A Marketing Perspective, (S. 2). Zugriff am 12. Januar 2024 unter https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/2690493241ebab996ebe8348deeed12bbc61b2a0Akbulut et al. (2022). Umbruch, Zerfall und Restauration. Der Nahe Osten im Spannungsfeld regionaler Akteure und externer Mächte. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft: Baden-Baden.Alnasser et al. (2022). Food Sustainability Knowledge among Saudis: Towards the Goals of Saudi Vision 2030, (S.1). Zugriff am 14. Januar 2024 unter https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/1e3ba547c0b8b8236dc4a8428e82181d42ec94d3Alshuwaikhat et al. (2017). Sustainability Matters in National Development Visions—Evidence from Saudi Arabia's Vision for 2030, (S. 5). Zugriff am 13. Januar 2024 unter https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/86fe3ac3c44644b9f630bd20544722aa43c3d310Al-Sulbi, A. (2010). Potentialities planning of sustainable ecotourism in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia., (S. 1). Zugriff am 12. Januar 2024 unter https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/857a345740a1f48fe7f3ee0cdff6373aa51d858bBelloumi et al. (2020). The Impact of International Trade on Sustainable Development in Saudi Arabia, (S. 15). Zugriff am 20. Januar 2024 unter https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/d33575fa3411abf93e0a981197699b8b7df00350Benlaria et al. (2022). Economic Impact of Renewable Energy on Sustainable Development in Saudi Arabia, (S. 1). Zugriff am 14. Januar 2024 unter https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/4c63c458afb666cb32e598f31e59f1cb29acb121Hashmi et al. (2014). Sustainability Commitment In Saudi Arabia And Need For Educational Reforms For The Jobs Of The Future, (S. 1). Zugriff am 10.Januar 2024 unter https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/cb49f5881aa3fedc9c1e5f527d082143d403b01eMandeli, K. (2019). Sustainable Development and Governance in Saudi cities, (S. 14). Zugriff am 14. Januar 2024 unter https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/e5d72b27627d03f367a04826a423a276e7e7ab7d Hager, H. (2022). Was ist das Riyadh Green Projekt?. Zugriff am 06. Januar 2024 unter https://www.floo.media/wiki/was-ist-das-riyadh-green-project/Haque et al. (2020). Environmental Sustainability Awareness in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, (S. 1). Zugriff am 11. Januar 2024 unter https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/adfd22db93db0ab7572405c27fff5313ef82c83bHenrich, C. (2023). Politik und Gesellschaft im Mittleren Osten. Eine Region im Spannungsfeld politischer und gesellschaftlicher Transformation. Springer VS: Wiesbaden.Kahia et al. (2021). Green Energy, Economic Growth and Environmental Quality Nexus in Saudi Arabia, (S. 1). Zugriff am 15. Januar 2024 unter https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/24149fe380f4a1b951d23837c778958cc458813eKrebber, M. (2022). Saudi-Arabien setzt auf Wind- und Solarenergie. Das Königreich strebt einen raschen und massiven Ausbau der Erneuerbare Energien an. Zugriff am 06. Januar 2024 unter https://www.en-former.com/saudi-arabien-setzt-auf-wind-und-solarenergie/Mohammed et al. (2020). An Integrated Approach to the Realization of Saudi Arabia's Energy Sustainability, (S. 3). Zugriff am 15. Januar 2024 unter https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/238c7ee3a1abab995bbceeed3ab5c75af2f74b29Yusuf et al. (2022). Saudi Arabia's NEOM Project as a Testing Ground for Economically Feasible Planned Cities: Case Study, (S. 2). Zugriff am 11. Januar 2024 unter https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/b62c70282678e56b748a9c26a64ee6464c87725f
According to the main objectives of the study, the following conclusions could be presented: 1. The drastic decrease in arable land use in the transition to a free market economy continued until EU CAP was implemented in Estonia. The regional differences in land use changes in the 1990s were determined mainly by local bio-physical disadvantages such as soil quality. The higher decrease rate of arable land use in 1992– 2001 occurred in the regions with low soil fertility. A decrease in soil fertility by one quality point brings about a 2.5% increase in the proportion of abandoned land. The loss of subsidies at the beginning of the transition period highlighted the importance of pedo-climatic conditions in the formation of the profitability of agricultural production but the EU agricultural policy has again relieved the impact of bio-physical diversity on the competitiveness of agriculture. 2. Plant nutrient balances of Estonian arable soils were analysed in the long-term (1939–2003) with uniform methodology. This approach enabled the evaluation of some aspects of sustainability of agricultural land use and soil management through transition from the Soviet era to the open market economy. The application of both mineral and organic fertilisers started to increase in the 1960s and peaked in the 1980s. The increase in fertilisation was not followed proportionately by yield increase and this resulted in positive NPK balances of arable soils in the 1970–1980s, which has significantly improved the nutrient supply of arable soils. The quantities of plant nutrients N, K and P applied to the fields exceeded the amounts removed through crop harvesting by a factor of 2–2.3 (N), 1.9–2.2 (K) and 3–3.5 (P). The amounts of lactate soluble P and K increased by 1.1 and 0.7 mg kg-1 soil per year, respectively. 3. In the 1990s the use of fertilisers has decreased by significant factors: N by six; P by twenty; K by thirty and organic fertilisers by four. The total balances of K and P of arable soils have become negative as a consequence of inadequate fertilisation. Active balance, which enables the estimation of the degree to which formation of the yield occurs at the expense of soil resources, shows that at present the 58 59 largest deficiency is regarding P (68%) and K (57%) followed by N (34%). Thus, at present, crop production takes place largely at the expense of the soil nutrient reserves created by farmers in the 1970–1980s. The use of mineral fertilisers is less intensive in the regions with low soil quality. Decrease in soil fertility reduces the amount of mineral fertilisers used by 2.85 kg NPK per one soil quality point. As nutrient deficiency is highest for forage crops, the depletion of soil P and K may become critical, especially in organic systems where grasslands are dominant. Agri-environmental policy should more consider soil degradation due to the negative plant nutrient balances of arable soils in Estonia. 4. At present only 40–50% of the yield potential of cereals is realised in actual farming conditions. The high yield gap indicates the ineffective use of pedo-climatic resources and this causes agricultural self-sufficiency at the national level to deteriorate. Low realisation of yield potential of cereals is partly due to the insufficient use of fertilisers, as the actual yield level is limited by low input of plant nutrients to the soil. It must, therefore, be considered that the yield formation of cere - als is largely determined by the pedo-climatic conditions (50–60%), and that fertilisers are a lesser influence. In the case of oilseed rape the utilisation of the yield potential is 60–65%, which is induced by more intensive fertilisation compared to cereals. To narrow the yield gap in a profitable and environmentally friendly way, the field-specific fertiliser and other input optimisation is required. 5. A positive effect of the collapse of Estonian agriculture has been a reduction of the pressure on the environment whereas a negative effect to the several aspects of sustainable agriculture has emerged (i) in soil degradation which is due to insufficient investments into maintaining soil fertility, (ii) in ineffective use of pedo-climatic resources, (iii) in low profitability and competitiveness of the agri - culture sector, and (iv) in decreased national food supply. To achieve more sustainable agriculture the optimisation of agricultural land use and soil management should be based on the scientific knowl - edge and from this necessary precondition to develop a spatial agro-economic DSS. 6. The agronomic models for spring barley and potato, based on the regression analysis of numerous field experiments, were developed to assess the impact of soil and climate conditions on the effective - ness of fertilisers. The effectiveness of fertilisation depends, to a large extent on, besides soil properties, meteorological conditions. The variance of the average effectiveness, even of quite small rates, of mineral fertilisers (N60, P26 and K50) is very high. Higher efficiency is guaranteed in the case of balanced fertilisation but the optimum combination of nutrients depends on the relative prices of fertilisers and yield. The developed models enable the estimation of the pedo-climatic and economic risks in fertilisation optimisation. Improved agronomic models operating in spatial and temporal scale are forming a basis for knowledge-based DSS. 7. Data handling and presentation in the agricultural decision making process was for the first time in Estonia embedded to fieldspecific GIS and its application possibilities were analysed in the example of Kullamaa rural municipality. A field-specific database was compiled and agro-economic models were applied to provide information for decision makers. Economically effective N norm for barley is, in most of the study area, from 50 to 60 kg N ha-1 but on a quarter of arable land in the study area it is uneconomical to apply N to barley. Field-specific fertiliser optimisation compared to uniform fertiliser application can help farmers to avoid economic losses and simultaneously increase effectiveness of fertilisation and low yields. The simulated barley yield for the study area is, with the use of economically optimised amounts of NPK fertilisers, 2.6 Mg ha-1, which is by 1.1 Mg ha-1 higher compared to the actual cereal yield in the region. Composed thematic maps enable the clear presentation of spatial variability in the profitability of barley production from field to region scale. Farmers can use spatial profitability data with other criteria for crop rotation planning and for strategic decisions but presented DSS does not make decisions, but rather contributes knowledge that can be used in the decision making process. The ben - efit of this DSS is that information from different sources is collected, processed and integrated into a unified system which makes decision making more effective. This also makes existing soil information more easily available and self-explanatory for stakeholders. 8. Despite the fact that this study presents spatial agro-economic DSS on the example of just one rural municipality and a single crop, its importance is more extensive. Up-scaling the modelling results 60 61 from field-level also enables its application in regional planning and in macro-economic analysis. In this study the methodology for the functioning of the DSS was developed which is further applicable nationwide. There is an increasing demand for the planning of abandoned agricultural land in Estonia and a developed DSS can be expanded for the cultivation of bioenergetic crops or for afforestation of abandoned land. 9. Further improvement of DSS should focus on the development of agronomic models for various crops and economic models should be continuously adjusted according the changes in socio-economic conditions. The database of digital soil map should be definitely appended with quantitative parameters, which would provide prerequisites for its more extensive applications such as related production activities to environmental impact. The extensification of Estonian agriculture during the transition period has reduced the negative impact on the environment but at the same time this has caused a decline in the fertility of agricultural land, and this diminishes the competitiveness of Estonian agriculture. Analysed spatial DSS serves as a basis for effective resource management in modern agriculture and can be used as a tool in knowledge-based decision making processes to achieve economic, social and environmental targets of sustainable agriculture. The improvement of the current DSS and usage expansion from pilot areas to nationwide coverage of Estonia are essential for these purposes. This study creates possibilities not only for field-specific agro-economic analysis but also contributes a framework for further expansion of the capabilities of GIS-based DSS in various branches of the rural economy. ; Eesti põllumajandus ja sellega seonduv maakasutus on viimastel aastakümnetel agrotehnoloogia arengust, sotsiaalmajanduslikest ja poliitilistest teguritest tulenevalt läbi teinud mitmeid olulisi muutusi. Pärast Eesti taasiseseisvumist, 1990ndate alguses, toimus põllumajandustootmise drastiline langus – teraviljatoodang vähenes kümne aastaga 1,6, lihatoodang 2,8 ja piima tootmine 1,8 korda. Post-sotsialistlikest Ida- ja Kesk-Euroopa riikidest oli Eestis põllumajandustootmise langus kõige suurem. Aastatel 1990–2005 vähenes põllumajanduse osatähtsus sisemajanduse koguproduktist 12,7%lt 2,4%ni ning põllumajanduslik tööhõive 16,6%lt 3,9%ni. Sellised suuremahulised muutused on tõstatanud vajaduse põllumajandusliku maakasutuse ja tootmissisendite teaduspõhiseks optimeerimiseks. Erinevate maakasutusviiside rakendamisel tuleb arvestada, et see oleks jätkusuutlik nii ökoloogilises, sotsiaalses kui ka majanduslikus mõttes. Kuna ülemikuperioodil sotsialistlikust ajastust Euroopa Liitu Eesti põllumajanduse konkurentsivõime ja jätkusuutlikkus oluliselt kahanes, siis tõstatub küsimus, mil määral oleks võimalik asukohapõhise agromajandusliku nõuandesüsteemi rakendamisega optimeerida maakasutust ja tootmissisendeid, suurendada põllukultuuride saagikust ning põllumajandustootmise tasuvust ilma tootmistegevuse negatiivsete mõjudeta ümbritsevale keskkonnale. Seega käesoleva töö eesmärgiks oli: 1. hinnata agroökoloogilistest aspektidest muutusi Eesti maakasutuses, muldade väetamises ja taimetoiteelementide bilanssides 2. uurida põllukultuuride saagipotentsiaali realiseerumist 3. analüüsida mineraalväetiste efektiivsust sõltuvalt mullastik-klimaatilistest tingimustest 4. uurida looduslike ja majanduslike riskifaktorite mõju taimekasvatuse tootmistulemustele ja leida lahendeid nende riskide leevendamiseks 5. koostada ajas ja ruumis muutuvad agromajanduslikud mudelid ning analüüsida nende rakendatavust väetamise ja maakasutuse optimeerimiseks odra näitel 6. arendada välja asukohapõhise agromajandusliku nõuandesüsteemi ühtne raamistik, mis loob eeldused jätkusuutliku põllumajanduse eesmärkide saavutamiseks. Käesoleva uurimistöö käigus võeti kokku Eesti agraarteaduses senitehtu ning selle põhjal koostatud agromajanduslikud mudelid seostati ühtsesse geoinfosüsteemi. Agromajanduslike mudelite ja asukohapõhise nõuandesüsteemi väljatöötamiseks vajalikud lähteandmete allikaks olid arvukad dissertatsioonid, teaduspublikatsioonid ja -aruanded, riiklike sordivõrdluskatsete, agrometeopunktide, loomade jõudluskontrolli, loodus- ja keskkonnakaitse, Statistikaameti, Maa-ameti, Põllumajanduse Registrite ja Informatsiooni Ameti, põllumajanduslike testettevõtete raamatupidamise (FADN), agrokeemiateenistuse jt asutuste andmebaasid. Töös püstitaud eesmärkidest lähtuvalt saab teha järgmised järeldused: 1. Taasiseseisvumisjärgsel perioodil toimunud suur langus Eesti põllumajanduslikus maakasutuses jätkus kuni EL ühtse põllumajanduspoliitika rakendumiseni. Põllumajandusliku maakasutuse muutused olid 1990ndatel põhjustatud sotsiaal-majanduslikest reformidest, kuid regionaalsed erinevused seonduvad eelkõige piirkonna looduslike tingimustega. Suurem põllumaa kahanemine aastatel 1992–2001 toimus madala mullaviljakusega piirkondades. Valla haritava maa boniteedi kahanedes ühe hindepunkti võrra vähenes selle valla põllumajanduslik maakasutus 2,5% võrra. Seega, mullastik-klimaatilised tingimused osutusid Eesti üleminekuperioodil põllumajandustootmise tasuvuse kujundamisel määravaks, sest põllumajandustoetused olid ebapiisavad. EL põllumajanduspoliitika rakendamisega on aga looduslike erisuste mõjud maakasutusele ja põllumajanduse konkurentsivõimele leevendunud. 2. Ühtsel metoodikal põhinev haritava maa taimetoiteelementide bilansside analüüs (1939–2003) võimaldas hinnata põllumajandusliku maakasutuse jätkusuutlikkuse mõningaid aspekte üleminekul sotsialistikust ajastust vabaturumajandusele. Mineraal- ja orgaaniliste väetiste kasutamine Eestis hakkas oluliselt suurenema 1960ndatel ja saavutas kõrgeima taseme 1980ndatel aastatel. Väetiste suurem kasutamine ei taganud aga proportsionaalset saagikuse tõusu. Eesti taasiseseisvumiseelsel perioodil, mil toimus põllumajanduse arvestatav riiklik subsideerimine, suurenesid mulda viidavate taimetoiteelementide kogused keskmiselt 4,5 kg N, 2,8 kg K ja 0,6 kg P hektari kohta aastas. Samal ajal taimede poolt kasutatud ja saagiga eemaldatud toitainete kogused suurenesid aastas keskmiselt 1,3 kg N, 1 kg K ja 0,2 kg P hektari kohta. Seega mulda viidavad taimetoitainete kogused ületasid taimede poolt kasutatavaid koguseid lämmastiku osas 2–2,3 korda, kaaliumi puhul 1,9–2,2 korda 8 4 85 ning fosforit viidi mulda 3–3,5 korda rohkem. Märkimisväärsest positiivsest taimetoiteelementide bilansist tulenevalt suurenes sel perioodil muldade laktaatlahustuva fosfori- ja kaaliumisisaldus aastas vastavalt 1,1 ja 0,7 mg kg mulla kohta. 3. Eesti taasiseseisvumisjärgsel perioodil, 1990ndatel aastatel, vähenes lämmastikväetiste kasutamine kuni 6 korda, fosforväetiste kasu - tamine 20 korda, kaaliumväetiste kasutamine 30 korda ja orgaan - iliste väetiste kasutamine 4 korda. Tulenevalt ebapiisavast väetiste kasutusest muutus põllumuldade kaaliumi ja fosfori üldbilanss negatiivseks ning lämmastikku viidi väetistega mulda kogustes, mis eemaldati põllult saakidega. Taimetoiteelementide aktiivbilansist lähtuvalt on praegu kõige suurem defitsiit fosfori (68%) ja kaaliumi (57%) osas, kuid puudujääk on ka lämmastiku osas (34%). Tai - medele omastatava muldaviidud toiteelementide ja mullast saagiga eemaldatavate koguste vahe on negatiivne – -24,5 kg N, -6,5 kg P ja -26,2 kg K ha-1. Järelikult toimub praegune taimekasvatus - toodangu formeerumine peamiselt 1970–1980ndate suurtootmises loodud mullavarude arvelt. Mineraalväetiste kasutamine on väiksem madala mullaviljakusega piirkondades. Mullaviljakuse vähenedes ühe hindepunkti võrra kahaneb kasutatav mineraalväetiste NPK kogus 2,85 kg ha-1. Kõige suurem toiteelementide puudujääk esineb söödakultuuride osas. Fosfori ja kaaliumi mullarvarude ammen - dumine võib muutuda saagikust limiteerivaks faktoriks eelkõige suure rohumaade osatähtsusega mahepõllumajanduses. Põllumajan - dus- ja keskkonnapoliitika peaks aga edaspidi suuremat tähelepanu pöörama negatiivsest toiteelementide bilansist tuleneva muldade degradeerumise vältimisele. 4. Tänapäeval moodustab Eesti keskmine teravilja saagikus kõigest 40–50% reaalselt võimalikust saagipotentsiaalist. Suur tootmis - saagikuste ja saagipotentsiaali erinevus viitab ebaefektiivsele mul - lastik-klimaatiliste ressursside kasutusele. Madal saagipotentsiaali realiseerumine on seletatav ebapiisava väetiste kasutumisega, kuid samas tuleb arvestada, et saagikus tootmises sõltub 50-60% ulatuses mullastik-klimaatiliste tingimustest ning väetamise osa saagikuse kujunemisel on oluliselt väiksem. Rapsi mõnevõrra intensiivsem väetamine võrreldes teraviljadega on taganud parema saagipotentsiaali realiseerumise – riigi keskmine rapsi saagikus moodustab 60–65% sordivõrdluskatsete saagitasemest. 5. Põllumajanduse drastiline langus 1990ndatel aastatel vähendas negatiivset mõju ümbritsevale keskkonnale, kuid samaegselt on tõstatunud mitmed jätkusuutlikkust ohustavad probleemid: (a) põl - lumuldade degradeerumine tulenevalt ebapiisavatest sisenditest mul - laviljakuse säilitamiseks, (b) ebaefektiivne mullastik-klimaatiliste ressursside kasutus, (c) põllumajandussektori madal konkurentsivõime ja tasuvus, (d) kahanenud toiduga isevarustatus. Nende probleemide lahendamiseks ja oluliselt jätkusuutlikuma põllumajanduse saavuta - miseks peab põllumajandustootmise ning maakasutuse optimeeri - mine toimima teaduspõhiselt, millest tuleneb vajadus asukohapõhise agromajandusliku nõuandesüsteemi väljaarendamiseks. 6. Arvukate põldkatsete tulemustel põhineva regressioonanalüüsi abil koostatud odra ja kartuli agronoomilised mudelid võimaldavad hinnata mullastiku ja ilma mõju väetiste efektiivsusele ja väetiste kasutamise agromajanduslikke riske. Väetiste efektiivsus sõltub lisaks mulla omadustele ja väetistarbele suuresti ka klimaatilistest tingimustest, isegi mõõdukate väetisannuste kasutamisel on nende efektiivsus väga varieeruv. Kõrgem väetamise efektiivsus ja tulukus saavutatakse tasakaalustatud väetisnormide korral, kuid majan - duslikult põhjendatud taimetoiteelementide vahekord väetises on sõltuv väetise ja saagi hinnasuhtest. Hetke väetise ja odra hindade juures peab näiteks lämmastikväetise efektiivsus olema üle 7,4 kg kg-1 N-1, et katta väetamisele tehtud kulutused. Ajas ja ruumis to - imivad mudelid võimaldavad hinnata looduslikke ja majanduslikke riske väetamise optimeerimises ning panevad aluse teaduspõhise nõuandesüsteemi väljaarendamiseks. 7. Teaduspõhine nõuandesüsteem ühildati antud töö raames esmakordselt põllupõhise geoinfosüsteemiga ja selle rakendamise võimalusi analüüsiti Kullamaa valla näitel. Koostati põllumassiivide andmebaas ja rakendati agromajanduslikke mudeleid pakkumaks täiendavat informatsiooni odrakasvatuse ja väetamise põllupõhiseks optimeerimiseks. Majanduslikult efektiivsed mineraalse lämmastiku normid odrale jäid enamikel uurimisala põldudel vahemikku 50–60 kg N ha-1, kuid samas neljandikul põllumaast ei ole lämmastikväe - tiste kasutamine kui ka odrakasvatus tasuv. Põllupõhine väetiste optimeerime võimaldab põllumajandustootjatel vältida rahalist kahju, suurendada väetamise efektiivsust ja saagikust. Majandus - likult efektiivsete väetisnormide kasutamine vastavalt muldade 86 87 väetustarbele tagaks uurimisalal odra keskmiseks arvutuslikuks saagikuseks 2,6 Mg ha-1, mis on 1,1 Mg ha-1 võrra suurem antud piirkonna tegelikust teravilja saagikusest viimasel kümnendil. Koostatud teemakaardid võimaldavad selgelt visualiseerida odrakasvatuse tasuvuse ruumilist varieeruvust nii üksikute põldude tasandil kui ka regionaalselt. Põllumajandustootjad saavad kasutada põllupõhiseid tasuvusarvutusi koos täiendavate kriteeriumitega näiteks külvikordade planeerimiseks ja strateegiliste valikute tegemiseks, kuid antud nõuandesüsteem ei tee otsuseid iseenesest, vaid pakub pigem teaduspõhist lisainformatsiooni otsustusprotsessi tõhustamiseks. Erinevatest allikatest pärineva andmete integreerimine ühtsesse süsteemi suurendab informatsiooni väärtust, kättesaadavust ja teadustulemuste rakendatavust saavutamaks jätkusuutliku põllumajanduse eesmärke. 8. Hoolimata sellest, et antud uurimistöö esitleb asukohapõhise agromajandusliku nõuandesüsteemi võimalusi ainult ühe valla ja kultuuri näitel, on selle tähtsus oluliselt laiaulatuslikum. Põllu tasandilt modelleerimistulemuste üldistamine võimaldab arendatavat nõuandesüsteemi rakendada nii regionaalplaneerimises kui ka makromajanduslikus analüüsis. Käesolev töö käigus arendati välja põllupõhise agromajandusliku nõuandesüsteemi toimimise metoodika, mis on edaspidi rakendatav üle kogu Eesti. Praegu on tõstatunud vajadus leida rakendus põllumajanduslikust kasutusest välja langenud maadele. Antud nõuandesüsteemi ongi võimalik edasi arendada nii endiste põllumaade metsastamise kui ka neil bioenergeetiliste kultuuride kasvatamise seisukohalt, bioenergeetika arengukavade koostamiseks kui ka bioenergia tootmisprotsessi optimeerimiseks. 9. Esitletud nõuandesüsteemi arendamiseks tuleb teadusuuringutele tuginevalt pidevalt täiustada erinevate põllu- ja rohumaakultuuride agronoomilisi mudeleid ning vastavalt sotsiaalmajanduslikule olukorrale on vaja kohandada ka majanduslikke mudeleid. Digitaalse mullastikukaardi andmebaasi tuleb kindlasti täiendada kvantitatiivsete parameetritega, mis looks eeldused selle laialdasemaks kasutuseks nagu näiteks ilmastikukahjude hindamiseks põllumajanduses, kuid ka tootmisega seonduvate mõjude hindamiseks keskkonnale. Eesti põllumajandustootmise ekstensiivistumine üleminekuperioodil on vähendanud negatiivset mõju keskkonnale, kuid samas on põhjustanud muldade produktsioonivõime langust, mis omakorda vähendab Eesti põllumajanduse konkurentsivõimet. Järjepidev ekstensiivne maaviljelus ja ebaefektiivne ressursside kasutamine kahandab veelgi Eesti riigi põllumajandussaadustega isevarustatust. Arendatav asukohapõhine agromajanduslik nõuandesüsteem loob eeldused looduslike ja majanduslike ressursside efektiivseks ja optimaalseks kasutamiseks põllumajanduses ja on üheks vahendiks teaduspõhises otsustusprotsessis saavutamaks jätkusuutliku põllumajanduse majanduslikke, sotsiaalseid ja keskkonnakaitselisi eesmärke. Selleks on hädavajalik antud nõuandesüsteemi järjepidev arendamine ja laiendamine pilootalalt üle kogu Eesti. Antud uurimistöö ei loo võimalusi mitte ainult põllupõhiseks agromajanduslikuks analüüsiks ja tootmistegevuse planeerimiseks, vaid see võiks olla üheks osaks kogu Eesti loodusressursside kasutamist ja majandamist hõlmavast asukohapõhisest nõuandesüsteemist.
La V Semana Internacional de la Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, es un evento organizado por ALIANZA SISTEMA UNIVERSITARIO DE NORTE DE SANTANDER SIES +, dirigido a la comunidad académica, científica y los sectores productivos de la región, cuyo propósito es difundir los avances en investigación y extensión de instituciones nacionales e internacionales, a través de grupos de investigación e incubadoras, promoviendo la participación de los sectores productivos en actividades de investigación, extensión, desarrollo tecnológico e innovación que fortalezcan la relación Universidad - Empresa - Gobierno y el intercambio de experiencias con investigadores de ámbito Nacional e Internacional. campos. ; CONTENIDO PROGRAMACIÓN 8 LA POBREZA COMO EFECTO DEL DESPLAZAMIENTO FORZADO: COMUNIDADES MARGINADAS EN OCAÑA, COLOMBIA TECNICA INFORMATICA PARA LA IDONEIDAD DE LA EVIDENCIA DIGITAL EN EL ATAQUE A UN SISTEMA DE INFORMACION: ANALISIS FORENSE PARA LA CADENA DE CUSTODIA DIGITAL DIAGNOSTICO DE FUGAS EN TUBERIAS HORIZONTALES MEDIANTE REDES NEURONALES TERNARY DIAGRAMS SiO2-Al2O3-K2O AS TOOL FOR THE ANALYSIS OF BEHAVIOR OF CERAMIC MATERIALS DINÁMICAS CONTABLES Y SU RELACIÓN CON LAS TECNOLOGÍAS DE LA INFORMACIÓN Y COMUNICACIÓN (TIC´s) DIAGNOSTICO DE LA MAQUINARIA UTILIZADA, EN LOS PROCESOS DE POS-COSECHA DEL CAFÉ, Y CEBOLLA OCAÑERA, EN LOS MUNICIPIOS DE SAN CALIXTO Y ABREGO, NORTE DE SANTANDER QUEBRADA LA BRAVA: EVALUACIÓN DE LA CALIDAD DEL AGUA DENTRO DE LA ESTRUCTURA URBANA DE OCAÑA, NORTE DE SAN-TANDER THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND CLEANER PRODUCTION STRATEGIES: COMPANY BIOCAÑA S.A.S EFECTO DE LA INCLUSIÓN DE BLOQUES MULTINUTRICIONALES COMO SUPLEMENTO ALIMENTICIO EN BOVINOS DOBLE PROPOSITO SOBRE LA PRODUCCIÓN Y COMPOSICIÓN DE LA LECHE EN CONDICIONES DE BOSQUE SECO TROPICAL EFECTO DEL ENSILAJE DE CÁSCARA NARANJA Y GLICEROL SOBRE LA PRODUCCIÓN Y CALIDAD DE LA LECHE EN UN SISTEMA GANADERO DOBLE PROPÓSITO EN CONDICIONES DE BOSQUE SECO TROPICAL PLATAFORMA DE SENSADO FOTÓNICO PARA LA GENERACIÓN DE ALERTAS TEMPRANAS EN MOVIMIENTOS DE TIERRA EN MASA DISEÑO DE UNA PLANTA DE TRATAMIENTO DE AGUAS RESIDUALES MUNICIPALES - HERRAMIENTA: PANEL DE EXPERTOS MODELAMIENTO DE UNA CELDA ELECTROLÍTICA ALCALINA QUE PRODUCE OXIHIDRÓGENO SIMILITUD HIDROLÓGICA DE CUENCAS EN LA ZONA SUR DE LA REGIÓN ANDINA DE COLOMBIA Coliformes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Salmonella spp., EN AGUA ENVASADA PRODUCIDA Y COMERCIALIZADA EN SAN JOSE DE CUCUTA, EN LOS MUNICIPIOS LOS PATIOS Y VILLA DEL ROSARIO. MODELO COMPUTACIONAL ARTIFICIAL PARA LA ESTIMACION FUNCIONAL DE LA VARIABLE INSULINA COMO APOYO AL DIAGNOSTICO DE PATOLOGÍAS CARDIACAS. PROPUESTA DE UN MODELO BASADO EN SISTEMA MULTIAGENTE PARA LA GESTIÓN DE LAS COMUNICACIONES EN PROYECTOS INFORMÁTICOS DEL SECTOR SALUD HERRAMIENTAS DE INTELIGENCIA ARTIFICIAL PARA MINERÍA DE DATOS CASO PRÁCTICO: ESTIMACIÓN DE PREVALENCIA DE SÍNDROME METABÓLICO METODOLOGÍA PARA EL PROCESAMIENTO DE IMÁGENES DE TOMOGRAFÍA COMPUTARIZADA COMO APOYO AL DIAGNOSTICO DE PATOLOGÍAS MÉDICAS: CASO CÁNCER GÁSTRICO TIPO 2 DISEÑO DEL FUSELAJE PARA UN VEHÍCULO FÓRMULA SAE MEDIANTE LA SIMULACIÓN COMPUTACIONAL DE FLUJOS DE FLUIDOS . LA CÁTEDRA DE LA PAZ COMO HERRAMIENTA PARA EL USO RESPONSABLE DE LA VIRTUALIDAD EN EL CONTEXTO EDUCATIVO PARTIENDO DE LA INTELIGENCIA DE TIPO EMOCIONAL. ESTUDIO FISICOQUIMICO DEL ACEITE DE FRITURA RESIDUAL COMO MATERIA PRIMA PARA LA PRODUCCIÓN DE BIODIESEL TENDENCIAS INVESTIGATIVAS DE LOS DOCENTES EN FORMACIÓN INICIAL DE LA UFPS: UNA PERSPECTIVA TEMÁTICA Y METODOLÓGICA DESDE LA LICENCIATURA EN BIOLOGÍA Y QUÍMICA IDENTIFICACIÓN MOLECULAR MEDIANTE ITS DE LOS FITOPATÓGENOS Fusarium sp., Alternaria sp., Rhizopus sp., Aspergillus sp., Curvularia sp El CÁLCULO DESDE LA GEOMETRIZACIÓN DE INDICADORES URBANOS COMO ESTRATEGIA PARA CREACIÓN DE ARQUITECTURA Y URBANISMO TURISMO COMO FACTOR DE DESARROLLO EN LA CIUDAD DE CÚCUTA BOLEGANCHO: FABRICACIÓN DE DESTILADO ARTESANAL DESDE UNA PERSPECTIVA SOCIAL, RURAL Y AMBIENTAL BIORREMEDIACIÓN DE AGUAS RESIDUALES POR MEDIO DE UN CONSORCIO DE ALGAS NATIVAS DE LA REGIÓN DE OCAÑA NORTE DE SANTANDER. ESTUDIO DE EFECTOS NO GENÉTICOS QUE INFLUYEN SOBRE LA PRODUCCIÓN DE LECHE EN CABRAS EN OCAÑA (N.S) QUANTIFICATION OF UNCERTAINTY IN METALLIC PARTS SUBJECT TO FATIGUE PROPUESTA DE UN MODELO DE CONTINUIDAD DEL NEGOCIO PARA PYMES PRESTADORAS DEL SERVICIO DE INTERNET AL HOGAR: ESTUDIO DE CASO VALORACIÓN DE LA DIMENSIÓN TECNOLÓGICA EN LAS SOCIEDADES LIMITADAS Y ANÓNIMAS DE OCAÑA, COLOMBIA APLICACIÓN MÓVIL PARA LA OPTIMIZACIÓN DE LOS PROCESOS DE PRODUCCIÓN DE LECHE Y ALIMENTACIÓN DE LAS CABRAS: GRANJA EXPERIMENTAL DE LA UNIVERSIDAD FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANTANDER SECCIONAL OCAÑA DISEÑO DE UNA SEMBRADORA MECÁNICA DE SEMILLAS DE MAÍZ Y FRÍJOL.INTEGRACIÓN DE BIGDATA EN LAS PYMES: BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE AND CLOUD COMPUTING INFRAESTRUCTURA TECNOLÓGICA DE LAS PYMES DEL SECTOR COMERCIAL DE LA CIUDAD DE CÚCUTA: HACIA EL DISEÑO DE UN MODELO DE SEGURIDAD DE LA INFORMACIÓN. EL PAPEL DE GREEN IT EN LOS REQUERIMIENTOS NO FUNCIONALES DE DESARROLLO DE SOFTWARE: PERSPECTIVAS PARA EL DISEÑO FUNCIONAL ANÁLISIS DE LA SOSTENTABILIDAD DEL RECURSO HÍDRICO EN LA CUENCA ALTA DEL RÍO ALGODONAL, VEREDA EL OROQUE INFLUENCIA DE LA CULTURA ORGANIZACIONAL EN LA APLICACIÓN DEL GOBIERNO DE TI. CASO DE ESTUDIO UNIVERSIDAD FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANTANDER OCAÑA SOLUCIÓN POR MÉTODOS NUMÉRICOS DE LA ECUACIÓN DEL CALOR EN APLICACIONES DE LA INGENIERÍA. UN ESTUDIO DE CASO: REFRIGERACIÓN SIN USO DE ELECTRICIDAD RED SOCIAL FACEBOOK EN LAS ORGANIZACIONES CAMPESINAS DEL CATATUMBO VIOLENCIA INTRAFAMILIAR EN COLOMBIA: ANÁLISIS DE INFORMACIÓN A PARTIR DEL USO DE LA METODOLOGÍA CRISP-DM HERRAMIENTAS COMUNICATIVAS PARA EL CAMBIO SOCIAL DE LAS ASOCIACIONES DE VÍCTIMAS DEL CONFLICTO ARMADO DE LA PLAYA DE BELÉN, NORTE DE SANTANDER ANÁLISIS DE PARÁMETROS FÍSICOS EN EL SISTEMA SOLAR FOTOVOLTÁICO DEL BANCO DE ENERGÍA UBICADO EN LA PLAZOLETA A LA VIDA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANTANDER OCAÑA MODELO ESTADISTICO PARA LA CREACION DE VALOR DE LAS PEQUEÑAS Y MEDIANAS EMPRESAS EN LA ZONA DE CONFLICTO SUSTENTABILIDAD EN LA GESTION DE PROYECTOS DE INGENIERIA EN COLOMBIA APROVECHAMIENTO DE LA CASCARILLA DE ARROZ (Oryza Sativa) PARA LA ELABORACION DE UN MATERIAL AGLOMERADO DESTINADO A LA CONSTRUCCION DE VIVIENDA EN CUCUTA. NORTE DE SANTANDER - COLOMBIA EL PROCESO DE GERMINACIÓN DEL MAÍZ; UNA OPORTUNIDAD DE MEJORA DEL CULTIVO METALES PESADOS EN PECES DE ALTO CONSUMO EN LA CIÉNAGA GRANDE DE SANTA MARTA (COLOMBIA) SIMULACIÓN DEL VERTIMIENTO DE LA PLANTA DE AGUA RESIDUAL DEL MUNICIPIO DE BARRANCABERMEJA SOBRE EL RIO MAGDALENA EFECTOS DE LA VARIABILIDAD CLIMÁTICA EN EL PESO DE LOS GRANOS DE CAFÉ EN EL DEPARTAMENTO NORTE DE SANTANDER, COLOMBIA CUANTIFICACIÓN DE BACTERIAS DIAZÓTROFAS Y SU RELACIÓN CON LA PRESENCIA DE Burkholderia glumae EN CULTIVOS DE ARROZ, NORTE DE SANTANDER, COLOMBIA INFLUENCIA DEL SULFATO DE ALUMINIO EN LA CONSERVACIÓN DEL BANANO 'CRIOLLO' (Musa, AAA, SUB-GRUPO GROS MICHEL) IMPLEMENTACÓN DE UN MODELO FÍSICO PARA DETERMINAR EL COMPORTAMIENTO HIDRÁULICO DE RÍOS DE MONTAÑA EVALUACIÓN DE LA DINÁMICA FORESTAL DE DOS ECOSISTEMAS ESTRATÉGICOS EN LA CUENCA DEL RÍO PAMPLONITA EVALUACIÓN DE CEPAS DE Azospirillum COMO PROMOTORAS DEL CRECIMIENTO VEGETAL EN Brachiaria decumbens OBTENCIÓN DE LÍPIDOS DE Scenedesmus obliquus CON POTENCIAL PARA BIODIESEL BAJO CONDICIONES DE CARBONO ADICIONAL Y NITRÓGENO REDUCIDO RED DE SENSORES INALÁMBRICA PARA PROCESAR DATOS EN CULTIVOS MASIVOS DE LOMBRICES NARIZ ELECTRÓNICA PARA LA IDENTIFICACIÓN DE CAFÉ (Coffea arábica) ADULTERADO CON HABA (Vicia faba) TOSTADA Y MOLIDA PREDICCIÓN DEL NIVEL DE CONTAMINACIÓN ELECTROMAGNÉTICA UTILIZANDO GOOGLE MAPS Y TECNICAS IDW BASADO EN MEDIDAS OBJETO VIRTUAL DE APRENDIZAJE PARA DISEÑAR AMPLIFICADORES MULTI-ETAPA CON TRANSISTORES BIPOLARES Y EFECTO DE CAMPO ANÁLISIS TÉRMICO COMPARATIVO DE PRODUCTOS CERÁMICOS EXTRUSIONADOS: EL LADRILLO MULTIPERFORADO VS. LADRILLOS MODIFICADOS POR MEDIO DE GEOMETRÍAS DISIPADORAS EXPERIMENTACIÓN COMPARATIVA DE TRANSFERENCIA DE CALOR POR PUENTE TÉRMICO A PARTIR DE LA MODIFICACIÓN DE LA GEOMETRÍA EN BLOQUE CERÁMICO H10. MODELO MATEMÁTICO PARA LA SECUENCIACIÓN DE LA PRODUCCIÓN EN UNA EMPRESA MANUFACTURERA DISEÑO DE LA ARQUITECTURA DE INFORMACIÓN (AI) DE LA PLATAFORMA TECNOLÓGICA PARA GESTIÓN DE LA PRODUCCIÓN INVESTIGATIVA DE LOS DOCENTES E INVESTIGADORES DE LA UNIVERSIDAD FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANTANDER SINPLAFUT – UNA APLICACIÓN BASADA EN MICROSERVICIOS PARA EL ENTRENAMIENTO DEL FÚTBOL. LAS TIC EN LA ADMINISTRACIÓN DE LOS PROCESOS Y SISTEMATIZACIÓN DEL BANCO DE CEPAS DE LABORATORIO DE INVESTIGACIONES EN MICROBIOLOGÍA AVANZADA DE LA UFPS "INSTANCIA" DATOS QUE DAN FORMA [ARTE GENERATIVO] LA INNOVACIÓN DISRUPTIVA COMO VENTAJA COMPETITIVA EN LAS EMPRESAS DEL SECTOR CALZADO EN LA CIUDAD DE CUCUTA EVALUACIÓN DE LA INFLUENCIA DE LA MOLIENDA HÚMEDA EN EL DESEMPEÑO ESTRUCTURAL Y MECÁNICO DE PRODUCTOS CERÁMICOS CONFORMADOS POR EXTRUSIÓN INFLUENCIA DE LA ADICIÓN DE FIBRA COCO EN LA FORMULACIÓN DE PASTAS CERÁMICAS Y SU EFECTO EN EL COMPORTAMIENTO FÍSICO-MECÁNICO Y ESTRUCTURAL DISEÑO Y CONSTRUCCIÓN DE UNA INCUBADORA DE AVES DE BAJO CONSUMO ENERGÉTICO DISEÑO E IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE UN CONVERTIDOR DC/DC HÍBRIDO REALIMENTADO SIMULACIÓN DE UN SISTEMA DE CONTROL PID DE TEMPERATURA DE UN DINAMÓMETRO HIDRÁULICO IMPLEMENTADO EN EL SOFTWARE MATLAB-SIMULINK ® MÉTODO COMPUTACIONAL PARA LA VALORACIÓN AUTOMÁTICA DEL VOLUMEN VENTRICULAR IZQUIERDO EN ANGIOGRAFÍA POR RAYOS X. RESISTENCIA AL DESGASTE A ALTA TEMPERATURA DE RECUBRIMIENTOS DE CIRCONA-ALUMINA-CERIA OBTENIDOS POR PROYECCIÓN TÉRMICA POR LLAMA APLICACIÓN DEL BUSINESS MODEL CANVAS EN LA ELABORACIÓN DE MUEBLES DE OFICINA A PARTIR DE LA CASCARILLA DE ARROZ, IMPULSANDO LOS NEGOCIOS VERDES EN LA CIUDAD DE CÚCUTA, NORTE DE SANTANDER. PROPIEDADES TÉRMICAS Y TRIBOLÓGICAS DE RECUBRIMIENTOS DE CIRCONA-ALÚMINA OBTENIDOS POR PROYECCIÓN TÉRMICA POR LLAMA. MEJORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL DE MIPYMES A TRAVÉS DEL USO DE UNA APLICACIÓN WEB COMO PRIMER PASO HACIA LA REVOLUCIÓN INDUSTRIAL 4.0 "SISTEMA FOTOVOLTAICO AUTONOMO PARA UN PROYECTO PRODUCTIVO DE DURAZNO EN ZONA NO INTERCONECTADA: CASO DE ESTUDIO" CLUSTER CV2: APLICACIÓN DE VISIÓN COMPUTACIONAL PARA IDENTIFICACIÓN ESPACIAL DE AGRUPAMIENTO DE DATOS REDUCCIÓN DE LA BRECHA DIGITAL A PARTIR DE LAS REDES INALÁMBRICAS EN LOS COLEGIOS PÚBLICOS DE CÚCUTA EVALUACIÓN DE LA PRODUCCIÓN DE BIOETANOL A PARTIR DE LA CASCARILLA DE ARROZ (Oryza sativa) PRETRATADA CON NaOH E HIDROLIZADA CON CELULASA ÁCIDA (CFB3S) CONVERTIDOR AC/DC SEMICONTROLADO COMO CARGADOR DE BATERÍAS PARA VEHÍCULOS. CONTROL EN LAZO CERRADO EN UN SISTEMA INALÁMBRICO DE POSICIONAMIENTO EN DECIMAS DE MILÍMETROS PARA UN MOTOR PASO A PASO. DESARROLLO DE PROJECT MANAGEMENT GAME VR (PMG-VR) COMO APOYO AL APRENDIZAJE DE LA GUÍA PMBOK PARA GERENTES DE PROYECTO RESISTENCIA A LA CORROSION DE RECUBRIMIENTOS DE Si/Zr/Ti SOBRE SUSTRATOS DE ALUMINIO AA2024-3 SINTERIZADOS VIA SOL-GE IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE UNA APLICACIÓN MÓVIL PARA LA REALIZACION DE LABORATORIOS EN EL AREA DE PROTECCIÓN DE SISTEMAS INFORMÁTICOS APLICANDO HERRAMIENTAS DE SEGURIDAD DIGITAL AERODYNAMICS DESIGN OF SMALL HORIZONTAL AXIS WIND TURBINE PROPIEDADES FÍSICAS Y MECÁNICAS DE BLOQUES H10 FABRICADOS EN EL HORNO HOFFMAN DE LA LADRILLERA OCAÑA APLICACIÓN DE LA CONEXIÓN REMOTA ENTRE PLC UNITRONICS Y SMARTPHONE EN LA EVOLUCIÓN TECNOLÓGICA DE LA AUTOMATIZACIÓN DE LOS PROCESOS DE LA INDUSTRIA LADRILLERA DE NORTE DE SANTANDER. REVISIÓN BIBLIOGRÁFICA: UNA MIRADA A LOS SISTEMAS DE DETECCIÓN Y DIAGNÓSTICO DE FALLOS EN EQUIPOS ESTACIONARIOS CRÍTICOS, CASO ESTUDIO: INTERCAMBIADORES DE CALOR SISTEMA DE MONITORIZACIÓN Y CONTROL DEL PROCESO DE LLENADO DE TANQUES DE DISTRIBUCIÓN DE AGUA POTABLE METODOLOGÍA PARA CONTROLAR UNA VÁLVULA DE COMBUSTIBLE DE UN MOTOR DE COMBUSTIÓN INTERNA UTILIZANDO UN MOTOR PASO A PASO IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE UN SISTEMA DE CONTROL PID PARA LA VELOCIDAD DE UN DINAMÓMETRO HIDRÁULICO UTILIZADO EN LA CARACTERIZACIÓN DE MOTORES DE COMBUSTIÓN INTERNA ALGORITMO PARA DETECCIÓN DE FALLAS Y SUAVIZADO DE DATOS DE UNA RED INALÁMBRICA DE SENSORES PARA MONITORIZACIÓN DE VARIABLES AMBIENTALES ANÁLISIS FRACTAL EN IMPRESIÓN DIAGNÓSTICA EN CASOS DE TRASTORNO NEURODEGENERATIVO TIPO ALZHEIMER ANÁLISIS FRACTAL DE LA INFLUENCIA DE LA DISTRIBUCIÓN DE REDES VIALES EN LAS VARIABLES DE TRÁNSITO EFECTO DEL ÁNGULO DE FUERZAS EXTERNAS EN LA DISTRIBUCIÓN DE TENSIONES DE LOS IMPLANTES DENTALES OSTEOINTEGRADOS APORTES DE LA INGENIERÍA MOLECULAR EN LAS VACUNAS TERAPÉUTICAS DEL VIRUS DEL PAPILOMA HUMANO EN MÉXICO FACTORES QUE INCIDEN EN LAS ESTRATEGIAS DE ARTICULACIÓN ENTRE EL PROGRAMA ADMINISTRACIÓN DE EMPRESAS Y EL SECTOR EMPRESARIAL DE CÚCUTA HABILIDADES MATEMATICAS PARA EL PROCESO DE FORMACIÓN EN LAS CIENCIAS CONTABLES DE LA UFPS-CUCUTA RESOLUCIÓN DE PROBLEMAS A TRAVÉS DE LAS TIC Y EL ENFOQUE METODOLÓGICO CPA EVALUACION DEL EFECTO INHIBIDOR DE LA ENZIMA POLIFENOL OXIDASA EN UNA SALSA DE AGUACATE (Persea americana) de la VARIEDAD HASS CONSTRUCCIÓN DEL CONCEPTO DE DERIVADA USANDO LA TI-VOYAGE 92 LA INGENIERÍA DIDÁCTICA COMO METODOLOGÍA DE INVESTIGACIÓN EN EL APRENDIZAJE DEL CÁLCULO DIFERENCIAS INCIDENCIA DEL PENSAMIENTO COMPLEJO EN LA TRANSVERSALIDAD DE LA GESTIÓN DEL CONOCIMIENTO EN LAS CIENCIAS ADMINISTRATIVAS Y ECONÓMICAS EFECTOS DE LA INGENIERÍA DIDÁCTICA EN EL APRENDIZAJE DEL CONCEPTO DE FUNCIÓN ESTUDIO DE LA MOJABILIDAD DE UNA SUPERFICIE HIDROFÓBICA INTELIGENTE ACTIVADA POR CAMBIOS EN EL pH DISEÑA DIGITAL UN ESCENARIO DE CREACIÓN DE CONTENIDOS PARA CANAL CAPITAL BIO-CONVERSIÓN DE AGUAS POST-CONSUMO PISCICOLA PARA LA PRODUCCIÓN DE BIOMASA ALGAL DE ALTO VALOR AGREGADO HERRAMIENTAS DE FABRICACIÓN DIGITAL COMO ESTRATEGIA DE INNOVACIÓN EDUCATIVA TIC EN LOS PROCESOS DE DISEÑO ARQUITECTÓNICO AULA INVERTIDA MEDIADA POR EL USO DE UN PORTAL DE APOYO A LA DOCENCIA EN UN CURSO DE MATEMÁTICAS ANÁLISIS DE COMPONENTES PRINCIPALES SOBRE INTELIGENCIAS MÚLTIPLES Y RENDIMIENTO ACADÉMICO EN ESTUDIANTES DE ESTRATOS BAJOS DE CÚCUTA LA GESTIÓN DE LAS COMUNICACIONES EN EL ÉXITO DE LOS PROYECTOS. CASO ESTUDIO: UNIVERSIDAD DE PROVINCIA PERCEPCIÓN DE LOS ESTUDIANTES DE UN PROGRAMA DE INGENIERÍA SOBRE LA MOVILIDAD ESTUDIANTIL Y SU IMPACTO EN LA FORMACIÓN INTEGRAL COMUNICACIÓN Y MEDIO AMBIENTE: LA TRADICIÓN ORAL COMO HERRAMIENTA PARA LA CONSTRUCCIÓN DE MEMORIA HISTÓRICA EN LA CUENCA DEL RÍO PAMPLONITA NECESIDADES TECNOLÓGICAS DE LA COMUNIDAD INVIDENTE DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE PAMPLONA, SEDE VILLA DEL ROSARIO ANÁLISIS DE ÁCIDO FÓLICO EN ARROZ BLANCO POR CROMATOGRAFIA LIQUIDA ULTRA RAPIDA (UFLC)SITUACIÓN MIGRATORIA DE LA POBLACIÓN ASENTADA EN LAS COMUNAS 3, 4, 6 Y 7 DEL MUNICIPIO DE CÚCUTA DESDE EL ENFOQUE EN DERECHOS HUMANOS CONTEXTUALIZACIÒN EDUCATIVA EN LA FRONTERA: MEMORIAS, NARRATIVAS ORALES Y SUBJETIVIDADES DE LA POBLACIÒN MEDIACIÓN EN LAS PRÁCTICAS PEDAGÓGICAS A TRAVÉS DE LAS TIC ATENEO: ESTRATEGIA PARA DISMINUIR LA DESERCIÓN Y REPITENCIA DE ESTUDIANTES DE CICLO BÁSICO UNIVERSITARIO ESTABLECIMIENTO IN VITRO DE YEMAS AXILARES DE CEBOLLA DE BULBO (Allium cepa L.) MAQUINAS TURBOCOMPRESOR DE GAS NATURAL – MODELADO DE VIBRACIONES COMPORTAMIENTO DEL CONSUMIDOR DE PRODUCTOS EN LA OFERTA DE TRIBUS INDIGENAS CONCEPCIONES DE EDUCACIÓN A DISTANCIA Y MATEMATICA FINANCIERA DESDE UNA COMPRENSIÓN ONTO-HISTÓRICA EFECTO DE UNA DIETA A BASE DE PROTEÍNA NO CONVENCIONAL EN LA ETAPA DE ALEVINAJE DE CACHAMA BLANCA (Piaractus brachypomus) MODELACIÓN MATEMÁTICA CON APLICATIVOS WEB HACIA LA COMPRENSIÓN DEL CONCEPTO DE DERIVADA LA VIVIENDA DIGNA Y BARRERAS DE ACCESO A LA JUSTICIA: ESTUDIO DE CASO ANÁLISIS DE LAS REPRESENTACIONES SOCIALES DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE COMO SUJETO DE DERECHOS A PARTIR DE LA SENTENCIA T - 622 DE 2016 EN FUNCIONARIOS PÚBLICOS DE CORPONOR EN LA CIUDAD DE CÚCUTA THE IMPACT OF A CLASS PROJECT BASED ON INTERACTION WITH A NATIVE SPEAKER TO IMPROVE THE STUDENTS' LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL COMPETENCE IN A FOREIGN LANGUAGE COURSE URBANOSCOPIO: PERCEPCIÓN DEL ESPACIO URBANO A TRAVÉS DE LA CATEGORIZACIÓN DE LA MALLA CURRICULAR DEL PROGRAMA DE ARQUITECTURA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANTANDER PROCESO DE APRENDIZAJE DE LA MATEMÁTICA DESDE LA PERSPECTIVA DE LA NEUROEDUCACIÓN EN LA UNIVERSIDAD FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANTANDER HABILIDADES PARA LA VIDA EN JÓVENES UNIVERSITARIOS REFORMA RURAL INTEGRAL, UNA MIRADA AL MUNICIPIO DE FORTUL, ARAUCA 301 EL EMPRENDIMIENTO COMO VALOR AGREGADO DEL PROGRAMA DE ADMINISTRACIÓN DE EMPRESAS DE LA UFPS OCAÑA DISEÑO UN MODELO DE DIRECCIÓN ESTRATEGICA PARA EL INSTITUTO DE FORMACIÓN TEOLÓGICA HEBBRÓN – INFORTHEB FACTORES QUE AFECTAN LA PERDURABILIDAD EN LA EMPRESA LEÓN DISTRIBUCIONES DE LA CIUDAD OCAÑA, NORTE DE SANTANDER ANÁLISIS DE LA GENERACIÓN DE RENTAS PROPIAS POR EL MUNICIPIO DE OCAÑA EN EL PERIODO 2009-2017 COMPROMISO SOCIAL EN TORNO AL PROCESO DE COBRANZA DE LAS MULTAS DE TRÁNSITO DE LA CIUDAD DE OCAÑA A LOS INFRACTORES PROVENIENTES DE LA REGIÓN DEL CATATUMBO BUENAS PRÁCTICAS DE GOBERNANZA DE TI PARA LAS CAJAS DE COMPENSACIÓN FAMILIAR DEL NORORIENTE COLOMBIANO AFILIADAS A FEDECAJAS CAPACIDAD DE INNOVACIÓN DE LAS EMPRESAS APÍCOLAS COLOMBIANAS MEJORAMIENTO Y/O REDISEÑO DE PROCESOS ADMINISTRATIVOS PARA OPTIMIZAR EL ÁREA DE RRHH DE LA EMPRESA COOPERATIVA DE CAFICULTORES DEL CATATUMBO LTDA INFLUENCIA DE LAS TIC EN EL DESEMPEÑO DE LOS ESTUDIANTES DE ADMINISTRACIÓN EN LAS PRUEBAS DE SABER PRO 2017 PROTOTIPO DE SOFTWARE FUNCIONAL QUE PERMITA AUDITAR EN EL ÁREA DE RECURSOS HUMANOS DE LAS ENTIDADES DEL SECTOR SALUD EN LA SELECCIÓN DEL PERSONAL COMPARATIVO DE LA VOLATILIDAD TRIMESTRAL DEL ÍNDICE COLCAP EN EL PERIODO 2012-2017 METODOLOGÍA PARA LA EVALUACIÓN INTERNA DE UNA CADENA DE VALOR PREDICCIÓN MEDIANTE INTELIGENCIA ARTIFICIAL DE LA RECOMENDACIÓN DE HOTELES EN MONTEVIDEO EVOLUCION Y CAMBIOS EN EL TRATO DE LOS TRABAJADORES DENTRO DE LAS ORGANIZACIONES LA PRODUCTIVIDAD DEL VALOR AGREGADO (MPVA) Y LOS ESTILOS DE LIDERAZGO EN EL SECTOR MINERO DEL DEPARTAMENTO NORTE DE SANTANDER COLOMBIA LAS COMPETENCIAS LABORALES QUE REQUIERE EL SECTOR PRODUCTIVO: "DILEMA ENTRE LA TEORÍA Y LA PRÁCTICA COMPROMISO DE LOS CONTRIBUYENTES DEL MUNICIPIO DEL CARMEN CON EL IMPUESTO PREDIAL RESPONSABILIDAD SOCIAL EMPRESARIAL CON ENFOQUE MEDIOAMBIENTAL DE LAS EMPRESAS CARBONÍFERAS DE LA CIUDAD DE CÚCUTA IMPACTO DEL CONSUMO EN LOS COMERCIOS DE LA CIUDAD DE CÚCUTA. BAJO UN ESTUDIO DE CASOS DE LA MIGRACIÓN DE VENEZOLANOS EL TURISMO COMO CONTRIBUCIÓN AL CRECIMIENTO DEL PIB, PARA EL DESARROLLO DE LA ECONOMÍA DEL PAÍS LAS TIC COMO FACTOR DETERMINANTE DE INNOVACIÓN EN EL SECTOR TURÍSTICO EFECTOS SOCIO-ECONOMICOS DE LA CRISIS DE VENEZUELA EN CUCUTA Y SU SECTOR MANUFACTURERO CASO: CONFECCIONES Y CALZADO TASA MÍNIMA DE RENDIMIENTO REQUERIDA (TMRR) "MITO O REALIDAD" APLICACIÓN DE LA INDUSTRIA 4.0 EN LOS NEGOCIOS INTERNACIONALES CARACTERIZACIÓN DE ACTITUDES Y HABILIDADES EMPRENDEDORAS Y CAPACIDADES DE EMPRESARIALIDAD ENMARCADAS EN LA POLÍTICA DE CULTURA DEL EMPRENDIMIENTO DE LOS ESTUDIANTES Y DOCENTES EN LAS INSTITUCIONES EDUCATIVAS (IE) DEL MUNICIPIO DE SARDINATA, NORTE DE SANTANDER HEURÍSTICOS Y SESGOS COGNITIVOS EN LAS DECISIONES GERENCIALES: QUÉ SON Y CÓMO SE PUEDEN EVITAR ANÁLISIS DE SOSTENIBILIDAD DE SISTEMAS DE PRODUCCIÓN OVINO-CAPRINO ESTUDIO DE FACTIBILIDAD PARA LA EXPORTACIÓN DEL AGUACATE (persea americana) EN LA PRODUCCIÓN DEL MUNICIPIO BOCHALEMA, NORTE DE SANTANDER PRÁCTICAS DE RESPONSABILIDAD SOCIAL DE LAS EMPRESAS DE INGENIERÍA ELÉCTRICA EN NORTE DE SANTANDER TURISMO GASTRONÓMICO, UNA OPORTUNIDAD PARA EL DESARROLLO ECONÓMICO LOCAL DILEMAS BIOÉTICOS DEL PERSONAL DE SALUD Y VIVENCIAS DE PACIENTES EN LISTA DE ESPERA FRENTE A LA PRESUNCION LEGAL DE DONACIÓN RELACIÓN ENTRE EL NIVEL DE SOBRECARGA DEL CUIDADOR PRINCIPAL Y LA AGENCIA DE AUTOCUIDADO DEL PACIENTE DE CIRUGÍA CARDIACA EN UNA INSTITUCIÓN DE ALTA COMPLEJIDAD EN CÚCUTA FORMACIÓN PROFESIONAL PERTINENTE Y DE CALIDAD EN UN PROGRAMA DE SALUD: LOGROS Y BRECHAS INDICADORES BIOQUIMICOS INCIDENTES DURANTE EL ESFUERZO FISICO EN PATINADORES DE CARRERAS DEL DEPARTAMENTO DE NORTE DE SANTANDER DIAGNÓSTICO DE LAS CONDICIONES Y MEDIO AMBIENTE DE TRABAJO DEL LABORATORIO DE CERÁMICOS DE LA UNIVERSIDAD FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANTANDER, SEDE CÚCUTA IDENTIFICACIÓN DE LOS ESTILOS DE VIDA Y EL RIESGO CARDIOVASCULAR EN LOS COLABORADORES DE LA SEDE ADMINISTRATIVA COOMEVA EPS OFICINA CÚCUTA CONCORDANCIA ENTRE LA RELACIÓN GENÉTICA Y PROTEÓMICA DE AISLADOS CLÍNICOS Y AMBIENTALES DE Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii EN CÚCUTA, COLOMBIA ACTIVIDAD FÍSICA E INTELIGENCIA EMOCIONAL: UN ESTUDIO COMPARATIVO EN ESTUDIANTES UNIVERSITARIOS DESAFIOS EN LA ADHERENCIA TERAPÉUTICA AL TRATAMIENTO ANTITUBERCULOSIS Y PLANES HACIA LA ELIMINACION DE LA ENFERMEDAD EN LA CIUDAD DE SAN JOSÉ DE CÚCUTA DETERMINANTES SOCIALES DE LA SALUD EN POBLACIÓN INMIGRANTE VENEZOLANA EN EL TERRITORIO DE CÚCUTA, NORTE DE SANTANDER, 2017-2018 CALIDAD DE VIDA EN POBLACIÓN INMIGRANTE VENEZOLANA EN EL TERRITORIO DE CÚCUTA, NORTE DE SANTANDER, 2017-2018 IMPACTO DE LA ESTRATEGIA CUIDANDO JUNTOS EN CUIDADORES DE PERSONAS CON DISCAPACIDAD RENOVACIÓN CONCEPTUAL DEL PRINCIPIO DE OPORTUNIDAD EN EL SISTEMA PENAL ACUSATORIO IMAGINARIOS SOCIALES DE PAZ E IMPLEMENTACIÓN NORMATIVA DE LA CÁTEDRA PARA LA PAZ A TRAVÉS DE LA PAZ APP EN INSTITUCIONES EDUCATIVAS PÚBLICAS EN CÚCUTA LINEAMIENTOS PEDAGÓGICOS PARA LA FORMACIÓN EN GESTIÓN AMBIENTAL DEL CONTADOR PÚBLICO, DESDE LA ACCIÓN DOCENTE" "APROXIMACIÓN TEÓRICA SOBRE LA CORRESPONDENCIA ENTRE LA FORMACIÓN DOCENTE Y LAS POLÍTICAS NACIONALES DE CALIDAD EDUCATIVA COMO BASES PARA UNA PEDAGOGÍA INFANTIL" UNIVERSIDAD FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANTANDER CUCUTA "APORTES TEÓRICOS CONCEPTUALES A LAS COMPETENCIAS PEDAGÓGICAS DE LOS FORMADORES OCUPACIONALES EN EL MARCO DE LA EDUCACIÓN NO FORMAL" MIGRACIÓN FRONTERIZA, MOVILIDAD SOCIAL, E IMPACTO EN LOS ASENTAMIENTOS HUMANOS. "Caso Talento, Municipio de San José de Cúcuta." INCLUSIÓN EDUCATIVA EN CONTEXTOS DE VIOLENCIA: ESTUDIO DE CASO, TIBÚ- COLOMBIA. GEOMETRIZACIÓN DE INDICADORES URBANOS COMO ESTRATEGIA PARA PRODUCCIÓN DE PROYECTOS DE ARQUITECTURA Y URBANISMO LA ARCILLA Y LA ARQUITECTURA REPRESENTATIVA DEL SECTOR CENTRO COMO ELEMENTOS PROPIOS DE LA IDENTIDAD DE SAN JOSÉ DE CÚCUTA. MEMORIA HISTÓRICA GRÁFICA DE LAS HUELLAS DEL CONFLICTO ARMADO EN NORTE DE SANTANDER. CAMINANDO POR LAS HUELLAS DEL DISEÑO GRÁFICO EN COLOMBIA. INCLUSIÓN SOCIO LABORAL DE PERSONAS CON DISCAPACIDAD INTELECTUAL, EN LAS EMPRESAS PRIVADAS DE CÚCUTA. DESDE LA PEDAGOGIA CRÍTICA LA FORMACIÓN EN CIUDADANIA: ESTUDIO DE CASO ESTUDIANTES DE LOS PROGRAMAS PERTENECIENTES A LA FACULTAD DE EDUCACIÓN ARTES Y HUMANIDADES DE LA U.F.P.S PRAXIS PEDAGÓGICA: UNA APROXIMACION TEORICA EN EL CONTEXTO DEL SUBSISTEMA DE EDUCACION BASICA, NIVEL PRIMARIA MUNICIPIO LA CEIBA ESTADO TRUJILLO, REPÚBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA IMAGINARIOS DE CONFLICTO SOCIAL EN UN ASENTAMIENTO HUMANO DE LA ZONA METROPOLITANA DE CÚCUTA REPRESENTACIÓN MEDIÁTICA DE LOS MIGRANTES EN LA FRONTERA COLOMBO VENEZOLANA: ANÁLISIS DE LAS FRANJAS INFORMATIVAS DEL CANAL UNO Y CANAL TRO LA SUPERVISION EDUCATIVA DEL SUBSISTEMA DE EDUCACION BASICA VENEZOLANA MODELACIÓN MATEMÁTICA CON APLICATIVOS WEB HACIA LA COMPRENSIÓN DEL CONCEPTO DE DERIVADA EL RECONOCIMIENTO COMO POSIBILIDAD PEDAGÓGICA DESDE LA TEORÍA DE LAS REPRESENTACIONES SOCIALES DE GUERRA Y PAZ DE JÓVENES UNIVERSITARIOS CARACTERIZACIÓN DE LOS RESULTADOS DE LA PRUEBA SABER PRO 2017 EN LA UNIVERSIDAD FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANTANDER ESTRATEGIA DIDÁCTICA PARA FORTALECER LAS PRÁCTICAS EN LECTURA Y ESCRITURA DE LA UNVERSIDAD FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANTANDER: GUÍA ORIENTADORA ULISES ESTILO DE ENSEÑANZA Y APRENDIZAJE DEL PROGRAMA INGENIERÍA ELECTRÓNICA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANTANDER RESPONSABILIDAD SOCIAL UNIVERSITARIA UN NUEVO ENFOQUE PARA EL DESARROLLO DE LA EDUCACION SUPERIOR EN COLOMBIA. ESTRATEGIA PARA INCENTIVAR EL APRENDIZAJE AUTÓNOMO: CASO CONCURSO NACIONAL DE INTEGRALES ALFABETIZACIÓN ESCOLAR Y LITERACIDAD: UNA LECTURA DESDE LA INVESTIGACIÓN ACCIÓN PEDAGÓGICA EDUCACION DE CALIDAD EN EL CATAUMBO: CARACTERIZACIÓN DEL DOCENTE DE CALIDAD CIUDADANÍA Y DESARROLLO HUMANO: UN ABORDAJE DESDE LA CARTOGRAFÍA SOCIAL DIAGNÓSTICO SOBRE LA PERCEPCIÓN Y EL USO DEL ESPACIO PÚBLICO DE LA CIUDAD DE CÚCUTA POR PARTE DEL COLECTIVO FEMENINO. CASO CALLE TRECE ENTRE AVENIDAS CERO Y QUINTA LAS DINÁMICAS URBANAS Y SU INCIDENCIA EN LA TRANSFORMACIÓN DEL TERRITORIO. LA BRECHA ENTRE LAS COMPETENCIAS DE LOS EGRESADOS DEL PROGRAMA DE INGENIERÍA DE SISTEMAS DE LAS UNIVERSIDADES OFICIALES DE NORTE DE SANTANDER Y EL EJERCICIO PROFESIONAL EN MATERIA DE GOBIERNO DE TI. FORMAS DE LA INFORMACION / LA CIENCIA COMO FUNDAMENTO PROYECTUAL INTELIGENCIA EMOCIONAL EN LA FORMACIÓN INICIAL DE DOCENTES CARTOGRAFÍA DE LAS PRACTICAS DE CRIANZA DE LAS SUBJETIVIDADES INFANTILES EMERGENTES EN LA CIUDAD DE CÚCUTA. ATENCIÓN PSICOEDUCATIVA A NIÑOS Y NIÑAS HOSPITALIZADOS POR ENFERMEDAD GENERAL DEL SERVICIO DE PEDIATRIA E.S.E H.U.E.M DESEMPEÑO CIENTIFICO DEL DOCENTE DE LA UNIVERSIDAD PÚBLICA COLOMBIANA ANÁLISIS DE LA SITUACIÓN SOCIAL FRENTE AL DESARROLLO DE INCENDIOS FORESTALES EN LA COMUNIDAD PERTENECIENTE A LAS VEREDAS SAN MIGUEL Y TEJA DE ÁBREGO, NORTE DE SANTANDER ANÁLISIS DE LOS ESTILOS DE DIRECCIÓN DE LAS MUJERES QUE DESEMPEÑAN CARGOS DE ALTA DIRECCIÓN EN LAS ENTIDADES DE ECONOMÍA SOLIDARIA EN LA CIUDAD DE OCAÑA, NORTE DE SANTANDER FACTORES DE ÉXITO DE EMPRENDIMIENTOS BENEFICIARIOS DE CAPITAL SEMILLA FONDO EMPRENDER EN COLOMBIA LA DIFICIL TAREA DE SER MADRE EN ESTUDIANTES UNIVERSITARIAS LA DISCAPACIDAD POR EL CONFLICTO ARMADO: UN CAMBIO DE VIDA PARA EL CUIDADOR PRINCIPAL CALIDAD DE VIDA Y FUNCIONALIDAD FAMILIAR EN PERSONAS CON HIPERTENSION ARTERIAL Y DIABETES MELLITUS DE CUCUTA PERCEPCIÓN DE LOS USUARIOS DEL COMPORTAMIENTO DE CUIDADO HUMANIZADO DEL PROFESIONAL DE ENFERMERÍA EN LAS UNIDADES DE CUIDADO INTENSIVO DE UNA ENTIDAD OFICIAL Y UNA ENTIDAD PRIVADA EN EL I SEMESTRE DE 2017 INFLUENCIA DE LOS METODOS CONTRASTE Y PLIOMETRICO SOBRE LA FUERZA EXPLOSIVA EN ETAPA PRECOMPETITIVA EN FUTBOLISTAS JUVENILES PERFIL SOCIODEMOGRÁFICO DEL ESTUDIANTE DE ENFERMERÍA ASOCIADO A SU CONOCIMIENTO Y ACTITUD FRENTE A LA DONACIÓN Y TRASPLANTE DE ÓRGANOS Y TEJIDOS. CONDICIÓN FÍSICA Y ACTIVIDAD FÍSICA DIRIGIDA MUSICALIZADA EN ESTUDIANTES DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE PAMPLONA FACTORES MULTIDIMENSIONALES QUE INFLUYEN EN EL ESTADO DE SALUD DEL ADULTO MAYOR RETOS PARA EL FOMENTO DE LA EDUCACIÓN SEXUAL Y CONSTRUCCIÓN DE CIUDADANÍA EN EL MUNICIPIO DE SARDINATA BARRERAS DE ACCESO A LA JUSTICIA EN LA PRESTACION DE LOS SERVICIOS PUBLICOS DOMICILIARIOS - BARRIO LOS MANGOS – CÚCUTA – NORTE DE SANTANDER CÚCUTA ENTRE LA LEGALIDAD DEL LÍMITE Y LA ILEGALIDAD DE LA FRONTERA. EFECTO DEL PRETRATAMIENTO CON ULTRASONIDO EN LAS CINÉTICAS DE SECADO CONVECTIVO DEL BANANO (Musa paradisiaca sp). TORTUOSIDAD Y PERMEABILIDAD DE MATERIALES CERÁMICOS MESOPOROSOS DE CAOLÍN Y DIATOMITA EFECTO DE LA CONCENTRACIÓN DE ALMIDÓN EN LAS PROPIEDADES, MORFOLÓGICAS Y ESTRUCTURALES DE CERÁMICAS POROSAS A BASE DE ARCILLAS EXPANSIVAS. SIMULACIÓN Y CONSTRUCCIÓN DE LA SILLA DE RUEDAS CONVENCIONAL EN MATERIAL ECOLÓGICO DISEÑO DE SISTEMA AUTOMÁTICO DE CONTROL DE VELOCIDAD DE MOTOR BLDC APLICADO A MICROCENTRÍFUGA. SISTEMA DE INFORMACIÓN PARA AUTOEVALUACIÓN – SIAU EXTRACCIÓN DE CARACTERÍSTICAS DISCRIMINANTES EN IMÁGENES BIOMÉDICAS. ANÁLISIS DEL POTENCIAL TÉCNICO PARA LA PRODUCCIÓN DE ENERGÍA RENOVABLE A PARTIR DEL CUESCO DE PALMA EN NORTE DE SANTANDER CODIFICACIÓN MORFOLOGICA E HISTÓRICA DE LA ARQUITECTURA RELIGIOSA EN LA CIUDAD DE SAN JOSÉ DE CÚCUTA: CASO CATEDRAL DE SAN JOSÉ COMPETENCIAS RELEVANTES DE UN DIRECTOR DE GRUPO DE INVESTIGACIÓN EN LA UFPS, PARA SER EFICAZ EN SU ENTORNO, BUSCANDO ARTICULAR LA INVESTIGACIÓN CON EL DESARROLLO LOCAL, REGIONAL Y NACIONAL LA DEMOSTRACIÓN POR REDUCCIÓN AL ABSURDO UNA VÍA AL DESARROLLO DEL PENSAMIENTO MATEMÁTICO AVANZADO LA EFECTIVIDAD MATERIAL DE LA CONSULTA POPULAR EN LA ACTIVIDAD MINERA PARA LA PROTECCION DE LOS RECURSOS NARUTALES EN COLOMBIA EVALUACIÓN DE UN CONCETRADO PARA GANADO BOVINO A PARTIR DE QUERATINA EXTRAÍDA DEL SUBPRODUCTO (PLUMAS DE POLLO) COMPLEMENTADO CON PROTEÍNA DE SOYA (Glycine max) Y MAÍZ (Zea mayz). EVALUACIÓN DEL TEST DE TETRAZOLIO COMO MÉTODO PARA DETERMINAR LA VIABILIDAD DE SEMILLAS DE Glycine max. INDUCCIÓN DE POLIPLOIDIA EN KALANCHOE DAIGREMONTIANA RAYM.-HAMET & H.PERRIER (CRASSULACEAE) TOXICIDAD DE LAS AGUAS RESIDUALES PISCÍCOLAS SOBRE EL CULTIVO DE Scenedesmus sp. CAPACITAR EN EDUCACIÓN ADMINISTRATIVA Y FINANCIERA PRODUCTORES DE OVINOS Y CAPRINOS DE ASOVICAN (ASOCIACIÓN DE OVINOS Y CAPRINOS DEL NORTE DE SANTANDER) FITODEPURACIÓN DE AGUAS RESIDUALES CON UNA PLANTA EPÍFITA DE BOSQUE SECO TROPICAL (Tillandsia flexuosa ) VIABILIDAD DE INVERSIÓN EN EL MERCADO DE VALORES DE LAS EMPRESAS Y PERSONAS NATURALES RADICADOS EN ZONA DE FRONTERA NORORIENTAL, CON EL FIN DE OBTENER MEJORES BENEFICIOS ECONÓMICOS QUE CONTRIBUYAN AL DESARROLLO REGIONAL PERFIL COMPETITIVO DE LA INDUSTRIA DEL BLUE JEANS EN LA ECONOMÍA DE CÚCUTA SECTOR AGRÍCOLA EN NORTE DE SANTANDER Y EL MERCADO ASIÁTICO CARACTERIZACIÓN DEL SECTOR MIPYMES FORMAL E INFORMAL DE LA CIUDAD DE SAN JOSÉ CÚCUTA ANALISIS DEL COMPORTAMIENTO DE LAS FINANZAS PÚBLICAS EN SAN JOSÉ DE CÚCUTA DEL 2015-2017. APUESTAS COMPETITIVAS PARA EL FOMENTO DE LA PRODUCTIVIDAD DE LOS PRODUCTORES DE AGUACATE DEL MUNICIPIO DE BOCHALEMA, NORTE DE SANTANDER. USO DE SOFTWARE CONTABLE EN EL SECTOR COMERCIAL DE AUTOPARTES DEL MUNICIPIO DE SAN JOSE DE CÚCUTA MEDIDAS DE MITIGACIÓN Y ADAPTACIÓN SOBRE LAS EMISIONES DE GASES EFECTO INVERNADERO EN EL SECTOR TEXTIL DE NORTE DE SANTANDER ENFOCADAS AL COMERCIO INTERNACIONAL. EL TRABAJO SOCIAL DESDE LAS REPRESENTACIONES DE LOS ESTUDIANTES DE LICENCIATURA EN MATEMÁTICAS DE LA UNIVERSIDAD FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANTANDER ANÁLISIS DE LAS REPRESENTACIONES SOCIALES DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE COMO SUJETO DE DERECHOS A PARTIR DE LA SENTENCIA T - 622 DE 2016 EN FUNCIONARIOS PÚBLICOS DE CORPONOR EN LA CIUDAD DE CÚCUTA . ANALISIS DE LA TRANSCULTURACIÓN Y ADAPTACIÓN DE LOS INMIGRANTES VENEZOLANOS EN EL MUNICIPIO DE SAN JOSÉ DE SAN JOSÉ DE CÚCUTA. REALIDAD FRONTERIZA E IMPACTO SOCIAL DE LA MIGRACIÓN DE POBLACIÓN VENEZOLANA EN EL MUNICIPIO DE SAN JOSÉ DE CÚCUTA. (2016-2018) LAS ACTITUDES HACIA LAS MATEMATICAS EN ESTUDIANTES DE EDUCACION MEDIA: UN INSTRUMENTO PARA SU MEDICIÓN ESTRATEGIA DE INFORMACIÓN, EDUCACIÓN, COMUNICACIÓN PARA INCENTIVAR EL USO DE LAS TIC EN EL SEMILLERO DE INVESTIGACIÓN EN CIENCIAS SOCIALES FALS BORDA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANTANDER DE LA CIUDAD DE SAN JOSÉ DE CÚCUTA EN EL AÑO 2018 SECUENCIA DIDÁCTICA PARA LA COMPRENSIÓN LECTORA DEL LENGUAJE ALGEBRAICO EN ESTUDIANTES DE GRADO SÉPTIMO INCLUSION DE LA POBLACION LGBTI DESDE LA DIVERSIDAD DE GÉNERO, ORIENTACIÓN E IDENTIDAD SEXUAL . CULTURA CIUDADANA Y PRÁCTICA DEMOCRÁTICA: UN ANÁLISIS DESDE CENTRO DE CONVIVENCIA CIUDADANA DE CÚCUTA IDONEIDAD DEL TÉRMINO "SORDOMUDOS" EN LA LEGISLACIÓN COLOMBIANA AL REFERIRSE A LA POBLACIÓN CON DISCAPACIDAD AUDITIVA VIOLENCIA SIMBÓLICA BASADA EN GÉNERO EN ESTUDIANTES CISGÉNERO, DEL PROGRAMA DE INGENIERÍA CIVIL, SEXTO SEMESTRE, DE LA UNIVERSIDAD FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANTANDER. ESTRATEGIA DE COMUNICACIÓN PARA LA VISIBILIZACIÓN DE LA MARCA ASOCIACIÓN CHICAS F - LA FORTALEZA, COMUNA 8 DE SAN JOSÉ DE CÚCUTA DISEÑO DE MODELO ARQUITECTÓNICO PARA CENTRO AGROECOLÓGICO EN CLIMA TROPICAL CÁLIDO: CASO ASENTAMIENTO LA FORTALEZA, SAN JOSÉ DE CÚCUTA, NORTE DE SANTANDER ANÁLISIS DE LAS ACTITUDES Y COMPORTAMIENTOS DEL NORTE SANTANDEREANO HACIA LOS INMIGRANTES VENEZOLANOS REPRESENTACIONES SOCIALES DEL TRABAJO INFORMAL DE LOS VENDEDORES EN LA COMUNA UNO Y CINCO DE CÚCUTA DERECHOS FUNDAMENTALES INNOMINADOS: EVOLUCIÓN, CONCEPTO Y APLICACIÓN. LA TEORIA DEL RIESGO PARA LA IMPUTACION DEL DAÑO EN LA RESPONSABILIDAD CIVIL EXTRACONTRACTUAL: CASO DE RITA SABOYA CABRERA Y OTROS CONTRA CONDENSA S.A. SISTEMAS CONSTRUCTIVOS PREFABRICADOS CON MATERIALES DE LA REGIÓN CON ENFOQUE SOSTENIBLE PARA LA CONSTRUCCIÓN DE VIVIENDAS ECONÓMICAS Y DE CALIDAD HABITACIONAL EN CÚCUTA. ESTRATEGIA DE MARKETING SOCIAL PARA LA PROMOCIÓN DE DERECHOS HUMANOS EN VÍCTIMAS DEL CONFLICTO ARMADO EN NORTE DE SANTANDER, 2018 RESIGNIFICACIÓN DEL RIO CATATUMBO TIBÚ – LA GABARRA: CRÓNICAS WEB PARA LA RECONSTRUCCIÓN DE MEMORIA HISTÓRICA A TRAVÉS DE LA TRADICIÓN ORAL IDENTIFICACIÓN DE MENÚ TÍPICO GRAMALOTERO PROSPECTIVA ESTRATÉGICA DESDE LA COMUNICACIÓN DIGITAL 2018 – 2020 PARA LA ASOCIACIÓN LA ASOCIACIÓN CHICAS F DE LA COMUNA 8 DE SAN JOSÉ DE CÚCUTA OBJETO VIRTUAL DE APRENDIZAJE (OVA), PARA LA ENSEÑANZA DEL INGLÉS EN NIÑOS DE PREESCOLAR Y/O TRANSICIÓN DE LA ESCUELA SAN VICENTE DE PAÚL, DE LA CIUDAD DE CÚCUTA CONTEXTO DEL USO DE LOS MEDIOS PUBLICITARIOS DE LA AVENIDA 0 ENTRE CALLE 2 Y 18 DE SAN JOSÉ DE CÚCUTA SEMANTICA DE LOS TÉRMICOS GASTRONOMICOS EN LA COCINA TRADICIONAL EN LOS SANTANDERES ANÁLISIS HISTÓRICO DE LA INCLUSIÓN EDUCATIVA DESDE LA PERSPECTIVA DEL MODELO PRAXEOLÓGICO DISEÑO E IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE PROCESOS DE EMPODERAMIENTO A TRAVÉS DEL PLAN DE COMUNICACIÓN ESTRATÉGICA 2018 – 2020 PARA LA ASOCIACIÓN LA ASOCIACIÓN CHICAS F DE LA COMUNA 8 DE SAN JOSÉ DE CÚCUTA ACCIONES Y CONCEPTOS DE LA COMUNICACIÓN PARA EL CAMBIO SOCIAL EN LAS ONG'S DEL DEPARTAMENTO NORTE DE SANTANDER 2018 RECONSTRUCCIÓN DE LA MEMORIA HISTÓRICA DEL CULTIVO TRADICIONAL DEL TRIGO EN MUTISCUA, NORTE DE SANTANDER. ESTRATEGIAS DE AFRONTAMIENTO Y ORIENTACIÓN SUICIDA EN ADOLESCENTES DE UN COLEGIO DE LA COMUNA 7 EN LA CIUDAD DE CÚCUTA SIGNIFICADO DE LA VENTILACIÓN MECÁNICA PARA LOS FAMILIARES DE PACIENTES QUE ESTUVIERON HOSPITALIZADOS EN LA UNIDAD DE CUIDADOS INTENSIVOS DE LA CLÍNICA MEDICAL DUARTE DURANTE EL SEGUNDO TRIMESTRE DE 2018 HALLAZGO DE Cryptococcus spp. A PARTIR DE AISLADOS AMBIENTALES DE Acanthamoeba spp. DE LA CIUDAD DE CÚCUTA, NORTE DE SANTANDER TIEMPO DE ESTIRAMIENTO ADECUADO EN LOS MUSCULOS ISQUIOTIBIALES Y SU EFECTIVIDAD EN LA GANANCIA DE ARCOS DE MOVILIDAD UTILIZANDO LA TECNICA SOSTENER RELAJAR EN ADULTOS JOVENES SANOS VIVENCIAS FRENTE AL ESTIGMA DE LA MATERNIDAD EN ADOLESCENTES, ASISTENTES A LA E.S.E HOSPITAL LOCAL DEL MUNICIPIO DE LOS PATIOS EN EL SEGUNDO SEMESTRE DE 2018 SISTEMAS DE INFORMACIÓN PARA LA GESTIÓN DE PROYECTOS DE OBRAS CIVILES PATRONES EN MOSAICOS Y TESELADOS DESDE COMPOSICIONES GEOMÉTRICAS SÍNTESIS Y CARACTERIZACIÓN DE ZEOLITAS A PARTIR DE CENIZAS VOLANTES PROVENIENTES DE LA COMBUSTIÓN DEL CARBÓN EN LA TERMOELÉCTRICA TERMOTASAJERO S.A.S POR EL MÉTODO DE HIDROGEL ELABORACIÓN Y ANÁLISIS DE UN ABONO APARTIR DE DIATOMEAS RECICLADAS, CARBOXIMETILCELULOSA Y FECULA DE MAIZ EN MEZCLA CON DISTINTAS CONCENTRACIONES DE NPK. PLAN DE NEGOCIO PARA LA PREPARACIÓN Y COMERCIALIZACIÓN DE PRODUCTOS DE REPOSTERIA A BASE DE FRUTAS DE LA REGIÓN EN EL MUNICIPIO DE CHITAGA NORTE DE SANTANDER ELABORACIÓN DE UNA GOMITA MASTICABLE A PARTIR DE PECTINA CITRICA FORTIFICADA CON CARBONATO DE CALCIO Y VITAMINA D DESARROLLAR LA CÁTEDRA 'TEORÍA DE LA COMUNICACIÓN I' DEL PROGRAMA DE COMUNICACIÓN SOCIAL DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE PAMPLONA - CAMPUS VILLA DEL ROSARIO EMPLEANDO LA SERIE ANIMADA 'LOS SIMPSON' COMO HERRAMIENTA MEDIADORA . DETERMINACIÓN DE LA CULTURA DE RECICLAJE DE PLÁSTICO PET DE LOS HABITANTES Y ORGANIZACIONES DE OCAÑA ANÁLISIS DE PATOLOGÍAS ORIGINADAS EN LAS PERSONAS DEL MUNICIPIO DE OCAÑA NORTE DE SANTANDER A PARTIR DEL USO DE SISTEMAS COMPUTACIONALES SEGURIDAD INFORMÁTICA EN LA REGIÓN CATATUMBO: UNA REALIDAD QUE DEBE VIVIR TODO SISTEMA OPERATIVO DETERMINACIÓN DE LA CULTURA DE RECICLAJE DE PLÁSTICO PET DE LOS HABITANTES Y ORGANIZACIONES DE OCAÑA ANÁLISIS DE PATOLOGÍAS ORIGINADAS EN LAS PERSONAS DEL MUNICIPIO DE OCAÑA NORTE DE SANTANDER A PARTIR DEL USO DE SISTEMAS COMPUTACIONALES ANÁLISIS DE EMPRENDIMIENTO EMPRESARIAL EN LOS ESTUDIANTES DE CONTADURÍA PÚBLICA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANTANDER OCAÑA PARADIGMAS DE LA EVOLUCIÓN DE LA PROFESIÓN CONTABLE: HISTORIA CONTADA EN LA UNIVERSIDAD FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANTANDER-OCAÑA FOOD MONITOR ESTUDIO DEL PENSAMIENTO TRIÁDICO EN INGENIERÍA DE SISTEMAS DESCRIPCIÓN DE LA ACTITUD DE LOS MICROEMPRESARIOS OCAÑEROS FRENTE A LAS NIIF. DISEÑO DE PRODUCTO TURISTICO DEL MUNICIPIO DE ABREGO NORTE DE SANTANDER, COLOMBIA DISEÑO DE PRODUCTO TURISTICO DEL MUNICIPIO DE LA PLAYA DE BELÉN NORTE DE SANTANDER, COLOMBIA ANÁLISIS DE LOS DERECHOS FUNDAMENTALES DEL ADULTO MAYOR PRIVADO DE LA LIBERTAD EN EL INSTITUTO NACIONAL PENITENCIARIO Y CARCELARIO (INPEC), DEL MUNICIPIO DE OCAÑA NORTE DE SANTANDER PROYECTO DE EXTENSIÓN SOLIDARIO: "FELICIDAD SIN FRONTERAS" DISEÑO DE UN PROTOTIPO DE INVERNADERO AUTOMATIZADO POR MEDIO DE UN MICRO CONTROLADOR ARDUINO CON EL FIN DE SIMULAR LOS FACTORES QUE INFLUYEN EN EL CRECIMIENTO DE UN CULTIVO DISEÑAR UN SISTEMA DE SEGURIDAD QUE SE ADAPTE EN LA CERRADURA MANUAL DE SOBREPONER UTILIZANDO UN MÓDULO DE RECONOCIMIENTO DE HUELLA DIGITAL, CON LA FINALIDAD DE TENER MAYOR CONTROL DEL ACCESO DE LAS PERSONAS DISEÑO DE PRODUCTOS TURÍSTICOS CON FINES DE APROVECHAMIENTO DEL POTENCIAL RELIGIOSO Y CULTURAL DEL MUNICIPIO DE RÍO DE ORO, CESAR DETERMINAR LA COMPRENSIÓN LECTORA DE LOS ESTUDIANTES DE CONTADURÍA PÚBLICA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANTANDER OCAÑA LA ECONOMÍA IMPUESTA EN DOS MUNICIPIOS TESTIGOS DEL CONFLICTO ESTRATEGIAS PEDAGÓGICAS A LA EDUCACIÓN A PERSONAS EN CONDICIÓN DE DISCAPACIDAD AUDITIVA EN LA UNIVERSIDAD FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANTANDER-OCAÑA PROFUNDIZACIÓN DEL IMPACTO DE LA INFORMALIDAD: REALIDADES EMPRESARIALES DE LOS SALONES DE BELLEZA MOTOTAXISMO EN LA CIUDAD DE OCAÑA TENIENDO EN CUENTA LOS PUNTOS PRINCIPALES PARA DETERMINAR LA CONTAMINACIÓN ATMOSFÉRICA A TRAVÉS DE FACTORES DE EMISIÓN. CARACTERIZACIÓN DE LOS LODOS RESIDUALES EN TIEMPO DE VERANO GENERADOS EN EL PROCESO DE POTABILIZACIÓN DEL AGUA EN LA EMPRESA DE SERVICIOS PÚBLICOS DE OCAÑA ESPO S.A IMPLEMENTACIÓN PEDAGÓGICA A LOS ESTUDIANTES DE EDUCACIÓN MEDIA, DE LOS GRADOS 11°, EN LAS INSTITUCIONES EDUCATIVAS DEL MUNICIPIO DE ABREGO, NORTE DE SANTANDER, EN CUANTO AL APRENDIZAJE DE LOS DEBERES Y DERECHOS CON RELACIÓN A LOS MECANISMOS DE PROTECCIÓN CONSAGRADOS EN LOS ARTÍCULOS 23, 86 Y 88 DE LA CONSTITUCIÓN POLÍTICA DE COLOMBIA. ANÁLISIS DE LA DIRECCIÓN DEL CHORRO INYECTADO QUE INCIDE SOBRE LAS CUCHARAS, MEDIANTE LA ESTRUCTURA DE MEDICIÓN, PARA LA OPTIMIZACION DE FUERZA Y POTENCIA EN UNA MICROTURBINA PELTON PROPUESTA DE DISEÑO DE UNA MICROTURBINA MICHELL-BANKI EN EL SECTOR LA PRADERA OCAÑA, NORTE DE SANTANDER CONTROL, PROTECCIÓN Y REGULACIÓN DE LOS VANT EN COLOMBIA PENSAMIENTO TRIADICO Y RENDIMIENTO ACADEMICO EN ESTUDIANTES DE INGENIERIA DE SISTEMAS RESPONSABILIDAD DE LA ADMINISTRACIÓN LOCAL FRENTE A LOS IMPACTOS SOCIALES QUE PRODUCE LA EXPANSIÓN URBANA INFORMAL EN EL BARRIO FUNDADORES EN EL MUNICIPIO DE OCAÑA DESAFIOS Y OBSTACULOS DEL SECTOR INDUSTRIAL PARA LA GENERACIÓN DE EMPLEO EN OCAÑA SIMULACIÓN CDF TURBINA BANKI-MICHELL FTALATOS: REVISIÓN DE EFECTOS ADVERSOS CAUSADOS EN LA SALUD HUMANA Y EL MEDIO AMBIENTE COMPORTAMIENTO DEL PETFE Y POLICARBONATO PARA UN MATERIAL EFICIENTE EN CONSTRUCCIONES ANÁLISIS Y REVISIÓN DE LOS POLÍMEROS TERMOPLÁSTICOS UTILIZADOS EN LAS VÍAS Y EDIFICACIONES MODERNAS ADHESIVOS VERDES, REVISION DE UNA TECNOLOGIA INCORPORACION DE CENIZAS VOLANTES EN LOS PROCESOS DE FABRICACION DEL CEMENTO Y PRODUCTOS CERÁMICOS DE CONSTRUCCION EVALUANDO SUS PROPIEDADES ESTRUCTURALES Y MECÁNICAS: UNA REVISION DE LITERATURA DISEÑO E IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE LA RUTA AGROTURISTICA PARA EL MUNICIPIO DE GRAMALOTE APLICACIÓN DE POLÍMEROS EN LA ESTRUCTURA DEL PAVIMENTO ASFÁLTICO COMO ALTERNATIVA SOSTENIBLE PARA LA DISMINUCIÓN DE RESIDUOS PLÁSTICOS. UNA REVISIÓN DE LITERATURA REPRESENTACIONES SOCIALES DE EMPRESARIOS COLOMBIANOS, RESPECTO A LA ECONOMÍA EN LA FASE DE POSCONFLICTO DISEÑO DE SISTEMA AUTOMÁTICO DE CONTROL DE VELOCIDAD DE MOTOR BLDC APLICADO A AGITADOR DE ÓRBITA MODULAR DESARROLLO DE PELICULAS EN BASE DE NANOCELULOSA Y QUITOSAN: UNA REVISIÓN DESARROLLO DE PROTOTIPO DE ORTESIS PARA MIEMBRO SUPERIOR POR IMPRESIÓN 3D ; TOPICS Biological Physics (BIP) Gastronomy and Tourism (GT) Medical Physics (MEP) Arts and Culture Studies (ACS) Mathematical physics (MAP) Health and Sport Sciences (HSS) Chemical physics and physical chemistry (CHP) Pedagogical, Didactic Dractices and Educational Management (PDPEM) Computational science (CMSD) Social Sciences, and Communication (SSC) Electronics and devices Social Studies, Politics, and Law (SSPL) Instrumentation and measurement (IAM) Business, Management, and Finance (BMF) Education and communication (EAC) International Relations and Economics (IRE) Technology development and innovation (TDI) Education, Language, Literature, and Linguistics (ELLL) Environmmental and earth science (EES) Humanities Sciences, and Communication (HSC) ; PARTICIPATING INSTITUTIONS Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander - UFPS Fundación de Estudios Superiores Comfanorte - FESC Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander seccional Ocaña - UFPSO Escuela Superior de Administración Pública - ESAP Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje - SENA - CEDRUM Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia - UNAD Corporación Universitaria Minuto de Dios - UNIMINUTO Instituto Superior de Educación Rural - ISER Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje - SENA - CIES Universidad de Pamplona - UNIPAMPLONA Universidad Santo Tomás - USTA Universidad de Santander - UDES Universidad Simón Bolívar - UNISIMÓN Universidad LIBRE Sede Cúcuta- UNILIBRE ; INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE •PhD María Judith Percino Zacarías Group of Polymers of the Chemical Center of the Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla - México •PhD Julio Omar Giordano Cornell University - USA •PhD Danae Duana Avila Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo - México •PhD Manuel Eduardo Albán Gallo Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial - Ecuador •PhD Manuel Enrique Bermudez University of Florida - USA •PhD Modesto Graterol Rivas Universidad del Zulia - Venezuel •PhD Verónica Teresa Guerra Guerrero Universidad Católica de Maule - Chile •PhD (c) Ely Dannier V. Niño Universidad Politécnica de Madrid - España ; NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE •Judith Del Pilar Rodriguez Tenjo Universidad Francisco De Paula Santander – UFPS •Ender José Barrientos Monsalve Fundación de Estudios Superiores Comfanorte - FESC •Torcoroma Velásquez Pérez Universidad Francisco De Paula Santander seccional Ocaña – UFPSO •Martha Lucia Pinzon Bedoya Universidad de Pamplona - UNIPAMPLONA •Yesenia Campo Vera Instituto Superior De Educación Rural (ISER) •Valmore Bermudez Universidad Simón Bolivar - UNISIMON •Cindy Lizeth Niño Parada Universidad Santo Tomas - USTA •Jorge Alexander Rubio Parada Universidad Santo Tomas - USTA ; UNIVERSIDAD FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANTANDER UFPS Jhan Piero Rojas Suarez Judith Del Pilar Rodriguez Tenjo Olga Marina Vega Angarita Liliana Marcela Bastos Osorio Gladys Adriana Espinel Mawency Vergel Ortega Giovanni Mauricio Baez Sandoval Gloria Esperanza Zambrano Plata Jessica Lorena Leal Pabón Marling Carolina Cordero Díaz UNIVERSIDAD FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANTANDER SECCIONAL OCAÑA UFPSO Torcoroma Velasquez Perez Ivette Carolina Flórez Picón UNIVERSIDAD DE SANTAN DER UDES Lesley Fabiola Bohorquez ESCUELA SUPERIOR DE ADMINISTRACIÓN PÚBLICA ESAP Henry Caamaño Rojas SERVICIO NACIONAL DE APRENDIZAJE SENA CEDRUM Liana Carolina Ovalles Zulmary Carolina Nieto CORPORACIÓN UNIVERSITARIA MINUTO DE DIOS UNIMINUTO Yan Carlos Ureña Villamizar José Alberto Cristancho INSTITUTO SUPERIOR DE EDUCACIÓN RURAL ISER Yesenia Campo Vera UNIVERSIDAD SIMÓN BOLÍVAR UNISIMON Mauricio Sotelo Valmore Bermudez Marcela Flórez Romero Yurley Karime Hernández Peña SERVICIO NACIONAL DE APRENDIZAJE SENA CIES Wilmer Guevara UNIVERSIDAD SANTO TOMÁS USTA Cindy Lizeth Niño Parada Jorge Alexander Rubio Parada UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD Alexander Suarez Universidad de Pamplona UNIPAMPLONA Oscar Gualdron Guerrero Martha Lucia Pinzon Bedoya FUNDACIÓN DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES COMFANORTE FESC Karla Yohana Sanchez Mojica
The research activity carried out during the three years of the PhD course attended, at the Engineering Department of the University of Palermo, was aimed at the identification of an alternative predictive model able to solve the traditional building thermal balance in a simple but reliable way, speeding up any first phase of energy planning. Nowadays, worldwide directives aimed at reducing energy consumptions and environmental impacts have focused the attention of the scientific community on improving energy efficiency in the building sector. The reduction of energy consumption and CO2 emissions for heating and cooling needs of buildings is an important challenge for the European Union, because the buildings sector contributes up to 36% of the global CO2 emissions [1] and up to 40% of total primary energy consumptions [2]. Despite the ambitious goals set by the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) at the European level [1], which states that, by 2020, all new buildings and existing buildings undergoing major refurbishments will have to be Nearly Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB) [3,4], the critical challenge remains the improvement of the efficiency when upgrading the existing building stock to standards of the NZEB level [5]. The improvement of the energy efficiency of buildings and their operational energy usage should be estimated early in the design phase to guarantee a reduction in energy consumption, so buildings can be as sustainable as possible [6]. While a newly constructed NZEB can employ the "state of the art" of available efficient technologies and design practices, the optimization of existing buildings requires better efforts [7]. One way or the other, the identification of the best energy retrofit actions or the choice of a better technological solution to plan a building is not so simple. It has become one of the main objectives of several research studies, which require deep knowledge in the field of the building energy balance. The building thermal balance includes all sources and sinks of energy, as well as all energy that flows through its envelope. More in detail, the energy demand in buildings depends on the combination of several parameters, such as climate, envelope features, occupant behaviour and intended use. Indeed, the assessment of building energy performance requires substantial input data describing structures, environmental conditions [8], thermo-physical properties of the envelope, geometry, control strategies, and several other parameters. From the first design phases designers and researchers, which are trying to respect the prescriptions of the EPBD directive and to simultaneously ensure the thermal comfort of the occupants, must optimize all possible aspects that represent the key points in the building energy balance. As will be shown in Chapter A, the literature offers highly numerous complex and simplified resolution approaches [9]. Some are based on knowledge of the building thermal balance and on the resolution of physical equations; others are based on cumulated building data and on implementations of forecast models developed by machine-learning techniques [10]. Several numerical approaches are most widespread; these have undergone testing and implementing in specialised software tools such as DOE-2 [11], Energy Plus [12], TRNSYS [13] and ESP-r [14]. Such building modelling software can be employed in several ways on different scales; they can be simplified [15,16] or detailed comprehensively by different methods and numerical approaches [17]. Nevertheless, they are often characterised by a lack of a common language, which constitutes an obstacle for making a suitable choice. It is often more convenient to accelerate the building thermal needs evaluation and use the simplified methods and models. For example, a steady state approach for the evaluation of thermal loads is characterised by a good level of accuracy and low computational costs. However, its main limitation is that some phenomenon, such as the thermal inertia of the building envelope/structure, may be completely neglected. On the other hand, the choice of a more complex solution, such as the dynamic approach, uses very elaborate physical functions to evaluate the energy consumption of buildings. Although these dynamic simulation tools are effective and accurate, they have some practical difficulties such as collecting detailed building data and/or evaluating the proper boundary conditions. The use of these tools normally requires an expert user and a careful calibration of the model and do not provide a generalised response for a group of buildings with the same simulation, because they support a specific answer to a specific problem. Meanwhile the lack of precise input can lead to low-accuracy simulation. Anyway, in all cases it is necessary to be an expert user to implement, solve and evaluate the results, and these phases are not fast and not always immediately provide the correct evaluation, conducting the user to restart the entire procedure. In the field of energy planning, in order to identify energy efficiency actions aimed at a particular context, could be more convenient to speed up the preliminary assessment phase resorting to a simplified model that allows the evaluation of thermal energy demand with a good level of accuracy and without excessive computational cost or user expertise. The aim of this research, conducted during the three years of the PhD studies, is based on the idea of overcoming the limits previously indicated developing a reliable and a simple building energy tool or an evaluation model capable of helping an unskilled user at least in the first evaluation phase. To achieve this purpose, the first part of the research was characterised of an in-depth study of the sector bibliography with the analysis of the most widespread and used methods aimed at solving the thermal balance of buildings. After a brief distinction of the analysed methods in White, Black and Grey Box category, it was possible to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of each one [9]. Based on the analysis of this study, some alternative methods have been investigated. In detail, the idea was to investigate several Black-Box approaches; mainly used to deduce prediction models from a relevant database. This category does not require any information about physical phenomena but are based on a function deduced only by means of sample data connected to each other and which describes the behaviour of a specific system. Therefore, it is fundamental the presence of a suitable and well-set database that characterise the problem, so that the output data are strongly related to one or more input data. The completely absence of this information and the great difficulty in finding data, has led to the creation of a basic energy database which, under certain hypotheses, is representative of a specific building stock. For this reason, in the first step of this research was developed a generic building energy database that in a reliable way, and underlining the main features of the thermal balance, issues information about the energy performances. In detail, two energy building databases representative of a non-residential building-stock located in the European and Italian territory have been created. Starting from a well-known and calibrated Base-Case dynamic model, which simulates the actual behaviour of a non-residential building located in Palermo, it was created an Ideal Building representative of a new non-residential building designed with high energy performances in accordance whit the highest standard requirements of the European Community. Taking into consideration the differences existing in the regulations and technical standards about the building energy performance of various European countries, several detailed dynamic simulation models were developed. Moreover, to consider different climatic characteristics, different locations were evaluated for each country or thermal zone which represent the hottest, the coolest and the mildest climate. The shape factor of buildings, which represents the ratio between the total of the loss surfaces to the gross heated volume of a building, was varied from 0.24 to 0.90. To develop a representative database where the data that identify the building conditions are the inputs of the model linked to an output that describes the energy performances it was decided to develop a parametric simulation. In detail different transmittance values, boundary conditions, construction materials, and energy carriers were chosen and employed to model representative building stocks of European and Italian cities for different climatic zones, weather conditions, and shape factor; all details and the main features are described in Chapter B. These two databases were used to investigated three alternative methods to solve the building thermal balance; these are: • Multi Linear Regression (MLR): identification of some simple correlations that uses well known parameters in every energy diagnosis [18–20]; • Buckingham Method (BM): definition of dimensionless numbers that synthetically describe the relationships between the main characteristic parameters of the thermal balance [21]; and • Artificial Neural Network (ANN): Application of a specific Artificial Intelligence (AI) to determine the thermal needs of a [22] building. These methods, belonging to the Black-Box category, permit solving a complex problem easier with respect to the White-Box methods because they do not require any information about physical phenomena and expert user skills. Only a small amount of data on well-known parameters that represent the thermal balance of a building is required. The first analysed alternative method was the MLR, described in Chapter C. This approach allowed to develop a simple model that guarantees a quick evaluation of building energy needs [19] and is often used as a predictive tool. It is reliable and, at the same time, easy to use even for a non-expert user since an in-depth knowledge in the use phase is not needed, and computational costs are low. Moreover, the presence of an accurate input analysis guarantees greater speed and simplicity in the data collection phase [23]. The basis for this model is the linear regression among the variables to forecast and two or more explanatory variables. The feasibility and reliability of MLR models is demonstrated by the publication of the main achieved results in international journals. At first, the MLR method was applied on a dataset that considered heating energy consumptions for three configurations of non-residential buildings located in seven European countries. In this way, it was developed a specific equation for each country and three equations that describe each climatic region identified by a cluster analysis; these results were published in [19]. In a second work [18], it was applied the same methodology to a set of data referring to buildings located in the Italian peninsula. In this case, three building analysed configurations, in accordance to Italian legislative requirements regarding the construction of high energy performance buildings, have been employed. The achievement of the generalised results along with a high level of reliability it was achieved by diversifying each individual model according to its climate zone. It was provided an equation for each climate zone along with a unique equation applicable to the entire peninsula, obviously with different degrees of reliability. An improved version of the latest work concerning the Italian case study appeared in the paper published in [20]. The revised model provided an ability to predict the energy needs for both heating and cooling. Furthermore, to simplify the data retrieval phase that is required for the use of the developed MLR tool, an input selection analysis based on the Pearson coefficient has been performed. In this way the explanatory variables, needful for an optimal identification of thermal loads, have been identified. Finally, a comprehensive statistical analysis of errors ensured high reliability. The second analysed alternative method represents an innovative approach in developing a flexible and efficient tool in the building energy forecast framework. This tool predicts the energy performance of a building based some dimensionless parameters implemented through the application of the Buckingham theorem. A detailed description of the methodology and results is discussed in the Chapter D and is also published in [21]. The Buckingham theorem represents a key theorem of the dimensional analysis since it is able to define the dimensionless parameters representing the building balance [24]. These parameters define the relationships between the descriptive variables and the fundamental dimensions. Such a dimensional analysis guarantees that the relationship between physical quantities remains valid, even if there is a variation of the magnitudes of the base units of measurement [25]. The dimensional analysis represents a good model to simplify a problem by means of the dimensional homogeneity and, therefore, the consequent reduction in the number of variables. Therefore, this model works well with different applications such as forecasting, planning, control, diagnostics and monitoring in different sectors. The application of the BM for predicting the energy performance of buildings determined nine ad hoc dimensionless numbers. The identification of a set of criteria and a critical analysis of the results allowed to immediately determine thought the dimensionless numbers and without using any software tool, the heating energy demand with a reliability of over 90%. Furthermore, the validation of the proposed methodology was carried out by comparing the heating energy demand that was calculated by a detailed and accurate dynamic simulation. The last Black-Box examined model was the application of Artificial Neural Networks. The ANNs are the most widely used data mining models, characterised by one of the highest levels of accuracy with respect to other methods but generally have higher computational costs in the developing phase [26]. The design of a neural network, inspired by the behaviour of the human brain, involves the large number of suitably connected nodes (neurons) that, upon applications of simple mathematical operations, influence the learning ability of the network itself [27]. Also in this case, as described in Chapter E, this methodology was applied at the two different energy databases. In [22], the ANN was used to predict the demand for thermal energy linked to the winter climatization of non-residential buildings located in European context, while in another work under review, the ANN was used to determine the heating and cooling energy demand of a representative Italian building stock. The validation of the ANNs was carried out by using a set of data corresponding to 15% of the initial set which were not used to train the ANNs. The obtained good results (determination coefficient values higher than 0.95 and Mean Absolute Percentage Error lower than 10%) show the suitability of the calculation model based on the use of adaptive systems for the evaluation of energy performance of buildings. Simultaneously, a deep analysis of the investigated problem, underlines how to determine the thermal behaviour of a building trough Black-Box models, particular attention must be paid to the choice of an accurate climate database that along with thermophysical characteristics, strongly influence the thermal behaviour of a building [9]. In detail, to develop a predictive model of thermal needs, it is also necessary to pay close attention to the climate aspects. In the literature, many studies use the degree day (DD) to predict building energy demand, but this assessment, through the use of a climatic index, is correct only if its determination is a function of the same weather data used for the model implementation. Otherwise, the predictive model is generally affected by a greater evaluation error; all these aspects are deeply discussed analysing a specific Italian case study in Chapter F, and the main results are published in [8]. The results achieved during the three years of PhD research, make it possible to affirm that each model can be used to solve thermal building balance by knowing merely a few parameters representative of the analysed problem. Nonetheless, some questions may be asked: Which of these models can be identified as the most efficient solution? Is it possible to compare the performances of these models? Is it possible to choose the most efficient model based on some specific phase in the evaluation? To attempt to answer these questions, during the research period it was decided to compare the three selected alternative models by applying a Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA), that explicitly evaluates multiple criteria in decision-making. It is a useful decision support tool to apply to many complex decisions by choosing among several alternatives. The idea rising thanks to the scientific collaboration with the VGTU University of Vilnius, Lithuanian, in the person of Prof. A. Kaklauskas and Prof. L. Tupènaitè, experts in the field of multi-criteria analysis. At the first time a multi-criteria procedure was applied to determine the most efficient alternative model among some resolution procedures of a building's energy balance. This application required extra effort in defining the criteria and identifying a team of experts. To apply the MCA, it was necessary to identify the salient phases of the evaluation procedure to explain the most sensitive criteria for acquiring conscious, truthful answers that only a pool of experts in the field can provide. Details of this work were carried out during the period of one-month research in Vilnius, from April to May 2019, where it was possible to improve the application of the Multiple Criteria Complex Proportional Evaluation (COPRAS) method for identifying the most efficient predictive tool to evaluate building thermal needs. These results are collected in Chapter G and the main results are explained in a paper under review in the Journal "Energy" from September. The identification of the most efficient alternative model to solve the building energy balance through the application of a specific MCA, allowed to deepen the identified methodology and improve research. In particular, the most efficient alternative resolution model was the subject of the research that took place during the research period at the RWTH in Aachen University, Germany with Prof. M. Traverso, Head of the INaB Department, from September 2018 to March 2019. The experience in the field of LCA and the possibility of identifying the environmental impacts linked to the building system, has led the research to investigate neural networks for a dual and simultaneous environmental-energy analysis. The results confirm that the application of ANNs is a good alternative model for solving the energy and environmental balance of a building and for ensuring the development of reliable decision support tools that can be used by non-expert users. ANNs can be improved by upgrading the training database and choosing the network structure and learning algorithm. The results of this research are collected in Chapter H and published in [28].
학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 대학원 :보건대학원 보건학과(보건학전공),2020. 2. 조성일. ; 배경: 청소년을 담배 제품 사용으로부터 보호하는 것은 인구집단 수준의 담배 사용을 줄이기 위한 가장 빠르고 효과적인 방법이다. 2005년 담배규제기본협약 (Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, FCTC) 비준 이후 다양한 담배규제정책 추진에 대한 결과로 우리나라 청소년의 흡연율은 크게 감소하였다. 그러나 최근 발생한 흡연율 감소 추세의 둔화와, 신종 담배 제품 관련 행태의 변화는 사회적 변화를 일으킬 수 있는 새로운 관점의 필요성을 제시한다. 새로운 경험을 바탕으로 형성된 신규 세대는 사회적 변화의 원동력이 된다. 역학적 관점에서 세대 효과, 또는 출생 코호트 효과는, 출생연도에 따라 건강 결과의 위험이 다른 것을 의미한다. 세대/출생 코호트 효과는 일반적으로 인구집단 수준의 노출 변화를 수반한다. 따라서, 세대에 대한 역학 연구는 건강 결과에 대한 출생 코호트 효과와 인구집단 수준의 노출 변화를 확인하는 과정을 포함한다. 이와 같은 노출의 변화는 세대 특성을 의미한다. 청소년 흡연의 코호트 효과와 세대 특성을 확인하는 것은 특정 연도 이후 출생자에게 담배 판매와 공급을 제한하는 전략인 담배없는 세대 (Tobacco-free generation, TFG) 전략 추진을 위한 중요한 근거가 된다. TFG는 공급을 규제하는 전략이나, 이 전략이 최종적으로 달성하고자 하는 목표는 세대 간 담배 관련 규범의 차이를 형성하는 것이다. 따라서 담배 규제 정책 또는 중요 사건으로 인해 발생하는 출생 코호트 효과는 청소년의 담배 사용 행태에 세대 특성이 내포되어 있다는 전제를 가지는 전략에 대한 근거로 작용한다. 이 연구는 청소년 흡연의 세대 특성을 규명하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 구체적으로 이 연구는 출생 코호트 간 흡연 행태 차이와 이 차이에 기여하였을 수 있는 요인들을 파악하고, 세대 정체성 이론과 유사한 사회적 정체성 이론을 바탕으로, 청소년기의 성인 경험과 청소년 흡연 사이의 연관성을 확인하고, 담배 사용과 관련된 신규 세대의 출현에 기여할 수 있는 신종 담배 제품의 사용 현황과 신종 담배 제품들이 다른 담배 제품 사용에 미치는 영향을 파악한 다음, 신종 담배 제품 사용에 대한 시나리오를 바탕으로 향후 청소년 흡연율을 예측하고자 하였다. 방법: 연구목적을 달성하기 위해 활용한 자료는 우리나라 중∙고등학생 (연령: 12세-18세)의 건강행태 관련 정보를 제시하는 청소년건강행태조사이다. 첫번째 연구에서는 흡연율 변화 추세의 출생 코호트 효과를 파악하기 위해 연령-기간-코호트 분석을 수행하였다. 이후, 2011년 도입된 학교, 청소년 시설을 포함한 모든 공중이용시설의 금연구역 지정과, 2015년 역대 최대 규모의 담배 가격 인상 (2500원/갑 → 4500원/갑)의 효과를 분석하기 위해 분절 회귀 분석을 실시하였다. 추가로, 연령-기간-코호트 분석에서 도출된 출생연도별 흡연 위험을 바탕으로 출생 연도 구간을 구분하였으며, 해당 구간별로 세대 형성에 기여하였을 수 있는 거시적 환경 요인들을 기술하였다. 두번째 연구에서는 성인 경험과 청소년 담배 사용의 연관성을 로지스틱 회귀분석을 통해 확인하였다. 이때 고려한 성인 경험은 동일 성별, 연령 내 95 백분위수를 초과하는 신장, 10세 이하에서의 성 성숙 경험 (첫 월경 및 몽정), 부모로부터 독립적인 거주, 그리고 근로 경험이다. 그 다음으로 성인 경험과 부모 및 교사 흡연의 덧셈 상호작용을 확인하기 위한 분석을 실시하였다. 이후 추가 분석으로 청소년 개인의 성인 경험과 가까운 성인의 흡연 노출에 대한 코호트별 변화 추세를 확인하였다. 세번째 연구에서는 전자담배 및 가열담배의 사용률과 해당 제품들이 다른 담배 제품 사용에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 첫째로, 청소년을 8개의 상호 배타적인 담배/니코틴 제품 사용 상태로 구분한 후, 궐련 담배 및 다른 담배 제품에 대한 관문 효과를 확인하기 위해 마코프 모형을 적용하였다. 추가로, 청소년에서의 다중 담배 사용 행태를 확인하기 위해 전자담배 및 가열담배의 단독 또는 동시 사용 현황을 평가하였으며, 전자담배와 가열담배 그리고 궐련 담배 금연 시도 사이의 연관성을 로지스틱 회귀분석을 통해 확인하였다. 마지막으로, 시나리오 분석과 복잡계를 다루는데 특화되어 있는 시스템 다이내믹스 방법론을 활용하여 청소년 흡연율의 변화를 예측하는 모형을 구축하였다. 청소년 인구는 평생 비흡연자, 현재 흡연자 및 과거 흡연자의 3개 집단으로 구분하였다. 모형 내에서 고려한 부문은 담배 사용자, 담배 규제 정책, 담배 회사, 담배 제품 및 담배 사용에 대한 사회적 영향이다. 기본 모형으로부터 2006년-2018년의 청소년 흡연율 추정치를 도출하였으며, 최종적으로 도출한 모형에 대한 구조 및 행태 타당성 검사를 실시하였다. 이후 단계에서 신종 담배 사용에 대한 일련의 시나리오를 바탕으로 2019년-2040년의 청소년 흡연율을 예측하였다. 결과: 2006년부터 2017년 사이 우리나라 남학생의 흡연율은 16%에서 9%로, 여학생의 흡연율은 9%에서 3%로 감소하였다. 출생 코호트 효과 분석 결과, 1998년 이후에 태어난 남학생과 1997년 이후 태어난 여학생에서 담배 사용에 대한 위험이 지속적으로 감소한 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 학교 및 청소년 시설을 포함한 공공 장소에서의 흡연을 금지 한 이후, 남학생과 (β=-1.1; 95% CI: -1.9, -0.2) 여학생 (β=-0.4; 95% CI: -0.6, -0.1) 모두에서 장기적인 흡연율 감소 추세가 발생하였다. 반면, 담배 가격 인상 이후에는 여학생에서만 단기적인 흡연율 감소를 확인할 수 있었다 (β=-0.8; 95% CI: -1.5, -0.2). 흡연에 대한 위험에 따라 세 개의 출생 연도 구간이 도출되었으며, 각 구간의 청소년들은 서로 다른 특성을 나타냈다. 두번째 연구를 통해 큰 키 (OR=1.18; 95% CI=1.07, 1.30), 성 조숙 (OR=1.47; 95% CI=1.32, 1.63), 부모로부터 떨어진 거주 (OR=1.23; 95% CI=1.07, 1.41) 그리고 근로 경험 (OR=4.38, 95% CI=4.17, 4.61) 각각과 청소년 담배 사용 간의 연관성을 확인할 수 있었다. 근로 경험과 부모 흡연의 조합이 청소년 담배 사용에 미치는 영향은 각 개별 영향이 미치는 영향 크기의 합보다 더 커 덧셈 상호작용이 존재함을 확인 할 수 있었다 (RERI=0.47; 95% CI=0.11, 0.83). 마찬가지로, 성 조숙 (RERI = 0.54; 95 % CI = 0.12, 0.88), 부모로부터 떨어진 거주 (RERI = 0.55; 95 % CI = 0.09, 1.00), 직업 경험 (RERI=1.84 95% CI=1.42, 2.25) 각각과 교사 흡연의 조합이 각 개별 영향의 합보다 더 큰 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 우리나라 청소년 전체 중 2.9%는 평생 가열담배 경험자였으며, 7.9%는 평생 전자담배 경험자였다. 가열담배 평생 경험자 중 75.5%는 현재 궐련 담배 사용자였으며, 45.6%는 현재 전자담배 사용자였다. 전자담배 평생 경험자 중 55.4%는 궐련 담배 사용자였다. 평생 담배제품 비사용자와 비교하였을 때, 전자담배 (TIR=8.1; 95% CI=5.2, 12.4) 및 가열담배 (TIR=20.3; 95% CI=7.6, 53.7) 사용자는 궐련 담배 시작에 대해 더 높은 위험을 보였다. 궐련 담배에 대한 관문효과는 전자담배와 가열담배를 모두 경험한 청소년에게서 가장 컸다. (TIR=64.0; 95% CI=41.4, 98.9). 전자담배 평생 경험과 궐련 담배 금연 시도 사이에는 연관성을 확인할 수 있었던 반면 (aOR=1.35, 95% CI: 1.15, 1.58), 가열담배 평생 경험과 궐련 담배 금연 시도 사이에는 유의한 연관성을 찾아볼 수 없었다 (aOR=1.06, 95% CI: 0.90, 1.26). 담배 사용자, 담배 규제 정책, 담배 회사, 담배 제품, 및 사회적 영향을 모두 고려한 기초 모형의 R2 값은 0.95로, 2006년-2018년의 실제 청소년 흡연율 수치뿐만 아니라 변화의 동태 또한 잘 설명하는 것으로 나타났다. 현상 유지 시나리오에서는 청소년 흡연율이 2019년에 8.2%, 2040년에 6.8%로 약간 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 반면, 가열담배 사용의 10배 증가 시나리오에서는, 담배 규제 정책의 영향이 고려되었음에도 불구하고 3년만에 궐련 담배 사용률이 3.1%p 증가하였으며, 2040년에도 8.6%로 높은 수치를 나타냈다. 결론: 이 연구는 청소년 흡연 변화 추세의 출생 코호트 효과를 확인하고, 세대 형성에 기여한 사건 및 변화를 기술하였으며, 신종 담배 제품의 도입으로 인한 담배 사용 관련 신규 세대 출현 가능성을 확인하였다. 전반적인 담배 규제 정책의 강화, 청소년 흡연율 감소에 특히 효과적이라고 알려져 있는 정책의 강화, 그리고 담배 사용을 기피하는 사회 전반의 움직임은 최근 청소년 코호트에서 흡연에 대한 위험을 줄이는데 기여하였다. 그러나 청소년 사이에서 신종 담배 제품의 빠른 확산과 다른 제품 사용으로의 높은 이행 확률은 기존의 세대와는 근본적으로 다른 담배 사용 관련 세대의 출현에 기여할 수 있다. 중요 생애 주기에 있는 사람들이 동일한 경험을 하는 것은 세대 정체성 형성에 매우 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 청소년 담배 사용 행태의 구축에 있어 가장 중요한 시기는 초기 청소년 시기이다. 따라서, 향후 담배 규제 정책은 해당 시기의 모든 초기 청소년을 대상으로 실시하여 이전 세대와 새로운 세대를 구별하는데 기여하여야 한다. 이와 같은 전략의 예시 중 하나는 바로 TFG 제안이다. TFG의 도입은 기존의 세대와 최근 세대의 차이를 확대하여 새로운 규범을 가진 세대, 즉 담배와 무관한 규범을 가진 세대의 출현에 기여할 수 있다. 또한, 이 연구의 결과는 가열담배와 같은 신종 담배 제품 도입에 의한 신규 담배 사용 세대의 출현 가능성을 제시하였다. 청소년 담배 규제 정책 및 TFG 전략에 대한 논의는 궐련 담배 사용으로만 제한되어서는 안되며, 모든 담배 제품을 포괄해야 한다. ; Background: A success in preventing adolescent tobacco use is the most expeditious and effective way to reduce population-level tobacco use. Implementation of a series of tobacco control policies after the ratification of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control led to a substantial decline in the cigarette smoking prevalence among South Korean adolescents. However, the recent deceleration in the reduction of smoking and evolving behavioral patterns regarding non-cigarette tobacco/nicotine product (NCTNP) among adolescents call for a new perspective that can drive societal transformation. Generations are considered engines of social change, as each new generation with new experience shape new culture. Epidemiologic views define generation, or cohort effects, as differences in the risks regarding a health outcome by birth year. These effects are often coincided with shifts in population-level exposure. Therefore, epidemiologic studies of generations or cohorts require identifying cohort effects from a health outcome, and describing changes in the population-level exposure to risk factors. Such exposure changes represent generational characteristics. Examination of cohort effects and related characteristics also serve as an evidence to implement a legislative measure of banning sales or supplies of tobacco products to those born in or after a certain year, known as the tobacco-free generation (TFG). The ultimate objective of the TFG proposal is to create normative differences between generations. Birth cohort differences occurring due to the impact of tobacco control policies, as well as other critical events would be an evidence in favor of measures considering generational traits. In this study, I aimed to address the generational characteristics of adolescent smoking. Specifically, this study first seeks to identify birth cohort effects in adolescent smoking, and examine possible changes or events that may have shaped generational cohorts regarding smoking. Second, drawing on the social identity theory, which is in line with the generational identity theory, I aimed to determine the association between adulthood experiences and adolescent cigarettes smoking, along with the joint association of adulthood experiences, and significant adults (parents and teachers) smoking with adolescent cigarette smoking. The third focus of this study is examining the impacts of NCTNPs, which may serve as a foundation for the emergence of a new generation regarding tobacco use. Lastly, this study attempted to project the landscape of adolescent smoking with different scenarios regarding NCTNPs. Methods: The four independent studies of this dissertation all used a nationally, representative cross-sectional data of school-attending Korean adolescents aged 12 to 18 years (mean age: 15 years). In the first study, age-period-cohort (APC) analysis was applied to determine the influence of cohort effects on the trends of adolescent smoking prevalence during 2006-2017. Then, the long-term impacts of two denormalization policies: banning of smoking in public places including schools and adolescent facilities, and the largest-ever increase in cigarette prices from 2500 WON per pack to 4500 WON per pack, were analyzed by segmented regression models. In addition, birth year intervals were delineated by the risks of smoking obtained from the APC model, and potential generation shaping events and changes were described accordingly. For the second study, the association of adulthood experience and adolescent cigarette smoking was examined by performing logistic regression analyses. The adulthood experiences examined in this study were height above the 95th percentile for age and sex, sexual development before 10-years old or younger, living arrangements away from parents, and having a job experience during the past 12-months. Tests for additive interaction between adulthood experiences, and parents or teacher smoking, with adolescent cigarette smoking, were also conducted. Moreover, additional analyses examining cohort differences in the exposure to adulthood experience and significant adult smoking were performed. Third, the prevalence, and the impacts of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and heated tobacco products (HTPs) on other tobacco/nicotine product use behaviors were assessed. First, participants were categorized into eight mutually exclusive tobacco or nicotine use states. A multistate Markov model was applied to identify transitions between the states to assess gateway effects to cigarettes and other NCTNPs. Moreover, the prevalence of ENDS and HTPs were examined solely or jointly with other products, and the association between NCTNPs and cigarette quit attempts were examined to identify polytobacco use among adolescents. Lastly, a model based on the system dynamics methodology specialized in scenario testing, and handling complex systems was developed. The population of adolescents were categorized into three mutually exclusive groups of never smokers, current smokers and former smokers. The sectors included in the model were tobacco users, tobacco control policies, tobacco industry, tobacco products and social influence. The estimates derived from the exploratory model showed adolescent smoking prevalence from 2006 to 2018. Tests for validity, including tests for structure and behavior, were performed on the explanatory model. Then scenario testing assessing the impacts of NCTNP use, particularly HTPs, on adolescent cigarette smoking prevalence were conducted through 2019-2040. Results: Between 2006 and 2017, the prevalence of cigarette smoking among Korean adolescents decreased from 16% to 9% in boys, and from 9% to 3% in girls. According to the APC analysis, the risk of smoking decreased with every consecutive year for adolescents born after 1997. After a complete ban on smoking in public places, there were significantly negative trends in the prevalence of cigarette smoking for both boys (β=-1.1; 95% CI: -1.9, -0.2) and girls (β=-0.4; 95% CI: -0.6, -0.1). Immediate decrease among girls was found after cigarette prices increased (β=-0.8; 95% CI: -1.5, -0.2). Three generational cohorts were delineated by risks of cigarette smoking. These generational cohorts depicted different characteristics. From the second study, a positive correlation between tall stature (OR=1.18; 95% CI=1.07, 1.30), precocious sexual development (OR=1.47; 95% CI=1.32, 1.63), independent living from parents (OR=1.23; 95% CI=1.07, 1.41) and work experience (OR=4.38, 95% CI=4.17, 4.61), and adolescent smoking were found. The risk of adolescent cigarette smoking associated with a combination of job experience and parental smoking was larger than the sum of risk associated with each individual factor, indicating an interaction on an additive scale (RERI=0.47; 95% CI=0.11, 0.83). Moreover, the risk of adolescent cigarette smoking associated with a combination of precocious sexual development (RERI=0.51; 95% CI=0.12, 0.88), independent living (RERI=0.55; 95% CI=0.09, 1.00) and job experience (RERI=1.84; 95% CI=1.42, 2.25), and teacher smoking was more than the addition of risk associated with each individual factor, respectively. Additional analyses suggested exposure to parental smoking decreased from 36.7% in 2006 to 21.2% in 2018, and teacher smoking decreased from 26.1% in 2007 to 20.0% in 2018. In all, 2.9% of adolescents were ever HTP users and 7.9% were ever ENDS users. Among HTP ever users, 75.3% were current cigarette users and 47.2% were current ENDS users. Similarly, among ENDS ever users, 55.4% were current cigarette users. Compared with never use, use of ENDS and HTP was associated with an increased risk of initiation of cigarette use (TIR=8.1; 95% CI=5.2, 12.4 and TIR=20.3; 95% CI=7.6, 53.7, respectively). The gateway effect was greatest in subjects who had used both ENDS and HTPs (TIR=64.0, 95% CI=41.4, 98.9). Transitions between ENDS and HTPs were frequent. Unlike ever use of ENDS, which was associated with a higher likelihood of making cigarette quit attempts (aOR=1.35, 95% CI: 1.15, 1.58), no difference in cigarette quit attempts were found by ever use of HTPs (aOR=1.06, 95% CI: 0.90, 1.26). Adolescent cigarette smoking prevalence simulated by the explanatory model including the users, policy, industry, products, and social influence performed well in replicating the overall dynamics of adolescent cigarette smoking prevalence from 2006 to 2018, and showed the highest R2 coefficient of 0.95 among all other models. The status quo model showed gradual decrease in smoking prevalence from 8.2% in 2019 to 6.8% in 2040. On the other hand, the ten-fold increase in HTP use (HTP ever use: 28%) scenario showed that adolescent cigarette smoking increase by 3.2%p within three years. Under such scenario, smoking prevalence of 8.6% at 2040 was higher than that of 2019, even with tobacco control policies in effect. Conclusion: This study identified birth cohort effects in adolescent cigarette smoking, elucidated generation-shaping events and changes, and suggested the possibility of the emergence of a new generation due to the introduction of NCTNPs such as HTPs. The strengthening of overall tobacco control policies, along with policies specifically targeting adolescents, and societal level movements away from smoking contributed to reduced risks of cigarette smoking among recent cohorts. However, rapid adoption of novel and emerging tobacco/nicotine products and the high likelihood of transitioning to other product use among adolescents lay foundation for the emergence of a new tobacco-related generation. In creating generational identities, the role of collective experiences among those in critical stages are emphasized. The critical stage for formulating patterns of tobacco use are during early adolescence years. Thus, future tobacco control strategies must be focused on differentiating one generation from another, by implementing universal tobacco control policies reaching those at early adolescence. One innovative example is the TFG proposal. Implementation of the TFG, would be favorable in creating a new generational norm by widening the gap between the existing and new generations. As mentioned, the results of the study pointed to a possibility of an emergence of a new generation regarding tobacco use, as a result of NCTNP penetration into the tobacco market. Both non-legislative and legislative discussions on attaining a generation free from tobacco should cover all tobacco/nicotine products, not just cigarettes. ; Abstract i Chapter 1. Overall introduction 1 1.1. Prevention of adolescent tobacco use 2 1.2. Generational approach to adolescent tobacco use 7 1.3. Study objectives and framework 15 Chapter 2. Generational cohorts for adolescent smoking in Korea 19 2.1. Introduction 20 2.2. Methods 26 2.3. Results 33 2.4. Discussion 48 Chapter 3. Adulthood experience and adolescent smoking: the role of significant adults 57 3.1. Introduction 58 3.2. Methods 63 3.3. Results 69 3.4. Discussion 83 Chapter 4. Impacts of novel tobacco/nicotine products on adolescent cigarette smoking initiation and polytobacco use 93 4.1. Introduction 94 4.2. Methods 99 4.3. Results 108 4.4. Discussion 129 Chapter 5. System dynamics modelling to view the adolescent smoking problem: the impact of novel tobacco products on attaining a tobacco-free generation 137 5.1. Introduction 138 5.2. Methods 143 5.3. Results 165 5.4. Discussion 180 Chapter 6. Overall discussion 189 6.1. Summary of the studies 190 6.2. Recommendations for future policy and suggestions for future research 198 References 205 국문초록 223 ; Doctor
The New Political Economy1 is based on the postulate of homo politicus that Downs (1957) presents as the clone of homo oeconomicus, a rational agent mo- tivated by the maximisation of his material self-interest. Goodin and Roberts (1975) were the first to propose an alternative to the homo politicus postulate by introducing the notion of 'ethical voter' 2. The 'ethical voter' describes a rational agent who is not only motivated by the maximisation of his short term material self-interest but also by the promotion of what he considers as fair for the society as a whole. There have been so far only few attempts to model 'ethical voting'. Most of them liken 'ethical voting' to caring about the well-being of the worst-off when voting (see Snyder and Kramer (1988), Kranich (2001) and Galasso (2003)). Alesina and Angeletos (2005) constitute an exception. Following responsibility-based theories of justice, they assume that individuals share the conviction that one deserves the income on the basis of his skill and effort and that only luck creates unfair differences they are consequently willing to compensate. However, the 'responsibility cut' (Dworkin (1981)) used by Alesina and Angeletos (2005) lacks justification, should one consider the theoretical literature on fair redistribution or the empirical literature on individual opinions on distributive justice. I propose to analyze 'ethical voting' in a more comprehensive way. The thread of this work is a 'fair utility function'. More precisely, I specify in paper 1 a 'fair utility function' to model citizens' trade-off between their self-interest and some of their major concerns for fairness. Paper 2 and paper 3 rely on the 'fair utility function' to study voting behavior over the (re)distribution of economic surpluses in different contexts of democracy4. In paper 2, my coauthor and I compute the politico-economic equilibrium that emerges when citizens are endowed with the 'fair utility function'. We model the institutional setting of a typical Western democracy where political cleavages are mainly income-based. In paper 3, I estimate the 'fair utility function'. I base my estimation on survey data that I collected in an ethnically polarized democracy where political cleavages are mainly ethnic-based. Paper 1 investigates whether concerns for fairness influence the aggregate out- come in real life interactions so that economic analysis should complete the postulate of homo economicus with the postulate of homo ethicus. I conduct a three-step analysis addressing the following research questions: • Which are the main concerns for fairness that individuals are able to show? • Do these concerns for fairness influence the aggregate outcome in the eco- nomic field? • Do these concerns for fairness influence the aggregate outcome in the po- litical field? Based on experimental evidence, I identify three main concerns for fairness likely to influence individual behaviors besides self-interest: utilitarian altru- ism, 'Rawlsian' altruism and desert-sensitivity. Utilitarian altruism consists in maximizing the sum of all utilities. 'Rawlsian' altruism consists in maximizing the utility of the worst-off. Desert-sensitivity consists in weighting one's con- cerns for fairness towards others, should they be utilitarian altruistic concerns or 'Rawlsian' altruistic concerns, depending on these others' deservingness with respect to their responsibility characteristics. I find out that concerns for fairness have no impact on market aggregate out- comes, should I focus on markets involving complete contracts or on markets involving incomplete contracts. I provide evidence that concerns for fairness have a significant impact on po- litical aggregate outcomes. More particularly, concerns for fairness (utilitarian altruism, 'Rawlsian' altruism, and desert-sensitivity) seem to express through citizens' position on a liberalism/conservatism scale which ultimately impacts their voting behavior. However, evidence also shows that ethnic prejudice, an unambiguously unfair motivation, constitutes a serious challenger to individual concerns for fairness, even in the Western democratic context where political parties are officially divided along income-based, not ethnic-based, lines. My findings suggest that economic theory in general (and the New Political Economy in particular) should pay more attention to the modelling of ethical voting behaviors to improve its explanatory and predictive power. I propose a provisional 'fair utility function' to model citizens' trade-off between their self-interest and the three various concerns for fairness which are utilitarian altruism, 'Rawlsian' altruism and desert-sensitivity. • Which is the politico-economic equilibrium emerging in a society where individuals are endowed with the 'fair utility function'? We study a simple voting model where a unidimensional redistributive parame- ter is chosen by majority voting in a direct democracy where political cleavages are income-based. We allow for heterogeneities in productivities and preferences for consumption and leisure and incorporate the incentive effects of taxation. We show that in a society where altruistic preferences are desert-sensitive, (i) strictly lower levels of redistribution emerge in political equilibrium comparedto a society where altruistic preferences are not desert-sensitive and (ii) lower or equal levels of redistribution emerge in political equilibrium compared to a society where preferences for redistribution are purely egoistic. We then investigate the following research question: • Can our theoretical result help explain the differences between the Ameri- can and the European social contract? Using data from the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) 1992 dataset, we provide empirical evidence that: (i) preferences for redistribution are not purely egoistic, (ii) desert-sensitivity induces lower support for redistribution and (iii) differences in desert-sensitivity hold between both continents, inducing lower support for redistribution among Americans compared to Europeans. We see two apparent explanations helping to understand why preferences for re- distribution are more desert-sensitive among individuals in the US than among individuals in Europe (see Alesina et al. (2001) and Alesina and Glaeser (2004) for an extensive discussion). First, the myth of the US being the 'land of op- portunity' greatly entrenched its customs. Meanwhile, European perceptions are influenced by the historical (from medieval times till the nineteenth cen- tury) division of society into classes, where birth and nobility were the main determinants of wealth and success. Second, the American belief of undeserv- ingness of the poor may reflect racial prejudice against the black minority. Poor white voters might reduce their support for redistribution when they believe that poor black citizens also benefit from redistribution (see Luttmer (2001) for strong empirical evidence). Roemer et al. (2007) find out that marginal income taxes would have been much higher when racial prejudice would have been absent. They believe that racial prejudice is the major underlying factor explaining why in the US, while the past twenty years were characterized by a sharp rise in inequality, the effective marginal income taxes have fallen. • In an ethnically polarized country, does aversion towards inter-ethnic in- equity induce citizens to vote for a party promoting an equitable allocation of national resources among ethnic groups?5 or, in other words, Could ethical voting help reduce risks of conflict in ethnically polarized countries? Relying on data collected among students from Addis Ababa University, my answer is threefold. First, I show that aversion towards inter-ethnic inequity significantly lowers university students' temptation to vote for their ethnic party. This finding is encouraging. Under my initial assumption that the degree of ethical concerns of university students constitute an upper bound of the degree of ethical concerns of the average citizen, this finding indeed suggests that ethical concerns could also influence his voting behavior. In other words, nationwide civic education programmes could be a promising conflict-reducing strategy in ethnically po- larized countries. Finkel (2002, 2003) provides evidence that civic education programs have a significant impact on participants' 'political tolerance', while his concept of 'political tolerance' is close to our notion of 'aversion towards inter-ethnic inequity'. Second, I find out that, though significant, the relative impact of ethical concerns is very small in comparison to the impact of ethnic group loyalty, an important determinant of ethnic voting. This finding is discouraging since it suggests that the relative impact of ethical concerns will be even lower across a more representative sample of the Ethiopian population. In other words, the 'return' on nationwide civic education programmes in terms of switch from ethnic voting to ethical voting is expected to be low. Third, I analyse the sociodemographic determinants of university students' aver- sion towards inter-ethnic inequity and ethnic group loyalty. I provide confirma- tion that some specific sociodemographic characteristics significantly (i) increase the degree of aversion towards inter-ethnic inequity and (ii) lower ethnic group loyalty. Those characteristics have in common that they reduce the 'psycholog- ical' distance between ethnic groups, like living in a cosmopolitan city and hav- ing parents belonging to different ethnic groups (see Atchade and Wantchekon (2006) for a first evidence). Besides, I find that ethnic group loyalty is par- ticularly strong among ethnic groups experiencing a severe level of grievance. Finally, evidence shows that aversion towards inter-ethnic inequity depends pos- itively on the income of the household in which the respondent grew up in. ; La politique de la Nouvelle Economy1 est basée sur le postulat de l'homo politicus qui Downs (1957) présente comme le clone de l'homo oeconomicus, un agent rationnel mo- tivé par la maximisation de son intérêt matériel. Goodin et Roberts (1975) ont été les premiers à proposer une alternative à l'homo politicus postulat en introduisant la notion de «électeur éthique» 2. Le «éthiques des électeurs »désigne un agent rationnel qui n'est pas seulement motivé par la maximisation de son matériel à court terme l'intérêt mais aussi par la promotion de ce qu'il considère comme équitable pour la société dans son ensemble. Il ya eu jusqu'ici que peu de tentatives pour le modèle «vote éthique». La plupart d'entre eux vote éthiques assimiler »pour veiller au bien-être des plus démunis au moment de voter (Voir Snyder et Kramer (1988), Kranich (2001) et Galasso (2003)). Alesina et Angeletos (2005) constituent une exception. À la suite de la responsabilité fondée sur théories de la justice, ils supposent que les individus partagent la conviction que l'on mérite le revenu, sur la base de ses compétences et de l'effort et que la chance ne crée différences injustes, ils sont donc prêts à compenser. Toutefois, le «Couper la responsabilité» (Dworkin (1981)) utilisé par Alesina et Angeletos (2005) n'a pas justification, doit-on considérer la littérature théorique sur la redistribution équitable ou la littérature empirique sur les opinions individuelles sur la justice distributive. Je me propose d'analyser «vote éthique» d'une manière plus globale. Le fil de ce travail est une «fonction d'utilité équitable». Plus précisément, je précise en papier 1 une «fonction d'utilité équitable» au modèle des citoyens compromis entre leur intérêt personnel et certaines de leurs préoccupations majeures pour l'équité. Livre 2 et document 3 compter sur la «fonction d'utilité équitable» pour étudier le comportement des électeurs au cours de la (re) distribution des excédents économiques dans différents contextes de democracy4. Dans le document 2, mon coauteur et je calculer l'équilibre politico-économique qui émerge quand les citoyens sont dotés de la «fonction d'utilité équitable». Nous modélisons les institutionnels création d'une démocratie occidentale typique où les clivages politiques sont principalement fondée sur le revenu. Dans le document 3, je estimer la «fonction d'utilité équitable». Je me base estimation des données d'enquête que j'ai pu recueillir dans une démocratie ethniquement polarisés où les clivages politiques sont principalement fondées sur l'ethnie. Document 1 cherche à savoir si les préoccupations d'équité pour l'influence sur l'ensemble- viennent dans les interactions réelles de sorte que l'analyse économique devrait compléter le postulat de l'homo economicus avec le postulat de l'homo ETHICUS. -Je effectuer une analyse en trois étapes l'étude des questions suivantes: • Quelles sont les principales préoccupations d'équité que les individus sont en mesure de spectacle? • Ne ces préoccupations pour l'équité influence le résultat global de l'éco- domaine économique? • Ne ces préoccupations pour l'équité influence le résultat global de la po- litical domaine? Sur la base de données expérimentales, je identifier trois principales préoccupations pour l'équité susceptibles d'influencer les comportements individuels en plus de l'intérêt: utilitaire ALTRU- ISM, «l'altruisme rawlsienne et désert sensibilité. l'altruisme utilitariste consiste à maximiser la somme de tous les services publics. «Altruisme rawlsienne» consiste à maximiser l'utilité des plus démunis. Desert sensibilité consiste en un coefficient de con- préoccupations d'équité envers les autres, devraient-ils être utilitaires préoccupations altruistes ou «préoccupations altruistes rawlsienne», selon le caractère méritoire de ces autres avec fonction de leurs caractéristiques responsabilité. Je trouve que les préoccupations d'équité n'ont pas d'impact sur le marché global hors vient, dois-je mettre l'accent sur les marchés portant sur des contrats complets ou sur les marchés impliquant des contrats incomplets. Je fournis des éléments de preuve que les préoccupations d'équité ont un impact significatif sur le Po- litical résultats globaux. Plus particulièrement, les préoccupations d'équité (utilitaires l'altruisme, «l'altruisme rawlsienne», et le désert de sensibilité) semblent exprimer à travers citoyens position sur une échelle de libéralisme conservatisme qui a un impact à terme leur comportement de vote. Toutefois, la preuve montre également que les préjugés ethniques, une ambiguïté déloyale motivation, constitue un concurrent sérieux aux préoccupations individuelles pour l'équité, même dans le contexte occidental de démocratie où les partis politiques sont officiellement répartis le long de revenus, pas à base ethnique, des lignes. Mes résultats suggèrent que la théorie économique en général (et les nouveaux enjeux politiques Économie en particulier) devrait accorder plus d'attention à la modélisation de l'éthique les comportements de vote pour améliorer sa capacité explicative et prédictive. Je propose à titre provisoire «fonction d'utilité équitable» au modèle des citoyens compromis entre leurs l'intérêt et les trois différentes préoccupations d'équité qui sont utilitaires l'altruisme, «l'altruisme rawlsienne et désert sensibilité. • Quel est l'équilibre politico-économique émergent dans une société où les individus sont dotés de la «fonction d'utilité équitable»? Nous étudions un modèle simple de vote où une redistribution unidimensionnelle para- ter est choisi par vote à la majorité dans une démocratie directe où les clivages politiques sont fondées sur le revenu. Nous tenons compte de l'hétérogénéité dans les préférences et les productivités à la consommation et de loisirs et d'intégrer les effets incitatifs de la fiscalité. Nous montrons que dans une société où les préférences altruistes sont désertiques sensibles, (i) strictement niveaux inférieurs de la redistribution émerger dans comparedto équilibre politique d'une société où les préférences ne sont pas altruistes désert sensibles et (ii) inférieur à ou des niveaux équivalents de redistribution émerger dans l'équilibre politique par rapport à un société où les préférences pour la redistribution sont purement égoïstes. Nous avons ensuite étudier la question de recherche suivante: • Peut notre résultat théorique aider à expliquer les différences entre les Améri- peut et du contrat social européen? En utilisant les données de l'International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) 1992 dataset, nous fournir des preuves empiriques que: (i) les préférences pour la redistribution ne sont pas purement égoïste, (ii) du désert sensibilité induit support inférieur pour la redistribution et (iii) les différences dans le désert sensibilité tenir entre les deux continents, induisant support inférieur pour la redistribution entre les Américains contre les Européens. Nous voir deux explications apparentes aide à comprendre pourquoi les préférences pour les re- de distribution sont plus sensibles du désert entre les individus aux États-Unis que chez personnes en Europe (voir Alesina et al. (2001) et Alesina et Glaeser (2004) pour une discussion approfondie). Tout d'abord, le mythe des Etats-Unis étant le "pays de l'op- portunity «fortement enracinées ses coutumes. Pendant ce temps, les perceptions européennes sont influencés par les historiques (de l'époque médiévale jusqu'à la dix-neuvième de la CEN- siècle), une division de la société en classes, où la naissance et la noblesse ont été les principaux déterminants de la richesse et de succès. Deuxièmement, la croyance américaine de undeserv- disponibilité manifestée des pauvres peuvent refléter les préjugés raciaux contre la minorité noire. Pauvres électeurs blancs pourraient réduire leur soutien à la redistribution quand ils croient que les pauvres citoyens noirs aussi profiter de la redistribution (voir Luttmer (2001) pour de solides preuves empiriques). Roemer et al. (2007) constatent que marginal impôt sur le revenu aurait été beaucoup plus élevé lorsque les préjugés raciaux aurait été absent. Ils croient que les préjugés raciaux est le principal facteur qui sous-tendent expliquant pourquoi les États-Unis, tandis que les vingt dernières années ont été caractérisées par une forte hausse des inégalités, les impôts en vigueur du revenu marginal ont chuté. • Dans un pays ethniquement polarisés, ne aversion envers inter-ethniques en l'équité amener les citoyens à voter pour un parti de promouvoir une répartition équitable des ressources nationales entre les groupes ethniques? 5 ou, en d'autres termes, Pourriez vote éthiques aider à réduire les risques de conflit dans des environnements ethniquement polarisés pays? S'appuyant sur des données recueillies auprès des étudiants de l'Université d'Addis-Abeba, mon réponse est triple. Tout d'abord, je montre que l'aversion envers l'inégalité inter-ethniques réduit considérablement la tentation des étudiants universitaires à voter pour leur parti ethnique. Cette constatation est encourageant. Sous mon hypothèse de départ que le degré de préoccupations éthiques des étudiants constituent une limite supérieure du degré de préoccupations d'ordre éthique du citoyen moyen, cette constatation suggère en effet que les préoccupations éthiques pourraient également influer sur son comportement de vote. En d'autres termes, l'éducation civique à l'échelle nationale programmes pourraient être une stratégie prometteuse de réduction des conflits dans des environnements ethniquement po- tif pays. Finkel (2002, 2003) fournit la preuve que l'éducation civique programmes ont un impact significatif sur la tolérance des participants «politique», tandis que son concept de «tolérance politique» est proche de notre notion de «aversion envers l'inégalité inter-ethnique ». Deuxièmement, je trouve que, bien que significative, l'impact relatif des préoccupations d'ordre éthique est très faible par rapport à l'impact de la loyauté envers le groupe ethnique, un important facteur déterminant du vote ethnique. Ce résultat est décourageant, car elle suggère que l'impact relatif des préoccupations d'ordre éthique sera encore plus faible sur une plus échantillon représentatif de la population éthiopienne. En d'autres termes, le «retour» sur les programmes d'éducation civique à l'échelle nationale en termes de passage du vote ethnique au vote à l'éthique devrait être faible. Troisièmement, je analyser les déterminants socio-démographiques des étudiants de l'Université moyenne- sion vers l'inégalité inter-ethnique et loyauté envers le groupe ethnique. Je fournis des confir- tion que certaines caractéristiques socio-démographiques spécifiques de façon significative (i) augmenter le degré d'aversion pour l'inégalité inter-ethnique et (ii) inférieur à un groupe ethnique fidélité. Ces caractéristiques ont en commun qu'elles réduisent la «psycholo- iCal «distance entre les groupes ethniques, comme vivre dans une ville cosmopolite et HAV- ING parents appartenant à différents groupes ethniques (voir Atchade et Wantchekon (2006) pour une première preuve). D'ailleurs, je trouve que la fidélité groupe ethnique est par- particulièrement forte parmi les groupes ethniques connaît un niveau sévère de grief. Enfin, il est prouvé que l'aversion envers l'inégalité inter-ethnique dépend pos- itively sur le revenu du ménage dans lequel le répondant a grandi po
The analysis of articles and normative documents for quality control and regional origin of wines was carried out. Chemical composition of the grapes and the wine has been considered, qualitative and quantitative changes during vinification, maturation and aging of wine were shown. The basic group of compounds contents and ratios which determine the qualitative characteristics of wines, as well as have an important role in the formation of aroma and taste of the drink was found. The prerequisites for the development of the market of counterfeit products and wine falsification methods were discussed. The analysis of scientific literature and regulatory framework governing the quality of the wines on the territory of Russia and the European Union and the existing approaches to determine their authenticity was conducted, the advantages and disadvantages are shown. The examples of using different criteria for the establishment of natural and adulterated wines have been discussed, as well as their approaches to identify and create a comprehensive system of wine production quality evaluation using methods of physicochemical analysis. The main methodological approaches to establish a wine regional origin, combining the capabilities of modern methods of analysis, mathematical modeling and statistics are analyzed, examples of their use in practice are shown.Keywords: wine, methods of analysis, quality, authenticity, regional origin, falsification, mathematical modeling (Russian)DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2014.18.4.001 Yu.F. Yakuba1, A.A. Kaunova2, Z.A. Temerdashev2, V.O. Titarenko2, A.A. Halafjan2 1North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Krasnodar, Russian Federation2 Kuban State University, Krasnodar, Russian FederationREFERENCES1. Oganesiants L.A., Panasiuk A.L. [Statistical data on world production of wine]. Vinodelie i vinogradarstvo [Wine-making and Viticulture], 2007, no. 2, pp. 6-7 (in Russian).2. Egorov E.A., Guguchkina T.I., Adzhiev A.M., Oseledtseva I.V. Geograficheskie zony proizvodstva vin i natsional'nykh kon'iakov (brendi) vysokogo kachestva na iuge Rossii [Geographical areas and national wine production of cognac (brandy) High quality in southern Russia]. Krasnodar: GNU SKZNIISiV; Prosveshchenie-Iug, 2013. 155 p. (in Russian).3. Ageeva N.M., Guguchkina T.I. Identifikatsiia i еkspertiza vinogradnykh vin i kon'iakov [Identification and examination of wines and brandies]. Krasnodar: GNU SKZNIISiV; Prosveshchenie-Iug, 2008. 174 p. (in Russian).4. Kosiura V.T., Donchenko L.V., Nadykta V.D. Osnovy vinodeliia [Basics of wine]. Moscow, DeLi print, 2004. 440 p. (in Russian).5. Demin D.P., Zinchenko V.I., Zagoruiko V.A., Kosiura V.T. [Ways to improve the stability of port wines]. Trudy In-ta Magarach [Proceedings. Magaraci Institute], 1991, pp. 55-58 (in Russian).6. Nilov V.I., Skurikhin I.M. Khimiia vinodeliia i kon'iachnogo proizvodstva [Chemistry of winemaking and cognac production]. Moscow, Pishchepromizdat. 1960. 272 p. (in Russian).7. Sobolev E.M. Tekhnologiia natural'nykh i spetsial'nykh vin [Technology of natural and special wines]. Maikop: GURIPP «Adygeia», 2006. 400 p. (in Russian).8. Nuzhnyi V.P. [Modern ideas about the toxic properties of wine and food]. Vinograd i vino Rossii [Grapes and wine Russia], 1996, no. 2, pp. 29-32 (in Russian).9. Savchuk S.A. [Quality control and identification authentication cognacs chromatographic methods]. Metody otsenki sootvetstviia [Methods for assessing compliance], 2006, no. 8, pp. 18-25 (in Russian).10. Kozub G.I., Mamakova Z.A., Skorbanova E.A., Maksimova A.S. [Changing components of the chemical composition of sherry at his endurance]. Sadovodstvo, vinogradarstvo i vinodelie Moldavii [Horticulture, viticulture and winemaking Moldova], 1982, no. 1, pp. 33-36 (in Russian).11. Kishkovskii Z.N., Skurikhin I.M. Khimiia vina [Wine chemistry]. Moscow, Agropromizdat, 1988. P. 45-67 (in Russian).12. Filippovich Iu.B. Osnovy biokhimii [Fundamentals of Biochemistry]. Moscow, Agar, 1999. 507 p. (in Russian).13. Iakuba Iu. F. Analitika i tekhnologiia vinogradnykh distilliatov [Research and Technology grape distillates]. Moscow, Moscow University Publ., 2013. 168 p. (in Russian).14. Joon-Young J., Yun H. S., Lee J., Oh M.-K. Production of 1,2-Propanediol from Glycerol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 2011, vol. 21, no. 8, pp. 846-853. doi:10.4014/jmb.1103.03009.15. Karpov S.S., Valuiko G.G., Nalimova A.A., Keptine A.I. [Some features of the formation of esters during fermentation of grape must]. Sadovodstvo, vinogradarstvo i vinodelie Moldavii [Horticulture, viticulture and winemaking Moldova], 1982, no. 2, pp. 31-33 (in Russian).16. Rodopulo A.K. Osnovy biokhimii vinodeliia [Fundamentals of Biochemistry winemaking]. Moscow, Legkaia i pishchеvaia promyshlеnnost' Publ., 1983. 240 p. (in Russian).17. Stabnikov V.N. Peregonka i rektifikatsiia еtilovogo spirta [Distillation and Rectification of ethyl alcohol]. Moscow, Pishchеvaia Promyshlennost' Publ., 1969. 456 p. (in Russian).18. Marinchenko V.A., Smirnov V.A. Tekhnologiia spirta [Technology of alcohol]. Moscow, Legkaia i pishchеvaia promyshlеnnost' Publ., 1981. 416 p. (in Russian).19. Strukova V.E. Karbonilamidnye reaktsii i ikh intensifikatsiia pri teplovoi obrabotke kreplenykh vin. Avtoref. diss. kand. [Reaction of carbonilamid and their intensification during the thermal treatment of fortified wines. Cand. sci. diss. abstract.]. Krasnodar, 1983. 26 p. (in Russian).20. Shol'ts E.P., Ponomarev S.V. Tekhnologiia pererabotki vinograda [Technology conversion of grapes]. Moscow, Agropromizdat, 1990. 447 p. (in Russian).21. Negrul' A.M., Gordeeva L.N., Kalmykova T.I. Ampelografiia s osnovami vinogradarstva. Uchebnoе posobiе dlia tekhnolog. vuzov [Ampelography the basics of viticulture. Textbook for technological universities]. Moscow, Vysshaia shkola Publ., 1979. 199 p. (in Russian).22. Pazo M., Almitfro E., Traveao C. Perfil de ammoacidos libres de los vinos Albarino у Godello. Alimfiitami, 2004, vol. 41, no 357, pp. 111-117.23. Khristiuk V.T., Uzun L.M., Baryshev M.G. [Ferment grape juice and pulp after treatment with extremely low frequency electromagnetic field range]. Izvеstiia vuzov. Pishchevaia tekhnologiia [Proceedings of the universities. Food technology], 2002, no. 5-6, pp.43-44 (in Russian).24. Herbert P., Barros P., Alves A. Detection of port wine imitation by discriminant analysis using free amino acids profiles. Amer. J. Enol. And Viticult., 2000, vol. 51, no.3, pp. 262-268.25. Ough C.S., Stashak R.M. Further studies on proline concentration in grapes and wines. Am. J. Enol. Vitic., 1974, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 7-12.26. Iakuba Iu.F. [Direct determination of the basic amino acids of wine]. Zavodskaia laboratoriia. Diagnostika materialov [Industrial Laboratory. Diagnostics of materials], 2010, vol. 76, no. 4, pp.12-14 (in Russian).27. Iakuba Iu.F. [Direct determination of phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine residues in wines]. Zavodskaia laboratoriia. Diagnostika materialov [Industrial Laboratory. Diagnostics of materials], 2008, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 15-18 (in Russian).28. Bakker J., Bridle P., Timberlake C.F. The colours, pigment and phenol contents of young port wines: Effects of cultivar, season and site. Vitis, 1986, vol. 25, pp. 40-52.29. Etievant P., Schlich P., Bertrand A. Varietal and geographic classification of French red wines in terms of pigments and flavonoid compounds. J. Sci. Food Agric., 1988, vol. 42, pp. 39-54.30. Jackson M.G., Timberlake C.F., Bridle P. Red wine quality: Correlations between colour, aroma and flavor and pigment and other parameters of young Beaujolais. J. Sci. Food Agric., 1978, vol. 29, pp. 715-727.31. Joslyn M. A., Little A. Relation of type and concentration of phenolics to the color and stability of rose wines. Am. J. Enol. Vitic., 1967, vol. 18, pp. 138-148.32. Ramos R.A, Andrade P.В., Seabra R., Pereira C., Ferreira M.A., Faia M.A. Preliminary study of noncoloured phenolics in wines of varietal white grapes (codega, gouveio and malvasia fina): effects of grape variety, grape maduration and technology of winemaking. Food Chem., 1999, vol. 67, pp. 39-44.33. Valuiko G.G. Biokhimicheskie osnovy tekhnologii krasnykh vin. Avtoref. diss.dokt. tekhn. nauk [Biochemical basis of technology red wines. Dr. techn. sci. diss. abstract]. Krasnodar, 1972. 74 p. (in Russian).34. McDonald M.S., Hughes M.M., Burns J., Lean M.E.J., Matthews D., Crozier A. Survey of the free and conjugated myricetin and quercetin content of red wines of different geographical origins. J. Agric. Food Chem., 1998, vol. 46, pp. 368-375.35. Delgado R., Pedro M. Evolucion de la composicion fenolica de las uvas tintas durante la maduracion. Alimenlaria, 2001, vol. 38, no. 326, pp. 139-145.36. Christie P.J., Alfenito M.R., Walbot V. Impact of low-temperature stress on general phenylpropanoid and anthocyanin pathways: Enhancement of transcript abundance and anthocyanin pigmentation in maize seedlings. Planta, 1994, vol. 194, pp. 541-549.37. Macheix J.J., Sapis J.C., Fleuriet A. Phenolic compounds and polyphenoloxidase in relation to browning in grapes and wines. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 1991, vol. 30, pp. 441-486.38. Graham T.L. Flavonoid and isoflavonoid distribution in developing soybean seedling tissue and in seed and root exudates. Plant Physiol., 1991, vol. 95, pp. 594-603.39. Kliewer W.M. Influence of temperature, solar radiation and nitrogen on coloration and composition of emperor grapes. Am. J. Enol. Vitic., 1977, vol. 28, pp. 96-103.40. Tiutiunik V.I. Dinamika antotsianov pri sozrevanii i khranenii iagod nekotorykh standartnykh i gibridnykh sortov vinograda v predgornoi zone Kryma. Avtoref. diss. kand. biol. nauk [Anthocyan dynamics in berries ripening and storage of some standard and hybrid grape varieties in the foothill zone of Crimea. Kand. biol. sci. diss. abstract]. Kishinev, 1969. 21 p. (in Russian).41. Yinrong Lu., Yeap Foo L. Unexpected rearrangement of pyranoanthocyanidins to furoanthocyanidins. Tetrahedron Letters, 2002, vol. 43, pp. 715-718.42. Dallas C., Laureano O. Effect of SO2 on the extraction of individual anthocyanins and colored matter of three Portuguese grape varieties during winemaking. Vitis, 1994, vol. 33, pp. 41-47.43. Revilla I., Gonzalez-Sanjose M. Compositional changes during the storage of red wines treated with pectolytic enzymes: low molecular-weight phenols and flavan-3-ol derivative levels. Food Chemistry, 2003, vol. 80, pp. 205-214.44. Piermattei B., Amatti A., Castellari M. Preliminary studies on the use of dried grape stems in red winemaking. Vitis: Viticult., 2000, vol. 39, no. 1-2, pp. 4-46.45. Oganesiants L.A. Dub i vinodelie [Oak and winemaking]. Moscow, Agropishchepromizdat, 2001. 359 p. (in Russian).46. del Alamo Sanza M., Dominguez I. Nevares, Corcel L.M. Analysis for low molecular weight phenolic compounds in a red wine aged in oak chips. Anal. Chim. Acta, 2004, vol. 513, pp. 229-237.47. Atanasova V., Fulcrand H., Cheynier V. Effect of oxygenation on polyphenol changes occurring in the course of wine-making. Anal. Chim. Acta, 2002, vol. 458, pp. 15-27.48. Mateus N., Freitas V. De Evolution and stability of anthycyanin-derived pigments during port wine aging. J. Agr. and Food Chem., 2001, vol. 49, no. 11, pp. 5217-5222.49. Magomedov Z.B., Makuev G.A. [Coloring and phenolics substances varieties of grapes and the dynamics of their content in wines with aging]. Khranenie i pererabotka sel'khozsyr'ia [Storage and processing of agricultural], 2001, no. 10, pp. 51-50 (in Russian).50. GOST R 55242-2012. Vina zashchishchennykh geograficheskikh ukazanii i vina zashchishchennykh naimenovanii mesta proiskhozhdeniia. Obshchie tekhnicheskie usloviia [State Standard 55242-2012. Wines from protected geographical indications and wines with a protected place of origin. General specifications]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2013. 12 p. (in Russian).51. GOST R 52523–2006. Vina stolovye i vinomaterialy stolovye. Obshchie tekhnicheskie usloviia [State Standard 52523–2006. Table wines and wine materials. General specifications]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2008. 12 p. (in Russian).52. GOST R 52195–2003. Vina aromatizirovannye. Obshchie tekhnicheskie usloviia [State Standard 52195–2003. Flavored wine. General specifications]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2009. 8 p. (in Russian).53. GOST R 52404–2005. Vina spetsial'nye i vinomaterialy spetsial'nye. Obshchie tekhnicheskie usloviia [State Standard 52404–2005. Wines and special wine materials. General specifications]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2006. 8 p. (in Russian).54. GOST R 51158–2009. Vina igristye. Obshchie tekhnicheskie usloviia [State Standard 51158–2009. Sparkling wines. General specifications]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2009. 8 p. (in Russian).55. SanPiN 2.3.2.1078–01. Gigienicheskie trebovaniia bezopasnosti i pishchevoi tsennosti pishchevykh produktov [Sanitary Standard 2.3.2.1078–01. Hygienic safety and nutritional value of foods]. 144 p. (in Russian).56. Nikolaeva M.A., Polozhishnikova M.A. Identifikatsiia i obnaruzhenie fal'sifikatsii prodovol'stvennykh tovarov: uchebnoe posobie [Identification and determination of falsification of food products: a tutorial]. Moscow, «FORUM»: INFRA-M Publ., 2009. 464 p. (in Russian).57. Holmberg L. Wine fraud. International Journal of Wine Research, 2010, vol. 2, pp. 105-113. doi:10.2147/IJWR.S14102.58. Martin G.J. The chemistry of chaptalization. Endowour, New Series, 1990, vol. 14, no. 3. pp. 137-143. doi:10.1016/0160-9327(90)90007-E.59. Ogrinc N., Kosir I.J., Spangenberg J.E., Kidric J. The application of NMR and MS methods for detection of adulteration of wine, fruit juices, and olive oil. A review. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 2003, vol. 376, pp. 424-430. doi:10.1007/s00216-003-1804-6.60. Savchuk S.A., Vlasov V.N. [Identification of wine products using high performance liquid chromatography and spectrometry]. Vinograd i vino Rossii [Grapes and wine Russia], 2000, no. 5, pp. 5-13 (in Russian).61. GOST R 51149–98. Produkty vinodel'cheskoi promyshlennosti. Upakovka, markirovka, transportirovanie i khranenie [State Standard 51149–98. Wine industry products. Packaging, labeling, transportation and storage]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2009. 6 p. (in Russian).62. GOST R 51074-2003. Produkty pishchevye. Informatsiia dlia potrebitelia. Obshchie trebovaniia [State Standard 51074-2003. Foodstuffs. Information for Consumers. general requirements]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2006. 23 p. (in Russian).63. GOST R 51653-2000. Alkogol'naia produktsiia i syr'e dlia ee proizvodstva. Metod opredeleniia ob«emnoi doli еtilovogo spirta [State Standard 51653-2000. Alcoholic products and raw materials for its production. Method of determining of the ethanol volume fraction]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2009. 6 p. (in Russian).64. GOST 13192-73. Vina, vinomaterialy i kon'iaki. Metod opredeleniia sakharov [State Standard 13192-73. Wine, brandy and wine materials. Method of sugars determination]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2011. 10 p. (in Russian).65. GOST R 51621-2000. Alkogol'naia produktsiia i syr'e dlia ee proizvodstva. Metody opredeleniia massovoi kontsentratsii titruemykh kislot [State Standard 51621-2000. Alcoholic products and raw materials for its production. Methods of determination of the mass concentration of titratable acid]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2009. 5 p. (in Russian).66. GOST R 51654-2000. Alkogol'naia produktsiia i syr'e dlia ee proizvodstva. Metod opredeleniia massovoi kontsentratsii letuchikh kislot [State Standard 51654-2000. Alcoholic products and raw materials for its production. Method of determination of the mass concentration of volatile acids]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2009. 7 p. (in Russian).67. GOST R 51620-2000. Alkogol'naia produktsiia i syr'e dlia ee proizvodstva. Metod opredeleniia massovoi kontsentratsii privedennogo еkstrakta [State Standard 51620-2000. Alcoholic products and raw materials for its production. Method of determination of the mass concentration of the powered extract]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2009. 6 p. (in Russian).68. GOST R 52391-2005. Produktsiia vinodel'cheskaia. Metod opredeleniia massovoi kontsentratsii limonnoi kisloty [State Standard 52391-2005. Wine products. Method of determination of the mass concentration of citric acid]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2007. 8 p. (in Russian).69. GOST R 51655-2000. Alkogol'naia produktsiia i syr'e dlia ee proizvodstva. Metod opredeleniia massovoi kontsentratsii svobodnogo i obshchego dioksida sery [State Standard 51655-2000. Alcoholic products and raw materials for its production. Method of determination of free and total sulfur dioxide]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2009. 6 p. (in Russian).70. GOST R 51766-2001. Syr'e i produkty pishchevye. Atomno-absorbtsionnyi metod opredeleniia mysh'iaka [State Standard 51766-2001. Raw materials and food products. Determination of arsenic using Atomic absorption spectroscopy]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2011. 10 p. (in Russian).71. GOST R 51823-2001. Alkogol'naia produktsiia i syr'e dlia ee proizvodstva. Metod inversionno-vol'tamperometricheskogo opredeleniia soderzhaniia kadmiia, svintsa, tsinka, medi, mysh'iaka, rtuti, zheleza i obshchego dioksida sery [State Standard 51823-2001. Alcoholic products and raw materials for its production. Determination of cadmium, lead, zinc, copper, arsenic, mercury, iron and total sulfur dioxide using voltamperometry]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2009. 18 p. (in Russian).72. GOST 26927-86. Syr'e i produkty pishchevye. Metody opredeleniia rtuti [State Standard 26927-86. Raw materials and food products. Methods of determination of mercury]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2010. 15 p. (in Russian).73. GOST 26930-86. Syr'e i produkty pishchevye. Metod opredeleniia mysh'iaka [State Standard 26930-86. Raw materials and food products. Method of the determination of arsenic]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2010. 6 p. (in Russian).74. GOST 26932-86. Syr'e i produkty pishchevye. Metody opredeleniia svintsa [State Standard 26932-86. Raw materials and food products. Methods of determination of lead]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2010. 11 p. (in Russian).75. GOST 26933-86. Syr'e i produkty pishchevye. Metody opredeleniia kadmiia [State Standard 26933-86. Raw materials and food products. Methods of determination of cadmium]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2010. 10 p. (in Russian).76. GOST 30178-96. Syr'e i produkty pishchevye. Atomno-absorbtsionnyi metod opredeleniia toksichnykh еlementov [State Standard 30178-96. Raw materials and food products. Determination of toxic elements using atomic absorption spectroscopy]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2010. 8 p. (in Russian).77. GOST 30538-97. Produkty pishchevye. Metodika opredeleniia toksichnykh еlementov atomno-еmissionnym metodom [State Standard 30538-97. Foodstuffs. Analysis of toxic elements using atomic-emission methods]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2010. 27 p. (in Russian).78. Panasiuk A.L., Babaeva M.I. [Quality criteria for white wines of the New World]. Vinodelie i vinogradarstvo [Wine-making and Viticulture], 2013, no. 5. pp. 22-24 (in Russian).79. Tochilina R.P. [About improvement of methods for the identification of wine production]. Vinodelie i vinogradarstvo [Wine-making and Viticulture], 2007, no. 2. pp. 14-15 (in Russian).80. Tochilina R.P [Wine production quality and the problem of its identification]. Vinodelie i vinogradarstvo [Wine-making and Viticulture], 2001, no. 3, pp. 8-9 (in Russian).81. GOST R 52813-2007. Produktsiia vinodel'cheskaia. Metody organolepticheskogo analiza [State Standard 52813-2007. Wine products. Sensory analysis methods]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2008. 13 p. (in Russian).82. GOST R ISO 3972–2005. Organolepticheskii analiz. Metodologiia. Metod issledovaniia vkusovoi chuvstvitel'nosti [State Standard 3972–2005. Sensory analysis. Methodology. Methods of investigation of taste sensitivity]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2006. 7 p. (in Russian).83. Kushnereva G.K., Guguchkina T.I., Pankin M.I., Lopatina L.I. [Investigation of table wines quality from physical and chemical parameters using mathematical]. Vinodelie i vinogradarstvo [Wine-making and Viticulture], 2011, no. 4. pp. 18-21 (in Russian).84. Vina i alkogol'nye napitki. Direktivy i reglamenty Evropeiskogo Soiuza [Wines and alcoholic drinks. EU directives and regulations]. Moscow, IPK Standards Publ., 2000. 616 p. (in Russian).85. International Organisation of Vine and Wine http://www.oiv.int/ (accessed 02.07.14)86. Yakuba Yu. F., Guguchkina T.I., Ageeva N.M., Lopatina L.M. Sposob opredeleniia kachestva vinogradnogo vina [A method of determining of the wine quality]. Patent RF, no. 2310192, 2007. (in Russian).87. Kushnereva E.V., Guguchkina T.I. [Development of criteria for authenticity naturally semi-sweet and semi-dry wines]. Vinodelie i vinogradarstvo [Wine-making and Viticulture], 2012, no. 5-6, pp. 70-72 (in Russian).88. Panasiuk A.L., Kuz'mina E.I., Zakharov M.A., Kharlamova L.N., Kornilina I.A. ["Ash and alkalinity" as indicators in the system of the authentication criteria of table wines]. Vinodelie i vinogradarstvo [Wine-making and Viticulture], 2011, no. 1, pp. 20-21 (in Russian).89. Cliff M.A., King M.C., Schlosser J. Anthocyanin, phenolic composition, colour measurement and sensory analysis of BC commercial red wines. Food Research International, 2007, vol. 40, pp. 92–100. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2006.08.002.90. González G., Peña-Méndez E.M. Multivariate data analysis in classification of must and wine from chemical measurements. Eur. Food Res. Technol., 2000, vol. 212, pp. 100–107. doi:10.1007/s002170000207.91. Lunina L.V., Guguchkina T.I., Ageeva N.M., Iakuba Iu.F. [The criteria of determining of the authenticity of wines]. Partnery i konkurenty [Partners and competitors], 2005, no. 5, pp. 27-29 (in Russian).92. Ageeva N.M., Guguchkina T.I., Markovskii M.G. [Once again about falsification of wines]. Vinodelie i vinogradarstvo [Wine-making and Viticulture], 2002, no. 4, pp. 22-23 (in Russian).93. Valgina L.V., Zhirova V.V., Smirnova E.A. [Identification of wine production]. Vinodelie i vinogradarstvo [Wine-making and Viticulture], 2010, no. 1, pp. 10-11 (in Russian).94. Sеn'kina Z.E., Arbuzov V.N., Aleshkin B.M. [Instrumental methods of analysis for the identification of grape wines]. Vinodelie i vinogradarstvo [Wine-making and Viticulture], 2004, no. 1, pp. 25-27 (in Russian).95. Dergunov A.V., Lopin S.A., Il'iashenko O.I. [Influence of the biochemical composition of perspective white wine grapes on the quality of wine production]. Vinodelie i vinogradarstvo [Wine-making and Viticulture], 2012, no. 4, pp. 22-25 (in Russian).96. Valgina L.A. Razrabotka kompleksnoi tovarovednoi otsenki i identifikatsii stolovykh polusladkikh vin. Dis. kand. tеkhn. nauk [Development of a comprehensive assessment and identification semi sweet wines Cand. tehn. sci. diss.]. Moscow, 2011. 147 p. (in Russian).97. Larionov A.B., Tokmin D.G., Sarvarova N.N., Marchenko I.A., Gerasimov M.K. [5-hydroxymethyl content as an additional indicator of the quality of alcoholic beverages]. Vinodelie i vinogradarstvo [Wine-making and Viticulture], 2013, no. 5, pp. 25-27 (in Russian).98. Yakuba Yu. F., Guguchkina T.I., Ageeva N.M., Lopatina L.M., Lunina L.V. Sposob opredeleniia kachestva stolovogo vinogradnogo vina [Method of determining the quality of table grape wine]. Patent RF, no. 2312342, 2007 (in Russian).99. Sobolev Е.M., Kudlai D.V. Sposob opredeleniia natural'nosti belykh vin [Method of determining of the naturalness of white wines]. Patent RF, no. 2271000, 2006 (in Russian).100. Sarvarova N.N., Marchenko I.A., Rizvanov I.Kh., Tokmin D.G. [Determination of polyols by GC-MS without extraction for quality evaluation of the table wines]. Vinodelie i vinogradarstvo [Wine-making and Viticulture], 2012, no. 6, pp. 16-20 (in Russian).101. Panasiuk A.L., Kuz'mina E.I., Kharlamova L.N., Zakharov M.A., Kadykova N.E., Babaeva M.V. [Controlled parameters of the natural wines. White wines of Chile]. Vinodelie i vinogradarstvo [Wine-making and Viticulture], 2008, no. 4, pp. 8-11 (in Russian).102. Iakuba Iu.F., Lozhnikova M.S. [Improving of the analytical control of wine products]. Analitika i kontrol' [Analysis and control], 2011, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 309-312 (in Russian).103. Kushnereva E.V., Markovskii M.G., Guguchkina T.I., Ageeva N.M. [Determination of biogenic amines in the vines]. Izvestiia vuzov. Pishchevaia tekhnologiia [Proceedings of the universities. Food technology], 2012, no. 1, pp. 106-108 (in Russian).104. Martuscelli M., Arfelli G., Manetta A.C., Suzzi G. Biogenic amines content as a measure of the quality of wines of Abruzzo (Italy). Food Chemistry., 2013, vol. 140, pp. 590–597. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.01.008.105. Leitгo M. C., Marques A. P., San Romгo M. V. A survey of biogenic amines in commercial Portuguese wines. Food Control., 2005, vol. 16, pp. 199-204. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2004.01.012.106. Soufleros E.H., Bouloumpasi E., Tsarchopoulos C., Biliaderis C.G. Primary amino acid profiles of Greek white wines and their use in classification according to variety, origin and vintage. Food Chem., 2003, vol. 80, no. 2, pp. 261-273. doi:10.1016/S0308-8146(02)00271-6.107. Zakharova A.M., Kartsova L.A., Grinshtein I.L. [Determination of organic acids, carbohydrates or sweeteners in food products and dietary supplements using HPLC]. Analitika i kontrol' [Analysis and control], 2013, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 204-210 (in Russian).108. GOST R 52841-2007. Produktsiia vinodel'cheskaia. Opredelenie organicheskikh kislot metodom kapilliarnogo еlektroforeza [State Standard 52841-2007. Wine products. Determination of organic acids by capillary electrophoresis]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2008. 7 p. (in Russian).109. Skorbanova E.A., Kairiak N.F., Mamakova Z.A. [Modern methods of detection of falsified wines]. Vinodelie i vinogradarstvo [Wine-making and Viticulture], 2005, no. 6, pp. 26-27 (in Russian).110. Jackowetz J.N., Mira de Orduсa R. Survey of SO2 binding carbonyls in 237 red and white table wines. Food Control, 2013, vol. 32, pp. 687-692. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.02.001.111. Bodorev M.M., Subbotin B.S. [Chromatographic analysis of aromatic aldehydes and acids in wine]. Vinodelie i vinogradarstvo [Wine-making and Viticulture], 2001, no. 1, pp. 19-21 (in Russian).112. Polozhishnikova M.A., Perelygin O.N. [Determination of the biological value and identification of red wines using content of flavanols phenolic acids]. Vinodelie i vinogradarstvo [Wine-making and Viticulture], 2005, no. 6, pp. 22-24 (in Russian).113. Bridle P., Garcia-Viguera C. A simple technique for the detection of red wine adulteration with elderberry pigments. Food Chemistry, 1996, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 111-113. doi:10.1016/0308-8146(95)00179-4.114. Tochilina R.P., Peschanaia V.A., Poznanskaia E.V., Goncharov S.A., Larina S.M. [About the problem of wines identifying. Effect on total pentose sugars in table wines]. Vinodelie i vinogradarstvo [Wine-making and Viticulture], 2011, no. 1, pp. 13 (in Russian).115. GOST R 53193-2008. Napitki alkogol'nye i bezalkogol'nye. Opredelenie kofeina, askorbinovoi kisloty, konservantov i podslastitelei metodom kapilliarnogo еlektroforeza [State Standard 53193-2008. Alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks. Determination of caffeine, ascorbic acid, preservatives, and sweeteners by capillary electrophoresis]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2010. 11 p. (in Russian).116. Fauhl C, Wittkowski R, Lofthouse J, Hird S, Brereton P, Versini G, Lees M, Guillou C. Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric Determination of 3-Methoxy-1,2-Propanediol and Cyclic Diglycerols, By-Products of Technical Glycerol, in Wine: Interlaboratory Study. Journal of AOAC International, 2004, vol. 87, no. 5, pp. 1179-1188.117. Nieuwoudt H.H., Prior B.A., Pretorius S., Bauer F.F. Glycerol in South African Table Wines: An Assessment of its Relationship to Wine Quality. S. Afr. J. Enol. Vitic., 2002, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 22-30.118. GOST R 53154-2008. Vina i vinomaterialy. Opredelenie sinteticheskikh krasitelei metodom kapilliarnogo еlektroforeza [State Standard 53154. Wine and wine materials. Determination of synthetic dyes by capillary electrophoresis]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2010. 11 p. (in Russian).119. Zhirov V.M., Presniakova O.P., Neudakhina O.K., Doronin M.B. [Qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements in wines using ICP-MS]. Vinodelie i vinogradarstvo [Wine-making and Viticulture], 2012, no. 6, pp. 30-31 (in Russian).120. Kolesnov A.Iu., Filatova I.A., Zadorozhniaia D.G., Maloshitskaia O.A. [Mass spectrometry of stable oxygen isotopes 18O/16O in wine production to establish its authenticity]. Vinodelie i vinogradarstvo [Wine-making and Viticulture], 2012, no. 6, pp. 10-15 (in Russian).121. Zhirova V.V., e.a. Sposob opredeleniia proiskhozhdeniia organicheskikh oksikislot v vinakh i sokosoderzhashchikh napitkakh [Determination of the origin of organic hydroxy acids in wine and juice drinks]. Patent RF, no. 2487348, 2013. 12 с. (in Russian).122. Calderone G., Guillou C. Analysis of isotopic ratios for the detection of illegal watering of beverages. Food Chemistry, 2008, vol. 106, pp. 1399-1405. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.01.080.123. Guyon F., Gaillard L., Salagoïty M.-H., Médina B. Intrinsic ratios of glucose, fructose, glycerol and ethanol 13C/12C isotopic ratio determined by HPLC-co-IRMS: toward determining constants for wine authentication. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 2011, vol. 401, pp. 1551-1558. doi:10.1007/s00216-011-5012-5.124. Cabaňero A.I., Recio J.L., Rupérez M. Isotope ratio mass spectrometry coupled to liquid and gas chromatography for wine ethanol characterization. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 2008, vol. 22. pp. 3111-3118. doi:10.1002/rcm.3711.125. Cabaňero A.I., Recio J.L., Rupérez M. Simultaneous stable carbon isotopic analysis of wine glycerol and ethanol by liquid chromatography coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometry. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2010, vol. 58, pp. 722-728. doi:10.1021/jf9029095.126. Versinia G., Camina F., Ramponia M., Dellacassa E. Stable isotope analysis in grape products: 13C-based internal standardization methods to improve the detection of some types of adulterations. Analytica Chimica Acta, 2006, vol. 563, pp. 325-330. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2006.01.098.127. Kravchenko S.N., Kagan E.S., Stoletova A.A. [Development of mathematical model for assessing the quality of products]. Izvestiia vuzov. Pishchevaia tekhnologiia [Proceedings of the universities. Food technology], 2011, no. 4, pp. 105-109 (in Russian).128. Perelygin O.N. Ustanovlenie podlinnosti sukhikh vinogradnykh vin na osnove fiziko-khimicheskikh pokazatelei. Diss. kand. tekhn. nauk [Authentication of the dry wines using physical and chemical parameters. Cand. tehn. sci. diss.]. Moscow, 2004. 140 p. (in Russian).129. Charlton A. J., Wrobel M.S., Stanimirova I., Daszykowski M., Grundy H. H., Walczak B. Multivariate discrimination of wines with respect to their grape varieties and vintages. Eur. Food Res. Technol., 2010, vol. 231, pp. 733-743. doi:10.1007/s00217-010-1299-2.130. Košir I. J., Kocjancic,M., Ogrinc N., Kidrič J. Use of SNIF-NMR and IRMS in combination with chemometric methods for the determination of chaptalisation and geographical origin of wines (the example of Slovenian wines). Analytica Chimica Act, 2001, vol. 429, pp. 195-206. doi:10.1016/S0003-2670(00)01301-5.131. Gavrilina V.A. Metodologiia kontrolia vina raspoznavaniem. Diss. Dokt.tekhn. nauk [Methodology control wine using recognition. Dr. tehn. sci. diss.]. Orel, 2013. 259 p. (in Russian).132. Sidorova A.A., Ganzha O.V. Sposob identifikatsii ob«ekta putem postroeniia ego kharakteristicheskogo еlektroforeticheskogo profilia [Method of object identification by building its characteristic electrophoretic profile]. Patent RF, no. 2327978, 2008. 7 с. (in Russian).133. Ageeva N.M., Guguchkina T.I., Iakuba Iu.F. Sposob ustanovleniia natural'nosti vina [Method for establishing natural wine]. Patent RF, no. 2156976, 2000 (in Russian).134. Markosov V.A., Ageeva N.M., Guguchkina T.I., Iakuba Iu.F., Gaponov A.I. [Evaluation of the quality of special wines "Anapa strong" and "Cahors"]. Vinograd i vino Rossii [Grapes and wine Russia], 2001, no. 4, pp. 45-46 (in Russian).135. Gavrilina V.A., Mal'tseva O.I., Bulgakov D.S., Sychev S.N., Sychev K.S. [Application of principal component analysis to identify and compare natural wines. Part 2: Criteria of identity and similarity of dry red wines using a combination of principal component analysis and HPLC with spectrophotometric detection]. Vinodelie i vinogradarstvo [Wine-making and Viticulture], 2007, no. 3, pp. 30-32 (in Russian).136. Petrov V.I. Razrabotka skhemy identifikatsii natural'nykh vin po rezul'tatam ikh mul'tiеlementnogo analiza. Diss. kand. khim. nauk [Development of natural wines identification scheme based on the results of their multielement analysis. Cand. chem. sci. diss.]. Krasnodar, 2013. 157 p. (in Russian).137. Aramina A.A., Sadovoi V.V. [Assessment of compliance with regulatory requirements of wine production]. Izvestiia vuzov. Pishchevaia tekhnologiia [Proceedings of the universities. Food technology], 2011, no. 5-6, pp. 92-94 (in Russian).138. Duchowicz P.R., Giraudo M.A., Castro E.A., Pomilio A.B. Amino acid profiles and quantitative structure–property relationship models as markers for Merlot and Torrontes wines. Food Chemistry, 2013, vol. 140, pp. 210-216. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.02.064.139. Urbano M., Luque de Castro M. D., Pérez P. M., García-Olmo J., Gómez-Nieto M. A. Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy and pattern recognition methods for differentiation and classification of wines. Food Chemistry. 2006, vol. 97, pp. 166-175. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.05.001.140. Guilln D., Palma M., Natera R., Romero R., Barroso C. G. Determination of the Age of Sherry Wines by Regression Techniques Using Routine Parameters and Phenolic and Volatile Compounds. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2005, vol. 53, pp. 2412-2417. doi:10.1021/jf048522b.141. Gerzhikova V.G., Zagoruiko V.A. [Quality control methods of the wine products]. Vinodelie i vinogradarstvo [Winemaking and Viticulture], 2003, no. 5, pp. 24-26 (in Russian).142. Arozarena I., Casp A., Marin R., Navarro M. Multivariate differentiation of Spanish red wines according to region and variety. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2000, vol. 80, pp.1909-1917. doi:10.1002/1097-0010(200010)80:133.0.CO;2-U.143. Stupakova R.K., Sergeev E.N. [Wine quality control]. Vinodelie i vinogradarstvo [Winemaking and Viticulture], 2001, no. 4, pp. 15 (in Russian).144. Seeber R., Sferlazzo G., Leardi R., Dalla Serra A., Versini G. Multivariate data analysis in classification of musts and wines of the same variety according to vintage year. J. Agric. Food Chem., 1991, vol 39, no. 10, pp 1764-1769. doi:10.1021/jf00010a014.145. Perestrelo R., Barros A.S., Cámara J.S., Rocha S.M. In-Depth Search Focused on Furans, Lactones, Volatile Phenols, and Acetals As Potential Age Markers of Madeira Wines by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography with Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Combined with Solid Phase Microextraction. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2011, vol. 59, pp. 3186-3204. doi:10.1021/jf104219t.146. Paneque P., Álvarez-Sotomayor Ma T., Clavijo A., Gómez I.A. Metal content in southern Spain wines and their classification according to origin and ageing. Microchemical Journal, 2010, vol. 94, pp. 175-179. doi:10.1016/j.microc.2009.10.017.147. Cuadros-Inostroza A., Giavalisco P., Hummel J., Eckardt A., Willmitzer L., Penfia-CorteÏs H. Discrimination of wine attributes by metabolome analysis. Analytical Chemistry, 2010, vol. 82, pp. 3573-3580. doi:10.1021/ac902678t.148. Khiabakhov T.S. [Basic conditions for the development of good practice winemaking]. Vinodelie i vinogradarstvo [Winemaking and Viticulture], 2011, no. 5, pp. 8-9 (in Russian).149. Galitskaia Iu.N., Martynova T.A. [Perspectives of development of the wine industry on Kuban]. Izvestiia vuzov. Pishchevaia tekhnologiia [Proceedings of the universities. Food technology], 2006, no. 4, pp. 9-12 (in Russian).150. Kaishev V.G., Usachev A.M. [Viticulture and winemaking Russia. Development of production for 1999-2003., problems and prospects]. Vinodelie i vinogradarstvo [Winemaking and Viticulture], 2004, no. 2, pp. 4-8 (in Russian).151. Tolokov N.R. [Legal regulation of wines by origin in Russia]. Vinodelie i vinogradarstvo [Winemaking and Viticulture], 2005, no. 2, pp. 9-10 (in Russian).152. Di Paola-Naranjo R.D, Baroni M.V, Podio N.S, Rubinstein H.R, Fabani M.P, Badini R.G, Inga M, Ostera H.A, Cagnoni M, Gallegos E, Gautier E, Peral-Garcia P, Hoogewerff J, Wunderlin D.A. Fingerprints for Main Varieties of Argentinean Wines: Terroir Differentiation by Inorganic, Organic, and Stable Isotopic Analyses Coupled to Chemometrics. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2011, vol. 59, pp. 7854-7865. doi:10.1021/jf2007419.153. Kallithraka S., Arvanitoyannis I.S., Kefalas P., El-Zajouli A., Soufleros E., Psarra E. Instrumental and sensory analysis of Greek wines; implementation of principal component analysis (PCA) for classification according to geographical origin. Food Chemistry, 2001, vol. 73, pp. 501-514. doi:10.1016/S0308-8146(00)00327-7.154. Nuñez M., Peсa R.M., Herrero C., Garcia-Martin S. Analysis of some metals in wine by means of capillary electrophoresis. Application to the differentiation of Ribeira Sacra Spanish red wines. Analusis, 2000, vol. 28, pp. 432-437. doi:10.1051/analusis:2000129.155. Galgano F., Favati F., Caruso M., Scarpa T., Palma A. Analysis of trace elements in southern Italian wines and their classification according to Provenance. LWT—Food Science and Technology, 2008, vol. 41, pp. 1808-1815. doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2008.01.015.156. Díaz C., Conde J.E., Estévez D., Pérez Olivero S.J., Pérez Trujillo J.P. Application of multivariate analysis and artificial neural networks for the differentiation of red wines from the Canary Islands according to the Island of origin. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2003, vol. 51, pp. 4303-4307. doi:10.1021/jf0343581.157. Soler F., Garcia-Rodrigues G., Perez-Lopez M., Hernandez-Moreno D. Characterization of "Ribera del Guadiana" and "Mйntrida" Spanish red wines by chemometric techniques based on their mineral contents. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research, 2011, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 41-49.158. Frías S., Pérez Trujillo J., Peña E., Conde J. E. Classification and differentiation of bottled sweet wines of Canary Islands (Spain) by their metallic content. Eur. Food Res. Technol., 2001, vol. 213, pp. 145-149. doi:10.1007/s002170100344.159. Frías S., Conde J.E., RodrıÏguez-Bencomo J.J., GarcıÏa-Montelongo F., Pérez Trujillo J.P. Classification of commercial wines from the Canary Islands (Spain) by chemometric techniques using metallic contents. Talanta, 2003, vol. 59, pp. 335-344. doi:10.1016/S0039-9140(02)00524-6.160. Kruzlicova D., Fiket Ź., Kniewald G. Classification of Croatian wine varieties using multivariate analysis of data obtained by high resolution ICP-MS analysis. Food Research International, 2013, vol. 54, pp. 621-626. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2013.07.053.161. Mar Castiñeira Gómez del M., Feldmann I., Jakubowski N., Andersson J.T. Classification of German white wines with certified brand of origin by multielement quantitation and pattern recognition techniques. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2004, vol. 5, pp. 2962-2974. doi:10.1021/jf035120f.162. Boschetti W., Rampazzo R.T., Dessuy M.B., Vale M.G., de Oliveira Rios A., Hertz P., Manfroi V., Celso P.G., Ferrгo M.F. Detection of the origin of Brazilian wines based on the determination of only four elements using high-resolution continuum source flame AAS. Talanta, 2013, vol. 111, pp. 147-155. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2013.02.060.163. Moreno I.M, González-Weller D., Gutierrez V., Marino M., Cameán A.M., González A.G., Hardisson A. Differentiation of two Canary DO red wines according to their metal content from inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry by using Probabilistic Neural Networks. Talanta, 2007, vol. 72, pp. 263-268. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2006.10.029.164. Rodrigues S.M., Otero M., Alves A.A., Coimbra J., Coimbra M.A., Pereira E., Duarte A.C. Elemental analysis for categorization of wines and authentication of their certified brand of origin. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 2011, vol. 24, no. 4–5, pp. 548-562. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2010.12.003.165. Bentlin F.R.S., Pulgati F.H., Dressler V.L., Pozebon D. Elemental analysis of wines from South America and their classification according to country. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 2011, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 327-336. doi:10.1590/S0103-50532011000200019.166. Gonzalvez A., Llorens A., Cervera M.L., Armenta S., de la Guardia M. Elemental fingerprint of wines from the protected designation of origin Valencia. Food Chemistry, 2009, vol. 112, pp. 26-34. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.05.043.167. Geana I., Iordache A., Ionete R., Marinescu A., Ranca A., Culea M. Geographical origin identification of Romanian wines by ICP-MS elemental analysis. Food Chemistry, 2013, vol. 138, pp. 1125–1134. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.11.104.168. Coetzee P.P., Steffens F.E., Eiselen R.J., Augustyn O.P., Balcaen L., Vanhaecke F. Multi-element analysis of South African wines by ICP-MS and their classification according to geographical origin. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2005, vol. 53, pp. 5060-5066. doi:10.1021/jf048268n.169. Cozzolino D., Cynkar W.U., Shah N., Smith P.A. Can spectroscopy geographically classify Sauvignon Blanc wines from Australia and New Zealand?. Food Chemistry, 2011, vol. 126, pp. 673-678. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.11.005.170. Liu L., Cozzolino D., Cynkar W.U., Dambergs R.G., Janik L., O'Neill B.K., Colby C.B., Gishen M. Preliminary study on the application of visible–near infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics to classify Riesling wines from different countries. Food Chemistry, 2008, vol. 106, pp. 781-786. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.06.015.171. Heberger K., Csomos E., Simon-Sarkadi S.L. Principal component and linear discriminant analyses of free amino acids and biogenic amines in hungarian wines. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2003, vol. 51, pp. 8055-8060. doi:10.1021/jf034851c.172. Galgano F., Caruso M., Perretti G., Favati F. Authentication of Italian red wines on the basis of the polyphenols and biogenic amines. European Food Research and Technology, 2011, vol. 232, pp. 889-897. doi:10.1007/s00217-011-1457-1.173. Jaitz L., Siegl K., Eder R., Rak G., Abranko L., Koellensperger G., Hann S. LC-MS/MS analysis of phenols for classification of red wine according to geographic origin, grape variety and vintage. Food Chemistry, 2010, vol. 122, pp. 366-372. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.02.053.174. Arozarena I., Casp A., Marin R., Navarro M. Differentiation of some Spanish wines according to variety and region based on their anthocyanin composition. European Food Research and Technology, 2000, vol. 212, pp. 108-112. doi:10.1007/s002170000212.175. Rastija V., Srečnik G., Marica-Medić-Šarić. Polyphenolic composition of Croatian wines with different geographical origins. Food Chemistry. 2009, vol. 115, pp. 54-60. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.11.071.176. Li Z., Pan Q., Jin Z., Mu L., Duan C. Comparison on phenolic compounds in Vitisvinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon wines from five wine-growing regions in China. Food Chemistry, 2011, vol. 125, pp. 77-83. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.08.039.177. Bellomarino S.A., Conlan X.A., Parker R.M., Barnett N.W., Adams M.J. Geographical classification of some Australian wines by discriminant analysis using HPLC with UV and chemiluminescence detection. Talanta, 2009, vol. 80, pp. 833-838. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2009.08.001.178. Rebolo S., Peсa R.M., Latorre M.J., GarcıÏa S., Botana A.M., Herrero C. Characterization of Galician (NW Spain) Ribeira Sacra wines using pattern recognition analysis. Analytica Chimica Acta, 2000, vol. 417, pp. 211-220. doi:10.1016/S0003-2670(00)00929-6.179. Gremaud G., Quaile S., Piantini U., Pfammatter E., Corvi C. Characterization of Swiss vineyards using isotopic data in combination with trace elements and classical parameters. Eur. Food Res. Technol., 2004, vol. 219, pp. 97-104. doi:10.1007/s00217-004-0919-0.180. Dutra S.V, Adami L, Marcon A.R, Carnieli G.J, Roani C.A, Spinelli F.R, Leonardelli S, Ducatti C, Moreira M.Z, Vanderlinde R. Determination of the geographical origin of Brazilian wines by isotope and mineral analysis. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2011, vol. 401, pp. 1571-1576. doi:10.1007/s00216-011-5181-2.181. Almeida C.M., Vasconcelos M.T.S.D. ICP-MS determination of strontium isotope ratio in wine in order to be used as a fingerprint of its regional origin. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2001, vol. 16, pp. 607-611. doi:10.1039/B100307K.182. Liu L., Cozzolino D., Cynkar W.U., Gishen M., Colby C.B. Geographic Classification of Spanish and Australian Tempranillo Red Wines by Visible and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Combined with Multivariate Analysis. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2006, vol. 54, pp. 6754-6759. doi:10.1021/jf061528b.183. Brescia M.A, Kosir I.J, Caldarola V., Kidric J., Sacco A. Chemometric Classification of Apulian and Slovenian Wines Using 1H NMR and ICP-OES Together with HPICE Data. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2003, vol. 51, pp. 21-26. doi:10.1021/jf0206015.184. Adami L, Dutra S.V, Marcon A.R, Carnieli G.J, Roani C.A, Vanderlinde R. Geographic origin of southern Brazilian wines by carbon and oxygen isotope analyses // Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 2010, vol. 24, no. 20, pp. 2943-2948. doi:10.1002/rcm.4726.185. Dutra S.V., Adami L., Marcon A.R., Carnieli G.J., Roani C.A., Spinellia F.R., Leonardelli S., Vanderlinde R. Characterization of wines according the geographical origin by analysis of isotopes and minerals and the influence of harvest on the isotope values. Food Chemistry, 2013, vol. 141, no. 3, pp. 2148-2153. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.04.106.186. Kaunova A.A., Petrov V.I., Tsiupko, T.G., Tеmеrdashеv Z.A., Pеrеkotii V.V., Luk'ianov A.A. [Identification of wine provenance by ICP-AES multielement analysis], Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 2013, vol. 68, no. 9, pp. 917-922. doi:10.7868/S0044450213090065. ; Проведен анализ опубликованных работ и нормативных документов, посвященных вопросам контроля качества и региональной принадлежности вин. Рассмотрен химический состав винограда и изготавливаемой из него винодельческой продукции, показано его качественное и количественное изменение в процессе винификации, созревания и выдержки вин. Установлены основные группы соединений, содержания и соотношения которых определяют качественные характеристики вин, а также играют важную роль в формировании аромата и вкуса напитка. Обсуждены предпосылки развития рынка поддельной продукции и способы фальсификации вин. Проведен анализ научной литературы и нормативной базы, регламентирующей качество вин на территории России и стран Европейского союза, существующих подходов к определению их подлинности, указаны достоинства и недостатки. Обсуждены примеры использования различных критериев для установления натуральных и фальсифицированных вин, а также подходов их комплексной идентификации и создания системы оценки качества винодельческой продукции с помощью методов физико-химического анализа. Проанализированы основные методические подходы к установлению региональной принадлежности вин, сочетающие возможности современных методов анализа, математического моделирования и статистики, продемонстрированы примеры их использования на практике.Ключевые слова: вина, методы анализа, качество, подлинность, региональная принадлежность, фальсификация, математическое моделированиеDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2014.18.4.001
Transcript of an oral history interview with Robert G. Minnis, conducted by Jennifer Payne on 4 October 2013, as part of the Norwich Voices oral history project of the Sullivan Museum and History Center. Robert Minnis graduated from Norwich University in 1963; the bulk of his interview focuses on Minnis' military career in the U.S. Army as well as his later employment and family life. ; Robert Minnis, NU 1963, Oral History Interview October 4th, 2013 Sullivan Museum and History Center Interviewed by Jennifer Payne JENNIFER PAYNE: We can start. This is Jennifer Payne with the Norwich Voices Oral History Project and today's date is October 4th, 2013. I am here with Robert Bob Minnis, Class of '63. Thank you very much for doing this. ROBERT MINNIS: You're welcome. JP: So, did you have a nickname? RM: The yearbook said it was Minnie but I don't remember that. JP: You don't remember. RM: I was called probably other things but Minnie was the name that's in the book. So, I'll go by that. JP: How did you choose Norwich? RM: Senior year in high school, I was ill for the whole month of January and basically almost the day before I graduated class, I was still taking final exams and everything. I got accepted to Northeastern as a conditional student provided I went to summer school. I decided I just busted my gut for four months. I wasn't going to do that. Arrangements were made through my father and I think it was the high school football coach. Anyway, they got me convinced to go to Bridgeton Academy, which was a prep school in Bridgeton, Maine, for a year. I did that. While I was there, I think it was one of the dorm counselors suggested Norwich University maybe as a place to go. I came up here and visited and like it and applied and got accepted. Started in 1959, September, August, September class. JP: Where are you from? RM: I grew up in Weymouth, Massachusetts on South Shore, just south of Boston. JP: When were you born? RM: 1940, but that's classified. JP: Oh. Okay. RM: I tell people I was born before World War II and they kind of look at me. JP: When you came to Norwich, what was your rook experience like? RM: Really, I don't remember a whole lot of it. I was in the I Company, in Alumni Hall, on the second floor. I remember the squad leader, Corporal Zagars, who had quite a reputation, I guess. He was kind of different, not like a lot of the other squad leaders and sometimes he was very nice and other times, he was just mean. At least, we thought he was. Other than that, I don't - other things we used to as freshman, running here and there, squaring corners and that type stuff, I guess. Hasn't probably changed a whole lot but I don't have any specific memories of freshman year, other than the fact that the academic schedule that I had was pre-engineering. I had had in high school and prep school and by the time I got here, I didn't have to spend a whole lot of time studying, so I could go out to the movies two times a week. I was out to the movies two times a week. Basically, I was involved in the rifle team, the drill team, and any extracurricular activity I could get involved in just to help pass time and keep the upper classmen out of my life. JP: Wow. Drill team is a challenge. RM: We had a lot of fun. In fact, probably the best part was, my sophomore year, we got to march in President Kennedy's inauguration parade. JP: You're in that photo. RM: I'm in that photo, front rank or second rank anyway. We had to get dress blues for that. That's the first time dress blues came to Norwich. Originally, it was just going to be the drill team, which was maybe twenty-four members and, I guess, some other people said, "Hey. Why can't I go?" Anybody that had a set of dress blues and wasn't on academic probation, I guess, got to go. We went down there. Took a bus trip down. It was Greyhound, Vermont Transit Bus Line, which I think was a subsidiary of Greyhound. We ended up going down there. We got to D.C. and it was snowing. The bus drivers had no problem with the snow because they drove in it all the time. There were cars all over the place. We stayed at Fort Meade in the barracks that didn't have any heat. You want to talk about, Harry Chebookjian, I think, could probably tell you a few stories about that. But anyway, they finally got the heat going. The next day we went into D.C. and stood in some back street same place for hours it seems in the freezing cold waiting to go on. During the night, apparently they, the Army took all the engineers and anybody around there. They just swept the street clean. Pennsylvania Avenue was bone dry and no snow. Around the capital, I stepped in a puddle of water and it never wet my sock because it was so cold, it froze before I got there. And after that, the parade, we went back, turned our rifles in, and they turned us loose for, I forget, a couple hours. They told us we had to meet the buses at nine o'clock or whatever it was to take us back to Fort Meade. Stayed there overnight and the next day, headed back to school. JP: Do you remember what you did in D.C.? Where you went? RM: Basically walked around, looking at sites. Of course, we had the dress blue uniforms that had the gold stripe on the hat, so we used to see how many West Pointers we could get to salute us. Because they had the funny uniform. To them, a gold stripe was a salute so we obliged. JP: That's great. RM: I don't how long. We walked around D.C. for a couple hours and I don't remember where we went. Just kind of around the parks and the Mall and that type stuff. The dress blues, I still have. When I graduated, they converted them over to the Army. I still can get in them. JP: That's amazing. RM: A little tight, button-wise. I wouldn't want to do any rifle drill with them on but they do fit. JP: That's great. What else do you remember about your Norwich experience? RM: Well, my sophomore year, I was a squad leader in, I think it was A Company. Yeah. Bobby Blake was my roommate and a couple weeks after that, I was transferred over to the military police section. I roomed with Tom Dillard. Basically, any time there was a function on post that they needed a student traffic directions and escort and this and that, I did that for the whole year. We went to Middlebury or Vermont? One of the football games we went to, the captain was in charge of the MPs. We get up there. As soon as the game was over, he says, "Get rid of your whites," which was a hat cover and a scarf. He says, "Get out of here because you don't want to be known as…" We all bounced in the car. There was a bunch of us. I forget what transportation it was and left very quickly because there was a little bit of rivalry between us. JP: Was that the game where Middlebury won by the fifth down? RM: I don't remember the details. It may have been. Maybe that's what caused the commotion afterwards. I don't know. I don't remember. It's just too long. It was fifty-two years ago, or three years ago, over fifty. JP: You talked about General Harmon's car. What was the story? RM: Was the football game. It was sophomore year. I was in the MPs and we stood around the, the press box and Harmon, General Harmon and General I.D. White was sitting there. They were usually raising hell, like they always did, telling stories and swearing at this and that. We had male cheerleaders at the time. They were pointing out the various problems and things that they weren't doing right. So anyway, they're getting ready, I think it was for the opening ceremony. The tank [Unintelligible] came up. It was on the left side of the bleachers, facing the field. The General's car was in the way. So he said, "Move my, Corporal, come. Move my car." Okay. So, I get in it and I couldn't find the starter. It was one of those cars. It was buried underneath the pedal and I didn't know better. My roommate, Tom Dillard, was aware of this and I said, "Tom." He told me where it was so I got the car started. I moved it out of the way. Then, the tank came and fired the round. It did what it had to do. I was there for a couple minutes looking all over the place for the starter button. It didn't work with the key or anything. I remember, he used to come to the mess hall and occasionally tell a story or two. Probably can't be repeated in most company. Freshmen week, Parents' Weekend, they'd always serve steak. We never got it but they always had it on Parents' Weekend. He'd come in and he'd talk to them. Basically, he'd say, "If you don't like this place, you can get the hell out of it." He was a good old guy. He was a lot of fun to be with. He always stuck up for the Corps. If there was a problem in Northfield or Montpelier or wherever it was, I guess the story was where he'd send the tanks or the Corps or somebody in to rescue the people that go in trouble. He didn't take any B.S. from the townies. I guess he's got his own legacy and story. I also read his book afterwards, "Battle Commander," I think. He was a colorful guy. In fact, when we were going through, looking for picture for the reunion, there's a picture of me and General Harmon onstage that I guess is [Unintelligible] the Army. I couldn't remember what the thing was. So I sent it into Nate Palmer, who was the secretary of the reunion committee. He says, "That was graduation and you." Okay. There was nothing written on the back of the photo. I just had a mental blank as to what the picture was. Other than that, Harmon was a colorful character. I can't remember any other stories. I'm sure there's several. JP: So, your major was? RM: I started off mechanical engineer and changed over to sophomore year to engineering management and that was my degree, engineering management. I don't think they have it here now or maybe they call it something different but for a long time, it dropped out of the curriculum. Basically it was the basic engineering courses, Chemistry, Physics, Math, and then, Economics and English added on to it. It was kind of a mix. JP: Business and engineering. RM: Yeah. Right. It was kind of the happy road between the two of them. It worked well because I liked the construction part of it. When I was active duty, that's what I did. JP: What did you do after graduation? RM: I got immediate commission and I reported ninety days after commissioning. I had a summer job for ten weeks and a week on either end of it. I worked for a neighbor's dad basically just to kill time because I knew I was going to the Service. Then, the day came, I reported in to Fort Belvoir, went to the Basic Officer's Course. The day we signed out, President Kennedy was assassinated. JP: Oh my. RM: So, I ultimately decided, "Get out of D.C. because you don't want to get stuck down here." I went home. I watched all the proceedings on television. I got to Europe a couple weeks after that, was the middle of December. The people over in France in the bars were still buying free drinks. You couldn't buy a drink, in honor of President Kennedy. I got to march in his parade. After graduation from college here, my roommate, Jim Andrews, his dad had a place in the Cape, Camp Edwards, which was an Air Force base. His dad had a house there. When Kennedy flew in to Hyannis, the airplane was parked at Edwards Air Force Base. When I went to Jim's cottage that day, there was a bunch of people there. They were introducing me. They were the crew that flew on Air Force One. So we're getting ready to leave. They say, "Hey. You want to see Air Force One?" I got an escorted tour of Air Force One. We drove up and the guard was saying, recognized the driver of the jeep. "Nah," he said, walked up. There was one guard, I think, one or two guards out there. Walked up. Got a tour of the plane for, went all the way to the back. JP: Wow. RM: I sat in the, picked up the telephone, called my folks and said, "Hey! Guess where I am?" JP: Did you really? RM: Got a package of cigarettes and a book of matches and I forget what else they gave you. Yeah, so I got the tour of Kennedy's airplane. It was a 707. A couple weeks later, I was down at Fort Belvoir. JP: Doing? RM: It was a Basic Officer's Course. JP: Where did you go from there? RM: I had orders to France as a bachelor. I was supposed to be in for two years. People are trying to woo you with all this, "Sign up for three years. You can go take your family to it." I wasn't married, so I didn't care. I liked France. It sounded good to me, so I was going. I did have a little French in high school which was, I figure, maybe some help. We went, landed, we took off from Dix, no, McGuire Air Force Base in Canadian airplane. When I walked out of the airplane, the tail was open. That's how they're putting in the luggage. I go flying across the Atlantic Ocean and pray that the tail won't open up. We landed in France, in Paris, and I was supposed to get off there. There was two other people in the airplane going to the same outfit I was. The Air Force saw that I was supposed to be assigned to Phalsbourg, France, which was up on the German border. They said, "No. You stay on the airplane." I was one of the last people off because I was sitting in the back. They said, "No." [Unintelligible] "Already taken care of. We put it back on the airplane. Just go back and sit down." I said, "What do I do when I get to Germany?" They said, "Well, go to the tower and they'll get you a ride and take you in to France." About a couple hours later, it was dark by this time. Landed at Rhine-Main and they got this poor E-1 airman out of bed some place. He'd look as though he'd been ridden hard. He was awake enough to drive us and he drove down, went into France. Crossed the border. They waved us on through because it was a military vehicle. They dropped me off at the orderly room where the company, it was already eight or nine o'clock at night, and everybody says, "Where were you? They've been looking all over for you." Because they thought I was coming in to Paris. They made a few telephone calls and told the battalion commander that I had arrived. They recalled all the vehicles. The next morning I got up, put on a set of fatigues and went to work. JP: Your job was? RM: I was a platoon leader in the construction battalion. I had my own little mini-construction company. I had five dump trucks, a crane, air compressor, trailers, forty people including carpenters, masons, electricians, plumbers, heavy equipment operators. I often thought if I could retire from the army, I wouldn't need to retire with pay. Just give me the construction platoon that I had. And all kinds of tools, you know. You need tools and it came in a box I had probably. JP: What did you build? RM: First thing I had to build was four pre-fab metal buildings for ammunition storage for the Air Force. That was at Phalsbourg, where I was stationed. After that, they got sent to Reims Air Force Base in France. They were doing an asphalt project there and I was told to go study it because I was going to do an asphalt project in Chateraux in the Loire Valley. So, I went down there a few weeks ahead of time and designed an asphalt mix and got all the pieces and parts I needed. I ordered the amount of gravel and the right quantities and sizes. Then they sent me an asphalt plant from like a twenty truck convoy. They assembled it, put it together, we started making asphalt, and we repaired the runways and the shattered roof of the C141 aircraft that was coming in to the inventory. Had to replace some concrete and over pave it. JP: Wow. RM: There was also a French aircraft repair company there. They were repairing Air Force 101s and 100 jets. Those guys used to take off all the time and buzz my equipment operators that were driving on the field. After I was there for eight, nine months, the battalion commander called an officer's call for New Year's Eve. Because we were stationed all over the place at separate places, we had to get, we collected TDY to go to the battalion commander's officer's call. So, I went to the Etain Air Force Base, where the battalion commander was. Platoon sergeant took my platoon and the rest of the equipment and went back to Phalsbourg. We married up, I think it was the Second or Third of January, when I got back. After that, summer in the Loire Valley was beautiful, wine country, gorgeous weather, all the chateaus. Then, I went back to Germany, back to France. That time, de Gaulle threw the American forces out. I went PCS to Germany with the unit but because I had two year obligation, I had to extend for a year to go with the unit. When I extended, I was able to go France. Otherwise, they would have sent me back and given me TDY or stuck me someplace for two or three months. We got to Phalsbourg, I mean, to [Unintelligible] and set up shop there. We were there for almost a whole year. A couple projects, we had to build ammunition storage facilities and the great, big, huge butler buildings for the pre-fab equipment that the Army had stationed over there. They'd fly the people over, put them in the new trucks and tanks and stuff if they ever had a problem with the Russians. Then, in, was it June or July of '66, I got orders to Vietnam as a captain. I was still a First Lieutenant so I got promoted. On the way back, they sent me to Fort Belvoir to a Facility Management course. When I got to Vietnam, the typical story was engineer lieutenants, you don't stay in the repo depot very long. You get hauled off to someplace else. I was in the replacement company for six or seven days. One day, a lieutenant colonel and an Army major, WAC, showed up in a fancy black sedan and said, "Come with us." And I went to Saigon, where I was in the facility of engineers, planned a construction order of materials, coordinate, and all of that stuff. Making sure the painters didn't go in and paint the wall before the carpenters went in, tore a hole, and put a doorway in. I was getting ready to come home and I had one last time as duty officer, which was on the 28th, that was the night of TET, '68. I was the duty officer on Headquarters Area Command, not very far from Tan Son Nhut Air Force Base. JP: Oh my. What was that like? RM: Busy. JP: Really? RM: Yeah. There was a sergeant there. He, about midnight, come in and woke me up, got me out of the chair. I was sitting in the back office and said, "Sir, I think you better come out there and see what's going on." He was so nervous because he only had three days left in country. He couldn't hear me, telephone shaking so bad, he had to set it on the table. So I spent the rest of the night, answering telephone calls, trying to coordinate this and that, writing the duty officer's log. The biggest thing, the relief called, was trying to get into the embassy, was getting shot at by the MPs that were in there. I finally get a hold of them. I said, "You guys are asking for ammunition." I said, "There's a truck outside with ammunition. Just don't keep shooting at it." I guess they got their ammunition all right. The rest of the staff showed up fairly early in the morning. By eleven o'clock, I'd finished writing all the stuff that I remembered on the report. They said, "Okay. You can go. So, I left. Went and got my jeep. Went across the street and got something to eat. Then, headed back to the compound because facility was on the other side of Saigon in the Cholon section. I was going over there and there was actually nobody in the street. The Vietnam, Saigon was never, never deserted. Even at midnight, there was thousands of people. Anyway, I'm in convoy with three APCs and I crossed each other at thirty-five miles an hour. Neither one of us slowed down or anything. I just went back to the compound, turned in my jeep, turned in my weapon, and then went back to BOQ and got a couple hours sleep because I hadn't gotten much that night. Then, went back to the office and started doing facilities work again, taking fuel for the generators and all the BOQs and water to the mess halls and fixing what we could. The thousand-member workforce that we had disappeared. It was something like three or four officers and, I don't know, ten to twelve NCOs that did the work for that week, did emergency repairs, not routine stuff. Then, about three weeks after that, I went home. JP: Wow. Heck of a note to go out on. RM: Yeah. It was nice to leave. From there, I went back to the Advanced Course at Fort Belvoir. When I graduated from that, there was supposed to be a very short turnaround for engineers, for any officer going back to Vietnam. To kill time, I taught Demolition Mine Warfare, down at the engineer school for a few months. And then, one day, I got a call to report to the headquarters, personnel section. They told me I was going to become the post-chemical officer. Because the day before, the chemical officer that was there was getting out of the service and they didn't have a replacement. The fact that I'd been to a chemical school in Germany three years, four years before that, I was the most qualified guy on post. I went, over my objection, but they said, "Forget that." I took the job and I went in there and just basically sat back and let the NCOs run the place. I ran cover for them. A year later, I was on orders to go back to Vietnam and all I had to do was pick up my 201 file and my personnel records, finance records. I got a call from my mother saying, "People at assignments branch are looking for you," because they thought I was home on leave. I call them and they said, "Guess what, Captain? You're not going to Vietnam!" Oh, ho, ho. Yeah. You date the President's daughter, you might get a chance to get out of it. Anyway, I went over. I told my boss, [Unintelligible] I said, "Hey. Guess what? Somebody's playing a joke on me. Yeah. I'm not going to Vietnam." He made a few phone calls. He says, "That's right. You're not going to Vietnam." I got to stay another whole year at Fort Bellvoir. JP: Wow. RM: When I eventually did go back to Vietnam, in Christmas of '70, Christmas of '70, New Year's Eve '71, I got sent to a place called Phan Thiet [??], the construction battalion. I was the company commander there for three months and then I was the, we built roads, bridges, that type stuff. Ran our own asphalt plant. Then, I became the operations officer for the unit there. I stayed there until December, early December '71, when they had already started letting people out of Vietnam. I got an early drop by a week and they let me come home early. JP: By a week. RM: By a week. From there, I was supposed to be assigned to, what was it, Army Materiel? No. I was supposed to be assigned to Fort Belvoir. I went into Fort Belvoir and this snotty little attendant, basically Army Readiness Region 1. He says, "When you get here, we'll take care of it." I says, "What am I going to be doing?" He says, "I don't know. Worry about that when you get here." I go over to assignment and say, "I don't want to go there. You got anything else?" They sent me to Army Materiel Command as a project officer. I was there for three years almost. Yeah. That's where I was when we got married. Three years and after I got married, I was going to buy a house. I couldn't find an apartment for my dog. So, we ended up buying a house. They told me I was going to be, "You have to call me to get out of this place." Six months later, they send me orders to [Unintelligible] region, up at Fort Devens. I said, "Hey. You told me." "Well. Sorry. Priority is the Army." I rented the house out and ten years later, when I retired, we went back to it. After I went to Devens for three years, I went to Fort Richardson, Alaska for three years. Then, Fort Leavenworth for three years. That's where I ended my career. JP: How many years were you in, total? RM: Twenty years, one month, and twenty-three days. JP: But who's counting? RM: Yeah, but who's counting? JP: That's amazing. RM: Yeah. The day I signed in the Advanced Course was the day Martin Luther King was assassinated. JP: Wow. RM: We didn't go to downtown D.C. for several weeks. JP: No. RM: That was basically it. After I retired, I got a job with the United Services Automobile Association as a facilities specialist working at their office in Reston, Virginia. About a year and a half to two years later, my boss was offered a retirement under accelerated retirement package, which he took. I got promoted into his job. Moved the office from Merrifield, Virginia to Reston, Virginia. Built a second building and ultimately, retired as the Director of Facilities and Services. JP: Wow. RM: In fact, I was in charge of mail room, mess hall, security, facilities. There was probably something else. That was the person that worked in the Aramark office under the Aramark contract as the bookkeeper. JP: And that is your wife, who's here? RM: Yes. For three years, we ate lunch together. JP: That's sweet. RM: U.S.A.A. moved the officer from Reston, Virginia. They closed it. They offered me a job in Norfolk, Virginia. I said, "No. I don't want that." The kids told me I could go if I want to but they were going to stay behind. They had a place that they could stay, the neighbor across the street. I said, "No. I'll take an early retirement, a retirement." The day I moved into the building, it snowed and the day I left, it snowed. I kicked around for a little bit of time, working on a job. In fact, I went at work. After I left U.S.A.A., I went back at work for Aramark as an hourly employee, washing dishes, serving food, preparing food, cash register. I did anything and everything they needed. I worked there for about three months. When they closed the building, we had a farewell party. I was third from last out of the building. I was one of the first people in. Fourteen years of time was first and last. Then, I kicked around for a few months, working for Home Depot and places like that. I got a call from a friend of mine that was in the facility management business. He said, "George Washington University is looking for a facilities person. You might want to do down and talk to them. I went down and talked to them, Monday or Tuesday. Was hired that week. Went to work the following week. They sent me out to Loudoun, Virginia where the campus was. PSINet had owned the building. Had gone bankrupt. GW had bought it and had leased it back to PSINet. PSINet wasn't clearing the building like they were supposed to. So, they sent me out. They said, "Throw them out." I threw them out. Locked the door. Changed the locks and they never came back. I was out there for eight years before they told me my job was going to be transferred from Virginia down to district. I told my boss, I said, "I'll come down here for meeting but I'm not coming down here every day to work." I said, "I'll just tell you right now. Sometime this year, I'm going to retire and I'll tell you two weeks before the day I walk out." That's exactly what I did. We knew we were coming down to Virginia. Both my girls went to UVA. They were both working at UVA and both living in the Charlottesville area. We decided, "Let's go down there where they are." We bought the house. I retired. We moved the stuff down from the house in Virginia. We've been in Charlottesville for three and a half years. JP: Wow. This is the house you bought for the dog? RM: Yes. [MRS. ROBERT MINNIS]: No. RM: Wait. No. [MM]: That was when we first married. The dog was a Labrador retriever, seventy five pounds. Most apartments only let twenty to thirty pounds so we had to buy a house. RM: And the dog went with us the whole time we were in the service and even moved down to Virginia with us when we retired. He ended up with hip dysplasia, cancer problems and we had to – [MM]: He was fifteen. The house we first bought when we were married, we rented it out for ten years. We came back when he retired from the Army and we occupied it for three years, but then we sold it when his company moved out to Reston, Virginia. RM: I got tired of commuting. [MM]: We had twenty four years in that house before we moved down to Charlottesville, Virginia area. UVA is the University of Virginia, which you're always saying all these spots that you were stationed in, but if you're not in the military, you wouldn't know necessarily [Unintelligible]. Not everybody would know. JP: This class, I'll tell you. I know places in Vietnam I didn't a week ago. RM: Phan Thiet, that's where I was stationed in 1971, just a little village town on the coast. Had gorgeous white beaches. You'd die for a white beach like that, white beach sand. It was supposedly the nuc mong capital of the world. Do you know what nuc mong is? JP: No. RM: They take fish and they boil the fish all in crocs and they let it rot. They drain off the fluid and that's like vitamins, fish oil, vitamin stuff. It stinks. There was a story about one guy, came back from Vietnam. He was Special Forces. He had a bottle of this stuff. The customs agent said, "Open it." He said, "No. You don't want me to do that." The guy insisted so he opened the thing up and they almost had to evacuate the terminal. I was there a whole year, building roads, bridges, ran a construction project, asphalt plant, rock quarry, fleets of dump trucks, and everything else. It was basically a little construction company. Whisky Mountain was the site that we stayed at. Gorgeous sunsets. [Unintelligible] you could watch the sun go down over the hills. It was beautiful. Anyway, that was it. JP: Wow. What advice would you give to a rook today on how to survive and thrive the way you have? RM: Oh boy. Hundreds of people have done it before you. You're not the only one that thought about leaving or getting out or whatever the case may be. Just stick with it. Rely on your classmates and hang in there. It all usually works out. JP: What would your life had been like if you hadn't gone to Norwich? RM: Don't know. JP: You don't know. RM: I haven't the foggiest idea what it would be. I don't even know what I would have done for a job. When I got into the Army, I liked it. They take pretty good care of you. I got to travel a lot of places around the world, England, Austria. Every trip to Vietnam was four airplane rides. It was a different route. I got to Hawaii one time for forty-five minute refueling stop. I hit the Philippines, Guam, Wake, Taiwan, Japan. If there was a landing field in the Pacific, I was probably on it for some period of time. The last trip, coming back, I went through Alaska in December in a short sleeve, khaki shirt. It was something like twenty below zero. JP: Oh my. RM: It was a quick trip from the airplane to the terminal. I greeted the polar bear that was there and went back and saw him three years later. They have a great big, huge, Alaskan Kodiak bear stuffed in the lobby of the airport lobby. It was one of the biggest ones on record that somebody killed. We went back to Alaska, the station up there for three years. Saw the airport. The bear was there. [MM]: The Aleutian Islands. RM: I made it to Attu, which is the end of the Aleutian Islands. [Unintelligible] a little bit of travelling. JP: A little bit. [MM]: Salmon fishing. Gold panning. RM: That was in Alaska. Drove almost every kind of military vehicle that was in the inventory up to the time I retired, including a lot of construction equipment. JP: Oh, wow. Cranes, everything. Wow. RM: Yep. I had a paver, ran one of those, rollers. I had a crane operator who was a Native American. He could do things to that crane that most people can't even do with their hands. He'd pick something up. He'd drop exactly, you'd tell him you want it right here. That's exactly where it went. It was all just smooth, fluid motion. The guy, it was unbelievable. JP: Wow. RM: Anyway, that's my story. JP: Is there anything else you'd like to add? Any – RM: Nothing that I can think of right now. [MM]: Come back in ten years. (Laughs.) JP: Thank you. RM: You're welcome. Glad I could. Hopefully, it will benefit somebody and they'll get some history out of it. While I was in the Corp, we never did cover that too much, my sophomore year, I went to the MPs and that's where General Harmon and I met. In the meantime, I was in drill team and I was on the rifle team. The rifle team travelled all over New England. They didn't have vans in those days so we got to drive our own cars, so we got paid mileage for it. We'd put three or four guys in a car. The drill team, where did we go? Other than the inauguration parade, Lexington, Concord, and several other places around here. There's also a plaque up in Jackman from the Lexington/Concord parade, commemorating thirty-five years of participation. I didn't realize they'd done it that often. [Unintelligible] I don't think I'll tell the story about the panty raid. JP: Do you have a story about the panty raid? RM: No. I didn't. After the – [MM]: I wouldn't give names. RM: After the dinner, I left and came back here. JP: After the – RM: After the party, yeah. JP: General Burchhar [??] RM: I don't remember what the general's name was. He was a lieutenant general. I know that. He had a few too many, from what I remember. Anyway, I come back here and I started hearing all these things and people started drifting in. The TAC officers were running around here, trying to figure out what's going on and catch people. I basically tried to keep them away from the people that were coming in. It was an interesting night. There was a lot of people that ended up with a few tours and a few demerits because of that. While I was here, I only walked one tour. JP: Really? RM: Only one. JP: One tour. RM: Yep. My squad leader, freshman year, I get almost to, it was in spring time, he said, "Minnis, I don't think you've had too many demerits and tours." I said, "No. I haven't, sir." He said, "Well, you get one now." I had to march one. JP: Because you didn't have one? RM: Well, I think twelve was the cutoff. He gave me a couple to make it thirteen for some stupid reason. I don't even remember what it is. Yeah. I walked one. Other than that, I can't think of anything else, unless you got something specific. JP: I heard a story about General Harmon and somebody and a honey wagon, a manure spreader. Did you hear about that story? RM: No. It may have been before my time. I don't recall that. No. Maybe just ask around. It sounds interesting. JP: Yes. Apparently, somebody took manure spreader where his car normally parked and – RM: Nobody owned up to it. JP: Nobody knew what to do, but he knew what to do. He walked through it and then stamped his feet clean and said, "Sir, gentlemen, I expect you to follow me." RM: That sounds like Ernie. He used to stand up, I don't know what, I think it was in the mess hall [Unintelligible]. There used to be a raised platform that the cadet officers sat on. He'd come in there periodically and tell you, you'd see about this much of him over the platform edge. He was kind of short. Well-respected, but anyway, that's all I got. JP: Oh. Thank you so much. Really appreciate it. RM: Yeah. [MM]: [Unintelligible] to talk about? RM: The National Model Railroad Association, it took me almost fifteen years to get the certificate, from the time I started to the time I finished. Even when I was in the service, I used to build models and put them in boxes and store them in trunks and stuff. It wasn't until, when I was in Alaska, we met, there was a modular group up there. I got to know them and several people. In fact, there's an adjacent story to that. There was several people in the military that used to participate in it. We decided we'd form a club between the Air Force and the Army up there in Alaska. We built some modules. We were just getting ready to put scenic and track and stuff on them and everybody got orders. They all left. I was the last one to leave so I ended up with all the modules. I took them to Fort Leonard Wood and packed them away in a shed for three years. Then when I retired, I moved here and the president of the division in D.C., Potomac division, asked me one day. He says, "I hear you've got modules." I said, "Yeah. I do." I told him what I had. He said, "Would you be interested in showing them at the Children's Museum in D.C.?" I said, "Sure." We got together. There was six of us. We took the modules and put scenery and track on them. We went down to the Children's Museum in D.C. and displayed there before Christmas. Then, a little later on after the first of the year, I got a call from Fairfax Station Train Museum. It's the actual station that the Southern Railroad had and they've got pictures of that station in use in the Civil War. It was used as for wounded, both North and South. Clara Barton started the Red Cross in that vicinity. She was one of the people that worked the wounded there, helped them. This guy calls me up and says, "In December, we want to have a train show, as a fundraiser. Are you interested in participating?" I said, "Yes." I've already done twenty-three of them. [MM]: In the same location. RM: Same location. The Southern Railroad sold the station to a group of interested people for a buck, but the provision was that they had to move it. They disassembled it, moved it up, acquired a piece of land, had the high school, trade school in Fairfax County rebuild it, board for board, put it all back together again. Replaced the bad stuff and that type of thing. Every single December, first weekend of December since, I don't know, twenty-four years' worth this year, they have a train show. They set up and they show the display inside, a Lionel display, a Gauge One which is bigger than Lionel. Then, there's an S Scale rail. They have a caboose outside that the N Scale people set up in. The people with the G Gauge, which are the garden stuff, the stuff that runs outside set up underneath around [Unintelligible] A couple years, it snowed. They put snow plows on the engines and cleared the track. JP: Really? RM: Yeah. After I retired and moved down here, I gave up the membership. [MM]: Down here means to central Virginia. You're up in Vermont right now. RM: When I retired from D.C. and moved to Virginia, Charlottesville, I said, "I want" – because I basically started this group – "I want the right to come back every Christmas show for as long as I want to do it. I reserve three spaces in the set up." They said, "Okay." The first week in December, Saturday morning, I pack up and drive up, two and half, three hours and set up. Come back Sunday afternoon. In fact, one year, the public was there and the display – The power went out. This guy, Clem Clemmons, who was basically retired Air Force, said, "What are you running?" I said, "Six volt D.C." He says, "I got a battery in my Packard outside that's six volt D.C." He ran an extension cord out, wrapped some wires around the terminals and wires around the other end and we ran trains in the darkened room with only the red light and the caboose. JP: That must have been magical. RM: He even wrote an article in a national magazine about it. JP: Wow. RM: It's three o'clock. I think that's it for now. JP: Thank you. RM: You're welcome. JP: That was amazing. [End of interview.]
Studies of youth subcultures have been carried out for decades from various theoretical perspectives (including functionalism, social ecology, neo‐Marxism, deviance and labeling, cultural studies, sports and leisure studies) as well as from various methodological standpoints (e.g., deductive and inductive approaches, insider and outsider perspectives, ethnographic, historical comparative, and semiotics). The sociological study of youth subcultures thus offers a wide range of opportunities to bring together an interesting topic for young people and theoretical or methodological pedagogies.Suggested booksThe significance of youth‐subcultural studies is evident in the plethora of current books on the topic. Here, I provide a brief summary of some recent books, as well as a few classics that should not be overlooked.Cohen, Stanley 2002 [1972]. Folk Devils and Moral Panics (3rd edn). London, UK: Routledge.This study of the infamous mods and rockers clashes in Britain in the mid‐1960s focuses attention on the media's role in construction youth subcultures as deviant social phenomena. Its significance lies not only in its analysis of how the British media created a moral panic by stereotyping, exaggerating, and mishandling representations of youth, but also in its more general insight into the social construction of social categories such as 'youth', 'subculture', and 'deviance'. Readers of the third edition will benefit from Cohen's introductions to the second and third editions (both printed in the third edition), which give an updated analysis of the two concepts he originally proposed in his title (i.e., folk devil and moral panic).Gelder, Ken (ed.) 2005. The Subcultures Reader (2nd edn). London, UK: Routledge.This book represents the single most comprehensive collection of original research in youth‐subcultural studies. The edited volume has 48 chapters divided into 8 thematic sections, each with its own introductory chapter (in addition to the 48), and covers a broad range of theoretical and empirical research.Greenberg, Arielle (ed.) 2007. Youth Subcultures: Exploring Underground America. New York, NY: Pearson Longman.Unlike some books on youth cultures or subcultures that develop theory at the expense of readability and engagement, Greenberg's edited volume is very friendly to less experienced social science readers. The contributed chapters are written both by professional scholars and undergraduate students. Greenberg has sought to avoid jargon‐ and reference‐laden research and succeeded in developing a book that undergraduates, especially those who are not taking an entire course on youth subcultures, will find most useful.Haenfler, Ross 2006. Straight Edge: Hardcore Punk, Clean‐Living Youth, and Social Change. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.In recent years, there have been several thorough ethnographic studies of youth subcultures. Along with Paul Hodkinson's study of goths and Lauraine Leblanc's study of female punks, Haenfler's book offers keen sociological insight into the contemporary culture of straight edge. His book frames the subculture in terms of its nonmaterial culture, its status as an agent of social change, and its masculine and feminine dimensions. It is well written and serves as a tool for engaging students on notions of gender and social change, especially.Hall, Stuart and Tony Jefferson (eds) 1998 [1975]. Resistance through Rituals: Youth Subcultures in Post‐War Britain. London, UK: Routledge.This is the classic edited text from the Center for Contemporary Cultural Studies (CCCS) at the University of Birmingham, UK, which established youth‐subcultural studies as a subdiscipline of both cultural studies and sociology. The editors offer a significant theoretical expose on the links between critical theory and youth subcultures. The subsequent empirical and theoretical chapters further express their collective stance, which although it has come under serious criticism over the years, is still a must‐read for students of youth subcultures. Most of work relates directly to British youth subcultures of the 1950s to the 1970s and, therefore, may seem quite foreign to younger American readers. Teachers relying on this book may need to do some homework of their own to get up to speed on the substantive issues covered.Hebdige, Dick 1979. Subculture: The Meaning of Style. London, UK: Routledge.This book is considered by many scholars to be the quintessence of British subcultural studies. Hebdige takes a rather nonsociological view of subcultures in the book, emphasizing a humanist semiotic approach instead. Many scholars have criticized the book as unnecessarily dense and devoid of the voices of subcultural participants, yet the author's insights into the cultural significance of style still make it a very significant text.Hodkinson, Paul and Wolfgang Deicke (eds) 2007. Youth Cultures: Scenes, Subcultures, and Tribes. London, UK: Routledge.This edited collection is based on a 2003 conference in which youth culture scholars discussed the relative utility of the subculture concept in the face of pressure from competing concepts such as scenes and neotribes. The book consists of a rather eclectic set of chapters that tackle both theoretical and substantive issues. While its weakness is perhaps its lack of coherence, this is balanced by its wide coverage of contemporary issues, including gender, race/ethnicity, commodification, and new media.Huq, Rupa 2006. Beyond Subculture: Pop, Youth and Identity in a Postcolonial World. London, UK: Routledge.Focusing on music cultures at the turn of the millennium, Hug offers a solid synthetic analysis of subcultural studies in the UK during the latter half of the twentieth century. She then moves through a series of case studies on various music genres – including bhangra, rave/club, hip‐hop/rap, and grunge – as she attempts to articulate how the cultures that consume such music have moved beyond the 'subculture' label.Leblanc, Lauraine 2001. Pretty in Punk: Girls' Gender Resistance in a Boys' Subculture. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.While many books look at core cultural dimensions of particular youth subcultures, Leblanc dedicates her book to young women's participation. Focusing on punk, she investigates the historical structures of the subculture that result in the marginalization of women, how female participants construct the significance of punk in their lives, and how they deal with males both within and outside subcultural contexts.Muggleton, David 2000. Inside Subculture: The Postmodern Meaning of Style. Oxford, UK: Berg.Playing off the name of Dick Hebdige's famous book, this monograph offers a very different reading of youth‐subcultural participation than classic CCCS texts. Muggleton takes an empirical rather than semiotic approach, using interviews and fieldnotes from his study of young people in Britain who dress in alternative fashions. His work offers new insights into the relations between youth culture, fashion, and identity.Muggleton, David and Rupert Weinzierl 2003. The Post‐Subcultures Reader. Oxford, UK: Berg.This edited volume focuses on recent work by scholars working, for the most part, from a postmodern perspective. Rather than seeing subcultures as class‐based, ideologically pinned or static, the authors collectively explore the more fluid and negotiated terrain upon with contemporary Western youths live. The book would be best used for a graduate course, as much of the writing is relatively sophisticated.Thornton, Sarah 1996. Club Cultures: Music, Media and Subcultural Capital. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan.Starting with Pierre Bourdieu's theory of cultural capital, Thornton moves into the world of rave/club culture to study how subcultural participants articulate their own form of status, power, and identity. Another significant dimension of the book is her articulation of the role various media (from mass to micro to niche) play in subcultural worlds.Films and videosAs discussed by Leblanc (1998), films provide opportunities for students to practice casting a sociological eye on the world around them. While Leblanc's focus was on teaching ethnography, her substantive interests in youth and youth subcultures provide a useful discussion for teachers interested in teaching a course on youth subcultures. Over the years, I have used many films and videos, both in whole and part, either to emphasize a particular sociological concept, to provide documentary evidence of particular subcultural styles, practices, and worldviews, or to facilitate relatively safe student engagement with a topic that many of them might shy away from in a face‐to‐face context. In the following list, I will make reference to particular parts of my syllabus (further below) where the film/video might be most useful.Between Resistance and CommunityThis is an independently made documentary film by Joe Caroll and Ben Holtman (2002) about the Long Island, New York DIY (do‐it‐yourself) hardcore scene. The documentary provides an in‐depth look at the scene through the eyes of its members. It is full of raw footage of hardcore music shows and interviews with scene participants and offers a coherent standpoint analysis of the concepts of resistance and community (thus living up to its title). I typically use parts of the film in connection with the concept of resistance, as well as societal responses/reaction and identity/authenticity.Merchants of CoolFrontline's documentary of the relationship between cultural production and consumption emphasizes not only mainstream fashion, but specifically how cultural industries take advantage of young people that live on the cutting edge of style through basic marketing tools. The video is available online (http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/cool/view/) and is broken down into six parts. I sometime show parts 1–3 and 6 during a single class in order to have time for discussion. The video is relevant to discussions of style, consumption/culture industries, authenticity, and media.Paradise Lost: The Child Murders at Robin Hood HillsThis is a lengthy documentary film about the so‐called West Memphis Three: three young men who were convicted of torturing and murdering three boys in West Memphis, Arkansas, in 1993. The case surrounding the murders and trials remains highly contested, and to this day there are serious doubts by many as to the guilt of the accused. As the documentary shows, the West Memphis Three were heavy metal fans, one of whom dabbled in the Wiccan religion. While the film is too long for most classes, I used two sections of the film to highlight (i) the 'dominant' Christian culture of West Memphis and (ii) the attempts by prosecutors to create a strong tie between the defendants' appearance and style on one hand and Satanism on the other. The film offers students insight into the harsh reality of labeling, moral panic, and societal response (there is also a follow‐up documentary entitled Paradise Lost 2: Revelations).QuadropheniaA film produced during the 1970s by the British rock band The Who, Quadrophenia looks back at the mod and rocker subcultures of the mid‐1960s through the eyes of a mod. The film is best viewed in Section 2 of my course syllabus, while students are reading about the Birmingham tradition (in the USA especially, since many students have never heard of mods and rockers). Mods are cited repeatedly in the CCCS literature; thus, the film gives students something more tangible to engage. The film is particularly good and facilitating student engagement with certain subcultural concepts learned in Sections 1 and 2, including frame of reference, strain, homology, bricolage, and 'magical' solutions.The SourceThis documentary looks at the Beat culture. I use sections of the film to highlight the dominant American culture of the 1950s and how individuals who felt marginalized or otherwise nonnormative moved to big cities in search of other people who were similar. The film works well with a discussion of Albert Cohen's theory of subcultural strain.The WarriorsHaving attended a formal gathering of all the gangs in New York, a local gang called the Warriors are wrongly accused of assassinating a would‐be gang lord and are forced to fight their way back home to Coney Island. The film is full of stereotypical images of subcultural style and deviant behavior. This film fits in well with a review of the Chicago School, in particular a deviance or criminological approach to youth subcultures. The film offers insight into class, gender, strain, and the urban environment.Other film titles and the subcultures to which they relate include:
A Clockwork Orange – abstract representation of subcultural deviance Afro Punk – punk subculture and race American Hardcore – punk and hardcore music subculture Another State of Mind – early hardcore punk scene, highlights music Boyz in the Hood –marginalized black culture that produced hip‐hop and rap music Dogtown and Z‐Boys – skateboarding Dreadheads: Portrait of a Subculture – new age travelers, deadheads Heavy: The Story of Metal – heavy metal Metal: A Headbanger's Journey – extreme metal culture, including death metal and black metal Punk: The Early Years – history of punk Red Light Go – Bike messengers Romper Stomper– racist skinheads Sid and Nancy– punk, focusing on The Sex Pistols SLC Punk– punk Surburbia– interesting mix of disaffected youth, mainly punk with skinheads and goths as well This is England– looks at the intersection of racist and non‐racist skinhead culture in the UK
http://www.youtube.com contains a vast collection of subculture‐related material. I troll the site every few months looking for new resources to use in the classroom.Sample syllabus outlineCourse descriptionYouth as a social phenomenon arose largely as a cultural derivative of the industrial revolution in Europe and the USA and is now global. In the twentieth century particularly, youth became an object of sociological, cultural, and psychological analyses. The concept of 'subculture' has been used with various degrees of success to analyze youths' individual and collective behaviors. This course surveys some of the many strands of youth‐subcultural theory during the twentieth century. It begins with early sociological work from the University of Chicago, followed by an overview of the cultural studies approach from the University of Birmingham, UK. It then moves on to examples of contemporary subcultural theory and research, focusing on a number of discrete sociological concepts and youth‐subcultural groups.Purpose and objectivesThe purpose of the course is to try and arrive at some consensus as to the worth of 'subculture' as an analytic concept as well as the various concepts that drive subcultural studies. The objectives of the course are: to familiarize students with various strands of subcultural theory in sociology and cultural studies; to review a variety of historical and contemporary youth subcultures as well as the concepts and methods used to study them; and to improve students' understanding of how and why youth subcultures emerge, exist, and change.1 Section 1: Introduction to youth‐subculture studiesHoward Becker 1986. Culture: A Sociological ViewSarah Thornton 1997. General Introduction to The Subcultures Reader, 1st edn.Ken Gelder 2005. Introduction: The Field of Subculture Studies* Section 2: American subculture studiesKen Gelder 2005. Introduction to Part One: The Chicago School and Urban Ethnography* Subculture as deviance Paul Cressey 1932. The Life‐Cycle of the Taxi‐Dancer* Subculture as strain Robert Merton 1938. Social Structure and AnomieAlbert Cohen 1955. A General Theory of Subcultures* The ethnographic study of subcultures Howard Becker 1963. The Culture of a Deviant Group*Ned Polsky 1967. Research Method, Morality, and Criminology*Paul Hodkinson 2005. 'Insider Research' in the Study of Youth Cultures Section 3: British subculture studiesKen Gelder, 2005. Introduction to Part Two: The Birmingham Tradition and Cultural Studies* Marxism and class Phil Cohen 1972. Subcultural Conflict and Working‐Class Community*John Clarke et al. 1975. Subcultures, Cultures and Class* The semiotic study of resistance Tony Jefferson 1975. Cultural Responses of the TedsDick Hebdige 1979. Subculture: The Meaning of Style* Section 4: Subsequent theoretical strands Criticisms and Revisions Gary Fine and Sherryl Kleinman 1979. Rethinking Subculture: An Interactionist AnalysisStanley Cohen 1980. Symbols of Trouble* New directions Andy Bennett 1999. Subcultures or Neo‐Tribes?Rupert Weinzierl and David Muggleton 2003. What Is Post‐Subculture Studies?David Hesmondhalgh 2005. Subcultures, Scenes or Tribes? None of the Above Section 5: Analytic topics Style Ken Gelder 2005. Introduction on Part Five: Style, Fashion, Signature*Dick Hebdige 1983. Posing ... Threats, Striking ... Poses*Jeffrey Kidder 2004. Style and Action: A Decoding of Bike Messenger Symbols Resistance Paul Willis 1977. Culture, Institution, Differentiation*Kathleen Lowney 1995. Teenage Satanism as Oppositional Youth SubcultureKristin Schilt 2003. I'll Resist You with Every Inch and Every Breath Space and media Ken Gelder 2005. Introduction to Part Four: Territories, Space, Otherness*Peter Marsh et al. 1978. Life on the Terraces*Iain Borden 2001. Performing the City* Societal responses and reaction Jill Rosenbaum and Lorraine Prinsky 1991. The Presumption of InfluenceClaire Wallace and Raimund Alt 2001. Youth Cultures under Authoritarian Regimes Identity and authenticity Kembrew McLeod 1999. Authenticity Within Hip‐Hop and Other Cultures Threatened with AssimilationJ. Patrick Williams 2006. Authentic Identity, Straightedge Subculture, Music and the InternetMurray Healy 1996. Real Men, Phallicism, and Fascism* Consumption and play Jock Young 1971. The Subterranean World of Play*J. Patrick Williams 2006. Consumption and Authenticity in the Collectible Strategy Games SubcultureSharon Kinsella 2000. Amateur Manga Subculture and the Otaku Incident*Assignments and projects1. Portfolio project: The portfolio project facilitates students' interaction with the theories and concepts being learned in the classroom.Over the course of the semester, you will be responsible for collecting and summarizing information about one subculture of your choice. I will expect you to analyze the information you collect in a sociological manner, but we will practice this throughout the semester so that you should continually improve your analytic skills. During the second week of the semester, I will divide the class into several groups and each group will choose a particular youth subculture to study (e.g. punk, riot grrrl, goth, hardcore, hip‐hop, skateboarding, graffiti, gaming). You will negotiate with other students to decide collectively what subculture you will study. Individually, you will be responsible for collecting and analyzing information about your topic as it pertains to theories and concepts being covered in class. To do this, you will first need to identify subcultural objects for analysis. These may include (i) a definition of the subculture you are studying, (ii) a song and/or music lyrics, (iii) a research article (historical, sociological, cultural, etc.), (iv) an Internet discussion forum, (v) an event at a local hangout, bar, or club, (vi) a zine, blog, or other publication, (vii) cartoon, album cover, or other art, (viii) journalistic account of a subcultural event, (viiii) a pop culture item (e.g. clip from television, magazine article), or (x) a video (e.g. YouTube) or documentary. Second, you will need to follow the course outline and use a specific theory or concept (e.g. hegemony, societal response, style, resistance, homology, identity, media, diffusion, class, gender) to analyze each item. By the end of the semester, your portfolio should consist of a minimum of 10 items that deal with your assigned subculture. Plan on collecting one item per week beginning in week 4. During week 3, I will show you some examples to get you started as well as bring in a completed portfolio from a previous student. You should not use the same type of subcultural object more than twice, nor should you use the same theory or concept more than twice. The purpose, as stated above, is to have you collect and analyze the information over time rather than collect everything in a mad rush during the last week. Every other week you will give a 2‐ to 3‐minute summary of your most recent portfolio entry.2. Group portfolio presentations: The group presentation requires that students combine many different portfolio entries together and develop a coherent, analytically informed presentation of a specific youth subculture.At the end of the semester, your group will give a 15‐ to 20‐minute multimedia presentation of whatever subculture you have been studying by combining the information collected in individual portfolios.3. Film assignment: The film assignment facilitates the development of the sociological imagination when consuming popular cultural treatments of youth subcultures. I reserve the university auditorium to give the students a fuller cinematic experience. Use the list of films and videos above and the course outline to decide what to show and when to show it. We will watch one film outside of class during the semester, entitled (name of film). In case you are unable to attend the film viewing, you may rent or buy the film from a number of different sources. Make plans as soon as possible to be available to watch the film. Watching it at home is your prerogative, but watching it with other students will enable you to participate in discussion afterward. After viewing the film, you will write a (x)‐page paper addressing specific questions that I will provide before the film begins (as one example, I often show Quadrophenia and ask that four specific questions be answered in their papers: (i) What aspects of the actors' lives are informed by CCCS theory? What aspects are informed by Chicago School theories? Link your answers to specific readings or citations when appropriate. (ii) How important is 'conspicuous consumption' for mods in the film? Be sure to give multiple examples of consumption as you answer the question. How does consumption relate to our discussion of style? (iii) In what way is the ending of the film 'magical', in the CCCS sense of the term? (iv) How do the concepts of hegemony, bricolage, or homology play out in the film? Pick one of them to discuss and use a detailed example). Note
1 In the sample outline below, I list only the readings I might assign to an upper‐level undergraduate course during one semester. See my main article in Sociology Compass 1(2) for a much more detailed discussion of articles and chapters that might be used in each section. An asterisk (*) marks readings from Ken Gelder's The Subcultures Reader (2nd edn), listed above.ReferenceLeblanc, Lauraine 1998. Teaching Sociology 26: 62–68.
Publisher's version (útgefin grein) ; Background In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990-2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0-9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10-24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10-24 years were also in the top ten in the 25-49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50-74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and development investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Copyright (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. ; Research reported in this publication was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; the University of Melbourne; Queensland Department of Health, Australia; the National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia; Public Health England; the Norwegian Institute of Public Health; St Jude Children's Research Hospital; the Cardiovascular Medical Research and Education Fund; the National Institute on Ageing of the National Institutes of Health (award P30AG047845); and the National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health (award R01MH110163). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the funders. The authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this Article and they do not necessarily represent the views, decisions, or policies of the institutions with which they are affiliated, the National Health Service (NHS), the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), the UK Department of Health and Social Care, or Public Health England; the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the US Government, or MEASURE Evaluation; or the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). This research used data from the Chile National Health Survey 2003, 2009-10, and 2016-17. The authors are grateful to the Ministry of Health, the survey copyright owner, for allowing them to have the database. All results of the study are those of the authors and in no way committed to the Ministry. The Costa Rican Longevity and Healthy Aging Study project is a longitudinal study by the University of Costa Rica's Centro Centroamericano de Poblacion and Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud, in collaboration with the University of California at Berkeley. The original pre-1945 cohort was funded by the Wellcome Trust (grant 072406), and the 1945-55 Retirement Cohort was funded by the US National Institute on Aging (grant R01AG031716). The principal investigators are Luis Rosero-Bixby and William H Dow and co-principal investigators are Xinia Fernandez and Gilbert Brenes. The accuracy of the authors' statistical analysis and the findings they report are not the responsibility of ECDC. ECDC is not responsible for conclusions or opinions drawn from the data provided. ECDC is not responsible for the correctness of the data and for data management, data merging and data collation after provision of the data. ECDC shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data. The Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) study is an international study carried out in collaboration with WHO/EURO. The international coordinator of the 1997-98, 2001-02, 2005-06, and 2009-10 surveys was Candace Currie and the databank manager for the 1997-98 survey was Bente Wold, whereas for the following surveys Oddrun Samdal was the databank manager. A list of principal investigators in each country can be found on the HBSC website. Data used in this paper come from the 2009-10 Ghana Socioeconomic Panel Study Survey, which is a nationally representative survey of more than 5000 households in Ghana. The survey is a joint effort undertaken by the Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research (ISSER) at the University of Ghana and the Economic Growth Centre (EGC) at Yale University. It was funded by EGC. ISSER and the EGC are not responsible for the estimations reported by the analysts. The Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics granted the researchers access to relevant data in accordance with license number SLN2014-3-170, after subjecting data to processing aiming to preserve the confidentiality of individual data in accordance with the General Statistics Law, 2000. The researchers are solely responsible for the conclusions and inferences drawn upon available data. Data for this research was provided by MEASURE Evaluation, funded by USAID. The authors thank the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey, conducted by the National Research University Higher School of Economics and ZAO Demoscope together with Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the Institute of Sociology, Russia Academy of Sciences for making data available. This paper uses data from the Bhutan 2014 STEPS survey, implemented by the Ministry of Health with the support of WHO; the Kuwait 2006 and 2014 STEPS surveys, implemented by the Ministry of Health with the support of WHO; the Libya 2009 STEPS survey, implemented by the Secretariat of Health and Environment with the support of WHO; the Malawi 2009 STEPS survey, implemented by Ministry of Health with the support of WHO; and the Moldova 2013 STEPS survey, implemented by the Ministry of Health, the National Bureau of Statistics, and the National Center of Public Health with the support of WHO. This paper uses data from Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) Waves 1 (DOI:10.6103/SHARE. w1.700), 2 (10.6103/SHARE.w2.700), 3 (10.6103/SHARE.w3.700), 4 (10.6103/SHARE.w4.700), 5 (10.6103/SHARE.w5.700), 6 (10.6103/SHARE.w6.700), and 7 (10.6103/SHARE.w7.700); see Borsch-Supan and colleagues (2013) for methodological details. The SHARE data collection has been funded by the European Commission through FP5 (QLK6-CT-2001-00360), FP6 (SHARE-I3: RII-CT-2006-062193, COMPARE: CIT5-CT-2005-028857, SHARELIFE: CIT4-CT-2006-028812), FP7 (SHARE-PREP: GA N degrees 211909, SHARE-LEAP: GA N degrees 227822, SHARE M4: GA N degrees 261982) and Horizon 2020 (SHARE-DEV3: GA N degrees 676536, SERISS: GA N degrees 654221) and by DG Employment, Social Affairs & Inclusion. Additional funding from the German Ministry of Education and Research, the Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science, the US National Institute on Aging (U01_AG09740-13S2, P01_AG005842, P01_AG08291, P30_AG12815, R21_AG025169, Y1-AG-4553-01, IAG_BSR06-11, OGHA_04-064, HHSN271201300071C), and from various national funding sources is gratefully acknowledged. This study has been realised using the data collected by the Swiss Household Panel, which is based at the Swiss Centre of Expertise in the Social Sciences. The project is financed by the Swiss National Science Foundation. The United States Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study is a supplement to the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), which is sponsored by the National Institute of Aging (grant number NIA U01AG009740). It was conducted jointly by Duke University and the University of Michigan. The HRS is sponsored by the National Institute on Aging (grant number NIA U01AG009740) and is conducted by the University of Michigan. This paper uses data from Add Health, a program project designed by J Richard Udry, Peter S Bearman, and Kathleen Mullan Harris, and funded by a grant P01-HD31921 from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, with cooperative funding from 17 other agencies. Special acknowledgment is due to Ronald R Rindfuss and Barbara Entwisle for assistance in the original design. Information on how to obtain the Add Health data files is available on the Add Health website. No direct support was received from grant P01-HD31921 for this analysis. The data reported here have been supplied by the United States Renal Data System. The interpretation and reporting of these data are the responsibility of the authors and in no way should be seen as an official policy or interpretation of the US Government. Collection of data for the Mozambique National Survey on the Causes of Death 2007-08 was made possible by USAID under the terms of cooperative agreement GPO-A-00-08-000_D3-00. This manuscript is based on data collected and shared by the International Vaccine Institute (IVI) from an original study IVI conducted. L G Abreu acknowledges support from Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (Brazil; finance code 001) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq, a Brazilian funding agency). I N Ackerman was supported by a Victorian Health and Medical Research Fellowship awarded by the Victorian Government. O O Adetokunboh acknowledges the South African Department of Science and Innovation and the National Research Foundation. A Agrawal acknowledges the Wellcome Trust DBT India Alliance Senior Fellowship. S M Aljunid acknowledges the Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University and International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia for the approval and support to participate in this research project. M Ausloos, C Herteliu, and A Pana acknowledge partial support by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. A Badawi is supported by the Public Health Agency of Canada. D A Bennett was supported by the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. R Bourne acknowledges the Brien Holden Vision Institute, University of Heidelberg, Sightsavers, Fred Hollows Foundation, and Thea Foundation. G B Britton and I Moreno Velasquez were supported by the Sistema Nacional de Investigacion, SNI-SENACYT, Panama. R Buchbinder was supported by an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Senior Principal Research Fellowship. J J Carrero was supported by the Swedish Research Council (2019-01059). F Carvalho acknowledges UID/MULTI/04378/2019 and UID/QUI/50006/2019 support with funding from FCT/MCTES through national funds. A R Chang was supported by National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases grant K23 DK106515. V M Costa acknowledges the grant SFRH/BHD/110001/2015, received by Portuguese national funds through Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia, IP, under the Norma Transitaria DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006. A Douiri acknowledges support and funding from the National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care South London at King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and the Royal College of Physicians, and support from the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre based at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London. B B Duncan acknowledges grants from the Foundation for the Support of Research of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (IATS and PrInt) and the Brazilian Ministry of Health. H E Erskine is the recipient of an Australian NHMRC Early Career Fellowship grant (APP1137969). A J Ferrari was supported by a NHMRC Early Career Fellowship grant (APP1121516). H E Erskine and A J Ferrari are employed by and A M Mantilla-Herrera and D F Santomauro affiliated with the Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, which receives core funding from the Queensland Department of Health. M L Ferreira holds an NHMRC Research Fellowship. C Flohr was supported by the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre based at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust. M Freitas acknowledges financial support from the EU (European Regional Development Fund [FEDER] funds through COMPETE POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029248) and National Funds (Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia) through project PTDC/NAN-MAT/29248/2017. A L S Guimaraes acknowledges support from CNPq. C Herteliu was partially supported by a grant co-funded by FEDER through Operational Competitiveness Program (project ID P_40_382). P Hoogar acknowledges Centre for Bio Cultural Studies, Directorate of Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education and Centre for Holistic Development and Research, Kalaghatagi. F N Hugo acknowledges the Visiting Professorship, PRINT Program, CAPES Foundation, Brazil. B-F Hwang was supported by China Medical University (CMU107-Z-04), Taichung, Taiwan. S M S Islam was funded by a National Heart Foundation Senior Research Fellowship and supported by Deakin University. R Q Ivers was supported by a research fellowship from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia. M Jakovljevic acknowledges the Serbian part of this GBD-related contribution was co-funded through Grant OI175014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. P Jeemon was supported by a Clinical and Public Health intermediate fellowship (grant number IA/CPHI/14/1/501497) from the Wellcome Trust-Department of Biotechnology, India Alliance (2015-20). O John is a recipient of UIPA scholarship from University of New South Wales, Sydney. S V Katikireddi acknowledges funding from a NRS Senior Clinical Fellowship (SCAF/15/02), the Medical Research Council (MC_UU_12017/13, MC_UU_12017/15), and the Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office (SPHSU13, SPHSU15). C Kieling is a CNPq researcher and a UK Academy of Medical Sciences Newton Advanced Fellow. Y J Kim was supported by Research Management Office, Xiamen University Malaysia (XMUMRF/2018-C2/ITCM/00010). K Krishan is supported by UGC Centre of Advanced Study awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. M Kumar was supported by K43 TW 010716 FIC/NIMH. B Lacey acknowledges support from the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and the BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford. J V Lazarus was supported by a Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities Miguel Servet grant (Instituto de Salud Carlos III [ISCIII]/ESF, the EU [CP18/00074]). K J Looker thanks the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Evaluation of Interventions at the University of Bristol, in partnership with Public Health England, for research support. S Lorkowski was funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (nutriCARD, grant agreement number 01EA1808A). R A Lyons is supported by Health Data Research UK (HDR-9006), which is funded by the UK Medical Research Council, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, Economic and Social Research Council, NIHR (England), Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health and Social Care Directorates, Health and Social Care Research and Development Division (Welsh Government), Public Health Agency (Northern Ireland), British Heart Foundation, and Wellcome Trust. J J McGrath is supported by the Danish National Research Foundation (Niels Bohr Professorship), and the Queensland Health Department (via West Moreton HHS). P T N Memiah acknowledges support from CODESRIA. U O Mueller gratefully acknowledges funding by the German National Cohort Study BMBF grant number 01ER1801D. S Nomura acknowledges the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan (18K10082). A Ortiz was supported by ISCIII PI19/00815, DTS18/00032, ISCIII-RETIC REDinREN RD016/0009 Fondos FEDER, FRIAT, Comunidad de Madrid B2017/BMD-3686 CIFRA2-CM. These funding sources had no role in the writing of the manuscript or the decision to submit it for publication. S B Patten was supported by the Cuthbertson & Fischer Chair in Pediatric Mental Health at the University of Calgary. G C Patton was supported by an aNHMRC Senior Principal Research Fellowship. M R Phillips was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, number 81371502 and 81761128031). A Raggi, D Sattin, and S Schiavolin were supported by grants from the Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico C Besta, Linea 4-Outcome Research: dagli Indicatori alle Raccomandazioni Cliniche). P Rathi and B Unnikrishnan acknowledge Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal. A L P Ribeiro was supported by Brazilian National Research Council, CNPq, and the Minas Gerais State Research Agency, FAPEMIG. D C Ribeiro was supported by The Sir Charles Hercus Health Research Fellowship (#18/111) Health Research Council of New Zealand. D Ribeiro acknowledges financial support from the EU (FEDER funds through the Operational Competitiveness Program; POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029253). P S Sachdev acknowledges funding from the NHMRC of Australia Program Grant. A M Samy was supported by a fellowship from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. M M Santric-Milicevic acknowledges the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (contract number 175087). R Sarmiento-Suarez received institutional support from Applied and Environmental Sciences University (Bogota, Colombia) and ISCIII (Madrid, Spain). A E Schutte received support from the South African National Research Foundation SARChI Initiative (GUN 86895) and Medical Research Council. S T S Skou is currently funded by a grant from Region Zealand (Exercise First) and a grant from the European Research Council under the EU's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement number 801790). J B Soriano is funded by Centro de Investigacion en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, ISCIII. R Tabares-Seisdedos was supported in part by the national grant PI17/00719 from ISCIII-FEDER. N Taveira was partially supported by the European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership, the EU (LIFE project, reference RIA2016MC-1615). S Tyrovolas was supported by the Foundation for Education and European Culture, the Sara Borrell postdoctoral programme (reference number CD15/00019 from ISCIII-FEDER). S B Zaman received a scholarship from the Australian Government research training programme in support of his academic career. ; "Peer Reviewed"
This guide accompanies the following article: Matthew W. Hughey, 'The Janus Face of Whiteness: Toward a Cultural Sociology of White Nationalism and White Antiracism', Sociology Compass 3/6 (2009): 920–936, 10.1111/j.1751‐9020.2009.00244.xAuthor's introductionOver the past 20 years, the study of white racial identity has received in‐depth, interdisciplinary attention. Under sociological scrutiny, the study of whiteness has traversed quite a few stages: from understandings of whiteness as a category replete with social privileges, as a mere reflection of non‐racial (often class‐based) dynamics, to its most recent turn that emphasizes the contextual and intersectional heterogeneity of whiteness. Because of the increased attention to context and political disputes, the study of whiteness has never been more amenable to cultural analysis than it is today. Hence, an emphasis on different white racial formations that span a political spectrum – from conservative to liberal and racist to antiracist – is now dominant. In this vein, white nationalists and white antiracists represent the distinct polarities of contemporary inquisitions into white racial identity. Motivated by this academic milieu, this guide offers an overview of the major scholarship that address white nationalism & white antiracism, appropriate online materials, and examples from a sample syllabus. Together, these resources aim to assist in understanding the general processes and contexts that produce 'whiteness' and imbue it with meaning, the social relationships and practices in which white racial identity identities become embedded, and how whiteness simultaneously possesses material and symbolic privileges alongside diverse and seemingly antagonistic experiences.Author recommendsThe complexity of whitenessMcDermott, Monica and Frank L. Samson 2005. 'White Racial and Ethnic Identity in the United States.'Annual Review of Sociology 31: 245–61.Any contemporary apprentice of the sociological study of white racial identity should read this essay. Monica McDermott and her student Frank Samson combine to provide a robust overview of the literature. They walk the tightrope of balancing both a broad coverage of the literature with the depth that key studies necessitate. In so doing, they put a finger on the key dilemma of studying white racial identity today: 'Navigating between the long‐term staying power of white privilege and the multifarious manifestations of the experience of whiteness remains the task of the next era of research on white racial and ethnic identity' (2005: 256).Duster, Troy 2001. 'The 'Morphing' Properties of Whiteness.' Pp. 113–33 in The Making and Unmaking of Whiteness, edited by E. B. Rasmussen, E. Klinenberg, I. J. Nexica and M. Wray. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.In this essay – part of a larger volume on whiteness that I also recommend – Duster synthesizes disparate approaches to the study of whiteness. Demonstrating how some scholars understand white racial identity as a contextual and cognitive category ('fluid'), while some frame whiteness as a structural and fixed category of material privileges ('frozen'), Duster asks 'who is right?' He answers via the metaphor of whiteness‐as‐water. In one moment, whiteness can morph into vapor as a contextual and unstable identity, while the next moment it can instantly transform into a harsh and unyielding form of ice‐like privilege. Duster's essay is an excellent retort for those who argue that we should move 'beyond' race to the utopian realm of color‐blind individualism. Duster demonstrates, although the example of the supposedly egalitarian New Deal, that while race is socially constructed, the legacy of racism remains a historically reproduced and real social fact – denying the existence of race perpetuates racial inequality. Duster closes the chapter with a personal anecdote that grounds the historical example in modern, interactional, and everyday life.Perry, Pamela 2002. Shades of White: White Kids and Racial Identities in High School. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Perry gives us two ethnographic studies in one – that of two northern California high schools: one located in a predominantly white, if economically diverse, suburb, the other situated in a multiracial urban community. Perry persistently and systematically probes the complexities of white racial identity in the practices and discourses of the youth attending these high schools. She finds that whites in the predominantly white, suburban high school do not see themselves as a unique race and take their racial identity for granted – they understand distinctly white practices as normative rather than as constitutive of a subjective worldview. In contrast, the whites at the multiracial, urban high school possess a more critical and comparative view of race and their own place in the racial order. In sum, Perry argues that whiteness is a set of complex, contradictory, and multiple subject positions.Wray, Matt. 2006. Not Quite White: White Trash and the Boundaries of Whiteness. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Matt Wray brings the tools of cultural sociology viz‐á‐viz'symbolic boundaries' to the interrogation of the moniker White Trash. Wray problematizes this relatively normalized term to question its origins and how it persists. Drawing upon literary texts, folklore, diaries, medical articles, and social scientific analyses from the early 1700s to the turn of the 20th century, Wray documents the multiple meanings that were projected onto poor rural whites in the United States. Of particular import, Wray demonstrates how white supremacist ideas about class and region became dominant through public health campaigns and eugenic reformations. Impoverished whites found themselves the targets of officials and activists who framed them as 'filthy' or "feebleminded," and thus a threat to the purity and supremacy of the white race. This text is particularly informative for its demonstration of how white supremacist logic was not only focused on racial 'otherness' but used the axes of class and location to directly demarcate and attack those seen as 'white' yet somehow racially deficient and unworthy.Winant, Howard 2004. 'Behind Blue Eyes: Whiteness and Contemporary U.S. Racial Politics.' Pp. 3–16 in Off White: Readings on Race, Power, and Society, edited by Michelle Fine, Lois Weis, Linda C. Powell and April Burns. New York, NY: Routledge.In applying his now classic approach formulated in concert with Michael Omi (Racial Formations, 1986), Howard Winant applies the 'racial projects' thesis to whites: 'I think it would be beneficial to attempt to sort out alternative conceptions of whiteness, along with the politics that both flow from and inform these conceptions. … focusing on five key racial projects, which I term, far right, new right, neoconservative, neoliberal, and new abolitionist' (2004: 6). Hence, Winant maps a theory of white identity formation onto a bifurcated 'culture war.' Labeling this phenomenon 'racial dualism as politics,' Winant advances a paradigm in which whiteness is undergoing 'a profound political crisis.' Winant's essay is especially important for those that wish to emphasize the heterogeneity of white racial identity, as he provides Weberian‐like 'ideal types' for the comprehension of the racial‐political landscape.Hughey, Matthew W. (forthcoming 2010). 'Navigating the (Dis)similarities of White Racial Identities: The Conceptual Framework of "Hegemonic Whiteness."'Ethnic & Racial Studies.In this work, I build upon many of the aforementioned studies. Like Pamela Perry (2002) I dive into two ethnographic sites, but of much different breed. To interrogate how whiteness might be akin to 'vapor and ice' (Duster 2001) and to provide a robust answer to the dilemma of the 'long‐term staying power of white privilege' (McDermott and Samson 2005) alongside the 'political crisis' of whiteness (Winant 2004), I studied a white nationalist and white antiracist organization. Combining over fourteen months of field observations, in‐depth interviews, and content analysis of documents, I found that the varied political and overt ideological orientations of both groups masked striking similarities in how both groups made meaning of whiteness. In particular, these similarities were guided by a collective reliance on reactionary, racist, and essentialist scripts, latent worldviews – and like Wray (2006) – symbolic boundaries. The realization that there remains a shared 'groupness' to outwardly different white identities has the potential to destabilize the recent trend that over‐emphasizes white heterogeneity at the expense of discussion of power, racism, and discrimination. As a resolution to this analytic dilemma, this article advances a conceptual framework entitled 'hegemonic whiteness.' In this model, white racial identity formation is understood as an ongoing process in which (1) racist, reactionary, and essentialist ideologies are used to demarcate inter‐racial boundaries and (2) performances of white racial identity that fail to meet those ideals are marginalized and stigmatized, thereby creating intra‐racial distinctions within the category 'white.'White supremacy & nationalismDobratz, Betty A. and Stephanie L. Shanks‐Meile 1997. The White Separatist Movement in the United States: 'White Power, White Pride!' Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.This is a good place to begin with the study of the white separatist, nationalist, and supremacist movements in the United States. The book is primarily descriptive and quickly debunks the stereotype that the movement is tied to an uneducated and Southern cadre of disenfranchised men. The authors interviewed more than 125 white separatists, attended white power rallies and other white separatist meetings, and examined much of the movement‐generated literature. A major strength of the text is the demonstration of key divisions within the white supremacist movement, most notably religious ideology and views toward gender. However, this high note is often bookended by their overdependence on journalistic‐like description rather than sociological explanation.Zeskind, Leonard. 2009. Blood and Politics: The History of the White Nationalist Movement from the Margins to the Mainstream. New York, NY: Farrar Straus Giroux.This book is a critical companion to Dobratz and Shanks‐Meile (1997). Beginning in the 1950s and taking the reader into the contemporary moment, the text affords a sprawling account of the shifting currents in white nationalism. In both meticulous detail and incredible breadth, the 645‐page tome was composed from Zeskind's 15‐year‐long research of the white nationalist movement – describing in detail how the movement has somewhat successfully moved from the shadows of a stigmatized racist identity to wear the mask of a more 'button‐down' and gentile white nationalism.Ferber, Abby L. 1998. White Man Falling: Race, Gender, and White Supremacy. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.Abby Ferber does an excellent job of illuminating white nationalist publications like White Patriot and White Power to clarify not only the racial, but the intersectional weltanschauung of white male nationalists. In so doing, Ferber demonstrates how the concept of 'race' has evolved alongside the development of the white supremacist and nationalist movements. Ferber's empirically based critique unpacks the still‐growing ideological assertion that white men are now the quintessential victims of the social order, and she convincingly demonstrates the repercussions of their attempts to re‐assert white male power. I would be remiss if I did not also point the reader to her follow‐up study: Home‐Grown Hate: Gender and Organized Racism (New York, NY: Routledge, 2004). Other notable mentions in this vein include Kathleen Blee's Inside Organized Racism: Women in the Hate Movement (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2002) and Jessie Daniels'White Lies: Race, Class, Gender, and Sexuality in White Supremacist Discourse (New York, NY: Routledge, 1997).Berbrier, Mitch 2000. 'The Victim Ideology of White Supremacists and White Separatists in the United States.'Sociological Focus 33: 174–91.In much the same vein as Ferber, Mitch Berbrier demonstrates how white victimization ideologies are a growing, but not yet central, facet of white supremacist and separatist organizing. Rather, discourses of racial victimization are put to the service of larger concerns in white supremacist activism: for example, either to activate a sense of urgency in the perceived loss of white racial pride and self‐esteem, or to convince outsiders (and potential members) that they are living in time of white 'genocide.' I also recommend Berbrier's 1998 Social Problems article entitled '"Half the Battle": Cultural Resonance, Framing Processes, and Ethnic Affectations in Contemporary White Separatist Rhetoric.'White antiracismBonnett, Alastair 2000. Anti‐Racism. London and New York, NY: Routledge.This is a valuable text for those wishing to understand both the historical trajectory of, and current variation within, the antiracist movement. Bonnett first traces anti‐racism's philosophical historicity through thinkers such as Comte, Montaigne, and Du Bois. After delineating the theoretical underpinnings of the movement, Bonnett then outlines the spatial variation of antiracism to uncover the networked relationships between Brazil, China, France, the US, and the UK, to name just a few examples. In this vein, while the text does not explicitly focus on white anti‐racism, a large portion of the book directly challenges the dominance of the Eurocentric variations of anti‐racism, as it even briefly surveys the outgrowths of anti‐racism in the form of multiculturalism, anti‐Nazi/anti‐fascist movements, and the 'local' activist organizations that purport to represent marginalized communities. While the book takes on a large subject matter, its relatively small size often falls short of giving each subject the attention it deserves. Still, the book serves as an excellent overview.Apthecker, Herbert 1993. Anti‐Racism in U.S. History: The First Two Hundred Years. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.Like Bonnett's text (2000), this book does not explicitly center on white antiracism, but much of the examples used by the late Marxist historian are drawn from white abolitionists and activists. In fact, recovering the lost history of whites whom rejected racist rationales for the 'peculiar institution' of slavery and in turn, evidenced a remarkable degree of racial egalitarianism, appears the impetus for Aptheker's decision to compose the book. Overall, the text remains a tour de force of the pervasiveness of both white racism and its white resistance, as it covers the intersection of racism, sexuality, labor, the political ideologies of Grégoire, Banneker, & Jefferson, religion, the effects of the civil war, and emancipation.Srivastava, Sarita 2005. '"You're Calling me a Racist?" The Moral and Emotional Regulation of Antiracism and Feminism.'Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 31(1): 29–62.This article demonstrates how the dominant practices and discourses of emotional expression shape antiracist debates over what constitutes a proper antiracist approach. By showing how the predominant mode of discussion in many antiracist organizations is hinged to the disclosure of personal experiences and emotion, Srivastrava demonstrates that this mode constricts the ability to produce organizational or structural change. Accordingly, white antiracist discussion groups often devolve into a setting in which the focus shifts from fighting racism to that of quelling the emotional turbulence of white participants – a pattern that unintentionally reestablishes a focus on white well‐being and privilege.Niemonen, Jack June 2007. 'Antiracist Education in Theory and Practice: A Critical Assessment.'The American Sociologist 38(2): 159–77.With critical aplomb, Jack Niemonen interrogates the pedagogical, curricular, and organizational claims of 'antiracist education'– an endeavor largely tied to liberal, white, and 'multicultural advocates.' Operationalized through a study of approximately 160 papers recently published in peer‐reviewed journals, Niemonen finds that the dominant forms of 'antiracist education' are far from sociologically grounded, empirically based accounts of the significance of race, but 'embodies the confessional and redemptive modes common in evangelical Protestantism' (164). Picking up on a key contradiction endemic to a large percentage of white antiracist literature, whites are often framed as 'inherently racist' yet are prodded to constantly seek paths to redemption and salvation. Informing my own work, Niemonen demonstrates how antiracist educators often employ a myopic and reductionist 'culture war' view of the world in which battle lines are drawn between the 'good and bad' whites. Aside from the fact that Niemonen's scathing critique sometimes borders on a kind of evangelicalism in its own right, his overview of the literature does afford the prescient observation that a great deal of antiracist activism is built on abstract moralism rather than sociological empiricism.O'Brien, Eileen 2001. Whites Confront Racism: Antiracists and Their Paths to Action. New York, NY: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.O'Brien's work is a survey of white antiracist activists from across North America. The book is a nice counterpoint to Niemonen's (2007) findings, as O'Brien finds that many white antiracists are quite savvy in their ability to avoid the typical options of 'being a nonracist' or devolving into emotional turmoil associated with 'white guilt'; many of the whites demonstrate large variation in how they combat modern racism. Of import, O'Brien shows that these whites' affiliations with antiracist organizations – and even their lack thereof – can play a crucial role in their approach to their antiracist activism. As such, O'Brien shows that a more critical white antiracist approach is evolving; one that frames race as a 'social construction' and which unpacks the individual, institutional, and cultural forms of racism.Online materialsPublic Broadcasting Service, 'Race – The Power of an Illusion' http://www.pbs.org/race/000_General/000_00‐Home.htm Starting from the supposition that 'Race is one topic where we all think we're experts', the series, readings, video, and ability to directly ask questions of experts in the field (e.g.: historian George M. Fredrickson and biological anthropologist Alan Goodman) together help to debunk many of the core beliefs that undergird the modern white supremacist and nationalist movement. In so doing, the program helps to show how social, economic, and political conditions, rather than biological make‐up, disproportionately channel advantages and opportunities to whites.Public Broadcasting Service, 'From Swastika to Jim Crow' http://www.pbs.org/itvs/fromswastikatojimcrow/index.html The website includes a video, discussion guide, and multi‐chaptered narrative on the little‐known story of German refugee scholars, who were expelled from Nazi Germany, migrated to the United States south and faced oppression from US white supremacists, and found employment at historically black colleges and universities. The resources therein illuminate the intricate web of politics, migration, nationalism, the contextual construction of racial and ethnic identity, and racism & antiracism.'Racism Review' http://www.racismreview.com/blog/ Launched in 2007, 'Racism Review' is produced and maintained by Joe R. Feagin (Texas A&M University) and Jessie Daniels (CUNY‐Hunter College). Contributors to the blog are scholars and researchers from sociology and a number of other social science disciplines across North America. Many of the articles center on the topics of white racial identity, racism, and antiracism, and aim to serve as credible and reliable sources of information for journalists, students, and members of the general public who seek evidence‐based research and analysis.Southern Poverty Law Center http://www.splcenter.org/index.jsp The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) was founded in 1971 as a small civil rights law firm, and today the website for the SPLC is internationally known as a clearing‐house for critical information, and perspectives on, white supremacist and white nationalist groups.Sample syllabus'Sociological Perspectives on Whiteness'Overview of the courseThis course investigates the social construction of race through an exploration of white identity, both theoretically and empirically. It includes an investigation of the historical genesis of white identity, its intersection with political movements and organizations, the relation of whiteness to race, ethnicity, class, gender, nation, and how whiteness is understood in popular culture, and the sociological mechanisms by which it is reproduced, negotiated, and contested.Lecture 1 – Introduction to Race as a Social ConstructionHaney López, Ian F. 1998. 'Chance, Context, and Choice in the Social Construction of Race.' Pp. 9–16 in The Latino/a Condition: A Critical Reader, edited by Richard Delgado and Jean Stefancic. New York, NY: New York University Press.Urciuoli, Bonnie 1996. 'Racialization and Language.' Pp. 15–40 in Exposing Prejudice: Puerto Rican Experiences of Language, Race, and Class. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Duster, Troy 2001. 'The 'Morphing' Properties of Whiteness.' Pp. 113–133 in The Making and Unmaking of Whiteness, edited by E. B. Rasmussen, E. Klinenberg, I. J. Nexica and M. Wray. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Lipsitz, George 1998. 'The Possessive Investment in Whiteness.' Pp. 1–23 in The Possessive Investment in Whiteness: How White People Profit from Identity Politics. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.Lecture 4 – The Creation of 'White Ethnics'Jacobson, Matthew Frye 2001. 'Becoming Caucasian: Vicissitudes of Whiteness in American Politics and Culture.'Identities 8(1): 83–104.Roediger, David R. 1994. 'Whiteness and Ethnicity in the History of "White Ethnics" in the United States.' Pp 181–198 in Towards the Abolition of Whiteness. New York, NY: Verso.Sacks, Karen Brodkin 1994. 'How did Jews Become White Folks?' Pp 78–102 in Race, edited by Steven Gregory and Roger Sanjek. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Roediger, David R. 1999. 'Irish‐American Workers and White Racial Formation in the Antebellum United States.' Pp 133–163 in The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class. New York, NY: Verso.Lecture 6 – Colorlessness and Color‐blindness as a Defense of WhitenessAnsell, Amy E. and James M. Statman 1999. '"I Never Owned Slaves:" The Euro‐American Construction of the Racialized Other.'Research in Politics and Society 6: 151–73.Gallagher, Charles A. 2003. 'Playing the White Ethnic Card: Using Ethnic Identity to Deny Contemporary Racism.' Pp. 145–158 in White Out: The Continuing Significance of Racism, edited by Ashley Doane and Eduardo Bonilla‐Silva. New York, NY: Routledge Press.Bonilla‐Silva, Eduardo. 2003. 'The Central Frames of Color‐Blind Racism.' Pp. 25–52 in Racism Without Racists. New York, NY: Rowman and Littlefield.Lecture 7 – Learning WhitenessConley, Dalton. 2001. 'Universal Freckle, or How I Learned to Be White.' Pp. 25–42 in The Making and Unmaking of Whiteness, edited by Birgit Brander Rasmussen, Eric Klinenberg, Irene J. Nexica, and Matt Wray. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Giroux, Henry A. 1998. 'Youth, Memory Work, and the Racial Politics of Whiteness.' Pp 123–36 in White Reign: Deploying Whiteness in America, edited by Joe L. Kincheloe, Shirley R. Steinberg, and Nelson M. Rodriguez, and Ronald E. Chennault. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press.Hall, Kim Q. 1999. 'My Father's Flag.' Pp. 29–35 in Whiteness: Feminist Philosophical Reflections, edited by Chris J. Cuomo and Kim Q. Hall. New York, NY: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.Williams, Patricia J. 1997. 'The Ethnic Scarring of American Whiteness.' Pp. 253–63 in The House that Race Built: Black Americans, U.S. Terrain, edited by Wahneema Lubiano. New York, NY: Pantheon Books.Lecture 12 – Whiteness in Popular Culture and Everyday LifeDeloria, Philip 1999. Playing Indian. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Hughey, Matthew W. 2009. 'Cinethetic Racism: White Redemption and Black Stereotypes in "Magical Negro" Films.'Social Problems 56(3): 543–77.Lott, Eric 1995. Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Lecture 13 – White Privilege and the Future of White PeopleHaney López, Ian F. 1998. 'Choosing the Future.' Pp. 404–7 in The Latino/a Condition: A Critical Reader, edited by Richard Delgado and Jean Stefancic. New York, NY: New York University Press.Winant, Howard 2001. 'White Racial Projects.' Pp 97–112 in The Making and Unmaking of Whiteness, edited by Birgit Brander Rasmussen, Eric Klinenberg, Irene J. Nexica, and Matt Wray. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.West, Cornel 1997. 'I'm Ofay, You're Ofay: A Conversation with Noel Ignatiev and William "Upski" Wimsatt.'Transition 73(7): 176–98.Yúdice, George 1995. 'Neither Impugning nor Disavowing Whiteness Does a Viable Politics Make: The Limits of Identity Politics.' Pp. 255–85 in After Political Correctness: The Humanities and Society in the 1990s, edited by Christopher Newfield and Ronald Strickland. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.[The construction of this syllabus is indebted to Bethany Bryson (James Madison University), Wende E. Marshall (University of Virginia), and Jennifer Roth‐Gordon (Brown University)]